Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(2): 241-268, 2022 (December) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.63528 © 2022 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF THE BOGDKHAN MOUNTAIN, MONGOLIA BADAMTSETSEG BAZARRAGCHAA, GANTUYA BATDELGER1, MONKHJIN BATKHUU2, AGIIMAA JANCHIV3, SANG MYONG LEE, HYOUN SOOK KIM, SEUNGAH YANG, WOON KEE PEAK4, DONG HEE KIM5 AND JOONGKU LEE* Department of Environment and Forest Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, South Korea Keywords: Flora; Life-form; Chorological element; Threatened species. Abstract The Bogdkhan mountain of Mongolia is strictly protected and possesses a unique ecosystem, because of its location in the transitional zone of Siberian taiga and the Asian steppe. Floristic composition and the biological spectrum of the Bogdkhan Mountain were studied during July 2019 to September 2020. A total of 522 vascular plants were recorded belonging to 249 genera and 63 families. Asteraceae was found to be the most dominant family (13.22%; 33 genera and 69 taxa) followed by Poaceae (8.43%; 21 genera and 44). The classified life-form spectra of all the species recorded from the study area revealed the predominance of hemicryptophytes (63.03%) followed by geophytes (11.30%), therophytes (10.34%), phanerophytes (9.58%), chamaephytes (5.36%), and hydrophytes (0.38%). The notable changes found in the biological spectrum, which are chamaephytes from 12 to 5.36%, geophytes from 8 to 11.30% and therophytes from 8 to 10.34%. Variaty of reasons might cause change the life form, such as climate change, anthropogenic impacts, etc. Hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes dominate the flora of the mountain due to the cold mountain niche. The floristic diversity of this mountain tends to decline further videnced from the observed lesser divergence values of geophytes and therophytes. Introduction The Bogdkhan Mountain is one of the well known protected areas of Mongolia and the oldest continuously protected areas of the world (Jargal, 2003; Wurts, 2013) and is located in the southwest of the Khentei Mountain range (Tsegmid, 1969). Phytogeographically, it is included in the region of Khentei mountain taiga (Junatov, 1977; Grubov, 1982; Ulziikhutag, 1989), also to the region of Transbaikalian mountain – hillock forest-vegetation following forest-vegetation classification (Junatov, 1977; Tsedendash, 1995). Previous studies recorded 2823 taxa of vascular plants belonging to 662 genera and 128 families for the flora of Mongolia, out of which 1087 species were recorded from the region of Khentei mountain taiga (Gubanov, 1996). In addition, 44 taxa of vascular plants were further added for Khentei Mountains (Dulamsuren and Mühlenberg, 2003). *Corresponding author: E-mail: joongku@cnu.ac.kr 1 Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia; bgantuyad@gmail.com 2 International University of Ulaanbaatar, Ulaanbaatar, 17032, Mongolia. monkhjinbn@gmail.com 3 Department of Biology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, 13343, Mongolia. agiimaaj1114@gmail.com 4 Deagu National Science Museum, Daegu, 43023, South Korea. peakwk@naver.com 5 National Science Museum, Daejeon, 34143, South Korea. paleos@hanmail.net https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.63528 mailto:joongku@cnu.ac.kr mailto:bgantuyad@gmail.com mailto:monkhjinbn@gmail.com mailto:agiimaaj1114@gmail.com mailto:peakwk@naver.com mailto:paleos@hanmail.net 242 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. The Bogdkhan Mountain is in a mountainous forest-steppe zone with a predominance of larch forests, rich pine forests, spruce forests that follow the upper reaches of small mountain ranges and very small areas of pine (Junatov, 1977; Ganbold et al., 1993; Dugarjav, 2006). This area is considered to be the southern border of the Mongolian taiga forest. The steppe vegetation is broadly distributed on this mountain slopes and meadow steppe and meadow vegetation can be seen at the foot of the mountain and sub-belts such as pseudo-taiga, subtaiga, taiga and subgoltsy (Tsedendash, 1995). The first floral investigation in the Bogdkhan Mountain, was carried out by the Soviet- Mongolian Joint Biological Expedition team in 1989-1990 which recorded 579 species belonging to 259 genera and 69 families (Ganbold et al., 1993). Further, 26 species were newly added to this list by Hilbig et al. (2004). The vegetation of the Bogdkhan Mountain, categorized under 17 different vegetation communities comprising of four altitude levels (hillock, lower montane, upper montane, and subalpine belt), grouped under 20 distribution types (Hilbig et al., 2004). However, Enkhmaa (2015) recorded 746 species belonging to 295 genera and 75 families, however, the checklist and information of herbarium where the collections were deposited, were not provided. In addition, Sanchir (2008), and Enkhmaa (2017) reported a number of threatened and economically useful plants from this area. In terms of climate change in Mongolia, there is a temperature rise by 1.66ºC during 1940 to 2001 (Batima et al., 2005). According to an estimate, the temperature is further expected to rise by 5-7ºC, along with summer precipitation by 40-60 mm till 2100 in mountainous regions (Bayasgalan et al., 2009). Hence, changes in vegetation communities and between ecosystems have been increasing (Dulamsuren et al., 2011; Natsagdorj, 2012; Bolormaa et al., 2017). Considering the above facts, the ecosystem of Bogdkhan Mountain is vulnerable because of its isolated location at the southernmost point of the Khentei Range, which is adjacent to the steppe to the south and closest to the most densely populated Ulaanbaatar city. The Bogdkhan Mountains have further been exposed to tourism, construction, and approach roads (Erdenechimeg, 2013; Naranbaatar et al., 2018; Gradel et al., 2019). Tourism operations are actively developing ‘ger’ (Mongolian traditional house) camps in 24 valleys; and about 17 thousand livestock graze in Bogdkhan Mountain (Erdenechimeg, 2013; Naranbaatar et al., 2018). It was documented that 22.4% of pastures were overgrazed and 10.9% were polluted or damaged (Erdenechimeg, 2013). The landscape cover decreased by 0.8 - 2.6% in the forest, meadow, and shrub area, and the steppe area increased by 1.5% (Naranbaatar et al., 2018). Moreover, many regular activities such as jogging, hiking, skiing, the traditional prayer for mountain, and shamanic rituals, and other seasonal activities such as picking nuts, fruits, and mushrooms have negatively affected the flora of the Bogdkhan Mountain to some extent (Erdenechimeg, 2013; Naranbaatar et al., 2018). Therefore, we aimed to conduct detailed floral investigations for the Bogdkhan Mountain and to understand its floristic composition, diversity and ecology. We hypothesized that the Bogdkhan Mountain ecosystem might be changing rapidly and becoming more vulnerable because of its geographical-transitional location and diverse