Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(2): 203-240, 2022 (December) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.63527 © 2022 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF THE LALMAI HILL AREA OF CUMILLA DISTRICT, BANGLADESH SHAYLA SHARMIN SHETU*, GAZI MOSHAROF HOSSAIN, SALEH AHAMMAD KHAN AND MD. ABDUR RAHIM Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh Keywords: Flora; Angiosperms; Lalmai Hill; Cumilla; Bangladesh. Abstract In this study, the vascular flora of the Lalmai hill area of the Cumilla district has been thoroughly explored. This study reveals the occurrence of 923 species of vascular plants under 594 genera and 141 families in the study area, which represents 23.75% of the total 3886 plant species reported from Bangladesh until now. About 68.15% of these species are native and 31.85% are exotic to Bangladesh. Pteridophytes are represented by 30 species belonging to 21 genera and 11 families, whilst Gymnosperms are represented by eight species under seven genera and six families. Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) comprises 661 species, including four subspecies and two varieties, from 429 genera and 96 families, accounting for 71.54% of the vascular flora of the study area. Liliopsida (monocotyledons) represents 225 species under 137 genera and 28 families, making up 24.35% of this flora. In Magnoliopsida, Fabaceae with 55 species is the largest dicot family, followed by Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae. Most of the species of Liliopsida (68%) are represented by the five families viz., Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Araceae and Commelinaceae. Poaceae with 75 species is the largest monocot family, followed by Cyperaceae, Orchidaceae, Araceae and Arecaceae. The genus Cyperus is the largest in the study area. The species Antidesma roxburghii Wall. ex Tul. of Phyllanthaceae is rediscovered in Bangladesh. Most of the Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida are herbs (59.80%), which are followed by trees (21.02%), shrubs (17.23%), and palms (1.41%). About 64.57% of the species are recorded as wild, but a significant percentage (27.41%) is planted and cultivated (8.02%). The majority of the species are found to grow in eight categories of habitat viz., roadside, fallow land, homestead, woodland, garden, scrub jungle, agricultural field and grassland. Eight plant species, listed in the Red Data Book of Bangladesh including six as Data Deficient (DD), one Not Evaluated and one Endangered (EN) species, are harboured in the study area. We strongly recommend the adoption of a master plan for minimizing all major threats to the vegetation and habitats of this area and sustainable development, utilization and conservation of its plant resources. Introduction It is essential to have a fundamental understanding of the biodiversity of a country to improve and use its biological resources sustainably and address and mitigate its environmental problems. Taxonomic studies using various non-molecular and molecular data lay the groundwork for understanding and assessing various aspects of plant biodiversity. These studies offer very important and pertinent information and expertise on plant species that are crucial for the confirmation of their identity, description, distribution, origin, evolution, relationship, classification, management and sustainable utilization. Such studies are useful for economic and environmental development based on plant resources, exploration of alternative plant species, *Corresponding author: E-mail: shetuss@juniv.edu https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.63527 mailto:shetuss@juniv.edu 204 SHETU et al. recognition and conservation of threatened plant species, and assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of the negative effects of climate change on plant species. Due to these consequences, taxonomic studies have been considered pivotal in different regions and nations worldwide for more than a century (Ostertag et al., 2014). In Bangladesh, a total of 3886 species of vascular plants have been reported through various taxonomic studies conducted sporadically so far (Hossain et al., 2022). These studies were conducted in different forests, regions and small to large administrative areas or small to moderate-sized families at different times since 1814 (Roxburgh, 1814). The plant species composition of many areas or most of the large plant families of this country is still unknown or partially and inadequately known (Hossain et al., 2022; Khan et al., 2021a,b). If adequate floristic surveys are conducted in the remaining areas and large plant families of this country, approximately a further 2000-2500 species of vascular plants might be explored. On the other hand, almost all of the large-scale (Prain, 1903; Siddiqui et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2008-2009; Ahmed et al., 2009; Uddin and Hassan, 2018) and many small-scale (Rahman, 2013; Ara et al., 2007; Rahman, 2017; Rashid et al., 2018; Uddin and Hassan, 2010; Malaker et al., 2010; Uddin et al., 2003) taxonomic publications on the flora of this country do not provide information on the specific distribution and voucher specimens of the reported plant species, though some such publication include these kinds of information (Uddin and Rahman,1999; Islam et al., 2009; Tutul et al., 2010; Rahman et al., 2012; Sultana, 2012; Sarker, 2013; Rahman et al., 2015; Tabassum, 2015; Nahar and Rahman, 2016; Haque et al., 2018; Shetu et al., 2018; Khanam and Khan, 2020; Khanam et al., 2020; Roy and Khan, 2020a,b; Hossain et al., 2021; Khan et al., 2021a,b; Hossain et al., 2022). Therefore, further and adequate floristic surveys involving data collection on specific distribution and voucher specimens of the plant taxa of the unexplored or partially explored areas of this country are very crucial. The Lalmai hills were once densely wooded and an area near Kotbari was earmarked as a forest belt (BBS, 2013). The vegetation was mainly deciduous and the dominant tree species was Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn (Sal) (Rahman et al., 2001). But in course of the last 20 years, the vegetation of this area has been modified to a semi-deciduous and mixed evergreen category, composed of mostly planted forests associated with many naturally grown plant species and a few small patches of S. robusta forest. Almost the whole of Lalmai hills has been cleared up and cultivation has been extended up to the foothills (BBS, 2013). Previously, no floristic or similar other study was carried out on this hill area except enlisting a few plant species in the District Gazetteer of Comilla and the booklet of Ismail and Mia (1973), generating the checklists of 103 undergrowth plant species by Rahman et al. (2001), and 151 angiosperms species by Hossain et al. (2005), and a hydrobiological study on three different water bodies of this area reporting the occurrence of 352 species of phytoplanktons (Bhuiyan, 2022). Most of the habitat-relevant threats to the flora and plant diversity of the Lalmai hill area are functional and have the potential to significantly reduce or change the plant diversity and floristic composition (Ali, 1999; Choudhury, 2002; Khan, 2008; Kulatunga et al., 2012). The hills of this area are going to be destroyed and the hills have already turned to be a hillock on the plain land. The land grabbers carry on their destructive activities. Due to unhindered earth cutting, the deep forest of this area is going to lose its existence. Therefore, it makes logical sense to perform a thorough floristic study throughout this territory, particularly for understanding the current species composition and diversity, searching the potentially threatened plant species and knowing the changes in plant species composition of the area in course of time and the impacts of climate change, plant resource-based sustainable development, and providing invaluable baseline data necessary for effective conservation of the threatened species as well as assessment and monitoring of the impacts of anthropogenic climate AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 205 change on the plants and ecosystems of this area. This study was carried out to provide basic taxonomic information on the vascular plant species extant in the Lalmai hill area, i.e., all hills of Lalmai and their adjacent area, based on detailed floristic inventories and examination of representative specimens. Materials and Methods The Lalmai hill area is a low-amplitude anticline and consists of three toposequence arrangements as hills, piedmonts, and floodplains (Khan et al., 2018; Rahman et al., 2021). This area lies between the latitudes 23°20'N to 23°30'N and longitudes 91°05'E to 91°10'E, at about 8 km westward from Cumilla township (Fig. 1). The Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt, particularly the Raghunandan Hill of Indian Tripura Hills, borders this region on the east, the Meghna River on the west, the Gumti River on the north, and the Dakatia River on the south-southeast (Khan et al., 2018). It consists of a north-south elongated low hill range of about 17 km long and 1-2.4 km wide, covering an area of about 33 sq km and locally it is known as the Mainamati-Lalmai range (https://en.banglapedia.org). Fig. 1. Location map of the study area. https://en.banglapedia.org). 206 SHETU et al. This hill range is mostly composed of some small to medium-sized hills of about 12 metres in height on average, but the peaks of a few rise up to 52 metres (www.freemaptools.com/elevation- finder.htm). The hills are associated with the faults on the western and eastern sides that are the direct result of the collision of the Indian and Burmese plates (Khan et al., 2018). The eastern half of the hills gradually merges with the surrounding lands and the western section of the hills abruptly transforms into plain land. There are a lot of little hillocks throughout the area. Deeply carved valleys divide some of the hilltops that symbolize the table surfaces. The hill range gradually widens from about 1 km in the north to about 3 km in the south. It is surrounded by the Chandina deltaic plain and drained by three major rivers-the Gumti, the Dakatia, and the little feni (https:// en.banglapedia.org). The climate of this region is typically humid tropical with hot, oppressive and mostly cloudy wet seasons and warm and mostly clear dry seasons. A long dry season usually extends from October to May. The hot season lasts from March to June and in this season the maximum temperature ranges from 37°C-39°C (https://en.banglapedia.org). The cool season lasts from December to January and in this season the minimum temperature varies from 7°C-10°C. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 12°C-33°C, the average temperature from 23°C-35°C and the hottest period exists from June to mid-July. The area experiences extreme seasonal variation in monthly rainfall. The rainy period of the year lasts for 10 months, from February to November. The rainless period of the year lasts for two months, from December to January. The average rainfall is 1930-2700 mm, the average humidity is 67%, and about 90% of rainfall appears in the months of May to October (https://weatherspark.com). The soil of this area is mostly composed of fine Madhupur clay, which cakes very hard in the dry season (https://en.banglapedia.org). It is unconsolidated, finer textured, moderately well-drained, strongly acidic, and low in plant nutrients and droughty. The topsoil is sandy-clay-loam to clay-loam in texture and yellowish-brown in colour. The underlying subsoil is brown to yellowish-red. This study was carried out in different seasons of 2021-2022. Representative plant specimens were collected, prepared, dried, and preserved using conventional herbarium procedures and techniques (Bridson and Forman, 1989; Singh and Subramaniam, 2008) and stored and studied at Jahangirnagar University Herbarium (JUH). Taxonomic identification of each taxon and collection of data on the uses of plant species in the study area have been done following the approach described in Khan et al. (2021a) and Hossain et al. (2021). Nomenclatural information, accumulated from relevant literature (Hooker, 1872-1897; Prain, 1903; Wu and Raven, 1994- 2001; Wu et al., 1999-2013), are verified by visiting the updated nomenclatural databases (IPNI, 2022; POWO, 2022; TROPICOS, 2022; WFO, 2022). All voucher specimens are preserved at JUH. The families of Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms have been arranged following Pichi (1977), Kramer and Green (1990) and Cronquist (1988), respectively, and the genera and species under each family alphabetically. In Magnoliopsida, the families Phyllanthaceae, Putranjivaceae, Linderniaceae and Mazaceae, not included in Cronquist (1988)’s System, are placed beside their close families, viz. Euphorbiaceae, Plantaginaceae and Lamiaceae, respectively, whereas, in Liliopsida, the taxa of Liliaceae are placed under three separate families, viz. Hypoxidaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Asparagaceae following the APG IV System (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016). The nativeness of the species was recognized by consulting the relevant literature (Wu and Raven, 1994-2001; Wu et al., 1999-2013; Hossain and Pasha, 2001) and databases (POWO, 2022). The use categories of the species were determined based on the authors’ knowledge, consultation with the local people and relevant literature (Ghani, 1998; van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, 2001; Siddiqui et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2008-2009; Ahmed et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2021a; Annon, 2022; Hossain et al., 2022). http://www.freemaptools.com/elevation- https:// https://en.banglapedia.org). https://weatherspark.com). https://en.banglapedia.org). AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 207 Results and Discussion This study documents the occurrence of a total of 923 species of vascular plants under 594 genera and 141 families in the study area. These species constitute about 23.75% of the total 3886 plant species reported from Bangladesh so far (Hossain et al., 2020; Ashrafuzzaman and Sarwar, 2021; Ashrafuzzaman et al., 2022). Pteridophytes were represented by 30 species under 21 genera and 11 families, whereas Gymnosperms by eight species under seven genera and six families. Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) comprised 661 species, including four subspecies and two varieties, from 429 genera and 96 families, accounting for 71.54%of the vascular flora of the study area, whereas, Liliopsida (monocotyledons) represented 225 species under 137 genera and 28 families comprising 24.35% this flora (Table 1). The native species of this vascular flora make up about 68.15% (629 species), while the exotic species 31.85% (294 species) of the total. The majority of the species (64.57%; 596 species) were wild, but a significant percentage (27.41%; 253 species) was found as planted and cultivated (8.02%; 74 species). In Pteridophyta, the family Pteridaceae composed of 12 species was the biggest. It was followed by Polypodiaceae with four species, Salviniaceae and Thelypteridaceae three species each. The biggest plant genus in this group was Adiantum L. and Pteris L. with three species each. In Gymnosperms, Cupressaceae and Cycadaceae representing two species each were the bigger families, and except Cycas L., all genera were represented by single species each. In Magnoliopsida, five families namely Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Lamiaceae, represented by 55, 43, 36, 31 and 25 species respectively, comprised 28.74% of species of this group. The families Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, and Phyllanthaceae were represented by 20 species each, which were followed by Caesalpiniaceae and Cucurbitaceae (18 species each), Amaranthaceae (17 species), Moraceae (16 species), Solanaceae (15 species), Mimosaceae (14 species), Vitaceae (13 species) and Rutaceae and Polygonaceae (10 species each). The genus Euphorbia L. composed of 12 species was the largest and followed by Ficus L. (10 species), Solanum L. (eight species), Hibiscus L. (seven species), Persicaria (L.) Mill. and Phyllanthus L. (six species each), Albizia Durazz., Brassica L., Syzygium P. Browne ex Gaertn., Senna Mill., Sida L., Terminalia L., and IpomoeaL. (five species each), and Amaranthus L, Artocarpus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss. Cissus L., Torenia L., Vigna Savi, and Ziziphus Mill. (four species each). Most of the species of Liliopsida (68%, 153 species) were represented by the five families viz., Poaceae (75 species), Cyperaceae (31 species), Araceae (21 species) and Arecaceae and Commelinaceae (13 species each), which were followed by the families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Zingiberaceae (eight species each), Orchidaceae (seven species) and Dioscoreaceae and Hydrocharitaceae (five species each). The genus Cyperus with 16 species was the largest, which was followed by Panicum L. (eight species), Fimbristylis Vahl (six species), Dioscorea L. (five species), and Commelina L., Eragrostis Wolf, Murdannia Royle and Dracaena Vand. (four species each). A total of 552 species (59.80%), of this flora and most of the Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida were herbs, 159 (17.23%) shrubs, 194 (21.02%) trees, 13 (1.41%) palms and five (0.54%) bamboos (Table 1). The majority of the herbaceous species were erect (56.34%), which was followed by climber (16.85%), prostate (15.40%), epiphyte (2.36%), creeper (4.17%) and others (floating, submerged and parasite etc.). Other habit categories included submerged, rooted floating, free-floating, prostrate and parasite. Among the shrubs, most were erect (132 species, 83.02%), which was followed by scandent (18 species, 11.32%), liana (6 species, 3.77%), and parasites (three species, 1.89%). 