drivers. Furthermore, investigation of vegetation and diversity will allow a better understanding of the natural changes which may ultimately contribute to efficient management of the protected areas of Mongolia. Materials and Methods Study area: The Bogdkhan Mountain is a protected area located 30-40 km south of Ulaanbaatar city with relative altitude of 1200-1500 m, and absolute altitude of 2268 m above sea level with its highest peak, called Tsetsee-Gun (Fig. 1). The mountain area is 41,651 ha, thereof forest area covering 53.2% or 22,129 ha square (Shirendev and Munkhtuya, 2015). Tuul River, FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 243 one of the biggest rivers in Mongolia flows by northern downhill of Bogdkhan Mountain. The topography is alpine, rugged and mostly steep and streams originated from the valleys (MNEM, 1998). The main annual average temperature is -0.5 ºC, the coldest month is January, with a minimum average temperature of -22.5 ºC, and the warmest month is July, with a maximum average temperature of 18.7ºC. The average WI and CI for three stations are 45.1 and -41.9, respectively. The annual average total precipitation is 268.5 mm, and summer precipitation occurs between May and September and accounts for 86.5% of the total annual rainfall (Table 1). Table 1. Climate united data of stations located in the near Mt. Bogdkhan, Mongolia. Station name Average temperature (ºC) Index Precipitation Year Jan. Jul. Warmth Coldness Total (mm) Summer (%) Buyant-Ukhaa -1.4 -25.5 19.4 46.6 -53.8 244 86.7 Zuunmod -0.4 -20.6 18.1 42.9 -38.8 258.9 85.4 Amgalan 0.2 -21.3 18.7 45.9 -33 302.5 87.5 Average -0.5 -22.5 18.7 45.1 -41.9 268.5 86.5 Taxonomic method: Fourty field surveys were conducted 5 times during flowering seasons in June, July, August of 2019; July and August of 2020. Twenty-five sampling points, including eleven largest valleys of Bogdkhan Mountain, were targetted during the field trip and 1200 voucher specimens were collected from mountain steppe, mountain slopes, meadow, riverside, forest fringes, larch forest, pine forest, spruce forest, mixed forest, and rocks (Fig. 1; Table 2). Fig. 1. A. Geographical location of Bogdkhan Mountain belongs a region of Khentei mountain taiga (2), according to phytogeographical 16 regions with names in Mongolia by Ulziikhutag (1989). B. Route map of the studied area in Bogdkhan Mountain, and marked location of meteorological stations: a – Buyant-Ukhaa, b – Zuunmod, c – Amgalan. 244 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Samples of each taxon were prepared following standard herbarium techniques (Maden, 2004) and deposited in the Herbarium of Natural History Museum of Mongolia (MMNH). These specimens were identified using the key to the Vascular Plants of Mongolia (Grubov, 1982) and several volumes of Flora of Mongolia (Nyambayar, 2009; Urgamal, 2009; Dariimaa, 2014; Dariimaa and Saruul, 2017; Dariimaa et al., 2015). Plant classification followed APG IV (2016), and nomenclature according to Plants of the World Online (POWO, 2020), and International Plant Names Index (IPNI, 2020). Table 2. The locations with habitat and coordinate data. Site no. Location Habitat Period GPS data Voucher code 1 Baga Tenger Mountain steppe; larch- birch forest; 20-22 Jul. 2019; 10-11 Aug. 2020 47.7874920˚ N; 106.951960˚ E; 1503 m BT 2 Chuluut Mountain steppe; meadow; rocks 27-28 Jul. 2020 47.829890˚ N; 106.105490˚ E; 1522.6 m Ch 3 Baga Khurel togoot meadow; larch forest; rocks 22-23 Jun. 2019 47.8677˚ N; 107.0535˚ E; 1584 m SR 4 Khuush Meadow; mixed forest; rocks 26-27 Jun. 2019; 20-21 Jun. 2019 47.863433˚ N; 106.8703˚ E; 1593 m Kh 5 Manzushir Meadow; pine forest; mixed forest; alpine meadow and spruce forest 28-30 Jul. 2019; 10-15 Aug. 2019; 04-06 Aug. 2020; 47.780330˚ N; 106.994830˚ E; 2006 m M 6 Nukht Mixed forest; mixed forest 01 Aug. 2019; 29 Aug. 2020 47.79225˚ N; 106.849567˚ E; 1606 m N 7 Uvur Zaisan Riverside; forest fringe, mixed forest; rocks 27-29 Aug. 2019; 21-22 Aug. 2019 47.794083˚ N; 106.899767˚ E; 1756.9 m UZai 8 Ikh Khurel togoot Mountain slopes, riverside; larch forest fringes 29-30 Jun. 2019; 04-05 Aug. 2020 47.877133˚ N; 107.04225˚ E; 1374 m KhT 9 Tur Khurakh Mountain steppe; meadow; rivesrside; larch forest; mixed forest; rosks 05-12 Jul. 2019; 14-16 Jun. 2019; 28-30 Jul. 2020; 20-22 Aug. 2020 47.783260˚ N; 107.115530˚ E; 1513 m TKh 10 Zaisan Mountain steppe; larch forest, forest fringe; riverside; rosks 17-18 Jun. 2019; 24-26 Jul. 2020 47.860667˚ N; 106.9074˚ E; 1468 m Zai 11 Zalaat Bogino Mountain steppe 03 Aug. 2020 47.8882050˚ N; 106.974340˚ E; 1244.4 m ZalB The analysis of floristic characteristics was based on the total number of species including the collection of vascular plant specimens in investigated areas. Besides, earlier specimens collected from the study area and deposited in the herbaria such as Moscow University (MW), Central Siberian Botanical Garden (NSK), Gatersleben (GAT), Institute of Botanical Garden and Research, Mongolian Academy of Science (UBA), National University of Mongolia (UBU), and Natural History Museum of Mongolia (MMNH) were also consulted. In table 6, family and taxa names are listed in alphabetical order and each is presented with the following information: accepted name with authority, family name, life-form, chorotypes, global and regional red list categories, endemism, and relict. A biogeographical analysis was performed according to Tolmachev (1974) FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 245 and Ganbold (2010) based on plant distribution and phytogeographic origin. Each taxon was categorized into five large distributional groups; the Asian group was divided into 8 subgroups. Chorotypes, life-form are marked with their abbreviations (Table 6). Threatened species were defined according to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 2020); Regional Red List (Nyambayar et al., 2011; Tsendeekhuu et al., 2019) and Mongolian Red Book (Shiirevdamba et al., 2013). Endemism was defined according to the conspectus of flora in Mongolia (Urgamal et al., 2014; Urgamal and Ouyntsetseg, 2017) and relict plants were noted according to Ulziikhutag (1989). Statistical analysis: Floristic similarities to phytogeographical regions of Mongolia were compared using Jaccard similarity coefficiant (Niwattanakul et al., 2013). Plant life-forms were defined according to Raunkiear’s classification (1934) based on the position of renewing buds in concern to the soil surface: phanerophytes (Ph), chamaephytes (Ch), hemicryptophytes (H), geophytes (G), hydrophytes (Hy) and therophytes (Th). We computed the proportion of species in each life-form class, compared with Raunkiaer’s normal spectrum using a chi- square test (Ẋ2) (Moradi et al., 2010). 푥 = ∑( ) ; Ẋ2-chi square; O-Observed value; E-Expected value In addition, Pearson correlation was applied to compare the result life-form spectrum of the present study with different studies. 푟 = ∑(x − ẋ)(y − ẏ) ∑( x − ẋ) ∑( y − ẏ) 푟 -correlation coefficient; x -values of the x-variable in a sample; ẋ -mean of the values of the x-variable; y -values of the y-variable in a sample; ẏ -mean of the values of the y-variable. Results and Discussion Floristic composition: The present study revealed 522 vascular plants taxa belonging to 249 genera, 63 families for the flora of Bogdkhan Mountain (Table 6). These taxa belong to 4 classes, each including 11 Pteridophytes, 8 Gymnosperms, 97 Monocots and 406 Dicots (Table 3). The most dominant family was found to be Asteraceae (13.22%; 33 genera/69 taxa), followed by Poaceae (8.43%; 21/44), Rosaceae (7.85%; 18/41), Fabaceae (6.70%; 11/35), Ranunculaceae (5.94%; 12/31), Cyperaceae (4.02%; 2/21), Brassicaceae (3.64%; 15/19), Caryophyllaceae (3.64%; 9/19), Lamiaceae (3.26%; 12/17), Salicaceae (3.45; 2/18), comprising 59.77% of all species on the mountain (Fig. 2). The flora of Bogdkhan mountain is similar by 73% or similarity coefficient 0.73 to Khentei mountain taiga region (number of region is 2), 62.5% to the Khingan mountain meadow steppe (5), 61% to Middle Khalkha dry steppe (8) (Fig. 3). Biological spectrum: Of the total species recorded from the study area, 88.31% are herbs (461 taxa), 5.55% shrubs (29), 5.17% trees (27), 0.57% creepers (3) and 0.38% climbers (2). The biological spectrum showed that hemicryptophytes were the dominant life-forms, accounted for 329 species, 63.03% of all species in the mountain, followed by geophytes 59 (11.30%), therophytes 54 (10.34%), phanerophytes 50 (9.58%), chamaephytes 28 (5.36%) and hydrophytes 2 (0.38%) (Table 4). In addition, the observed flora was compared with Raunkiaer’s (1934) normal spectrum which accounts for altitudinal zones in the northern cold temperate. The Ẋ2 test results showed significant differences between the Bogdkhan Mountain and Raunkiaer’s normal spectrum (p˂0.05). The observed proportions were higher than expected for the phanerophytes, geophytes 246 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. and therophytes. Chamaephytes (3.67) had the highest individual value determined from the Ẋ2 test, followed by geophytes (1.36) and therophytes (0.69) (Table 4). Fig. 2. The richest families occupying percentage, their number of genera and taxa. Fig. 3. Similarity coefficients of Bogdkhan Mountain (BMt.) compared to phytogeographical regions (names of 16 regions shown in Fig. 1). We compared the life-form spectrum of the present study with the results of previous studies that were conducted in neighboring phytogeographical regions (Table 5). There was a likeness between neighbor phytogeographical regions. The results of Ẋ2 test and correlation analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the life-form spectrum in the Bogdkhan Mountain and those of other studies investigated in the neighboring regions which are Khangai and Mongol Daurian forest-steppe, Middle Khalkha dry steppe. Chorological distribution: Species geographical distribution showed 5 groups viz. Cosmopolitan (10 taxa; 1.92% of the total flora), Asia-American (17 taxa; 3.26%), Holarctic (68 taxa; 13.03%), Eurasian (156 taxa; 29.89%) and Asian (271 taxa; 51.92%). The most important global distribution occurs in the Asian category with 8 subgroups. The South Siberia-Mongolian FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 247 and East Asian elements represent 58 taxa each (11.11% of the total flora), followed by East- Siberia-Mongolian 46 (8.81%), Asian Endemic 40 (7.66%), Central Asian 31 (5.94%), Altai- Dzungaria-Mongolian 17 (3.26%), Siberia-Mongolia 16 (3.07%) and Mongolian Endemic 5 (0.96%) (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 The number of taxa for chorological elements to total flora of Bogdkhan Mountain in Mongolia. Abbreviation: Chorological groups: Cosmopolitan (Cosm.), Asia–American (AA), Holarctic (Hol.), Eurasian (Eura.), Asian (As.); subgroups: Eastern Asian (East. As.), Central Asian (Cent. As.), Asian Endemics (As. Endem.), Siberia-Mongolian (Sib.-Mon.), East Siberia-Mongolian (East Sib.-Mon.), South Siberia Mongolian (South Sib.-Mon.), Altai– Dzungarian Mongolian (Alt.-Dzun.-Mon.), and Mongolian Endemic (Mon. Endem.). Table 3. Floristic composition in the Bogdkhan Mountain, Mongolia. Group and class Family Genus Species Subspecies Variaty Total of taxa Pteridophyta 6 9 11 - - 11 Gymnosperm 3 5 7 - 1 8 Angiosperm Monocots 9 35 94 3 - 97 Dicots 45 200 393 12 1 406 Total 63 249 505 15 2 522 Table 4. Comparison of the biological spectrum between Mt. Bogdkhan and Raunkiaer’s normal spectrums. Life-form Ch Ph H G Hy Th Total Species number 28 50 329 59 2 54 522 Biological spectrum 5.36 9.58 63.03 11.30 0.38 10.34 100 Raunkiear’s normal spectrum 12 8 63 8 1 8 100 Deviation 6.64 -1.58 -0.03 -3.30 0.62 -2.34 - Ẋ2 3.67 0.31 0.00 1.36 0.38 0.69 6.41 IUCN categories and endemism: A total of 96 taxa occurring in the study area are listed in the IUCN (global) Red List, including 2 categorized as Near Threatened species (e.g., Allium altaicum and Diplazium sibiricum). A total of 88 species (or taxa) are listed under Least Concern, 5 as Data 248 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Deficient and one Not Evaluated (Elymus sibiricus) categories. According to the (regional) Mongolian Red List, 32 taxa have been registered as threatened, with 1 Critically Endangered species (Neottia camtschatea), 2 Endangered (Juniperus pseudosabina and Juniperus sabina), 8 Vulnerable (Saussurea latifolia, Solidago dahurica, Sambucus williamsii, Caryopteris mongholica, Chelidonium majus, Allium altaicum, Corallorhiza trifida and Festuca komarovii), 9 Near Threatened, and 11 Least Concern species. Table 5. Comparison of results in the studied area and other studies conducted in Mongolia. References Present study Bataa, 2013 Tserendulam et al., 2018 Batdelger et al., 2021 Phytogeographical region Khentei mountain taiga Mongol Daurian forest-steppe Middle Khalkha dry- steppe Khangai forest- steppe Location Bogdkhan Mt. Khongor district Hustai National Park Ulziit Mt. Elevation (m) 1200-2268 700-1500 750-1843 2100-2953 Annual precipitation (mm) 268.5 322 222 199 Annual temperature (oC) -0.5 3 0 -3.5 Ph 9.58 2 8.7 8.28 Ch 5.36 5 5.1 1.91 H 63.03 70 56.8 71.97 G 11.3 15 10.5 7.32 Hy 0.38 - 0.2 0.64 Th 10.34 8 18.7 9.87 Total species 522 141 493 314 Ẋ2 with this study 0 9.04 6.92 5.82 Pearson Correlation 1 0.989 0.988 0.995 In the Mongolian Red Book, 7 species, viz. Solidago dahurica, Sambucus williamsii, Rhododendron dauricum, R. parvifolium, Gentiana macrophylla, Juniperus sabina and Neottia camtschatea were mentioned under “very rare” (critically endangered of IUCN catagory) category. In the flora of Bogdkhan Mountain, 5 endemics (Taraxacum ussuriense, Oxytropis pseudoglandulosa, Thermopsis alpina, Caryopteris mongholica, Thymus gobicus), and 3 relict (Allium altaicum, Thermopsis alpina and Haplophyllum dauricum) species were recorded. Our results indicate that the Bogdkhan Mountain has relatively high species diversity. The richest families are Asteraceae and Poaceae in