208 SHETU et al. Table 1. List of vascular plant taxa of Lalmai hill area of Cumilla district, Bangladesh. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE PTERIDOPHYTA Schimp. Selaginellaceae Willk Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring Selaginella Herb, cr; w Hls Native O SSS 4078 Salviniaceae Martinov Azolla pinnata R.Br. Lal Khudipana Herb, fl; w Wtl Native Gm GMH 6183 Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory Indurkanipana Herb, fl; w Wtl Native Gm, O SSS 4095 S. natans (L.) All. Panidhekia Herb, fl; w Wtl Native Gm, O SSS 4015 Marsileaceae Mirb. Marsilea quadrifolia L. Susnishak Herb, cr; w Af, Fl, Wtl Exotic Vg SSS 4115 Lygodiaceae M. Roem. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.1 Saralata fern Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 4039 L. microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. Lata dhekia Herb, cl; w Sj Native M MAR 7738 Pteridaceae E.D.M. Kirchn. Adiantum caudatum L. Khopa fern Herb, ep; w Hls, Obw Native O SSS 4213 A. philippense L. Kalijhat Herb, er; w Op Native O SSS 4103 A. tenerum Sw. Biddapata Herb, ep; w Hls, Obw Exotic O GMH 6001 Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Pani lettuce Herb, er; w Wtl Native Vg GMH 6279 Hemionitis belangeri (Bory) Christenh. Shadadhekia Herb, er; w Hls Native O GMH 6307 Pityrogramma ochracea (C. Presl) Domin Rupalidhekia Herb, er; w Hls Exotic O, M MAR 4584 Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Dhekia Herb, cr; w Hls Native O SSS 4253 P. quadriaurita Retz. Dhekia Herb, er; w Hls Native O, M GMH 6077 P. semipinnata L. Dhekia Herb, er; w Hls Native O GMH 6099 P. venusta Kunze Shukhpteris Herb, er; w Fm Native O MAR 4560 P. vittata L.1 Dhekia Herb, er; w Hls, Obw Native M GMH 6002 Tectaria chattagrammica Ching Junglidhekia Herb, er; w Hls Native Vg MAR 4607 Vittariaceae Ching Haplopteris elongata (Sw.) E.H. Crane Fitta fern Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Native M, O GMH 6588 Polypodiaceae J. Presl & C. Presl Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Pankhiraj Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Native M, O SSS 4259 Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Guchapatra Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Native M, O GMH 6003 Pyrrosia nuda (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrosia Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Native M GMH 6098 P. piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price Paisa dhekia Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Native M, O MAR 4629 Thelypteridaceae Ching ex Pic. Serm. Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel. Dhekishak Herb, cr; w Fl, Fm, Wl Native M SSS 4144 Christella crinipes (Hook.) Holttum Bishdhekia Herb, er; w Fl, Hls, Rs Native M GMH 7138 Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P.St. John Datitila Herb, cr; w Fl, Fm, Wl Native O, Vg GMH 7517 Aspleniaceae Newman Blechnum orientale L. Bilas dhekia Herb, er, w Hs, Fm Native M GMH 7177 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 209 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Athyriaceae Alston Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Dhekia shak Herb, er; w Fl, Fm, Wl Native Vg MAR 4160 Dennstaedtiaceae Pic. Serm. Microlepia speluncae (L.) T. Moore Fita dhekia Herb, cr; w Hs, Fm Native Vg GMH 7199 GYMNOSPERMS Prantl Araucariaceae Henkel & W. Hochst. Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco Araucaria Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O SSS 4123 Cupressaceae Gray Juniperus chinensis L. China juniper Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O GMH 7606 Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Thuja Shrub; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic O MAR 4169 Cycadaceae Pers. Cycas circinalis L. Cycas Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O GMH 7403 C. revoluta Thunb. Moniraj Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O GMH 7105 Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus caribaea Morelet Pine gach Tree, l; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic O GMH 7401 Zamiaceae Horan. Zamia furfuracea L.f. ex Aiton Zamia palm Shrub; pl Gr Exotic O SSS 4099 Podocarpaceae Endl. Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don Bash pata Tree, m; pl Gr Native M, T GMH 7209 MAGNOLIOPSIDA Brongn. Magnoliaceae Juss. Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre2 Champa Tree, l; pl Gr, Rs Native M, O SSS 5042 M. grandiflora L. Udoypoddo Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O SSS 4187 Annonaceae Juss. Annona reticulata L. Ata Tree, s; w Hs, Sj Exotic Fr, Fw GMH 7219 A. muricata L. Muriata Tree, s; pl Gr Exotic Fr, Ju GMH 7806 A. squamosa L. Sharifa Tree, s; pl Hs Exotic Fr MAR 4127 Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari Kathalichapma Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O GMH 7306 Huberantha pendula (Capuron ex G.E. Schatz & Le Thomas) Chaowasku Weeping debdaru Tree, m; pl Rs Exotic O, Fw SSS 4308 Monoon longifolium (Sonn.) B. Xue & R.M.K. Saunders Debdaru Tree, l; Pl Rs, Wl Exotic Fw, O, T SSS 4318 Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites Barachali Tree, s; w Fl, Wl Native Fw, Fr MAR 4206 Uvaria ferruginea Buch.-Ham. ex Hook. fil. & Thomson Bonkhejur Shrub, w Fm, Hlt, Sj Native M GMH 7803 Lauraceae Juss. Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & Eberm. Tejpata Tree, m; pl Hs Native Sp SSS 4359 C. verum J. Presl Darchini Tree, m; pl Hs Exotic Sp SSS 5231 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Pipalti Tree, m; w Hlt, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 4117 L. monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Borokukurchita Tree, m; w Sj, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 4211 Persea americana Mill. Avocado Tree, m; w Gr Exotic Fr GMH 7207 Piperaceae Giseke Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Luchipata Herb, pr; w Gl, Hls Exotic M SSS 4003 210 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Piper betle L. Pan Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Exotic M SSS 4022 P. longum L. Pipul Herb, cl; w Fl, Wl Native M GMH 7409 Aristolochiaceae Juss. Aristolochia indica L. Ishwarmul Herb, cl; w Sj Native M MAR 4411 Nymphaeaceae Salisb. Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. Nilshapla Herb, fr; w Wtl Native M, O SSS 4305 N. pubescens Willd. Sadashapla Herb, fr; w Wtl Native O, Vg SSS 4307 N. rubra Roxb.ex Andrews Lalshapla Herb, fr; w Wtl Native M, O SSS 4344 Ceratophyllaceae Gray Ceratophyllum demersum L. Kantajhanjhi Herb, sm; w Wtl Native M GMH 7412 Menispermaceae Juss. Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W. Theob. Huyer Herb, cl; w Sj Native M SSS 4419 Cyclea barbata Miers Patalpur Herb, cl; w Hs Native M SSS 4521 Pycnarrhena pleniflora Hook.fil. & Thomson Gondhalata Shrub; w Hls, Sj Native M MAR 4219 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers1 Akandi manik Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 4459 Tiliacora acuminata (Lam.) Hook. fil. & Thomson Bagbandhalata Shrub, li; w Sj, Wl Native M MAR 4222 Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson Baka gulancha Herb, cl; w Wl Native M SSS 4428 T. sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Padma gulancha Herb, cl; w Wl Native M GMH7555 Cannabaceae Martinov Trema orientalis (L.) Blume1, 2 Banjiga Tree, m; w Hlt, Sj, Wl Native Fw SSS 4188 Moraceae Gaudich. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Ruti phal Tree, m; pl Gr Exotic Fr, M SSS 4510 A. chama Buch-Ham.2 Chapalish Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Native Fr, T SSS 4333 A. heterophyllus Lam.2 Kanthal Tree, m; pl Hlt, Hs, Wl Exotic Fr, T SSS 4277 A. lacucha Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. Dewa Tree, m; pl Hs, Wl Native Fr, T GMH 7714 Ficus benghalensis L.2 Bot Tree, l; w Fl, Rs, Wl Native O, Fw GMH 7711 F. benjamina L. Lankha pakur Tree, m; pl Gr, Rs Native O, Fw MAR 4136 F. elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. Rubber bot Tree, m; pl Gr, Rs Native O MAR 4122 F. heterophylla L.f. Bhuidumur Shrub; w Sj, Wl Native M MAR 4106 F. hispida L.f.2 Kakdumur Tree, s; w Hlt, Sj, Wl Native M, Vg GMH 7336 F. pumila L. Latabot Herb, cr; w Hls Exotic O GMH 7388 F. racemosa L. Jagadumur Tree, l; w Fl, Hls, Sj Native Fr, M SSS 4388 F. religiosa L.2 Asswath Tree, l; w Sj, Wl Native M, O SSS 4316 F. rumphii Blume Khiri bot Tree, l; w Fl, Rs, Wl Native M, O SSS 4337 F. semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Jaya dumur Tree, s; w Fm, Hls, Sj Native Fr, M SSS 4386 Morus alba L. Tut Tree, s; pl Rs Exotic Fr, Fw SSS 4339 Streblus asper Lour.2 Sheora Tree, l; w Hlt, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M SSS 4321 Urticaceae Juss. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. Ramie Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native Fb, M MAR 4650 B. virgata subsp. macrophylla (Hornem.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear Syn. B. macrophylla Hornem. Ulichara Shrub; w Rs, Sj Exotic Fb, M MAR 4612 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 211 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew Chotrapatta Herb, cl; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native M, Po MAR 4618 Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.1 Latamaricha Herb, pr; w Hls, Obw Exotic M GMH 7643 Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.1 Kullaruki Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M SSS 4023 Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaudich. Maricha Shrub; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native Fw, Vg SSS 4056 Casuarinaceae R.Br. Casuarina equisetifolia L. Jhau Tree, l; pl Gr, Rs Native Fw, O GMH 7631 Nyctaginaceae Juss. Boerhavia diffusa L. Punarnava Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Native M SSS 4166 Bougainvillea buttiana Holttum & Standl. Baganbilas Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Native O SSS 4108 B. glabra Choisy Lal baganbilas Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 4512 B. peruviana Bonpl. Shadabaganbilas Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 4517 B. spectabilis Willd. Baganbilash Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 4519 Mirabilis jalapa L. Sandhyamoni Herb, er; pl Fl, Hs Exotic M, O SSS 4110 Aizoaceae Martinov Trianthema portulacastrum L. Swetpunarnova Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M GMH 7164 Cactaceae Juss. Acanthocalycium spiniflorum (K. Schum.) Backeb. Cactus Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O GMH 7143 Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw. Night queen Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O SSS 4523 Ferocactus peninsulae (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose Ferocactus Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O GMH 7234 Mammillaria compressa DC. Cactus Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O GMH 7258 Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Fhonimonosha Shrub; w Gr, Rs Exotic He, M SSS 4528 O. ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Fhonimonosha Shrub; w Gr, Rs Exotic He, M SSS 4531 O. stricta (Haw.) Haw. Nagphana Shrub; w Gr, Rs Exotic He, M MAR 4301 Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) D.R. Hunt Dragan phal Herb, cl; cv Gr Exotic Fr, M SSS 4538 AmaranthaceaeJuss. Achyranthes aspera L.2 Apang Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wl Native M SSS 4541 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult.2 Chaya Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Native M, Vg MAR 4334 A. sanguinolenta (L.) Blume Lal apang Herb, er; pl Fl, Gr, Hs Native M, O MAR 4400 Alternanthera paronychioides A. St.-Hil. Jhulikhata Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M, Vg SSS 4543 A. philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Henchi Herb, fr; w Af, Wtl Exotic Gm, Vg SSS 4547 A. sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Malancha Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M, Vg SSS 4549 Amaranthus blitum L. Goburanotey Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Exotic M, Vg GMH 7505 A. spinosus L. Kantanotey Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M, Vg GMH 7515 A. tricolor L. Lalshak Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Native Vg GMH 7535 A. viridis L.2 Noteyshak Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M, Vg GMH 7737 Celosia argentea L. Morogphul Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic M, O GMH 7545 Chenopodium album L. Botuashak Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M, Vg MAR 4696 Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume1, 2 Shyontula Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Native M MAR 4551 Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Dysphania Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M, Vg MAR 4676 212 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Botam phul Herb, pr; w Gl, Fl, Rs Exotic M SSS 4550 G. globosa L. Botam phul Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic O SSS 4601 Spinacia oleracea L. Palong shak Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Exotic Vg SSS 4613 Portulacaceae Juss. Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Anantalata Herb, cl; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O SSS 4551 Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Time phul Herb, pr; pl Hs, Rs Exotic O SSS 4602 P. oleracea L. Boronunia Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M, Vg SSS 4614 P. quadrifida L. Chhotonunia Herb, pr; cv Hs, Rs Exotic O GMH 7551 Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Talinum Herb, er; pl Gr Exotic M, O GMH 7747 Basellaceae Raf. Basella alba L. Pui shak Herb, cr; cv Af, Hs Native Vg MAR 4656 Molluginaceae Bartl. Glinus lotoides L. Alu ghash Herb, pr; w Af, Fl Native M SSS 4552 G. oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. Gima shak Herb, pr; w Af, Fl Native M, Vg SSS 4619 Trigastrotheca pentaphylla (L.) Thulin Khetpapra Herb, pr; w Af, Fl Exotic M SSS 4708 Caryophyllaceae Juss. Dianthus chinensis L. China salpar Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs Exotic O SSS 4717 D. pinifolius Sm. Dianthus Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs Exotic O SSS 4720 Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. Gimi Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs Exotic Vg SSS 4621 Polygonaceae Juss. Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara Biskatali Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Native M MAR 4646 P. glabra (Willd.) M. Gómez Biskatali Herb, er; w Af, Fl Native M MAR 4606 P. hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Pani biskatali Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Native M GMH 7565 P. lanata (Roxb.) Tzvelev Shetpanimarich Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Native M GMH 7575 P. orientalis (L.) Spach Bara panimarich Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Native M GMH 7606 P. viscosa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross ex T. Mori Athalo bishkatali Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Native M GMH 7586 Polygonum effusum Meisn. Raniphul Herb, pr; w Fl, Hls Native M SSS 4553 P. plebeium R.Br. Khudi bishkatalil Herb, pr; w Wtl Native M SSS 4625 Rumex dentatus L. Bonpalang Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M SSS 4556 R. maritimus L. Datipalang Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M SSS 4702 Plumbaginaceae Juss. Plumbago zeylanica L. Shadachita Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Native M GMH 7616 Dilleniaceae Salisb. Dillenia indica L. Chalta Tree, m; pl Hlt, Hs, Wl Native Fr, M MAR 4616 Dipterocarpaceae Blume Anisoptera scaphula (Roxb.) Kurz Boilam Tree, l; pl Hlt, Gr, Wl Native T MAR 4868 Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F. Gaertn.2 Garjan Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Native T MAR 4874 Hopea odorata Roxb. Telshur Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Native T GMH 7626 Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn.2 Sal Tree,l; w Hlt, Wl Native T GMH 7636 Theaceae Mirb. Camellia japonica L. Camellia Shrub; pl Gr Exotic O GMH 7641 C. sinensis (L.) Kuntze Cha Shurb; pl Hlt, Hs Exotic M, Rf GMH 7657 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 213 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Clusiaceae Lindl. Calophyllum inophyllum L. Puinnal Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Native M, Oy GMH 7646 Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy Cowphal Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs, Wl Native Fr, M MAR 4637 Mesua ferrea L. Nageshwar Tree, s; pl Gr, Rs Native M, O SSS 4555 Elaeocarpaceae Juss. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume Jalpai Tree, m; pl Hs Native Fr, Oy SSS4609 E. serratus L. Jalpai Tree, m; pl Hs Native Fr, Oy GMH 7656 Bombacaceae Kunth. Bombax ceiba L.2 Shimul Tree, l; w Hlt, Rs, Wl Native Fb, M SSS 4713 Malvaceae Juss. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Dherosh Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Native Vg SSS 4631 A. moschatus Medik. Mushak dana Shrub; w Fl, Hls, Sj Native M MAR 4636 Abroma augusta (L.) L.f. Ulatkambal Shrub; w Hs, Sj Native Fb, M SSS 4706 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Petari Shrub; w Fl, Rs, Sj Native Fb, M MAR 4421 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Shadashimul Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs Exotic Fb, T MAR 4433 Corchorus aestuans L. Janglipat Shrub; w Fl, Rs, Sj Native Fb, Fw GMH 7666 C. capsularis L. Bogi pat Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Native Fb, Vg GMH 7673 C. olitorius L. Tosha pat Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Native Fb, Vg GMH 7679 Gossypium arboreum L. Karpash Shrub; cv Af Exotic Fb, Oy GMH 7681 Grewia asiatica L. Pholsa Tree, s; pl Hs, Wl Native Fr, M GMH 7686 G. serrulata DC.2 Panisara Tree, s; pl Gr Native Fw, M MAR 4437 G. tenax (Forssk.) Fiori Kango Shrub; w Fl, Gr Native Fb MAR 4439 G. tiliifolia Vahl Raktokussum Tree, m; w Fl, Sj Native Fb, M MAR 4555 Hibiscus cannabinus L. Mesta pat Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Exotic Fb, Vg SSS 4557 H. mutabilis L. Stholpaddo Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O SSS 4632 H. rosa-sinensis L. Jaba Shrub; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic O SSS 4715 H. sabdariffa L.2 Chukar Shrub; pl Hs, Rs Exotic M, Vg SSS 4558 H. schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook.f. Jhumkojaba Shrub; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic O GMH 7691 H. surattensis L. Kata jaba Herb; pl Hls, Fl Native Fb, M GMH 7694 H. vitifolius L. Bonkarpas Shrub; w Sj Native M, O GMH 7696 Malachra capitata (L.) L. Bondheras Herb, er; w Fl, Hs, Rs Exotic O GMH 7707 Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav. Morichjaba Shrub; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic O SSS 4633 Melochia corchorifolia L.1 Tikiokra Shrub; w Rs, Wl Native Fw, M SSS 4710 Microcos paniculata L.2 Asar Shrub; w Hlt, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M SSS 4716 Pentapetes phoenicea L. Dupurmoni Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native O SSS 4559 Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. Muchkundo Tree, l; w Hls, Hlt, Wl Native M, T SSS 4634 Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R.Br. Buddha narikel Tree, l; pl- w Gr, Wl Native M, T GMH 7717 Sida acuta Burm. f.1, 2 Kureta Herb, er; w Fl, Sj, Rs Native M SSS 4718 S. cordata (Burm. f.) Bross. Waalk. Pitberela Herb, er; w Fl, Sj, Rs Native M SSS 4722 S. cordifolia L. Shetberela Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M SSS 4727 S. mysorensis Wight & Arn.2 Chatchata Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native Fb SSS 4730 S. rhombifolia L.2 Lalberela Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native Fb, M SSS 4705 Sterculia foetida L. Bakshobadam Tree, l; pl Hs, Rs Native Fr, M MAR 4910 214 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE S. villosa Roxb. Udal Tree, l; w Hlt, Wl Native Fb, M GMH 6101 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.2 Ban okra Shrub; w Fl, Rs, Sj Native Fw, M SSS 4749 Urena lobata L.1, 2 Ban ghagra Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Rs Native Fw, M SSS 4901 Lecythidaceae A. Rich. Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Hijal Tree, m; w Rs, Wtl Native Fw, M SSS 4731 Careya arborea Roxb.2 Kumvi Tree, m; Sj, Wl Native M MAR 4666 Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Naglingom Tree, l; pl Gr, Rs Exotic O GMH 6005 Bixaceae Kunth Bixa orellana L. Shindur Tree, s; pl Gr Exotic M, O MAR 4907 Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora. foetida L.1 Jhumkalata Herb, cl; w Sj Exotic Fr, M SSS 4732 Caricaceae Dumort. Carica papaya L.2 Pepe Tree, m; pl Af, Hs, Rs Exotic Fr, Vg MAR 4919 Cucurbitaceae Juss. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Chalkumra Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Exotic Vg SSS 4741 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Tormuj Herb, cl; cv Af Exotic Fr SSS 4635 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Telakucha Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M, Vg SSS 4808 Cucumis maderaspatanus L. Agmukhi Herb, cl; w Af, Fl, Sj Native M SSS 4561 C. melo L Bangi Herb, cl; cv Af Exotic Fr, Vg GMH 6029 C. sativus L. Shosha Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Native Fr, Vg GMH 6057 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Misti kumra Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Exotic M, Vg GMH 6086 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey Mala Herb, cl; w Hls Native M MAR 4550 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Lau Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Exotic M, Vg MAR 4929 Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Jhinga Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Native M, Vg MAR 4660 L. cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. Dhundal Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Native M, Vg SSS 4733 Momordica charantia L. Korolla Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Native M, Vg SSS 4669 M. dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Kakroll Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Native M, Vg GMH 6006 Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi ex Saldanha & Nicolson Rakhalshosha Herb, cl; w Hls, Sj Native M GMH 6030 Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Chichinga Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Native M, Vg GMH 6058 T. dioica Roxb. Potol Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Native M, Vg MAR 4771 T. tricuspidata Lour. Makal Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Exotic M MAR 4951 Trichosanthes sp. Banpatol Herb, cl; w Hls, Sj Native M MAR 4949 Salicaceae Mirb. Casearia tomentosa Roxb. Chilla Tree, s; w Hs, Wl Native Fw MAR 4958 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr.2 Boiuchi Shrub; w Sj, Wl Native Fr, Fw SSS 4636 F. jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. Lukluki Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Native Fr, Fw MAR 5553 Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Panihijal Tree, m; w Fl, Wtl Native Fw GMH 6052 Capparaceae Juss. Capparis zeylanica L. Katai Shrub, sc; w Sj Native M SSS 4744 C. spinosa L. Kabia Shrub, sc; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 4811 Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. Borun Tree, s; w Fm Native M MAR 5501 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 215 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Cleomaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Cleome houtteana Schltdl. Hurhurey Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs Exotic M SSS 4638 C. rutidosperma DC. Nil hurhurey Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M SSS4712 C. viscosa L.1, 2 Haludhurhurey Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M, Vg SSS 4571 Brassicaceae Burnett Brassica cretica Lam. Subsp. cretica Fulkopie Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Exotic Vg MAR 4760 B. napus L. Sarisha Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Exotic Lf, Oy GMH 6007 B. nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch Rai sarisha Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Exotic Oy GMH 6031 B. oleracea L. Badhakopie Herb, er; cv Gr Exotic O GMH 6059 B. rapa L. Shalgom Herb, er; cv Af, Gr, Hs Exotic Vg MAR 4913 Cardamine flexuosa With. Bansarisha Herb, er; w Af, Fl Exotic M MAR 4780 Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. Sativus (L.) Domin Mula Herb, er; cv Af Native Vg MAR 4890 Rorippa benghalensis (DC.) H. Hara Bel rai Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M MAR 4923 R. indica (L.) Hiern2 Bansarisha Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M, Vg MAR 4773 Moringaceae Martinov Moringa oleifera Lamk. Shajna Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs Exotic M, Vg SSS 4734 Sapotaceae Juss. Chrysophyllum cainito L. Star apple Tree, m; pl Gr Exotic Fr SSS 4802 Madhuca longifolia (J. König ex L.) J.F. Macbr. Mohua Tree, m; w Gr, Rs, Wl Native M, Oy SSS 4711 Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Sofeda Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs Exotic Fr, M SSS 4740 Mimusops elengi L. Bokul Tree, m; pl Rs Native M, O SSS 4719 Ebenaceae Gürke Diospyros discolor Willd. Bilati gab Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs Exotic Fr, M MAR 4943 D. malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Deshi gab Tree, m; w Wl Native Fr, M MAR 4881 D. montanaRoxb. Tamal Tree, s; pl Gr, Wl Native M, Po GMH 6069 Myrsinaceae R.Br. Ardisia solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. Banjam Shrub; w Hls, Wl Native M, O GMH 6088 Primulaceae Batsch Maesa ramentacea (Roxb.) A. DC. Noa maricha Tree, s; w Hls, Sj Native M MAR 4963 Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil. Kalachoedaigremontiana Raym-Hamet & H. Perrier Hajar pathorkuchi Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O GMH 6032 K. laciniata (L.) DC. Himsagor Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O GMH 6062 K. pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Pathorkuchi Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O GMH 6008 RosaceaeJuss. Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesneex Rozier Strawberry Herb, cr; cv Gr, Hs Exotic Fr GMH 6033 Rosa × centifolia L. Golap Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O GMH 6090 R. chinensis Jacq. Jangligolap Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic He, M GMH 6073 Mimosaceae R.Br. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth2 Akashmoni Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Exotic T SSS 4637 A. mangium Willd. Mangium Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Exotic T SSS 4742 216 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. Chakuakoroi Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Native T SSS 4810 A. lebbeck (L.) Benth. Kalokoroi Tree, l; w Hlt, Rs, Wl Native T SSS 4750 A. lucidior (Steud.) I.C. Nielsen ex H. Hara Motor koroi Tree, l; w Hlt, Rs, Wl Native T SSS 4643 A. niopoides var. niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart Gagan shirish Tree, l; pl Rs Exotic T GMH 6014 A. procera (Roxb.) Benth.2 Shadakoroi Tree, l; w Hlt, Rs, Wl Native T SSS 4728 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Ipil-ipil Tree, l; w Fl, Rs, Wl Exotic Fw, T SSS 4739 Mimosa diplotricha var. diplotricha Baralajjaboti Shrub; w Hlt, Rs, Sj Native M SSS 4849 M. pudica L.1, 2 Lajjaboti Herb, pr; w Hlt, Fl, Rs Exotic M SSS 4804 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Khoi babla Tree, m; w Hs, Rs Exotic Fr, M SSS 4888 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Rendi koroi Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Exotic T GMH 6116 Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. Khoir Tree, m; pl Rs Native Fw, M GMH 6038 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. Babla Tree, m; w Hlt, Fl, Rs Native Gu, M MAR 4993 Caesalpiniaceae R.Br. Bauhinia acuminata L. Sadakanchon Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Native Fw, O MAR 4894 B. purpurea L. Raktokanchan Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Native Fw, O MAR 4552 Brownea coccinea Jacq. Pakhiphul Tree, s; pl Gr Native O MAR 4804 Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.2 Chottoradhachura Shrub; pl Gr, Rs Native O GMH 6015 Cassia fistula L.2 Badarlathi Tree, m; w Rs, Sj Native M, O GMH 6039 C. javanica L. Burmese shonalu Tree, m; pl Gr, Rs Native Fw, O MAR 4717 Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Krishnachura Tree, l; pl Gr, Rs Exotic M, O SSS 4570 Mezoneuorn cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Natakula Shrub, sc; w Fl, Hls Native Fw, M SSS 4651 Moullava digyna (Rottler) Gagnon & G.P Lewis Umulkuchi Shrub, sc; w Fm, Hls Native M SSS 4581 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne Radhachura Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Exotic M, O SSS 4663 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) W.J. de Wilde Ashok Tree, m; pl Rs, Wl Native M, O SSS 4889 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Dadmardan Shrub; w Fl, Hs, Rs Exotic M SSS 4591 S.occidentalis(L.) Link1, 2 Barakalkesunda Shrub; w Fl, Rs Exotic Fw, M SSS 4697 S. siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barn. Minjiri Tree, l; pl Fl, Hlt, Wl Exotic Fw, O SSS 4756 S. sophera(L.) Roxb. Kalkeshunda Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Rs Exotic Fw, M SSS 4763 S. tora(L.) Roxb.2 Choto kalkeshunda Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Exotic M SSS 4584 Tamarindus indica L.2 Tetul Tree, l; w Hs, Wl Exotic Fr, T SSS 4603 Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob. Lohakat Tree, l; pl Gr, Hlt, Wl Native T MAR 4824 Fabaceae Lindl. Abrus precatorius L.1 Kunch Herb, cl; w Sj Native M SSS 4838 Adenanthera pavonina L. Kuachandan Tree, m; pl Gr, Rs Native M SSS 4805 Aeschynomene indica L. Kath shola Shrub; w Fl, Wtl Native Gm, Lf SSS 4926 A. virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Banda shola Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Native Gm, Fw MAR 4704 Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. Vui kolai Herb, er; w Fl, Sj Native Gm, Lf GMH 6134 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 217 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE A. vaginalis (L.) DC. Pan nata Herb, er; w Fl, Sj Native Gm, Lf SSS 4329 Arachis hypogaea L. China badam Herb, pr; cv Af Exotic Fr SSS 4191 Brachypterum scandens (Roxb.) Miq. Mohajonilata Shrub, li; w Sj, Wl Native M GMH 6051 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze2 Palash Tree, m; pl Rs, Wl Native M, O SSS 4812 Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth2 Arhar Shrub; cv Af, Fl, Hs Exotic M, Pu SSS 4841 C. scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars1, 2 Banurkalai Herb, cl; w Sj Native Gm, M SSS 4771 Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Makhan shim Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Native M, Vg MAR 4727 Centrosema pubescens Benth.2 Prajapati shim Herb, cl; cv Fl, Rs Native Gm SSS 4820 Christia vespertilionis (L.f.) Bakh.f. Chamchika Herb, er; pl Gr Native O SSS 4692 Cicer arietinum L. Chola Herb, er; cv Af Exotic Gm, Pu SSS 4397 Clitoria ternatea L. Aparajita Herb, cl; w Hs Exotic M, O SSS 4251 Crotalaria pallida Aiton2 Jhunjhuni Shrub; w Fl, Rs Native Fb, M SSS 4837 C. prostrata Rottler ex Willd. Chotojhunjhuni Herb, pr; w Hls, Rs Native Gm, M SSS 4687 Codariocalyx gyroides (Roxb. ex Link) Hassk. Beguni shalpan Shrub; w Rs, Sj Native M SSS 4597 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Sisoo Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Native Fw, T SSS 4102 D. stipulacea Roxb. Dadbari Shrub, sc; w Hls, Sj Native Fw, M MAR 5502 D. volubilis Roxb. Ankilata Shrub, sc; w Hls, Hlt, Sj Native Fw, M SSS 4776 Erythrina fusca Lour. Kanta mandar Tree, s; pl Fl, Rs Native M, O SSS 4850 E. stricta Roxb. Telia mandar Tree, s; pl Fl, Rs Native M, O SSS 4775 E. variegata L.2 Bichitra mandar Tree, s; pl Fl, Rs Native M, O SSS 4596 Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Kuntze ex Merr. Bara salpan Shrub; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M GMH 6017 Grona heterophylla (Willd.) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi Bon motorshuti Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl Native Lf, M SSS 4894 G. heterocarpos (L.) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi Kodalia Shrub; w Fl, Sj Native M SSS 4867 G. triflora (L.) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi1, 2 Kulalia Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl Native Gm, M SSS 4875 Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Shim Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Exotic Pu, Vg SSS 4769 Lathyrus oleraceus Lam. Motor kolai Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Exotic Lf, Pu SSS 4862 L. sativus L. Khesari Herb, cl; cv Af Exotic Lf, Pu SSS 4873 Melilotus albus Medik. Sadamethi Herb, er; w Af, Fl Native M SSS 4911 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.1 Alkushi Herb, cl; w Rs, Sj, Wl Native M SSS 4748 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Shakalu Herb, cl; cv Hs, Rs Exotic Ed, M SSS 4852 Phaseolusvulgaris L. French shim Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Exotic Vg GMH 6103 Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv.2 Jata shalpani Shrub; w Gr, Hs Native M, O SSS 4836 Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J. St.-Hil. ex H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi1, 2 Salpani Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Wl Native Fb, M SSS 4915 Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. Ban borboti Herb, cl; w Fl, Sj Native Lf, M MAR 4834 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Minibhatraj Herb, cl; w Fm, Gl, Sj Native M MAR 4841 Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Poir. Dhonchi Shrub; cv Af, Fl, Rs Native Fb, Gm SSS 4935 S. grandiflora (L.) Pers. Bokphul Tree, s; pl Hs, Rs Exotic Fw, Vg SSS 4868 Sohmaea laxiflora (DC.) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi Fitta shalpan Shrub; w Fl, Rs Native M SSS 4826 Spatholobus parviflorus (Roxb. ex G. Don) Kuntze1 Goalialata Herb, cl; Hls Native M MAR 4818 218 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H. Ohashi Lurimanda Shrub; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native Gm, M SSS 4133 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Bon nil Shrub; w Fl, Sj Native Fw, M SSS 4009 Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. ex DC.1 Diangleja Shrub; w Fl, Sj Native M, Po SSS 5089 U. rufescens (DC.) Schindl. Belaileja Shrub; w Fl, Sj Native M MAR 4747 Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray Masurchana Herb, pr; w Af Native Lf, Gm SSS 4807 V. lens (L.) Coss. & Germ. Moshur Herb, pr; cv Af Exotic Lf, Pu SSS 4778 V. sativa L. Ban mosur Herb, cl; w Af Native Lf, Gm SSS 4588 Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Mashkalai Herb, pr; cv Af, Fl, Rs Exotic Gm, Pu SSS 4219 V. radiata (L.) R. Wilczek. Sona mug Herb, cl; cv Af, Fl Native Gm, Pu SSS 4865 V. trilobata (L.) Verdc. Jangli mug Herb, cl; w Fl, Gl Native Gm, Lf SSS 4391 V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. Borboti Herb, cl; cv Af, Hs Exotic Pu, Vg SSS 4075 Elaeagnaceae Juss. Elaeagnus latifolia L. Guara Shrub, sc; w Hls, Rs Native M MAR 5754 Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Ammannia baccifera L. Dadmari Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Native M MAR 4767 A. multiflora Roxb. Acidpata Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Exotic M MAR 4763 Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth Panica Herb, er; pl Gr Exotic O GMH6127 Lagerstroemia indica L. Choto Jarul Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Native M. O GMH 6132 L. parviflora Roxb. Sidha jarul Tree, m; w Wl Native Fw, T MAR 4769 L. speciosa (L.) Pers.2 Jarul Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Native M, O SSS 4131 Lawsonia inermis L. Mehedi Tree, s; pl Hs Exotic Dy, M SSS 4209 Punica granatum L. Dalim Shrub; pl Hs Exotic Dy, Fr MAR 4797 Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne Paina ghas Herb, er; w Wtl Native M GMH 6137 R. rotundifolia (Buch-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koehne Dim ghurni Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Native M GMH 6156 Thymelaeaceae Juss. Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. Agar Tree, l; pl Gr, Hlt Exotic Pf GMH 6402 Myrtaceae Juss. Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels Bottlebrush Tree, s; pl Hs, Rs Exotic Fw, O GMH 6043 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Eucalyptus Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Exotic M, T GMH 6075 Psidium guajava L.2 Peyara Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Exotic Fr, M SSS5103 P. guineense Sw.1, 2 Bon peyara Shrub; w Hls, Hlt, Sj Native Fr, M SSS 4773 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels2 Kalojam Tree, l; pl Hs, Rs, Wl Native Fr, T MAR 4611 S. jambos (L.) Alston Golapjam Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs Native Fr, M MAR 4613 S. myrtifolium Walp. Bahari jam Tree, s; pl Gr, Rs Native O MAR 4659 S. nervosum A.Cunn. ex DC. Botijam Tree, s; w Sj Native Fw, M, T MAR 4781 S. samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry Jamrul Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs Native Fr MAR 4793 Onagraceae Juss. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara Keshordam Herb, fr; w Wtl Native M GMH 6019 L. hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell1, 2 Pani long Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Exotic Dy, M GMH 6040 L. octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven Ban long Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Native M MAR 5629 L. perennis L. Amorkura Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native M MAR 5562 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 219 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Melastomataceae Juss. Melastoma malabathricum L.1, 2 Ban tejpata Shrub; w Fl, Hls, Hlt Native Fw, M SSS 5287 Combretaceae R.Br. Combretum acuminatum Roxb. Patuinia Shrub, li; w Fm Native M SSS 4789 C. decandrum Jacq. Sada guicha Shrub, li; w Fm, Hs Native Fb SSS 4907 C. indicum (L.) De Filipps Madhumalati Shrub, li; pl Hs Native M, O SSS 4562 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.2 Arjun Tree, l; pl Rs Native M, T GMH 6063 T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Bohera Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Native M, T GMH 6118 T. catappa L. Kathbadam Tree, l; pl Rs Native M, Nu, T GMH 6102 T. chebula Retz. Horitoki Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Native M, T MAR 5573 T. neotaliala Capuron Umbrella tree Tree, m; pl Gr Exotic O MAR 5538 Rhizophoraceae Pers. Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Roskao Tree, m; w Wl Native Fw, M GMH 6131 Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin Aikha Tree, m; w Sj, Wl Native M, T MAR 5591 Olacaceae R. Br. Olax acuminata Wall. ex Benth. Capsul gach Shrub; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M SSS 4119 Loranthaceae Juss. Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Blume2 Bajrangi Shrub, ps; w Op, Wl Native M GMH 6111 Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. Renda Shrub, ps; w Op, Wl Native M GMH 6020 Scurrula parasitica L. Porgacha Shrub, ps; w Op, Wl Native M MAR 5529 Euphorbiaceae Juss. Acalypha hispida Burm.f. Bara hatishur Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native M, O SSS 4695 A. indica L. Muktajhuri Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M SSS 4544 Astraea lobata (L.) Klotzsch Khajkata croton Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Exotic M MAR 5504 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A. Juss. Patabahar Shrub; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic M, O MAR 5548 Croton bonplandianus Baill.1 Bandhone Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M GMH 6047 Cnesmone javanica Blume1 Pahari bichuti Shrub; w Fm, Hls, Rs Native M, Po MAR 5586 C. caudatus Geiseler. Sabarjala Shrub; w Fm, Sj Native M, Po GMH 6079 Euphorbia antiquorum L. Tiktasij Shrub; w Gr, Hs, Rs Native M, O GMH 6169 E. cotinifolia L. Lalpata Shrub; pl Gr, Rs Exotic O SSS 4586 E. hirta L. Baradudhia Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M SSS 4866 E. hispida Boiss. Lomahori Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Native M SSS 4891 E. milii Des Moul. Kata mukut Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O SSS 4848 E. neriifolia L. Manoshasij Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native M, O GMH 6119 E. prostrata Aiton Sijhori Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Exotic M GMH 6091 E. pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch Lalpata Shrub; pl Gr, Rs Exotic O GMH 6042 E. thymifolia L. Swetkerui Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M GMH 6120 E. tirucalli L. Narasij Shrub; pl Hs, Rs Exotic M, O MAR 5531 E. tithymaloides L. Berachita Herb, er; w Gr, Hs, Rs Native He, M MAR 5631 220 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE E. trigona Mill. Tripokkhi chita Shrub, pl Gr, Hs Native O GMH 6163 Jatropha curcas L.2 Bherenda Shrub; pl Fl, Rs Exotic He, M MAR 5564 J. gossypiifolia L. Lalbherenda Shrub; w Fl, Rs Exotic He, M MAR 5516 J. podagrica Hook. Bagbherenda Shrub; pl Gr Exotic O GMH 6064 Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Müll. Arg.2 Rata bura Tree, m; w Hls, Sj Native Fw, M MAR 5505 M. indica Wight Deshibura Tree, s; Hls, Sj, Wl Native Fw MAR 5544 Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen Latim Tree, l; w Fl, Rs Native M, T MAR 5596 M. philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. Sinduri Tree, s; w Fm, Hls, Hs Native M, T SSS 4823 Manihot esculenta Crantz1, 2 Kassava Tree, s; pl Hls, Hlt, Rs Exotic Ed, M SSS 5004 Ricinus communis L.2 Bherenda Shrub; w Fl, Hs Exotic M, Oy SSS 4569 Suregada multiflora (A. Juss.) Baill. Ban naringa Tree, s; w Hlt, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 5563 Tragia involucrata L. Bichutilata Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj, Wl Native M, Po GMH 6109 Trewia polycarpa Benth. & Hook.f. Pitali Tree, m; w Fl, Rs, Wtl Native Fw, M GMH 6081 Phyllanthaceae Martinov Antidesma acidum Retz. Multa Shrub; w Hls, Fm Native Fw, M MAR 5506 A. ghaesembilla Gaertn.2 Khudijam Tree, s; w Hlt, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 5546 A. roxburghii Wall. ex Tul. Boro shialboka Shrub; w Hls, Sj Native M GMH 6021 Aporosa wallichii Hook.f. Kokra Tree, l; w Hlt, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 5571 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Silpati Shrub; w Fm, Rs, Sj Native Fw, M GMH 6107 B. vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fisch. Vita salpoti Shrub; w Sj, Wl Native Fw, M SSS 4299 Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Latkan Tree, m; pl Gr, Hs Native Fr, Dy SSS 4178 Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss.1 Kata kushi Tree, m; w Fm, Hls, Rs Native Fw, M SSS 4966 B. stipularis (L.) Blume2 Pat khowi Shrub; w Fm, Rs, Sj Native Fw, M MAR 5511 B. tomentosa Blume Khoi Tree, s; w Fm, Sj Native Fw, M MAR 5507 Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle Khaukra Shrub; w Sj, Wl Native Fw, M GMH 6121 Glochidion heyneanum (Wight & Arn.) Wight Kechua Tree, l; w Fm, Rs Native M GMH 6130 G. lanceolarium (Roxb.) Voigt Anguti Tree, s; pl Fm, Rs Native Dy GMH 6022 G. multiloculare (Rottler ex Willd.) Voigt2 Paniatori Shrub; w Sj, Rs Native M MAR 5536 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Arboroi Tree, s; pl Hs Exotic Fr, M SSS 4982 P. emblica L.2 Amloki Tree, s; pl Hs, Rs Native Fr, M SSS 5268 P. niruri L. Bhuiamla Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Exotic Dy, M SSS 5177 P. reticulatus Poir.1, 2 Chitki Shrub; w Fl, Sj Native Dy, M SSS 5166 P. urinaria L. Kalochitki Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native M SSS 5175 P. virgatus G. Forst.1 Vui chitki Shrub; w Fl, Gl Native M MAR 5565 Putranjivaceae Endl. Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Jiapati Tree, l; w Rs, Wl Native Fw, M, T MAR 5587 Rhamnaceae Juss. Gouania leptostachya DC. Harjengagota Shrub, sc; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 5611 Ziziphusfuniculosa Buch.-Ham. ex M.A. Lawson Bon boguri Shrub, sc; w Sj Native Fw, M MAR 5503 Z. mauritiana Lam. Boroi Tree, m; w Hs, Wl Native Fr, M SSS 5264 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 221 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Z. oenoplia (L.) Mill. Banboroi Shrub, sc; w Hlt, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M GMH 6122 Z. rugosa Lam.2 Jongliboroi Shrub, sc; w Hlt, Sj Native Fw, M MAR 5632 Leeaceae Dumort. Leea aequata L. Kakjangha Shrub; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native M MAR 5513 L. indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Kurkurjihwa Shrub; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M SSS 5163 Vitaceae Juss. Ampelocissus barbata (Wall.) Planch. Jharila Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 5192 A. latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Angurlata Herb, cl; w Wl Native M MAR 5543 Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. Golgotilata Herb, cl; w Fl, Fm, Sj Native M MAR 5566 C. trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J. Wen Anallata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native Lf, M MAR 5585 Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Gagnep. Golgotilata Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj, Wl Native M GMH 7111 Cissus adnata Roxb. Bhatia lata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M GMH 6309 C. assamica (M. A. Lawson) Craib. Angurlata Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Native M SSS 4970 C. quadrangularis L. Harjora Herb, cl; w Hs, Rs Native M SSS 5159 C. repanda (Wight & Arn.) Vahl Agrorida Herb, cl; w Fm, Sj Native M SSS 5245 Tetrastigma angustifolium (Roxb.) Planch. Nekungriubi Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M MAR 5567 T. leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston Horinalata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 5158 T. serrulatum (Roxb.) Planch. Koratilata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M MAR 5588 Vitis vinifera L. Angur Herb, cl; cv Hs Exotic Fr SSS 5272 Malpighiaceae Juss. Galphimia gracilis Bartl. Swarnajhara Shrub; pl Gr Native O MAR 5762 Malpighia coccigera L. Khoiya Shrub; pl Gr Native O SSSF 4961 Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Polygala erioptera DC. Teradudhi Herb, er; w Rs, Hls Native M MAR 5532 Sapindaceae Juss. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Lataphutki Herb, cl; w Fl, Sj Native M, Vg GMH 6023 Dimocarpus longan Lour. Ashphal Tree, m; pl Hs Native Fr GMH 6050 Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Ban horina Tree, s; w Fl, Wl Native Fr, Fw MAR 5574 L. senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) Leenh. Gota horina Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 5598 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Litchu Tree, m; pl Hs Exotic Fr SSS 5156 Sapindus saponaria L. Ritha Tee, s; pl Gr Native Dy, M SSS 4155 Burseraceae Kunth Garuga pinnata Roxb. Jeolbhadi Tree, l; pl Fm, Hls, Wl Native M, Oy, T MAR 5731 Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl. Gutgutya Tree, l; pl Fm, Hls, Wl Native Fr, M, T GMH 6097 Anacardiaceae R.Br. Anacardium occidentale L. Kajubadam Tree, m; pl Hs Exotic M, Nu SSS 5054 Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.2 Jiga Tree, s; w Fl, Rs, Sj Native He, Gu SSS 5153 Mangifera indica L.2 Aam Tree, l; w Gr, Hs, Wl Exotic Fr, T SSS 5295 M. sylvatica Roxb. Uri Aam Tree, m; w Hls, Hs Native Fr, T MAR 5638 Spondias dulcis Parkinson Amrah Tree, l; pl Hs Native Fr MAR 5523 222 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE S. pinnata (L.f.) Kurz Bon amrah Tree, l; w Hls, Wl Native Fr, M GMH 6104 Swintonia floribunda Griff. Civit Tree, l; pl Gr, Hlt, Wl Native T GMH 6128 Meliaceae Juss. Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker2 Pithraj Tree, m; w Hls, Hs, Wl Native M, Oy GMH 6065 Azadirachta indica A. Juss.2 Neem Tree, m; w Hlt, Rs, Wl Native M, T GMH 6124 Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. Chikrassi Tree, l; pl Hlt, Gr, Wl Native T GMH 6092 Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC. Lombu Tree, l; pl Hlt, Rs Exotic T MAR 5508 Melia azedarach L.2 Ghora neem Tree, m; pl Hlt, Rs, Wl Native M, T MAR 5568 Swietenia macrophylla King Bara mehagani Tree, l; pl Hs, Rs, Wl Exotic T SSS 5151 S. mahagoni (L.) Jacq.2 Mehagani Tree, l; pl Hs, Rs, Wl Exotic T SSS 4150 Toona ciliata M. Roem. Rongi rata Tree, l; w Hlt, Rs, Wl Native Dy, M, T SSS 4109 Rutaceae Juss. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa2 Bel Tree, m; w Hs, Rs, Wl Native Fr, M SSS 5148 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Lebu Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native Fr SSS 4247 C. maxima (Burm.) Merr. Jambura Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Exotic Fr MAR 5600 C. medica L. Satkora Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native Fr, M MAR 5540 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.1, 2 Datmajoni Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 5512 Limonia acidissima L. Kadbel Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs Native Fr, M SSS 5146 Micromelum minutum (G. Forst.) Wight & Arn.2 Koroiphula Tree, m; w Fm, Hls, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 5637 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Curry pata Tree, s; w Fl, Wl Native M, Sp GMH 6071 M. paniculata (L.) Jack Kamini Tree, s; pl Rs, Wl Native M, O GMH 6095 Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC.2 Bajna Tree, m; w Fl, Hls, Wl Native M, Oy GMH 6142 Oxalidaceae R.Br. Averrhoa bilimbi L. Bilimbi Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Exotic Fr, M SSS 4149 A. carambola L. Kamranga Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Exotic Fr, M SSS 5143 Oxalis corniculata L.2 Amrul Herb, pr; w Af, Gl, Rs Exotic M, Vg SSS 5182 O. debilis Kunth Golapiamrul Herb, pr; w Gr, Hs Exotic O GMH 6155 O. triangularis A. St.-Hil. Beguniamrul Herb, pr; w Gr, Hs Native O MAR 5514 Balsaminaceae A. Rich. Impatiens balsamina L. Dopati Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O SSS 5059 Araliaceae Juss. Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms Tikosayapata Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 5576 P. scutellaria (Burm. f.) Fosberg Saya pata Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 5620 Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem. Gutisuna Tree, m; w Fl, Fm Native M GMH 6136 Heptapleurum arboricola Hayata Bahari schefflera Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native M, O GMH 6024 Apiaceae Lindl. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.1, 2 Thankuni Herb, cr; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M SSS 5140 Coriandrum sativum L. Dhonia Herb, er; cv Af, Fl, Hs, Exotic M, Sp SSS 5179 Daucus carota L. Gajor Herb, er; cv Af Exotic Vg SSS 4138 Eryngium foetidum L. Bilatidhoneya Herb, er; w Af, Hs Exotic M, Sp GMH 6123 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 223 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Kutithankuni Herb, cr; w Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6138 Oenanthe benghalensis Benth. & Hook.f. Bandhonia Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wtl Native M GMH 6173 Gentianaceae Juss. Canscora alata (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) Wall. Dhankuni Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M MAR 5612 Apocynaceae Juss. Allamanda cathartica L. Ghontaphul Shrub; pl Hs, Rs Exotic O MAR 5589 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.2 Chhatim Tree, l; w Rs, Wl Native M, T SSS 5137 Asclepias curassavica L. Kakturi Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Sj Native M, O MAR 5515 Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton1, 2 Akondo Shrub; w Fl, Rs Native Fb, M MAR 5541 C. procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton Shdaakondo Shrub; w Fl, Rs Native Fb, M GMH 6096 Carissa carandas L. Karamcha Shrub; pl Hs, Sj Native Fr GMH 6141 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Kolkeyphul Tree, s; pl Hs Exotic M, O SSS 4116 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Noyantara Herb, er; w Hs, Rs Exotic M, O SSS 5135 Dischidia nummularia R.Br. Dischidia Herb, cl; w Op, Wl Native M, O SSS 4134 Gymnema acuminatum Wall. Kharalata Shrub, sc; w Fm, Sj Native M GMH 6172 Hoya lanceolata Wall. ex D. Don Futkilata Herb, ps; w Op, Wl Native Fb, M GMH 6025 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br.2 Anantomul Herb, cl; w Fl, Gl Native Fb, M MAR 5539 Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex A. DC. Kurchi Tree, s; w Fl, Sj, Wl Native M MAR 5551 Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton Dudhialata Herb, cl; w Fl, Sj, Wl Native Fb, M GMH 6018 Nerium oleander L. Raktakarobi Tree, s; pl Hs, Rs Exotic M, O GMH 6189 Plumeria alba L. Shadakathgolap Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs Exotic M, O SSS 5133 P. pudica Jacq. Nag dahur Tree, s; pl Gr Native O SSS 5234 P. rubra L. Lal kathgolap Tree, m; pl Hs, Rs Exotic M, O SSS 5289 Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem & Schult.1 Tagar Shrub; w Rs, Sj, Wl Native M, O SSS 5270 Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr. Kanjalata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 5129 Solanaceae Juss. Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth. Brunfelsia Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O SSS 5238 Capsicum annuum L. Morich Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Exotic Sp MAR 5644 Cestrum nocturnum L. Hasnahena Shrub; pl Hs Exotic M, O GMH 6162 Datura metel L. Sadadhutra Shrub; w Fl, Rs Exotic M GMH 6139 Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Ban tamak Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M SSS 5127 Petunia hybrida E. Vilm. Petunia Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Native O SSS 5319 Physalis angulata L. Ban tepari Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M SSS 5256 Solanum americanum Mill Titbegun Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M MAR 5518 S. lycopersicum L. Tomato Herb, pr; cv Af Exotic Vg MAR 5535 S. melongena L. Begun Shrub; w Af, Hs Exotic Vg MAR 5594 S. nigrum L.1, 2 Kakmachi Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M MAR 5640 S. sisymbriifolium Lam. Kantabegun Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Exotic M GMH 6076 S. torvum Sw. Gota begun Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Rs Exotic M, Vg GMH 6106 224 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE S. tuberosum L.2 Golalu Herb, pr; cv Af Exotic Vg GMH 6165 S. violaceum Ortega Phutki begun Shrub; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6143 Convolvulaceae Juss. Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R. Simões & Staples2 Gorialata Herb, cl; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M, O SSS 5233 C. vitifolia (Burm.f.) A.R. Simões & Staples Kormolata Herb, cl; w Fl, Rs Native M, O MAR 5639 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L.1 Bhui okra Herb, cr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M, Sb SSS 5123 Ipomoea alba L. Dhudh kalmi Herb, cl; w Fl, Wl Exotic M, O SSS 4958 I. aquatica Forssk. Kalmishak Herb, cr; w Af, Wtl Native Vg SSS 5212 I. batatas (L.) Lam. Misti alu Herb, cr; cv Af, Hs Exotic Vg GMH 6066 I. carnea subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D.F. Austin1, 2 Dholkalmi Shrub; w Fl, Rs, Wtl Exotic He, Sb GMH 6094 I. quamoclit L. Kunjalata Herb, cl; pl Gr, Hs Native O MAR 5590 Merremia hederacea (Burm.f.) Hallier f. Kaladana Herb, cl; w Fl, Rs, Sj Native M MAR 5569 Cuscutaceae Dumort. Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Swarnalata Herb, cl; w Op Native M SSS 5141 C. reflexa Roxb.2 Aloklata Herb, cl; w Op Native M GMH 6144 Menyanthaceae Dumort. Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze Chand mala Herb, fr; w Wtl Native M MAR 5522 N. indica (L.) Kuntze Panchuli mala Herb, fr; w Wtl Native M, Vg GMH 6125 Hydroleaceae R.Br. ex Edwards Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl Kasschera Herb, pr; w Wtl Native M GMH 6148 Boraginaceae Juss. Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Bohola Tree, m; w Sj, Wl Native Fw, M GMH 6177 Heliotropium indicum L.2 Hatisur Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M SSS 5120 Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Duranta erecta L. Kata mehedi Shrub; pl Gr, Rs Exotic He, M SSS 4957 Lantana camara L.2 Kutuskanta Shrub; w Rs, Sj, Wl Exotic Fw, M SSS 5118 Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson Motka Shrub; w Fl, Sj Exotic M SSS 4988 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Bhuiokra Herb, cr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M SSS 5116 Lamiaceae Martinov Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze.1 Gobura Herb, er; w Fl, Wl Native M GMH 6140 Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Bormala Tree, m; w Fl, Sj Native M MAR 5577 C. macrophylla Vahl1 Borobormala Tree, m; w Fl, Hls, Sj Native M GMH 6157 Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Bamunhati Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Wl Native M MAR 5537 C. infortunatum L.2 Bhat Shrub; w Fl, Rs, Wl Native M SSS 5115 Coleus amboinicus Lour. Pathor chur Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs, Hs Native O SSS 4954 C. scutellarioides (L.) Benth. Coleus Herb, er; pl Gr, Rs, Hs Exotic O SSS4443 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gamari Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Native M, T SSS 4112 Hyptis capitata Jacq. Mastak tokma Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Sj Exotic M SSS4139 Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Bara halkus Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Sj Native M GMH 6159 L. lavandulifolia Sm.1 Shetodron Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6160 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 225 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Leonurus sibiricus L. Roktodron Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6163 Mentha spicata L. Pudina pata Herb, pr; cv Gr, Hs Exotic M MAR 5519 Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze1, 2 Tokma Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Sj Exotic M MAR 5641 Ocimum basilicum L. Babuitulsi Herb, er; w Fl, Hs Native M SSS 5107 O. tenuiflorum L.1, 2 Tulshi Herb, er; w Fl, Hs Native M SSS 4169 Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk. Aripachuli Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Hs Native M SSS 5105 Premna bengalensis C.B. Clarke2 Koya jarul Tree, m; pl Fm, Wl Native T MAR 5592 P. esculenta Roxb. Lalong Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Wl Native M MAR 5642 Salvia plebeia R.Br. Bhuitulsi Herb, er; w Fl, Fm, Rs Native M GMH 6166 S. splendens Sellow ex Schult. Lal sagi Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs Exotic O GMH 6171 Tectona grandis L.F. Shegun Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Native T SSS 5104 Vitex negundo L.1 Nishinda Shrub; w Fl, Sj, Rs Native M SSS 4406 V. peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer2 Goda Tree, m; pl Gr, Wl Native T SSS 5106 Volkameria inermis L. Sitka vat Shrub, li; w Gr, Rs Exotic M, O MAR 5550 Plantaginaceae Juss. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Brammi Herb, pr; w Fl, Wtl Native M, Vg MAR 5528 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small Micardan Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M GMH 6175 Scoparia dulcis L.2 Mishridada Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M SSS 5101 Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews Jui Shrub, sc; pl Gr, Hs Native M, O SSS 4089 J. sambac (L.) Aiton Beli Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O GMH 6170 J. scandens (Retz.) Vahl Jongli jui Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native M GMH 6158 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Sheuli Tree, s; pl Hs, Rs Native M, O MAR 5643 Linderniaceae Borsch, Kai Müll. & Eb. Fisch. Bonnaya antipoda (L.) Druce. Zaighas Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M MAR 5572 B. prostra (Colsm.) Spreng. Bhuipapri Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M MAR 5593 Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbás Bakpuspa Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M GMH 6149 L. rotundifolia (L.) Alston1 Tan chapra Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs, Wtl Native Ap, M GMH 6152 Torenia anagallis (Burm.fil.) Wannan, W.R. Barker & Y.S. Liang Panighas Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M SSS 5086 T. crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl.1 Chapraghas Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M MAR 5580 T. diffusa D. Don Ushatoren Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Native O MAR 5604 T. violacea (Azaola ex Blanco) Pennell Beguni chapra Herb, er; w Gr Native O MAR 5525 Yamazakia pusilla (Willd.) W.R. Barker, Y.S. Liang & Wannan Pusichapra Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M MAR 5581 MazaceaeReveal Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis Tutra Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M SSS 5281 Acanthaceae Juss. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Kalomegh Herb, er; w Wl Native M SSS 5081 Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson Jongli basak Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M MAR 5524 Barleria cristata L. Janti Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Native M, O MAR 5627 Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl) T. Anderson Buripana Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M GMH 6154 Hygrophila erecta (Burm.f.) Hochr Filareck Herb, er; w Wtl Native M GMH 6174 226 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE H. phlomoides Nees Gokul kanta Herb, er; w Fl Native M GMH 6178 H. polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson Alai kalai Herb, pr; w Fl, Wtl Native M MAR 5582 Justicia adhatoda L. Basok Shrub; w Gr, Hs, Rs Native He, M MAR 5605 J. diffusa Willd. Pitapapra Herb, pr; w Fl, Sj Native M MAR 5526 J. gendarussa Burm.f.2 Jagotmadan Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Sj Native He, M MAR 5649 Lepidagathis incurva Buch-Ham. ex D. Don2 Karuggathis Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs, Sj Native M GMH 6196 Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng.2 Paramul Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Wl Native M GMH 6070 Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet2 Bhuibashak Herb, pr; w Sj, Wl Native M GMH 6179 Pseuderanthemum maculatum (G. Lodd.) I.M. Turner Unknown Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O GMH 6195 Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Roxb. ex Hardw.) Mabb. Agnibashak Shrub; pl Hs, Rs Native O, M GMH 6129 Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees2 Pindi Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native P SSS 5067 Ruellia tuberosa L. Chotpotey Herb, er; w Fl, Wl Exotic M, O SSS 5064 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb. Nil lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Native M SSS 4069 T. mysorensis (Wight) T. Anderson Basharlata Herb, cl; pl Gr Exotic O SSS 5061 Strobilanthes scaberT. Anderson2 Khaskhasabila Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M SSS 5056 Pedaliaceae R.Br. Sesamum indicum L. Til Herb, er; cv Af, Rs Native M, Oy SSS 5055 Bignoniaceae Juss. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Kanaidingi Tree, m; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native Dy, M MAR 5626 Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC. Parul Tree, l; pl Hlt, Wl Native M GMH 6180 S. colais (Buch-Ham. ex Dillwyn) Mabb. Dharmara Tree, l; pl Hlt, Wl Native T GMH 6151 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Haimanti Tree, s; pl Gr, Rs Exotic O SSS 4959 Lentibulariaceae Rich. Utricularia aurea Lour. Patajhajhi Herb, sm; w Wtl Native M MAR 5595 Sphenocleaceae T. Baskerv. Sphenoclea azeylanica Gaertn. Jhilmorich Herb, er; w Wtl Native M MAR 5617 Rubiaceae Juss. Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. Man kanta Shrub; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native Fw, M MAR 5521 Coffea benghalensis B. Heyne ex Schult. Bangla coffee Shrub; w Sj Native M, O MAR 5645 Dentella repens (L.) J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. Bhuipat Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl Native M MAR 5547 Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis Gondhoraj Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native M, O SSS 5043 Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb. Bhuikadam Tree, l; pl Gr Native M SSS 5111 Hyptianthera stricta (Roxb. ex Sm.) Wight & Arn. Unknown Tree, s; w Hls, Rs Native Fw SSS 5041 Ixora coccinea L. Rangon Shrub; pl Gr, Rs Native O GMH 6181 I. cuneifolia Roxb.2 Janglirangon Shrub; w Sj, Wl Native M, O GMH 6193 I. pavetta Andr. Banrangon Shrub; w Sj, Wl Native M, O GMH 6197 Leptopetalum biflorum (L.) Neupane & N. Wikstr. Bhuipapra Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl Native M GMH 6209 Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link Katai Shrub; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 4990 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 227 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Morinda angustifolia Roxb. Pandusi Shrub; w Sj, Wl Native M MAR 5811 Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. Lal mussenda Shrub; pl Hs Exotic O MAR 5651 M. philippica A. Rich. Mussenda Shrub; pl Hs Exotic O MAR 5677 M. roxburghii Hook.f.2 Silchauri Shrub; w Hls, Sj Native M SSS5036 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. Tupikadam Herb, er; w Rs, Fl, Gl Exotic M MAR 5794 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Kadam Tree, l; w Rs, Wl Native M, T SSS 5031 Oldenlandia corymbosa L.1 Khet papra Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl Native Dy, M SSS 4629 O. diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Fussa papra Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl Native M GMH 6198 Ophiorrhiza rugosa Wall. Ophiorrhiza Herb, er; w Hls, Rs Native M GMH 6208 Paederia foetida L. Gandhabaduli Herb, cl; pl Hs, Sj Native M MAR 5652 Scleromitrion diffusum (Willd.) R.J. Wang Panki Herb, pr; w Fl, Fm, Rs Native M MAR 5724 S. verticillatum (L.) R.J. Wang Notapapra Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl Native M MAR 5686 Spermacoce articularis L.f.1, 2 Baghajangla Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs, Wl Native M SSS 5024 S. exilis (L.O. Williams) C.D. Adams ex W.C. Burger & C.M. Taylor Baghajangla Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs, Wl Native M SSS 5055 Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Acilepis divergen (DC.) H. Rob. & Skvarla Bichutivernon Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M GMH 6202 Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen.2 Surjakonnya Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M GMH 6207 Ageratum conyzoides L.2 Fulkuri Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wl Exotic M MAR 5678 A. houstonianum Mill. Pahari ochunti Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M MAR 5701 Bidens pilosa L. Bidenlosa Herb, er; w Gr, Rs Native O SSS 4035 Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC.2 Shialmutra Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M SSS 5017 B. membranacea DC. Kukurshinga Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6203 B. oxyodonta DC. Katapata Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6182 Calendula officinalis L. Calendula Herb, er; pl Gr Exotic O GMH 6188 Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch. Nakchikni Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6206 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob.2 Assamlata Herb, er; w Fl, Fm, Wl Exotic M SSS 5028 Chrysanthemum indicum L. Chandramallika Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Native O SSS 4020 Conyza semipinnatifida Wall. ex DC. Coniza Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6161 Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Cosmos Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs Exotic O SSS 4503 C. sulphureus Cav. Komola cosmos Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs Exotic O SSS 4504 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob.2 Kukshim Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M SSS 4509 Dahlia imperialis Roezl ex Ortgies Dalia Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs Exotic O SSS 4527 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Kalokeshi Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic Dy, M MAR 5702 Elephantopus scaber L.2 Hastipadi Herb, er; w Gl, Rs, Wl Native M MAR 5679 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Mechitra Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M MAR 5795 Enydra fluctuans Lour. Helencha Herb, pr; w Wtl Native M, Vg SSS 4019 Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach Chandramallika Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs Exotic O SSS 5044 Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Bara kamra Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native M SSS 4928 Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Namuti Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M SSS 4944 Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. Herb, er; pl Hs Native M MAR 5653 228 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Helianthus annuus L. Surjomukhi Herb, er; pl Af, Hs Exotic O, Oy SSS 5011 Launaea aspleniifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. Tikchana Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6184 L. sarmentosa (Willd.) Sch.Bip. ex Kuntze Menthosdana Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl Native M GMH 6192 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L. Rob.2 Assamlata Herb, cl; w Sj, Fm, Wl Native M MAR 5681 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Parthenium Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Exotic M MAR 5707 Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt Barakamra Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M GMH 6194 Pseudelephantopus spicatus (B. Juss. ex Aubl.) C.F. Baker Kukurgihba Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M GMH 6191 Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Kunth) Cabrera Agnilata Herb, cl; pl Gr Exotic O MAR 5675 Sonchusoleraceus L. Titlia Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Exotic M MAR 5664 Sphaeranthus africanus L. Gangasag Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6289 Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski Latadeji Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Exotic Gm, O MAR 5712 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.2 Nakphul Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M SSS 4925 Tagetes erecta L. Genda Herb, er; pl Hs, Rs Exotic M, O SSS 5003 Tarlmounia elliptica (DC.) H. Rob., S.C. Keeley, Skvarla & R.Chan Akorkata Herb, cl; pl Gr Exotic He SSS 5072 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Tridhara Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M SSS 5001 Xanthium strumarium L. Ghagra Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic M, Vg MAR 5772 Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Youngaful Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native M GMH 6293 Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. Zinia Herb, er; pl Gr Exotic O GMH 6212 LILIOPSIDA Batsch Alismataceae Vent. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau Letuce pana Herb, er; w Wtl Exotic M, Vg SSS 5201 Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth Kauathukri Herb, sm; w Wtl Exotic Lf MAR 5806 S. sagittifolia L. Chotokut Herb, er; w Af, Wtl Exotic O, Lf SSS 5260 Hydrocharitaceae Juss. Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Kureli Herb, sm; w Wtl Native Ap, M GMH 6253 Najas indica (Willd.) Cham. Deshi jhaji Herb, sm; w Wtl Native Ap, Gm GMH 6291 Nechamandra alternifolia (Roxb. ex Wight) Thwaites Rasna jhajhi Herb, sm; w Wtl Native Ap, Gm MAR 5777 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Panikala Herb, sm; w Wtl Native M, Vg SSS 5220 Vallisneria spiralis L. Patseola Herb, sm; w Wtl Native Ap, M MAR 5727 Aponogetonaceae Planch. Aponogeton appendiculatus H. Bruggen Ghechu Herb, sm; w Wtl Native Ap, M SSS 5241 A. natans (L.) Engl. & K. Krause Ghechu Herb, sm; w Wtl Native Ap, M SSS 5258 Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Potamogeton crispus L. Patazhanchi Herb, sm; w Wtl Native M, Wp GMH 6213 Iridaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb. Basbichandi Herb, er; pl Gr Native O MAR 5797 Arecaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Areca catechu L. Supari Palm; pl Hs, Rs Exotic Dy, M SSS 5202 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 229 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Borassus flabellifer L.2 Tal Palm; pl Hs, Rs Native Fb, Ju, M MAR 5810 Calamus erectus Roxb. Kodom bet Palm; pl- w Gr, Fm Native Hc SSSS 5221 C. tenuis Roxb. Sanchi bet Palm; pl Fl, Hls, Sj Native Hc, M GMH 6214 Caryota urens L. Chau Palm; pl Hls, Rs, Wl Exotic M, O GMH 6233 Chamaedorea elegans Mart. Supari palm Palm; pl Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic Fb, O GMH 6254 Cocos nucifera L.2 Narikel Palm; pl Hs, Rs Exotic Fb, Fr MAR 5657 Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf. Areca palm Palm; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 5709 Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Oil palm Palm; pl Hs, Rs Exotic M, Oy MAR 5753 Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. China palm Palm; pl Gr, Rs Exotic Fb, Hc MAR 5781 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.2 Deshi khejur Palm; w Fl, Rs Native Ju, M SSS 5257 Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A. Henry Gurital Palm; pl Hs Exotic O MAR 5687 Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook Bottol palm Palm; pl Gr, Rs Exotic O, Tm GMH 6273 Pandanaceae R.Br. Benstonea foetida (Roxb.) Callm. & Buerki Keya kanta Shrub; w Fl, Hls Native M, O MAR 5788 Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. ex Lindl. Polaupata Herb, er; pl Fl, Hs Exotic M, Pf SSS 5203 Araceae Juss. Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex André Anthurium Herb, er; pl Gr Native O MAR 5733 Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don Bishkachu Herb, er; w Hls, Wl Native M MAR 5790 A. fornicata (Roxb.) Schott Salukachu Herb, er; w Fl, Wl Native M GMH 6231 A. macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don Mankachu Herb, er; cv Fl, Hs Exotic Vg GMH 6215 Amorphophallus bulbifer (Schott) Blume Jungle ol Herb, er; w Fl, Hls Native Vg GMH 6234 A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Olkachu Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Native Vg GMH 6292 Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. Dirangakachu Herb, er; pl Hs Exotic O SSS 5222 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott1 Kachu Herb, er; w Hls, Wtl Native Vg SSS 5204 Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott Dieffenbachia Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O SSS 5253 Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S. Bunting Money plant Herb, cl; w Hs, Wl Exotic O SSS 5210 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites Katakachu Herb, er; w Fl, Hs, Wtl Native M, Vg MAR 5661 Lemna minor L. Sujipana Herb, ff; w Wtl Native Ff, Wp SSS 5320 L. perpusilla Torr. Khudipana Herb, ff; w Wtl Exotic Ff, Wp GMH 6216 Monstera deliciosa Liebm. Bishalpatri Herb, cl; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O GMH 6256 Pistia stratiotes L. Topapana Herb, ff; w Wtl Native M GMH 6299 Pothos scandens L. Hatilata Herb, cr; w Op, Wl Native M SSS 5205 Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott Gaj-pipul Herb, cl; w Op, Wl Native M MAR 5715 Syngonium podophyllum Schott Podolatakachu Herb, pr; w Fl, Hs, Sj Exotic O MAR 5808 Typhonium flagelliforme (G. Lodd.) Blume Ghechu Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native M SSS 5228 T. trilobatum (L.) Schott Ghetkachu Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M, Vg SSS 5267 Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott Dudhkachu Herb, er; w Fm, Hs, Rs Exotic M, Vg MAR 5756 Commelinaceae Mirb. Commelina benghalensis L. Kanshira Herb, cr; w Af, Fl, Rs Native Dy, M SSS 5308 230 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE C. diffusa Burm.f. Kanshira Herb, cr; w Af, Fl, Rs Native Dy, M SSS 5187 C. erecta L. Jatakanchira Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M MAR 5655 C. longifolia Lam. Panikanshira Herb, cr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M MAR 5751 Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D. Don ex Sweet Baghanulla Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl Native M GMH 6229 C. cristata (L.) D. Don Tata kansira Herb, cr; w Fl, Gl Native M GMH 6250 Murdannia blumei (Hassk.) Brenan Nil murdan Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M GMH 6217 M. loriformis (Hassk.) R.S. Rao & Kammathy Lori murdan Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M GMH 6232 M. nudiflora (L.) Brenan1 Kureli Herb, cr; w Fl, Hls, Rs Native M SSS 5223 M. vaginata (L.) G. Brückn. Dhaka murdan Herb, pr; w Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6252 Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt. Begunipindo Herb, pr; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O SSS 5284 T. spathacea Sw. Chamapindo Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic M, O MAR 5734 T. zebrina Bosse Zebrapindo Herb, pr; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 5798 Cyperaceae Juss. Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke Bulbobata Herb, er; w Gl Native Lf, Sb GMH 6271 Cyperus alternifolius L. Jora ghasi Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Exotic O GMH 6251 C. babakan Steud. Baba ghasi Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Hls Native Lf MAR 5662 C. brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.1 Shabujnirbisa Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Native Lf, M GMH 5635 C. compressus L. Chancha Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Native M SSS 5206 C. cuspidatus Kunth Sagarmuthi Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M SSS 5301 C. cyperoides (L.) Kuntze2 Bara guthubi Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wtl Native M GMH 6218 C. difformis L. Behua ghasi Herb, er; w Af, Fl Native M GMH 6235 C. digitatus Roxb. Hath ghasi Herb, er; w Wtl Native M MAR 5763 C. eragrostis Lam. Bada ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic Lf, Sb GMH 6221 C. iria L.2 Barachucha Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M, Lf SSS 5230 C. mindorensis (Steud.) Huygh2 Subashinirbisa Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Native Lf, M SSS 5274 C. pangorei Rottb. Madurkathi Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Native Hc, Lf MAR 5654 C. rotundus L.2 Nagarmutha Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Hc, M SSS 5312 C. sanguinolentus Vahl Paikramghasi Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl Native Sb MAR 5680 C. tenuiculmis Boeckeler Tonimutha Herb, er; w Wtl Native Lf MAR 5726 C. unioloides R.Br. Paikolghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Lf, Sb SSS 5796 Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. exHensch. Mishtighasi Herb, er; w Fl, Rs Native M, Vg MAR 5656 Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl Chosafimbry Herb, er; w Gl Native Lf, Sb SSS 5207 F. bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani Dulafimbry Herb, er; w Gl Native Sb SSS 5303 F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl Bara nirbishi Herb, er; w Rs, Wtl Native Gm, Sb SSS 5255 F. disticha Boeckeler Tika fimbry Herb, er; w Gl Native Lf, Sb MAR 5728 F. ovata (Burm. f.) J. Kern Marmari Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl Native Lf, Sb GMH 6288 F. quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth Pachkonafibmry Herb, er; w Gl Native Lf, Sb SSS 5276 Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. Poshmighas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Wtl Native Lf MAR 5767 F. umbellata Rottb. Chatighasi Herb, er; w Gl, Wtl Native Lf SSS 5315 Hypolytrum nemorum (Vahl) Spreng. Unknown Herb, er; w Gl, Fl Native Lf MAR 5658 Schoenoplectiella articulata (L.) Lye Chechra Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Native Lf, M MAR 5706 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 231 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE S. juncoides (Roxb.) Lye Chechra Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Native Lf GMH 6242 S. supina (L.) Lye Supipotpoti ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Wtl Native Lf, M MAR 5729 Scleria biflora Roxb. Riaflora ghasi Herb, er; w Gl Native Lf GMH 6219 Poaceae Barnhart Arundinella bengalensis (Spreng.) Druce1 Ganga bena Herb, er; w Gl, Rs Native Lf MAR 5802 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. Carpet ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Lf, Sb SSS 5307 Bambusa balcooa Roxb.2 Borak bans Bamboo; w Wl Native Hc, Vg MAR 5717 B. nutans Wall. ex Munro Mahal Bans Bamboo; w Wl Native Pp, Tm MAR 5758 B. tulda Roxb. Mirtinga Bamboo; w Hs, Wl Native Hc, Pp MAR 5786 Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake Gandhagourni Herb, pr; w Gl, Hls Native Lf, Sb GMH 6276 Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf Cori ghas Herb, cr; w Gl, Rs Native Lf, Sb GMH 6328 Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone Nepiar ghas Herb, er; cv Af, Rs Exotic Lf GMH 6211 Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.1 Centu ghas Herb, er; w Hls, Wtl Native Lf GMH 6258 Chloris barbata Sw. Bata ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Native Lf GMH 6317 C. virgata Sw. Anguli ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Rs Exotic Lf GMH 6243 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Premkanta Herb, er; w Gl, Rs Native Hc, Sb SSS 5209 C. zizanioides (L.) Roberty Bena Herb, er; w Fl, Hls, Rs Exotic M, Sb SSS 4912 Coix lacryma-jobi L. Tasbi Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Native Hc, M SSS 5313 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Lemon ghas Herb, er; cv Gr, Hs Native M, Sp MAR 5665 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.2 Durba ghas Herb, pr; w Af, Fl, Gl Native M, Sb SSS 4950 Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf Shonpatacocca Herb, er; w Gl, Rs, Wl Native Lf MAR 5713 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Kakpaya Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Lf, Sb MAR 5716 Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro Budum bans Bamboo; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O, Tm MAR 5666 Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf Loari Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Hls Native Lf GMH 6281 D. caricosum (L.) A. Camus Detara Herb, er; w Gl, Hls, Rs Native Lf GMH 6294 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Kokjachira Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Gm, Sb SSS 5224 D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Mukorjoli Herb, er; w Fl, Fm, Gl Native Lf MAR 5689 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Shama ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Native Lf, Sb SSS 5311 E. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Barashama ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Native Lf, M SSS 4981 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.1, 2 Malankuri Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Native M, Sb SSS 5233 Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. Chhotchiraghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native Lf SSS 5489 E. tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult Konighas Herb, pr; w Gl Native Lf, Sb GMH 6277 E. tremula Hochst.ex Steud. Chiranula Herb, pr; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Lf, Tm GMH 6295 E. unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.2 Chiraghas Herb, pr; w Gl Native Lf, Sb GMH 6314 Eriochloa barbatus (Trin.) S. Yadav & M.R. Almeida Motanol Herb, pr; w Gl Exotic Lf, Sb GMH 6326 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Assegai ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Wl Native Lf MAR 5708 Hemarthria protensa Steud. Chaila Herb, er; w Gl, Rs, Wtl Native Lf, Sb MAR 5684 Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn. Jongli dhan Herb, er; w Wtl Native Lf, M MAR 5799 Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze Isacdana Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native Lf, Sb MAR 5667 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.1 Chhan Herb, er; w Fl, Gr, Rs Exotic Sb, Tm SSS 5225 232 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Leersia hexandra Sw. Arali Herb, pr; w Wtl Native Lf SSS 5302 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Fulka ghas Herb, er; w Af Native Lf SSS 4952 Lophatherum gracile Brongn. Lophail ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Fm, Hls Native Lf GMH 6220 Narenga porphyrocoma (Hance) Bor Maja ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Sb GMH 6260 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P. Beauv. Gohur Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wl Native Lf GMH 6278 O. compositus (L.) P. Beauv.1 Gohur Herb, er; w Fl, Rs, Wl Native Lf SSS 4980 Oryza. sativa L. Dhan Herb, er; cv Af Exotic Ed, Lf SSS 5211 Panicum brevifolium L.2 Bashpati ghas Herb, er; w Af, Gl, Rs Native Lf, Sb SSS 5314 P. incomtum Trin. Panick ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native Lf MAR 5663 P. luzonense J. Presl Panicombo Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native Lf MAR 5711 P. maximum Jacq. Gini ghas Herb, er; w Wtl Native Lf MAR 5801 P. notatum Retz.1, 2 Panita ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Lf GMH 6222 P. paludosum Roxb.2 Borali Herb, er; w Wtl Native Lf GMH 6262 P. repens L.2 Dhani ghas Herb, er; w Af, Fl, Gl Native Lf, Sb SSS 5226 P. sarmentosum Roxb. Voya ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rds Native Lf GMH 6239 Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius Moisshya ghas Herb, er; w Gl, Hs, Rs Exotic M, Sb SSS 5306 P. distichum L. Chhotogoicha Herb, er; w Gl, Rs, Wtl Exotic Lf, Sb SSS 4972 P. scrobiculatum L. Bishmona ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Lf, Sb GMH 6226 Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze Perotghas Herb, er; w Gl Native Lf, Sb GMH 6301 Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Nalkhagra Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Native Hc, Sb GMH 6320 Phyllostachys aurea Rivière & C. Rivière Sarna bans Bamboo; pl Gr Exotic Hc GMH 6327 Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton Bara swati Herb, pr; w Gl Native Lf MAR 5782 Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Buse Tush ghas Herb, er; w Hls, Fl Native Lf MAR 5809 Sclerostachya fusca (Roxb.) A. Camus syn. Miscanthus fuscus (Roxb.) Benth. Unknown Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native Lf MAR 5789 Saccharum officinarum L. Akh, Ikkhu Herb, er; cv Af, Gr, Hs Exotic Ju, M SSS 4962 S. spontaneum L. Kash Herb, er; w Fl, Fm, Rs Native Sb, Tm MAR 5737 Sacciolepis indica (L). Chase1 Siltatto ghas Herb, er; w Wtl Native Lf MAR 5765 Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp2 Karingghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Lf, Sb GMH 6238 S. pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Haldekawn Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native Lf SSS 4973 S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv. Kawn Herb, er; cv Af, Rs Native Lf GMH 6260 Sporobolus diandrus (Retz.) P. Beauv. Benajoni Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M, Tm GMH 6270 S. indicus (L.) R.Br. Ailbelajonighas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Exotic M, Tm SSS 4984 S. virginicus (L.) Kunth Jholadurba Herb, pr; w Wtl Native Lf MAR 5735 Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda Phuljharu Herb, er; w Rs, Sj Native Lf, Tm SSS 5248 Urochloaapanicoides P. Beauv. Kuridana Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native Sb GMH 6275 U. distachya (L.) Nguyen Chri ghas Herb, er; w Fl, Gl Native Sb GMH 6237 U. kurzii (Hook.f.) T.Q. Nguyen Kurokti ghas Herb, cr; w Gl, Rs Native Lf GMH 6263 Zea mays L. Bhutta Herb, er; pl Af Exotic Ed, Lf SSS 5316 Bromeliaceae Juss. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Anaras Herb, er; cv Gr, Hls, Hs Exotic Fr, M SSS 5309 AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 233 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Strelitziaceae Hutch. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. Panthopadap Tree, s; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 5779 Heliconiaceae Nakai Heliconia metallica Planch. & Linden ex Hook. Swarga pakhi Herb, er; pl Gr Exotic O SSS 5271 H. rostrata Ruiz & Pav. Chingrinomi Herb, er; pl Gr Exotic O SSS 5298 Musaceae Juss. Musa acuminata Colla Aittakola Herb, er; w Fl, Hs, Rs Native Fr, Vg GMH 6283 M. paradisiaca L. Kachkola Herb, er; w Fl, Hs, Rs Exotic Fr, Vg MAR 5765 Typhaceae Juss. Typha elephantina Roxb. Hogla pata Herb, er; w Wtl Native Ed, Tm GMH 6267 Zingiberaceae Martinov Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt Tara Herb, er; w Fl, Wtl Native M MAR 5785 Curcuma longa L. Halud Herb, er; cv Fl, Hs Exotic M, Sp SSS 4953 C. zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc.1, 2 Sathi Herb, er; w Fl, Gl, Rs Native M, Pf SSS 5236 Hedychium coronarium J. König Dolonchapa Herb, er; cv Hs, Rs Exotic M, O GMH 6303 Kaempferia galanga L. Chandumula Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Native M, Co SSS 5299 Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr. Bon ada Herb, er; w Fl, Hls Native M MAR 5668 Z. officinale Roscoe Ada Herb, er; cv Fl, Hs Exotic M, Sp SSS 5294 Z. zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Mohaboribotch Herb, er; w Fl, Hs Native M MAR 5714 Costaceae Nakai Cheilocostus speciosus (J. Koenig) C.D. Specht2 Keomul Herb, er; w Fl, Sj Native M SSS 4955 Costus woodsonii Maas Lipistic plant Herb, er; cv Gr Exotic O SSS 4987 Cannaceae Juss. Canna glauca L. Halud kolabati Herb, er; cv Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 5669 C. indica L. Kolabati Herb, er; w Fl, Hs, Rs Exotic M, O MAR 5738 Marantaceae R.Br. Calathea ornata (Linden) Körn. Shukh nata Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Native O GMH 6027 Maranta arundinacea L. Ararut Herb, er; w Sj, Wl Exotic M, O GMH 6055 Schumannianthus benthamianus (Kuntze) Veldkamp & I.M. Turner Patipata Shrub; w Hs, Wtl Native Hc, M GMH 6084 Pontederiaceae Kunth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Kachuripana Herb, ff; w Wtl Exotic Gm, Lf MAR 5784 Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms Bara nukha Herb, er, w Wtl Native Gm, Vg MAR 5805 M. vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl Nukha Herb, er; w Wtl Native M, Vg MAR 5722 Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. Allium cepa L. Piyaj Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Exotic M, Sp SSS 5232 A. sativum L. Rashun Herb, er; cv Af, Hs Exotic M, Sp SSS 4974 Crinum americanum L. Bara kanur Herb, er; w Hs, Wl Exotic M, O GMH 6036 C. asiaticum L. Shukhdarshan Herb, er; w Hs, Wl Native M, O GMH 6115 C. latifolium L. Sukhdarshan Herb, er; w Gr, Hs, Rs Native O GMH 6013 234 SHETU et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Origin Use RSE Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. Agnigolock Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Native M, O SSS 4985 Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb. Golapi ghasphul Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O MAR 5670 Z. minuta (Kunth) D. Dietr. Sada ghasphul Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Native O MAR 5720 Asparagaceae Juss. Agave americana L. Shatabdi udvid Herb, er; cv Hs Exotic M, O GMH 6255 Asparagus racemosus Wild. Shatamuli Herb, cl; w Fl, Rs Native M GMH 6298 Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. Agnishwar Herb, er; cv Hs, Rs Native M, O GMH 6305 Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb. Chiknadrakan Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native O MAR 5744 D. reflexa Lam. Dracaena Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native O MAR 5759 D. spicata Roxb. Kadodrakan Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Native O MAR 5807 D. trifasciata (Prain) Mabb. Snake plant Herb, er; cv Gr, Hs, Rs Exotic O SSS 3114 Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. Gandhohemp Shrub; pl Gr, Hs Exotic O SSS 3011 Hypoxidaceae R.Br. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Talmuli Herb, er; w Hls, Sj, Wl Native M GMH 6113 Molineria latifolia (Dryand. ex W.T. Aiton) Herb. ex Kurz Molinpasna Herb, er; w Hls, Hs, Sj Native M, Fb GMH 6056 Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Ghritakumari Herb, er; cv Hs Exotic Co, M SSS 4956 Smilacaceae Vent. Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D. Don Kumarika Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 5208 S. perfoliata Lour.1 Kumarilata Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 5250 Dioscoreaceae R.Br. Dioscorea alata L. Chupri alu Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M, Vg SSS 5317 D. bulbifera L.1 Ban alu Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M SSS 5296 D. esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Mou alu Herb, cl; cv Hs, Sj, Wl Native Vg MAR 5671 D. hamiltonii Hook.f. Dudh alu Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Native M MAR 5692 D. pentaphylla L. Jhum alu Herb, cl; w Sj, Wl Native M, Vg MAR 5761 Orchidaceae Juss. Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McCann Rasna Herb, ep; w Op Native M, O GMH 6028 Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Rasna Herb, ep; pl Op Native O GMH 6010 Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) C.E.C. Fisch. Patrojhara Herb, ep; pl Op Native M, O MAR 5059 D. fimbriatum Hook. Rasna Herb, ep; pl Op Native O MAR 5155 Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume Shial leza orchid Herb, ep; w Op Native M, O GMH 6135 Spathoglottis plicata Blume Kantaglottis Herb, er; pl Gr, Hs Native O GMH 6539 Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don Rasna Herb, ep; w Op Native O SSS 5010 Notes: Habit: cl- climber, cr- creeper, cv- cultivated, ep- epiphyte, er- erect, ff- free floating, fl- floating with rooted, l- large, li- liana, m- medium, pl- planted , pr- prostrate, ps- parasite, s-small, sc- scandant, sm- submerged, w- wild; Habitat: Af- Agro field, Fl- Fallow land, Fm- Forest margin, Gl- Grassland, Gr- Garden, Hls- Hill slope, Hlt- Hill top, Hs- Homestead, Obw- On brick wall, Op- On plant, Rs- Roadside, Sj- Scrub jungle, Wl- Woodland, Wtl- Wetland; Uses: Ap- aquarium plant, Co- Cosmetics, Dy- Dye yielding, Ed- Edible, Fb-Fibre yielding, Fr- Fruit, Fw- Fuel wood, Gm- Green manure, Hc- Handicrafts, He- Hedge, Ju- Juice, Lf- Livestock feed, M- Medicine, O- Ornamental, Oy- Oil yielding, Pf- Perfume, Po-Poisonous, Pp- Paper pulp, Pu- Pulse, Sb- Soil binder, Sp- Spice, T- Timber, Tm- Theaching material, Vg- Vegetable; Superscript number 1 and 2 at the end of species name indicating it’s record mentioned by Rahman et al. (2001) and Hossain et al.(2005) respectively; RSE:GMH- Gazi Mosharof Hossain, MAR- Md. Abdur Rahim, SSS- Shayla Sharmin Shetu. AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 235 In the study area, the majority of the species were found to grow in eight categories of habitat viz., Roadside (37.16%), fallow land (34.24%), homestead (26.54%), woodland (20.48%, garden (18.85%), scrub jungle (16.14%), agricultural field (14.08%) and grassland (12.89%), followed by other habitat categories namely, wetland (9.32%), hill slope (9.21%), forest margin (5.42%), hilltop (5.42%), other plants (2.28%), and brick wall (0.43%) (Fig. 2). The majority of the species were reported as medicine (61.54%), which was followed by ornamental (24.27%), livestock feed (9.53%), vegetable (9.10%), fuel wood (7.91%), fruit (7.04%), timber (6.07%), soil binder (4.33%), fibre (3.36%) and green manure (2.93%), which are the major produces of the study area (Fig. 3). The plant species used as dye-yielding (1.63%), oil- yielding (1.52%), hedge (1.41%), handicrafts (1.30%), spice (1.19%), timber (1.19%), pulse (0.98%), aquarium plant (0.76%), poison (0.65%), edible (0.54%), juice (0.43%), perfume (0.33%), paper pulp (0.22%), cosmetics (0.22%) and refreshment (0.11%) were the minor produces of the study area. Fig. 2. Plant species in different habitats of Lalmai hill area. Fig. 3. The major economically important species of Lalmai hill area. 236 SHETU et al. The study area harbours eight plant species, six of which are listed as Data Deficient (DD), one as Not Evaluated (NE) and one as Endangered (EN) (Khan et al., 2001; Ara et al., 2013). These species are Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (DD), Anisoptera scaphula (Roxb.) Kurz (DD), Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (DD), Calamus erectus Roxb. (DD), Glochidion heyneanum (Wight & Arn.) Wight (EN), Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. (NE), Swintonia floribunda Griff. (DD) and Tectaria chattagrammica Ching (DD). All of these species were found as planted except A. paniculata and T. chattagrammica which were observed as common and naturally regenerated and G. heyneanum which was rare in this area. A comparison in the plant species composition of the study area (Lalmai hills and their adjacent area) with that reported previously from some localities of this country, composed of similar kinds of habitats, indicates that the number of species per square kilometre found in the study area is nearly similar to that of Rajkandi Reserve Forest (Haque et al., 2018), Hazarikhil Wildlife Sanctuary (Rahman, 2017), somewhat higher than that of Sitakunda Ecopark (Islam et al., 2016), Satchari National Park (Arefin et al., 2011), Baraiyadhala National Park (Rashid et al., 2018), and Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary (Uddin et al., 2013) but lower than those reported from Jahangirnagar University Campus (Khan et al., 2021a) and Lawachhara National Park (Uddin and Hassan, 2010) (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Comparison of Lalmai hill area with some pertinent localities of Bangladeshin plant species composition. Rahman et al. (2001)’s recorded 24 species of Lalmai hills were not found to occur there during this study. These species belong to the families Annonaceae (one species), Apocynaceae (one species), Asteraceae (one species), Commelinaceae (one species), Convolvulaceae (one species), Euphorbiaceae (one species), Fabaceae (three species), Lamiaceae (two species), Passifloraceae (one species), Phyllanthaceae (two species), Poaceae (two species), Polygalaceae (one species), Polypodiaceae (one species), Rubiaceae (five species), and Zingiberaceae (one species). Similarly, 