this mountain which is due to the high reconcilability with arid and semi-arid climate condition (Kargar et al., 2017), and these richest families are also commonly registered to the other plant composition studies of Mongolian flora and vegetation (Gubanov, 1996; Bataa, 2013; Enkhmaa, 2015; Tserendulam et al., 2018; Batdelger et al., 2021). The Bogdkhan Mountain flora is most similar to that the region of Khentei mountain taiga (coefficient 0.73), because of the transitional location for the geographical and phytogeographical region. Previously, the Bogdkhan Mountain was considered under the phytogeographical region of Khentei taiga mountain (Ulziikhutag, 1989). For biological spectrum, we compared our results with the earlier studied three different phytogeographical regions (Khongor district in the forest-steppe of Mongol-Daurian, Khustai National Park in the steppe of Middle-Khalkha, Ulziit Mountain in the forest-steppe of Khangai Mountain). Correlation coefficient was found to be very similar (0.989; 0.988; 0.995) to each other. The study showed that all study areas were in the same cold temperate zone of climate condition. Despite the similarity of the biological spectrum, the vegetation structure and species composition of the flora were considerably different (Fig. 4). FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 249 Table 6. Taxa list for the Vascular plant flora of the Bogdkhan Mountain, Mongolia. Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t 1. Adoxaceae E. Mey. Adoxa moschatellina L. Kh323-1 G Hol. Sambucus williamsii Hance TKh082 Ph East As. VU VR 2. Amaranthaceae Juss. Axyris amaranthoides L. M662 Th Hol. A. hybrida L. UZai150-5 Th Alt.-Dzun.-Mon Chenopodiastrum hybridum (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch Zai228 Th Hol. Ch. album L. KhT008 Th Cosm. Corispermum mongolicum Iliin KhT009 Th Cent.- As. 3. Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. Allium altaicum Pall. Tkh013 G Cent.- As. NT VU SubEn R A. amphibolum Ledeb. Ch028 G South Sib.-Mon. A. anisopodium Ledeb. NSK0061803 G East As. A. bidentatum Fisch. ex Prokh. & Ikonn.-Gal. GAT0007968; MW0173326 G Alt.-Dzun.-Mon A. eduardi Stearn ex Airy Shaw SR008 G Cent.- As. A. leucocephalum Turcz. ex Ledeb. UZai645 G East Sib.-Mon. A. maximowiczii Regel TKh486 G East Sib.-Mon. NT A. polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel Kh511 G Alt.-Dzun.-Mon. SubEn A. prostratum Trevir. NSK0061830 G East As. DD A. ramosum L. KhT024 G Eura. LC LC A. schoenoprasum L. UZai150-2 G Hol. LC A. tenuissimum L. GAT0007943 G South Sib.-Mon. A. victorialis L. TKh559; M043 G Eura. 4. Apiaceae Lindl. Aegopodium alpestre Ledeb. MW0186138 H South Sib.-Mon. Angelica decurrens (Ledeb.) B.Fedtsch. TKh135 H Eura. Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. M010 H Eura. Bupleurum bicaule Helm SR031 H East As. B. scorzonerifolium Willd. SR421 H As. Endem. Carum carvi L. Zai230 H Eura. LC Kadenia salina (Turcz.) Lavrova & V.N.Tikhom. Ch033 H Sib.- Mon. Peucedanum vaginatum Ledeb. MW0186674 H South Sib.-Mon. Seseli condensatum (L.) Rchb.f. MW0186232 H South Sib.-Mon. S. seseloides (Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Ledeb.) M.Hiroe Kh-T31 H East As. Sphallerocarpus gracilis (Besser ex Trevir.) Koso-Pol. TKh173 H East As. 250 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t 5. Asparagaceae Juss. Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W.Schmidt KhTo382 G Eura. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Ch045 G Eura. LC 6. Aspleniaceae Newman Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. N129 H Eura. LC Diplazium sibiricum (Turcz. ex Kunze) Sa.Kurata UBU19690617 H Eura. NT Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz. MW0168154 H South Sib.- Mon. LC 7. Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl Achillea asiatica Serg. MW0191966 H Eura. A. millefolium L. M522 H Hol. LC Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. UBU19860803 H Eura. LC Arctogeron gramineum (L.) DC. UBU20060618 H South Sib.-Mon. Artemisia adamsii Bess. TuP09 Ch East Sib.-Mon. A. annua L. TKhP155 Th Eura. A. dracunculus L. KhT019 Ch Hol. A. freyniana (Pamp.) Krasch. Ch-Zam003 H East As. A. frigida Willd. UZai642 Ch Hol. A. glauca Pall. ex Willd. KhT017 Ch Hol. A. gmelinii Weber ex Stechm. Kh515 Ch As. Endem. LC A. integrifolia L. TKh493 H South Sib.-Mon. A. laciniata Willd. SR9-1 H Eura. A. macrocephala Jacquem. ex Besser TKh041 Th Cent.- As. A. mongolica (Fisch. ex Besser) Nakai KhT22-3 H Cent.- As. A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit. MMNH2016.1. 224 H Cent.- As. A. sericea Weber ex Stechm. MP101 H Eura. A. sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd. KhT006 Th Eura. A. tanacetifolia L. MW0193204 H Eura. Aster alpinus L. SR9-6 H Eura. A. biennis Ledeb. TKh010 Th East As. A. hispidus Thunb. KhT011 Th East As. Carduus crispus L. Tkh012 Th Eura. C. nutans L. N007 Th Eura. LC Chrysanthemum zawadzkii Herbich TKh047 H Eura. DD Ch. zawadzkii subsp. peleiolepis (Trautv.) Zuev MW0192116 H Sib.- Mon. Cirsium esculentum (Siev.) C.A.Mey. TKh557 H Eura. FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 251 Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t Crepidiastrum tenuifolium (Willd.) Sennikov TKh077 H As. Endem. Crepis crocea (Lam.) Babc. MW0194822 H East Sib.-Mon. Echinops latifolius Tausch Zai019 H East Sib.-Mon. Erigeron acris L. M661 H Hol. E. lonchophyllus Hook. TKh080 H AA LC Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam. TKhP90 H South Sib.-Mon. Galatella dahurica DC. SRP9 H East As. Hieracium korshinskyi Zahn TKh070 H As. Endem. H. virosum Pall. Kh509 H Eura. Ixeris chinensis subsp. versicolor (Fisch. ex Link) Kitam. KhT018 H East Sib.-Mon. Klasea centauroides (L.) Cass. ex Kitag. TKhP90 H East Sib.-Mon. K. marginata (Tausch) Kitag. SR410 H As. Endem. Lactuca sibirica (L.) Benth. ex Maxim. UZai635 H Hol. LC Leontopodium campestre (Ledeb.) Hand.-Mazz. TKh060; UBU19590714 H Cent.- As. L. conglobatum (Turcz.) Hand.- Mazz. MW0191729 H Sib.-Mon. L.leontopodioides Beauverd Ch032 H East Sib.-Mon. Leuzea uniflora (L.) Holub Kh584 H East As. Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. TKh106 G Eura. DD Neopallasia pectinata (Pall.) Poljakov SR002 H Cent.- As. Parasenecio hastatus (L.) H.Koyama M003 H Eura. Pentanema britannicum (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & M.M.Mart.Ort. TKhP024 H Eura. Saussurea amara (L.) DC. KhT014 H Eura. S. baicalensis B.L.Rob. KhP26 H South Sib.-Mon. S. latifolia Ledeb. TKh298 H Cent.- As. VU S. parviflora (Poir.) DC. TsG112 H Eura. S. salicifolia DC. BT442 H South Sib.-Mon. S. schanginiana (Wydler) Fisch. ex Herder TKh80 H As. Endem. Scorzonera austriaca Willd. TKh06 H Eura. S. radiata Fisch. ex Ledeb. Kh276 H South Sib.-Mon. Senecio nemorensis L. TKh103 H Eura. Solidago dahurica (Kitag.) Kitag. ex Juz. M644 G Eura. VU VR Sonchus arvensis L. TKh172 H Cosm. 252 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t Tanacetum vulgare L. UZai646 H Hol. Taraxacum bicorne Dahlst. MW0194475 H Cent.- As. T. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC. MW0194499 H AA T. leucanthum (Ledeb.) Ledeb. MP104 H Alt.-Dzun.-Mon. T. longicorne Dahlst. MW0194565 H East Sib.-Mon. T. mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. TKh039 H East Sib.-Mon. T. officinale F.H.Wigg. Zai163 H Cosm. LC T. ussuriense Kom. TKh102 H Mon. Endem. En Tephroseris integrifolia (L.) Holub SR408 H Eura. Tragopogon trachycarpus S.A.Nikitin MW0194307 H East Sib.-Mon. 8. Berberidaceae Juss. Berberis sibirica Pall. M021 Ch Alt.-Dzun.-Mon. 9. Betulaceae Gray Betula fruticosa Pall. TKh126; TKh159; SR11- 1; TKh116 Ph East As. LC B. glandulosa Michx. TKh63-1; M032; MW0175050; UBA738 Ph AA LC B. microphylla Bunge Kh263; KhTo8- 1; N126-1; N127-3; Uzai001 Ph Alt.- Dzun.- Mon LC B. pendula Roth TKh104; TKh164; UZai143-1 Ph AA LC B. pendula subsp. mandshurica (Regel) Ashburner & McAll. KhTo4-1; SR12-1; SR20- 1; TKh147 Ph East As. 10. Boraginaceae Juss. Amblynotus rupestris (Georgi) Popov TKh016; Zai013; MW0188217 H South Sib.-Mon. Lappula intermedia (Ledeb.) Popov SR9-3; MW0188260 Th East Sib.-Mon. Mertensia davurica (Sims) G.Don MW0188567 H South Sib.-Mon. Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. Kh257; TKh121; Zai160; Zai004; SR9-3 H Eura. LC 11. Brassicaceae Burnett Alyssum lenense Adams MW0180243 Th Cent.- As. Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Kh294 H Eura. DD FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 253 Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. ChP030 Th Cosm. LC Catolobus pendulus (L.) Al- Shehbaz TKh045 Th Eura. Clausia aprica (Stephan ex Willd.) Korn.-Trotzky TKh138 H Eura. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl TKh083 Th Hol. Dontostemon integrifolius (L.) Ledeb. TKh040 Th East Sib.-Mon. Draba eriopoda Turcz. ex Ledeb. Nt043 Th Cent.- As. D. lanceolata Royle ZB016 H AA D. nemorosa L. TKh151 Th Hol. Erysimum cheiranthoides L. TKh148 Th Eura. E. flavum (Georgi) Bobrov SR015 H South Sib.-Mon. E. marschallianum Andrz. ex M. Bieb. UZai150-1 Th Eura. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. KhT013 Th East Sib.-Mon. Noccaea cochleariformis (DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Zai177 H As. Endem. Odontarrhena obovata C.A.Mey. BT007 H As. Endem. Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser TKh094 Th Hol. LC Sisymbrium loeselii L. KhT003 Th Eura. LC Stevenia tenuifolia (Stephan ex Willd.) D.A.German MW01880320 H Cent.- As. 12. Campanulaceae Juss. Adenophora stenanthina (Ledeb.) Kitag. M642 H South Sib.-Mon. A. tricuspidata (Fisch. ex Schult.) A.DC. Kh506 H East As. Campanula glomerata L. KhToP01 H Eura. C. stevenii subsp. turczaninovii (Fed.) Victorov SR10-2 H Eura. 13. Caprifoliaceae Juss. Linnaea borealis L. SR429 Ch Hol. Lonicera caerulea subsp. altaica (Pall.) Gladkova M023 Ph Eura. Patrinia rupestris (Pall.) Dufr. TsG60 H East As. P. sibirica (L.) Juss. M019 H Eura. Scabiosa comosa Fisch. ex Roem. & Schult. TKh001 H East Sib.-Mon. Valeriana officinalis L. N005-1 H Eura. LC 14. Caryophyllaceae Juss. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Zai001 Th Eura. Dianthus chinensis L. TKh105 H Eura. 254 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t D. superbus L. KhT016 H Eura. LC Eremogone capillaris (Poir.) Fenzl TKh002 H East Sib.-Mon. Gypsophila davurica Turcz. ex Fenzl M001 H East Sib.-Mon. G. vaccaria (L.) Sm. SR402 Th Cent.- As. Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl Kh299 H Hol. LC Pseudostellaria rupestris (Turcz.) Pax UBA711/78 H South Sib.-Mon. Silene aprica Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey. TKh095 H South Sib.-Mon. S. chamarensis Turcz. M024 H South Sib.-Mon. S. jeniseensis Willd. Kh308 H South Sib.-Mon. S. orientalimongolica Kozhevn. MW0177641 H Sib.-Mon. S. repens Patrin SR 15-1 H Eura. S. songarica (Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.) Bocquet Tkh008 H Cent.- As. NT Stellaria cherleriae (Fisch. ex Ser.) F.N.Williams MW0177013 H East Sib.-Mon. S. crassifolia Ehrh. TKh-43 H Hol. S. dichotoma L. TKh028 H South Sib.-Mon. LC S. graminea L. TKh141 H Eura. S. peduncularis Bunge Zai237 H Eura. 15. Celastraceae R.Br. Parnassia laxmannii Pall. ex Schult. TKh079 H South Sib.-Mon. P. palustris L. TKh526 H Hol. LC 16. Convolvulaceae Juss. Convolvulus ammannii Desr. TKhP141 H Alt.-Dzun.-Mon C. arvensis L. ZB030 H Eura. 17. Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil. Orostachys malacophylla (Pall.) Fisch. SR464 H East As. O. spinosa (L.) Sweet TKh091 H Eura. Phedimus aizoon (L.) 't Hart TKh055 H East As. LC Rhodiola rosea L. TsG156 H Eura. LC Sedum purpureum (L.) Schult. M660 G Eura. 18. Cupressaceae Gray Juniperus communis var. saxatilis Pall. M113-1 Ph Eura. J. pseudosabina Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Kh508 Ph South Sib.- Mon. LC EN J. sabina L. UZai648 Ph Eura. LC EN VR 19. Cyperaceae Juss. C. accrescens Ohwi MW0172379 H East As. FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 255 Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t C. amgunensis F.Schmidt MW0171906 H Eura. C. cespitosa L. TKh42-1 H Eura. LC C. curaica Kunth. MW0172035 H Alt.- Dzun.- Mon. LC C.duriuscula C.A.Mey. TKh033 G AA C. globularis L. M62-4 G Eura. C. iljinii V.I.Krecz. MW0172206 H East Sib.-Mon. C. korshinskyi Kom. M101-2 H East As. C. media R.Br. MW0172294 H Hol. C. melananthiformis Litv. M114-3 H Cent.- As. C. myosuroides Vill. M114 H AA C. obtusata Lilj. MW0172352 G Hol. C. orbicularis Boott MW01723666 G As. Endem. LC C. pamirensis subsp. dichroa Malyschev UZai144-1 H Alt.-Dzun.-Mon C. pediformis C.A.Mey. KhTo6-3 H As. Endem. C. schmidtii Meinsh. TKh73-1 G East As. C. utriculata Boott UZai151-3 G Eura. LC Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. M13 H Hol. Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. M039 H Hol. LC E. brachyantherum Trautv. & C.A.Mey. MW0171498 H AA LC E. latifolium Hoppe TKh603 H Eura. LC 20. Dennstaedtiaceae Losty Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn UZai632 G Eura. 21. Elaeagnaceae Juss. Hippophae rhamnoides L. SR011 Ph Eura. 22. Ephedraceae Dumort. Ephedra monosperma J.G.Gmel. ex C.A.Mey. TKh501 Ch South Sib.- Mon. LC 23. Equisetaceae Michx. ex DC. Equisetum palustre L. TKh099 G Hol. LC E. pratense Ehrh. Kh290 G Hol. E. sylvaticum L. UBU19590728 G Hol. LC 24. Ericaceae Juss. Empetrum nigrum subsp. sibiricum (V.N.Vassil.) Kuvaev TKh 557 Ch Hol. Monotropa hypopitys L. N648 G Hol. Orthilia secunda (L.) House MW0186725 H Eura. Pyrola asarifolia Michx. KhTo370 H Eura. P. rotundifolia L. TKh647 H Hol. 256 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t Rhododendron dauricum L. TKh66-2 Ch East Sib.-Mon. NT VR Rh. parvifolium Adams Kh577 Ch AA LC VR Rh. tomentosum Harmaja TKh 558 Ch Cosm. LC Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. KhTo385 Ch Hol. LC 25. Euphorbiaceae Juss. Euphorbia esula L. TKh062 H South Sib.-Mon. 26. Fabaceae Lindl. Astragalus cornutus Pall. BT010 H Eura. A. filiformis (DC.) Poir. UBU20070820 H Cent.