17 species belonging to the families Acanthaceae (one species), Apocynaceae (two species), Cyperaceae (one species), Elaeocarpaceae (one species), Fabaceae (four species), Lamiaceae (one species), Myrtaceae (one species), Phyllanthaceae (one species), Poaceae (three AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 237 species), Primulaceae (one species) and Solanaceae (one species) reported by Hossain et al. (2005) from this area were not found during this study. A reason for the absence of these species in the study might be their direct missing due to habitat destruction and other anthropogenic activities. Another reason seems to be the incorrect identification of the species that could not be verified due to the lack of their voucher specimens. Traditionally, the study area is being gradually converted from a natural deciduous forest area to a semi-urban area covered with cultivated, planted and natural plant populations. Currently, about 20%-25% of the area is already converted into a semi-urban area housing some infra- structures including a few institutions and a part of the regional cantonment. A notable part of the remaining area is notably disturbed through various anthropogenic activities including different plantation and cultivation programs following repeated vegetation clearing and habitat destruction. However, a huge number of plant species, as enumerated by this study, have been established in this area through the introduction of many exotic species (31.12% of the flora), mainly in the semi-urban localities including gardens, campuses, roadsides, tourist spots etc. and the introduction of diaspores of different plant species from different regions of the country through various biotic and abiotic agents. Some parts of the area, composed of roadside, fallow lands, homesteads, woodlands, gardens, and agricultural fields, are covered with dense vegetation. The vegetation of the study area provides habitats for various animal groups (wildlife). The biodiversity of the study area is affected by different kinds of threats, mostly resulting from multifarious anthropogenic activities including hill clearing and cutting, land grabbing, agricultural expansion following vegetation clearing, infrastructure development, settlement, firing, grazing, leaf litter and fuel wood collection, and huge visits etc. are recognized as the major threats to its biodiversity. However, this area is harbouring a rich biodiversity with a huge number of plant species in its diverse ecosystems. As an original site of natural vegetation, this area might be an excellent choice for in situ and ex situ biodiversity conservation. Therefore, we strongly recommend the adoption of a master plan for minimizing all major threats to the vegetation and habitats of this area and sustainable development, utilization and conservation of its plant resources. In order to implement this plan, strengthening and improving the existing management of the area by adopting necessary conservation initiatives including effective policies, and legislation, adopting and strict enforcement of the necessary laws of natural resource utilization including lands, controlling and minimizing anthropogenic interferences, increasing public awareness, improving the quality of major natural habitats are highly recommended. We highly advise routine inventories and monitoring programs for this area’s biodiversity. Adequate protection, conservation and development of the diminishing natural resources of this area including its biodiversity will improve its sustainable socio-economic and ecological services. References Ahmed, Z.U., Begum, Z.N.T., Hassan, M.A., Khondker, M., Kabir, S.M.H., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, A.T.A., Rahman, A.K.A. and Haque, E.U. (Eds). 2008‒2009. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. Vols. 6‒8 & 12. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Dhaka. Ahmed, Z.U., Hassan, M.A., Begum, Z.N.T., Khondker, M., Kabir, S.M.H., Ahmad, M. and Ahmed, A.T.A. (Eds). 2009. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. Vols. 9‒10. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Ali, A. 1999. Climate change impacts and adaptation assessment in Bangladesh. Clim. Res. 12: 109‒116. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV, Bot. J. Linn. 181(1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. Annon 2022. The Useful Tropical Plants Database. 238 SHETU et al. Ara, H., Khan, B. and Uddin, S.N. (Eds). 2013. Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of Bangladesh. Vol. 2. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka, pp. 1–280. Ara, H., Mia, M.K. and Khan, B. 2007. An annotated Checklist of Lauraceae in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 147‒162. Arefin, M., Rahman, M., Uddin, M. and Hassan, M. 2011. Angiosperm flora of Satchari National Park, Habiganj, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 18(2): 117–140. Ashrafuzzaman, M. and Sarwar, A.K.M.G. 2021. Addition to the angiospermic flora of Bangladesh: Family Acanthaceae. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 19(4): 447–455. Ashrafuzzaman, M., Alam, M.K. and Sarwar, A.K.M.G. 2022. Addition of three new angiospermic taxa to the flora of Bangladesh. J. Threat. Taxa. 14(3): 20786–20791. BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics). 2013. District Statistics 2011, Comilla, Statistics and Informatics Division (SID), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Parishankhan Bhaban, E-27/A, Agargaon, Dhaka-1207, pp. 1–128. Bhuiyan, R.A. 2022. A hydrobiological study on three different water bodies of Lalmai Hill areas of Cumilla. A thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Dhaka for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Botany. Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, pp. 1–342. Bridson, D. and Forman, L. 1989. The Herbarium Handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 214 pp. Choudhury, A.M. 2002. Managing natural disasters in Bangladesh. Presented at the Dhaka meet on sustainable development in Bangladesh: Achievements, opportunities and challenges at Rio+10 Organised by Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad, 19 pp. Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. Second Edition, 1988. Bronx, NY: The New York Botanical Garden, pp. 1‒555. Ghani, A. 1998. Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh with Chemical Constituents and Uses. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, pp. 1‒467. Haque, A.K.M.K., Khan, S.A., Uddin, S.N. and Shetu, S.S. 2018. An annotated checklist of the Angiospermic flora of Rajkandi reserve forest of Moulvibazar, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(2):187‒207. Hooker, J.D. 1872-1897. The Flora of British India. Vols. 1-7. L. Reeve & Co., Ashford, Kent, UK. Hossain, G.M., Khan, S.A., Shetu, S.S., Rahman, M.S., Ahmed, F.A. and Ali, M.H. 2022. Floristic Survey of Vascular Plants in Coastal District Bagerhat of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(1): 43‒78. Hossain, G.M., Khan, S.A., Rahim, M.A., Rahman, M.S. and Islam, K.M.N. 2021. Floristic composition of the coastal district Satkhira, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 28(1): 97‒124. Hossain, G.M., Khan, S.A., Rahman, M.S. and Rahim, M.D. 2020. New records of three species and a variety of angiosperms for Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(2): 251‒260. Hossain, M.K. and Pasha, M.K. 2001. Alien Invasive Plants in Bangladesh and their Impacts on the Ecosystem. In: Assessment and Management of Alien Species that Threatened Ecosystem, Habitats and Species. CBD Technical Paper No. 21. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal, Canada, pp.73–75. Hossain, M.M., Md. Abul Hassan, M.A. and Uddin, M.Z. 2005. A checklist of angiospermic flora of Lalmai Hills, Comilla, Bangladesh, Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 12(2): 85‒96. IPNI. 2022. International Plant Names Index. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. (Retrieved 06 December 2022). Islam, M.A., Rahman, M.M. and Hossain, G.M. (2016). Floristic composition and phytodiversity status of Sitakunda Ecopark, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 5(1): 29–45. Islam, M.R., Uddin, M.Z. and Hassan, M.A. 2009. An assessment of the Angiospermic flora of Ramgarh upazila of Khagrachhari district, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 16(2): 115‒140. http://www.ipni.org, AN INVENTORY OF VASCULAR FLORA OF LALMAI HILLS 239 Ismail, M. and Mia, M.M.K. 1973. Studies on some deciduous Sal forests of Bangladesh. Ecology of Bangladesh Vegetation. Botanical Survey of Bangladesh, Ecology Section. Botany Department, Dhaka University, pp. 79‒103. Khan, M.S., Rahman, M.M. and Ali, M.A. (Eds) 2001. Red data book of vascular plants of Bangladesh. Bangladesh National Herbarium, BARC, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp.1‒179. Khan, M.S.A. 2008. Disaster preparedness for sustainable development in Bangladesh. Disaster Prevention and Management, 17(5): 662‒671. Khan, M.S.H., Hossain, M.S. and Uddin, M.A. 2018. Geology and Active Tectonics of the Lalmai Hills, Bangladesh–An Overview from Chittagong Tripura Fold Belt Perspective. J. Geol. Soc. India 92: 713– 720. Khan, S.A., Hossain, G.M., Shetu, S.S., Rahim, M.A., Islam, M.S., Ahmed, F.A. and Fairy, R.H. 2021b. A preliminary taxonomic study on the flora of Rangpur district, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 28(2): 329–365. Khan, S.A., Sultana, S., Hossain, G.M., Shetu, S.S., and Rahim, M.A. 2021a. Floristic composition of Jahangirnagar University Campus - A semi-natural area of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 28(1): 27‒60. Khanam, R. and Khan, S.A. 2020. Angiosperms in Narsingdi district of Bangladesh: Class Liliopsida. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(2): 391‒405. Khanam, R., Khan, S.A. and Rahim, M.A. 2020. Angiosperms in Narsingdi District of Bangladesh: Class Magnoliopsida. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(1): 153‒271. Kramer, K.U. and Green, P.S. 1990. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. In: Kubitzki K. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 1. Springer, Berlin. Kulatunga, U., Wedawatta, G., Amaratunga, D., Parvez, A. and Biswas, R. 2012. Disaster risk reduction measures in Bangladesh. In: Global challenges in construction industry: world construction symposium, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Malaker, J.C., Rahman, M.M., Azad-Ud-Doula Prodhan, A.K.M., Malaker, S.K., Khan, M.A.H. 2010. Floristic composition of Lawachara forest in Bangladesh. Int. J. Expt. Agric. 1(2): 1‒9. Nahar, J. and Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2016. Study of Angiosperm plant species at Sadar upazila of Naogaon district, Bangladesh. Discovery 52(250): 1963‒1978. Ostertag, R., Inman-Narahari, F., Cordell, S., Giardina, C.P. and Sack, L. 2014. Forest structure in low diversity tropical forests: A study of Hawaiian wet and dry forests. PLoS ONE9: e103268. Pichi, S.R.E.G. 1977. Tentamen pteridophytorum genera in taxonomicum ordinem redigendi. Webbia 31: 313‒512. POWO. 2022. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/. Retrieved on 15January 2022. Prain, D. 1903. Bengal Plants. Vols. 1 & 2. Reprint 1963. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Rahman, M.S., Hossain, G.M., Khan, S.A. and Uddin, S.N. 2012. Study on taxonomy and distribution of Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) Seem. (Fam. Bignoniaceae)- a newly recorded threatened mangrove associate species of Sundarbans. Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 1(2): 67‒76. Rahman, A., Uddin, M., Sikder, M.R., Murshed, H.B., Faysal, J., Ahmad, M., and Mohiuddin, A. 2021. Soil properties and carbon stock along the toposequence of Lalmai hill ecosystem of Bangladesh. Dhaka University J. Biol. Sci. 30 (2): 331–343. Rahman, A.H.M.M. 2013. Angiospermic Flora of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. American J. Life Sci. 1(3): 105‒112. Rahman, M. 2017. Plant diversity in Hazarikhil Wildlife Sanctuary of Chittagong and its conservation management. Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management. 3(2): 43‒56. Rahman, M.M., Banu, D.H. and Huq, A.M. 2001. A preliminary floristic investigation on the undergrowth plant diversity of Lalmai Hills at Comilla. Bangladesh J. Life Sci. 13 (1&2): 135‒143. Rahman, M.S., Hossain, G.M., Khan, S.A. and Uddin, S.N. 2015. An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Sundarban mangrove forest of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 22(1): 17‒41. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/. 240 SHETU et al. Rashid, M.H.U., Islam, S. Kashem, S.B. 2018. Baraiyadhala National Park, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25(2): 273‒288. Roxburgh, W. 1814. Hortus Bengalensis or a catalogue of the plants growing in the Honourable East India Company’s Botanic Garden at Calcutta. Serampore, India. Roy, G.K. and Khan, S.A. 2020a. Preliminary taxonomic study on homestead flora of four districts of Bangladesh: Magnoliopsida. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(1): 37‒65. Roy, G.K. and Khan, S.A. 2020b. Preliminary taxonomic study on homestead flora of four districts of Bangladesh: Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) and Pteridophyta. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(2): 407‒ 425. Sarker, K., Islam, M.R., Uddin, M.Z. and Hassan, M.A. 2013. Angiosperm flora of Manikgonj Sadar upazila, Bangladesh. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 39(2): 147–166. Shetu, S.S., Khan, S.A. and Uddin, S.N. 2018. Checklist of angiosperms extant in Mirpur area of Dhaka city. Jahangirnagar Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 7(2): 47‒64. Siddiqui, K.U., Islam, M.A., Ahmed, Z.U., Begum, Z.N.T., Hassan, M.A., Khondker, M., Rahman, M.M., Kabir, S.M.H., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, A.T.A., Rahman, A.K.T. and Haque, E.U. (Eds). 2007. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. Vols. 5 & 11. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Dhaka. Singh, H.B. and Subramaniam, B. 2008. Field Manual on Herbarium Techniques. National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, pp. 1‒297. Sultana, M. 2012. Taxonomic and ethnobotanical studies on the angiospermic flora of Patuakhali district in Bangladesh. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished). Department of Botany, University of Dhaka. Tabassum, R. 2015. Angiospermic flora of Gazipur district, Bangladesh. Doctoral Dissertation (Unpublished). Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, pp. 1‒707. TROPICOS. 2022. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden–4344, Shaw Boulevard - Saint Louis, Missouri 63110. (Accessed on 25 March 2022). Tutul, E., Uddin, M.Z., Rahman, M.O. and Hassan, M.A. 2010. Angiospermic Flora of Runctia Sal Forest, Bangladesh. II. Magnoliopsida (Dicots). Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(1): 33‒53. Uddin, M. and Hassan, M. 2010. Angiosperm diversity of Lawachara National Park (Bangladesh): a preliminary assessment. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxonomy. 17(1): 9‒22. Uddin, M.Z., Hassan, M.A. and Khan, M.S. 2003. An annotated checklist of angiospermic flora of Rema- Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (Habiganj) in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant. Taxon. 10(1): 79‒94. Uddin, M. Z., Alam, M. F., Rhaman, M. A., and Hassan, M. A. 2013. Diversity in angiosperm flora of Teknaf wildlife sanctuary, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. of Plant Taxon. 20(2):145–162. Uddin, S.B. and Rahman, M.A.1999. Angiospermic flora of Himchari National Park, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. J. Plant Taxon. 6(1): 31‒68. Uddin, S.N. and Hassan, M.A. 2018. Vascular Flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts: Vols. 1-3. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Zoo Road, Mirpur 1, Dhaka 1216. Van Valkenburg, J.L.C.H. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Eds). 2001. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 12(2). Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 2. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 782 pp. WFO. 2022. World Flora Online. Published on the Internet; http://www.worldfloraonline.org. Accessed on: 15 Feb 2022. Wu, Z.Y. and Raven, P.H. (Eds). 1994-2001. Flora of China. Vols. 8, 15-18 and 24. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. and Hong, D.Y. (Eds). 1999-2013. Flora of China. Vols. 2-7, 9-14, 19-23 and 25. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. (Manuscript received on 15 June, 2022; revised on 11 November, 2022) http://www.tropicos.org, http://www.worldfloraonline.org.