- As. A. frigidus (L.) A.Gray Zai012 G Eura. A. laguriformis Freyn Zai238 H South Sib.-Mon. A. laxmannii Jacq. KhT022 H Eura. A. melilotoides Pall. SR030 H East As. A. mongholicus Bunge UBU19670819 H Cent.- As. LC A. rytidocarpus Ledeb. UBU196486 Ch South Sib.-Mon. A. tenuis Turcz. UBU19640705 H East Sib.-Mon. Caragana leucophloea Pojark. TKh646 Ch Cent.- As. C. pygmaea (L.) DC. BT002 Ch South Sib.-Mon. Hedysarum alpinum L. TKh174 H Eura. LC H. inundatum Turcz. M029 H East Sib.-Mon. Lathyrus humilis (Ser.) Fisch. ex Spreng. Kh289 H Eura. L. palustris L. MP105 H Eura. LC L. pratensis L. MP98 H Eura. LC Medicago falcata L. TKh084 H Eura. M. ruthenica (L.) Trautv. KhT025 H As. Endem. Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. SR021 H As. Endem. Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) DC. Kh514 H Eura. Oxytropis grandiflora DC. MW0183806 H East Sib.-Mon. O. lapponica (Wahlenb.) J.Gay KhT012 H Eura. O. myriophylla (Pall.) DC. TKh007 H East Sib.-Mon. O. nitens Turcz. TKh-90 H East Sib.-Mon. O. oxyphylla (Pall.) DC. TKh-90 H East Sib.-Mon. O. pseudoglandulosa Gontsch. ex Grubov Kh322 H Mon. Endem. En Thermopsis alpina Ledeb. TKh025 H Mon. Endem. En R Th. mongolica Czefr. SR010 H South Sib.-Mon. Trifolium eximium Stephan ex Ser. BTP29 H Sib.-Mon. T. lupinaster L. Kh256 H Eura. Vicia amoena Fisch. ex Ser. Kh275 H East As. LC FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 257 Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t V. cracca L. TKhP36 H Eura. LC V. megalotropis Ledeb. MW0184499 H As. Endem. V. unijuga A.Braun Zai018 H East As. V. venosa (Willd. ex Link) Maxim. Kh288 H East As. 27. Gentianaceae Juss. Gentiana aquatica var. pseudoaquatica (Kusn.) S.Agrawal MW0187729 Th East As. G. decumbens L.f. KhT023 H Eura. G. macrophylla Pall. TKh078 H Sib.-Mon. NT VR G. squarrosa Ledeb. SR001 Th As. Endem. Gentianella amarella subsp. acuta (Michx.) J.M.Gillett Kh598 Th AA G. azurea (Bunge) Holub Tkh002 Th Alt.-Dzun.-Mon. Gentianopsis barbata (Froel.) Ma M643 Th Eura. LC Halenia corniculata (L.) Cornaz TKh042 Th As. Endem. Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) A.Braun M663 Th As. Endem. L. rotatum (L.) Fr. Tkh004 Th AA LC 28. Geraniaceae Juss. Erodium stephanianum Willd. TKh038 Th South Sib.-Mon. Geranium platyanthum Duthie MW0184647 H East As. G. pratense L. Kh518 H Eura. G.pseudosibiricum J.Mayer Kh258 H Eura. G. sibiricum L. SRP14 H Eura. G. wlassovianum Fisch. ex Link TKh053 H East As. 29. Grossulariaceae DC. Ribes aciculare Sm. TsG154 Ph Alt.-Dzun.-Mon NT R. diacantha Pall. Kh513 Ph East As. R. petraeum Wulfen M017 Ph South Sib.-Mon. R. pulchellum Turcz. TsG156 Ph East As. 30. Iridaceae Juss. Iris humilis Georgi Zai007 G Eura. DD LC I. lactea Pall. TKhP32 G Cent.- As. I. ruthenica Ker Gawl. Zai008 G As. Endem. I. tigridia Bunge ex Ledeb. TKh487 G South Sib.-Mon. 31. Juncaceae Juss. Juncus castaneus subsp. leucochlamys (V.J.Zinger ex V.I.Krecz.) Hultén M042 G Hol. J. ranarius Songeon & E.P.Perrier TKh124 H Eura. Luzula multiflora subsp. sibirica V.I.Krecz. M591 H Eura. L. rufescens Fisch. ex E.Mey. MW173066 H East As. 258 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t 32. Juncaginaceae Rich. Triglochin maritima L. TKhP025 G Cosm. LC T. palustris L. MP108 G Cosm. LC 33. Lamiaceae Martinov Caryopteris mongholica Bunge SR019 Ch Mon. Endem. VU En Dracocephalum foetidum Bunge Ch-Zam002 Th Cent.- As. D. grandiflorum L. TKh642 H As. Endem. D. nutans L. BT643 H Eura. Galeopsis bifida Boenn. TKh100 Th Eura. Lagopsis supina (Stephan ex Willd.) Ikonn.-Gal. TKh051 Th East As. Lamium album L. TKhP36 H Hol. LC Leonurus deminutus V.I.Krecz. TKh013 Th East Sib.-Mon. L. sibiricus L. Ch029 Th South Sib.-Mon. Lophanthus chinensis Benth. Zai021 H East Sib.-Mon. Nepeta multifida L. Ch013 H Sib.-Mon. Panzerina lanata (L.) Soják Ch-Zam004 H East Sib.-Mon. Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench Ch014 G Eura. Scutellaria galericulata L. Kh585 H Eura. LC S. scordiifolia Fisch. ex Schrank Zai223 Th East As. Thymus baicalensis Serg. TKh161 Ch South Sib.-Mon. Th. gobicus Czern. TKh057 Ch Mon. Endem. En 34. Liliaceae Juss. Hemerocallis minor Mill. BTP12 G East As. Lilium pumilum Redouté UZai643 G East As. NT 35. Linaceae DC. ex Perleb Linum perenne L. TKh072 H Eura. 36. Onagraceae Juss. Epilobium angustifolium L. UBU20100625 H Hol. LC E. davuricum Fisch. ex Hornem. MW0185683 H South Sib.-Mon. E. palustre L. TKh142 H Hol. LC 37. Orchidaceae Juss. Corallorhiza trifida Châtel. TKh491 G Hol. LC VU Dactylorhiza salina (Turcz. ex Lindl.) Soó UBA:B-39 G Sib.-Mon. Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br. BT93-2 G Hol. LC Neottia camtschatea (L.) Rchb.f. MW12375964 G Alt.-Dzun.-Mon. CR VR 38. Orobanchaceae Vent. Cymbaria daurica L. BT008 H East As. Euphrasia hirtella Jord. ex Reut. TKh141 Th Eura. E. maximowiczii Wettst. ex Palib. M114-2 Th East As. E. syreitschikovii Govor. TKh050 Th Cent.- As. SubEn FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 259 Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t Odontites vulgaris Moench TKh153 Th Eura. Orobanche coerulescens Stephan ex Willd. M002 H Eura. Pedicularis flava Pall. TKh069 H East Sib.-Mon. P. labradorica Wirsing TKh479 H East As. LC P. resupinata L. TKh143 H Eura. P. rubens Stephan ex Willd. Zai206 H East Sib.-Mon. P. uliginosa Bunge M034 H South Sib.-Mon. Rhinanthus minor L. TKh523 H Eura. 39. Papaveraceae Juss. Chelidonium majus L. N008 H Eura. LC VU Corydalis sibirica (L.f.) Pers. Kh297 Th East As. Hypecoum erectum L. SRP15 Th Eura. Papaver canescens Tolm. P127-1 H Cent.- As. P. nudicaule L. TKh093 H Sib.-Mon. 40. Pinaceae Spreng. ex F.Rudolphi Larix sibirica Ledeb. BTP28 Ph Eura. LC Picea obovata Ledeb. M-0132810 Ph Eura. LC Pinus sibirica Du Tour Kh286 Ph Eura. LC P. sylvestris L. UBU20070618 Ph Eura. LC 41. Plantaginaceae Juss. Hippuris vulgaris L. TKhW02 Hy Cosm. Linaria acutiloba Fisch. TKh024 H South Sib.-Mon. L. buriatica Turcz. ex Ledeb. Ch046 H East Sib.-Mon. Plantago cornuti Gouan Zai170 H As. Endem. P. depressa Willd. SR027 H As. Endem. P. major L. TKh03 H Eura. LC Veronica incana L. TKh05 H Eura. V. linariifolia Pall. ex Link BT012 H East As. V. longifolia L. TKh098 H Eura. V. pinnata L. MW0189775 H Cent.- As. 42. Plumbaginaceae Juss. Goniolimon speciosum (L.) Boiss. Ch002 H Eura. Limonium flexuosum (L.) Chaz. SR420 H East Sib.-Mon. 43. Poaceae Barnhart Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. TKh005 H Eura. LC Agrostis divaricatissima Mez TKh123 H East As. A. vinealis Schreb. TKh470 H East Sib.-Mon. Alopecurus brachystachyus M.Bieb. Kh321 H East Sib.-Mon. Anthoxanthum glabrum (Trin.) Veldkamp MW0169024 H East As. A. nitens (Weber) Y.Schouten & Veldkamp TKh241 H AA 260 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t Arctopoa subfastigiata (Trin.) Prob. KhT22-2 H Alt.-Dzun.-Mon. Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald TKh132 G Eura. LC Bromus inermis Leyss. SR9-4 G Eura. B. japonicus Houtt. Kh300 G Eura. B. pumpellianus Scribn. KhTo8-4 G AA Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth M116-3 H Eura. C. lapponica (Wahlenb.) Hartm. MW0169632 H Hol. LC C. macilenta (Griseb.) Litv. TKh87-1 H Alt.-Dzun.-Mon. C. obtusata Trin. KhTo6-2 H Eura. C. purpurea (Trin.) Trin. N126-2 H Hol. Elymus confusus (Roshev.) Tzvelev M99-1 H East As. E. gmelinii (Trin.) Tzvelev UZai135-1 H As. Endem. E. mutabilis (Drobow) Tzvelev MW0171288 H Eura. LC E. repens (L.) Gould SR9-10 G Eura. E. sibiricus L. SR13-3 G Eura. NA Festuca komarovii Krivot. TKh88 H Sib.-Mon. VU F. lenensis Drobow TKh243 H South Sib.-Mon. F. ovina L. M111-3 H Hol. Helictochloa hookeri (Scribn.) Romero Zarco Kh131-1; SR006 H AA Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link MW0171136 H As. Endem. LC H. roshevitzii Bowden ZalB001; MW0171173 H South Sib.- Mon. LC Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. UBU20060617 H Eura. K. macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. TKh061 H Hol. Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvelev SR9-8 H As. Endem. L. secalinus (Georgi) Tzvelev TKh041 H Hol. Melica turczaninowiana Ohwi UBU20050706 H East Sib.-Mon. Neotrinia splendens (Trin.) M.Nobis, P.D.Gudkova & KhT001 H Eura. Poa angustifolia L. UBU19630618 H Eura. LC P. attenuata Trin. MW0170365 H South Sib.-Mon. P. krylovii Reverd. SR9-9 H East Sib.-Mon. P. palustris L. KhTo1-2 H Hol. LC P. pratensis L. TKh471 H Eura. LC P. sibirica Roshev. TKh75-2 H Eura. P. versicolor Besser M103-2 H Eura. Pseudoroegneria reflexiaristata (Nevski) A.N.Lavrenko KhTo22-1 H Eura. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. BT-97 Th Hol. FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 261 Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t Sibirotrisetum sibiricum (Rupr.) Barberá TKh602 H Hol. Stipa krylovii Roshev. SR459 H Sib.-Mon. 44. Polemoniaceae Juss. Polemonium villosum Rudolph ex Georgi Zai015; UBU20050628 H South Sib.-Mon. 45. Polygalaceae Hoffmanns & Link Polygala comosa Schkuhr TKh59-1 H Eura. P. sibirica L. TKh073 H Eura. P. tenuifolia Willd. MW0185140 H South Sib.-Mon. 46. Polygonaceae Juss. Bistorta alopecuroides (Turcz. ex Kom.) Nakai TKh221 G South Sib.-Mon. LC B. elliptica (Willd. ex Spreng.) V.V.Petrovsky, D.F.Murray & Elven UBA19890829 H Sib.-Mon. B. vivipara (L.) Delarbre TKh101 G Hol. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á.Löve KhT002 Th Hol. Koenigia alpina (All.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal TKh133 H Eura. Persicaria angustifolia (Pall.) Ronse Decr. TKh003 H East Sib.-Mon. P. hydropiper (L.) Delarbre TKh150 H Hol. LC Polygonum aviculare L. Ch048 Th Cosm. LC Rheum rhabarbarum L. TKhP40 H East Sib.-Mon. Rumex acetosa L. UBA178 H Hol. R. acetosella L. TKh122 H Eura. LC R. gmelinii Turcz. ex Ledeb. TKh049 H East As. R. thyrsiflorus Fingerh. TKh087 H Eura. 47. Polypodiaceae J.Presl & C.Presl Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott UZai631 H Hol. LC Polypodium virginianum L. BT542 H Cosm. 48. Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Androsace dasyphylla Bunge MW0187070 H Cent.- As. A. filiformis Retz. M011 H Eura. A. incana Lam. Zai014 H South Sib.-Mon. A. lactiflora Fisch. ex Willd. TKh098 Th As. Endem. A. septentrionalis L. Kh304 Th Hol. Lysimachia europaea (L.) U.Manns & Anderb. BT95-1 G Hol. Primula farinosa L. UBU20110619 H Eura. LC P. nivalis subsp. subintegerrima (Regel) Vorosch. TKh66-3 H East Sib.-Mon. P. nutans Georgi MW0187020 H South Sib.- Mon. LC 262 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t 49. Pteridaceae E.D.M.Kirchn. Hemionitis michelii (Christ) Christenh. UBA61/78 H East As. 50. Ranunculaceae Juss. Aconitum baicalense (Regel) Turcz. ex Rapaics Uzai 134-2 H Sib.-Mon. A. barbatum Patrin ex Pers. MW0178265 H South Sib.-Mon. A. septentrionale Koelle M015 H Eura. A. turczaninowii Vorosch. UBU20080902 H Sib.-Mon. NT Actaea cimicifuga L. N002 Ch Sib.-Mon. A. rubra (Aiton) Willd. TKh533 Ch Eura. Anemonastrum crinitum (Juz.) Holub TKh134 H South Sib.-Mon. A. sylvestris (L.) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano Kh260 H Eura. Aquilegia sibirica Lam. M016 H As. Endem. A. turczaninowii Kamelin & Gubanov MW0178102 H East Sib.-Mon. A. viridiflora Pall. TKh-77 H As. Endem. Caltha palustris L. TKh103 H Hol. LC Clematis alpina subsp. sibirica (L.) Kuntze TKh145 Ch Eura. C. tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh. Kh582 Ch Cent.- As. Delphinium grandiflorum L. KhTo467 H As. Endem. Leptopyrum fumarioides (L.) Rchb. TKh083 Th AA Pulsatilla ambigua (Turcz. ex Hayek) Zämelis & Paegle Kh247 H South Sib.-Mon. P. bungeana C.A.Mey. MW0178530 H Cent.- As. P. patens subsp. flavescens (Zucc.) Zämelis Zai187 H Eura. P. tenuiloba (Turcz.) Juz. Tu003 H East Sib.-Mon. P. turczaninovii Krylov & Serg. TKh115 H East As. Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. KhTo329 H East Sib.-Mon. R. monophyllus Ovcz. M105-2 H Eura. R. natans C.A.Mey. TKh102 Hy Cent.- As. R. pedatifidus Sm. MW0178941 H Cent.- As. R. pulchellus C.A.Mey. MW0179012 H Sib.-Mon. Thalictrum foetidum L. Zai185 H Eura. Th. minus L. Kh244 H Hol. Th. petaloideum L. TKh136 H As. Endem. Th. simplex L. KhTo343 H As. Endem. Trollius asiaticus L. M008 H As. Endem. FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 263 Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t 51. Rosaceae Juss. Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Ch036 H Eura. LC Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. UBU20030622 H Hol. Chamaerhodos altaica (Laxm.) Bunge KhP56 H Alt.-Dzun.-Mon Ch. erecta (L.) Bunge TKh070 Th As. Endem. Comarum palustre L. UBU20080915 H Hol. LC Cotoneaster laxiflorus J.Jacq. ex Lindl. Kh581-1 Ph Eura. C. mongolicus Pojark. Kh580 Ph East Sib.-Mon. SubEn Crataegus sanguinea Pall. TKh158 Ph Eura. NT Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. M031 Ph Hol. Filipendula palmata (Pallas) Maximowicz. TKH154 H East As. F. ulmaria (L.) Maxim. SR-15 H Hol. Fragaria orientalis Losinsk. Kh270 H East As. Geum aleppicum Jacq. KhTo23-2 H Hol. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Zai240 Ph East As. LC NT Potentilla acaulis L. Zai247 H Eura. P. conferta Bunge UBU20030628 H Eura. P. crantzii (Crantz) Beck ex Fritsch UBU20030623 H As. Endem. P. evestita Th.Wolf Zai002 H As. Endem. P. flagellaris D.F.K.Schltdl. TKh135 H East As. P. fragarioides L. KhTo-2 H East As. P. multifida L. TKh067 H Hol. P. nivea L. M025 H As. Endem. P. pensylvanica L. Ch017 H AA P. sericea L. TKh-90 H Eura. P. tanacetifolia Willd. ex D.F.K.Schltdl. TKh171 H South Sib.-Mon. P. virgata Lehm. M45 H Eura. Prunus padus L. MW0182491 Ph Eura. Rosa acicularis Lindl. KhTo332 Ph Hol. LC Rubus arcticus L. TKh492 H Hol. LC R. humulifolius C.A.Mey. UZai636 Ch Eura. R. idaeus subsp. strigosus (Michx.) Kh284 Ph Eura. R. saxatilis L. UBU20110718 H Hol. Sanguisorba officinalis L. Kh251 H Hol. LC Sibbaldianthe adpressa (Bunge) Juz. TKh06-001 H As. Endem. S. bifurca (L.) Kurtto & T.Erikss. TKh008 H Eura. Sorbus aucuparia subsp. sibirica (Hedl.) McAll. UZai627 Ph Eura. Spiraea alpina Pall. M027 Ph Cent.- As. 264 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t S. chamaedryfolia L. Kh273 Ph As. Endem. S. hypericifolia L. TKh023 Ph East Sib.-Mon. S. media Schmidt KhTo358 Ph Eura. S. salicifolia L. UZai 150-3 Ph As. Endem. 52. Rubiaceae Juss. Galium boreale L. Kh296 H Eura. G. verum L. BTP29 H Hol. LC 53. Rutaceae Juss. Haplophyllum dauricum (L.) G.Don TKh063 G South Sib.-Mon. R 54. Salicaceae Mirb. Populus suaveolens Fisch. ex Poit. & A.Vilm. M122-1 Ph East As. LC P. tremula L. SRP16 Ph Eura. LC Salix abscondita Lacksch. Kh507 Ph East As. S. bebbiana Sarg. Kh312 Ph AA LC S. berberifolia Pall. M155-1 Ch South Sib.-Mon. S. divaricata Pall. MW0174484 Ph East As. S. gmelinii Pall. KhTo360 Ph Eura. S. kochiana Trautv. Kh131-b Ph South Sib.-Mon. S. microstachya Turcz. ex Trautv. UBU0008 Ph East Sib.-Mon. S. miyabeana Seemen M521 Ph East As. S. myrtilloides L. TKh566 Ph Hol. S. pseudopentandra (Flod.) Flod. Kh131 Ph Hol. S. recurvigemmata A.K.Skvortsov UBU19630636 Ch Eura. LC S. rhamnifolia Pall. TKh048 Ph Hol. S. rorida Laksch. TKh110 Ph South Sib.-Mon. S. saposhnikovii A.K.Skvortsov SR535 Ph Eura. S. schwerinii E.L.Wolf TKh473 Ph As. Endem. LC S. taraikensis Kimura M116-2 Ph East As. 55. Santalaceae R.Br. Thesium longifolium Turcz. UBU20070623 H East As. Th. refractum C.A.Mey. KhTo 8-5 H Cent.- As. Th. repens Ledeb. TKh645 H South Sib.-Mon. 56. Saxifragaceae Juss. Chrysosplenium sedakowii Turcz. Kh323 H South Sib.-Mon. Saxifraga bronchialis L. TKh480 G East As. S. cernua L. UBU20080630 H Eura. S. sibirica L. TKh648 H Eura. 57. Scrophulariaceae Juss. Scrophularia incisa Weinm. TKh652 Ch Alt.-Dzun.-Mon 58. Solanaceae Juss. Hyoscyamus niger L. TKh020 Th Hol. FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM 265 Scientific name V ou ch er co de Li fe -f or m C ho ro ty pe G lo ba l R ed li st R eg io na l R ed li st M on go lia n R ed b oo k En de m is m R el ic t 59. Tamaricaceae Link Myricaria longifolia (Willd.) Ehrenb. ZalB003 Ph South Sib.-Mon. LC 60. Thymelaeaceae Juss. Stellera chamaejasme L. TKh015 H As. Endem. 61. Urticaceae Juss. Urtica angustifolia Fisch. ex Hornem. TKh035 H East As. U. cannabina L. BTP93 H Alt.-Dzun.-Mon. 62. Violaceae Batsch Viola biflora L. TKhP34 H Hol. V. brachyceras Turcz. M-116 G South Sib.-Mon. V. dissecta Ledeb. M103-1 G As. Endem. V. uniflora L. M035; NS0001861 H South Sib.-Mon. 63. Woodsiaceae Herter Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br. KhTo377 H Eura. LC Abbreviation: Life-form: Ph (phanerophytes), Ch (chamaephytes), Th (therophytes), H (hemicriptophytes), G (geophytes), and Hy (hydrophytes); IUCN and Mongolian red list: EN (Endangered), VU (Vulnerable), NT (Near Threatened), LC (Least Concern); Endemism: E (endemic), SE (subendemic); Relict: relict (RL); Chorological groups: Cosmopolitan (Cosm.), Asia–American (AA), Holarctic (Hol.), Eurasian (Eura.), Asian (As.); subgroups: Eastern Asian (East. As.), Central Asian (Cent. As.), Asian Endemics (As. Endem.), Siberia-Mongolian (Sib.-Mon.), East Siberia-Mongolian (East Sib.-Mon.), South Siberia Mongolian (South Sib.-Mon.), Altai–Dzungarian Mongolian (Alt.-Dzun.-Mon.), and Mongolian Endemic (Mon. Endem.). Based on Raunkiaer (1934) classification system, the life-form composition in the Bogdkhan Mountain was dominated by hemicryptophytes, followed by geophytes, therophytes, phanerophytes, chameaphytes and a low percentage occupying hydrophytes. The 63.03% of total flora in the study area was dominated by hemicryptophytes, which is in agreement with the results of Bataa (2013), Tserendulam et al. (2018) and Batdelger et al. (2021). Abundant hemicrypto- phytes were mostly dominating in the cold temperate region and mountainous climate condition (Archibold, 1995; Tuvshintogtokh, 2014). Results of the Ẋ2 test showed that Raunkiaer’s normal spectrum was remarkably different from the amount of chamaephytes, geophytes and therophytes, while the differences between the amounts of phanerophytes, hemicryptophytes and hydrophytes were not significant. The total number of chamaephytes (3.67) was low which showed the maximum divergence compared to the normal spectrum. However, chamaephytes were common in high mountainous (Cain, 1950; Tuvshintogtokh, 2014). We suppose this decrease may relate to the climate change or mountainous location which is transitional location from taiga to steppe. We suggest that this decline may be due to climate change or a mountainous location that is transitional from taiga to steppe. Geophytes (1.36) were slightly increasing, which might be affected by steppe or arid condition in Bogdkhan Mountain. Next in abundance was the therophytes (0.69), which showed a minor increase according to the normal spectrum. However, it seems less correlation but further negative impact on the ecosystem would be high if current anthropogenic and overgrazing effects in the studied area continue. Our study found that annual plant species were prevalent in some valleys with buildings, and tourist camps, along the hiking road and foothills. Kargar et al. (2017) stated that not only 266 BAZARRAGCHAA et al. environmental factor will increase therophytes, but also diverse anthropogenic impacts, such as unregulated tourism, timber harvesting, population settlement etc. In addition, an increase of therophytes causes humidity extremes and water shortages (Moradi et al., 2009). We agree with the conclusion of Hilbig et al. (2004) that the conditions of the Bogdkhan Mountain change rapidly due to anthropogenic influences. The underlying causes for the increasing anthropogenic influences are related to land use, which has been intensified near the city of Ulaanbaatar since the 1990s during the transitional phase of socialism to a democratic society (Erdenechimeg, 2013; Naranbaatar et al., 2018; Gradel et al., 2019). Asian elements with 8 subgroups occupied the most percentage followed Eurasian, Holarctic, Asia-American and Cosmopolitan elements, which were influenced to this mountain vegetation. It is in agreement with the results reported by previous studies (Ulziikhutag, 1989; Ganbold, 2010; Tserendulam et al., 2018; Batdelger et al., 2021). The presence of endemic, relict and vulnerable (8 Vulnerable, 2 Endangered and 1 Critically Endangered) species emphasizes on the need for conserving the rich flora of Bogdkhan Mountains. Cold temperate with mountainous climate conditions in the Bogdkhan Mountain might allow hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes to be dominant. We consider that the floristic composition of Bogdkhan Mountain could be decreasing in future, due to increasing of therophytes. Given such a situation, the causes for decreases in mountain flora are influences of anthropogenic factors, especially population settlements, and constructions in the mountain. In addition, it was noted that overgrazing in some parts of the studied area, especially in the lower belt of the mountain, has led to an increase in therophytes. 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