Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(2): 269-282, 2022 (December) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.63529
© 2022 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists
ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AMONG
LOCAL PEOPLE OF SHERPUR SADAR AND SREEBARDI UPAZILAS OF
SHERPUR DISTRICT, BANGLADESH
LUTFUNNAHAR SUCHANA, MD. ABUL HASSAN AND M. OLIUR RAHMAN1
Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Keywords: Ethnomedicinal plants, Informant Consensus Factor; Citation Frequency; Fidelity;
Conservation; Sherpur.
Abstract
An ethnomedicinal investigation was carried out in Sherpur Sadar and Sreebardi
upazilas of Sherpur district to record, and document the traditional knowledge alongside
with determining the consensus factor, citation frequency and fidelity level among the
folklore medicinal practitioners. A total 51 plant species belonging to 49 genera and 38
families were cited with their mode of application for treating different ailments. The
most frequently used plant species were represented by herbs (35.94%) followed by trees
(33.33%), shrubs (19.61) and climbers (11.76). Leaves were found to be the most utilized
part (50%) followed by root (14%), fruit (10%), flower (10%), stem (10%), bark (4%)
and seed (2%). The reported ailments were categorized into 14 diseases and the
maximum species were employed to treat digestive and gastrointestinal disorders. Leaves
of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. are used in treatment of cataract without applying in eyes at
the initial stage which is the first report for Bangladesh, and this species could be further
screened for bioactive compound which can lead to discovery of new and potential drugs.
Many species reported in the current study were found to be very rare which need to be
conserved to maximize the sustainable uses of these vital resources in the study area.
Introduction
Ethnomedicine refers to traditional medicine practiced by various ethnic communities, and the
origin over 50% of all pharmaceutical drugs could be traced back to ethnomedicine (Van Wyk
et al., 1997). Many studies have shown that 80% of people in developing countries depend on
traditional medicine for their basic primary health care (Faruque and Uddin, 2014; Getu et al.,
2015; Hanako and Tsurho, 2016; Rajamurugan et al., 2016). According to WHO, about 80% of
the world's population, mostly the rural people of developing countries still primarily rely on
traditional medicines (WHO, 2001). The global herbal medicine market size was estimated to be
US$ 83 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach US$ 550 billion by 2030 (https://www.
insightslice.com/herbal-medicine-market). Currently, this market for medicinal plants and plant
products has been rising day by day because of easy availability, effectiveness in chronic diseases,
less side effects, and cost effective. The Conference of Parties (COP) gathered in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil in 1992 with the Agenda 21 in order to formulate biodiversity conservation policy that gave
emphasis on the documentation and sustainable utilization of traditional knowledge of medicinal
plants.
Bangladesh is richly endowed with floral diversity and it has been estimated that more than
5,000 angiosperm species exist in the country (Rahman, 2020). The traditional medicinal practices
have long been in use in Bangladesh like Ayurveda, Unani, folk medicine and home remedies, all
1Corresponding author. Email: oliur.bot@du.ac.bd
https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.63529
https://www.
mailto:oliur.bot@du.ac.bd
270 SUCHANA et al.
of which utilize plants to a major extent for treatment (Ghani, 2003). Several studies on
ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal plants were carried out to document the traditional knowledge
in different parts and among different ethnic communities in Bangladesh (Hassan and Khan, 1986,
1996; Mia and Huq, 1988; Alam et al., 1996; Uddin M.Z. et al., 2006, 2008, 2012, 2015, 2017;
Yusuf et al., 2002, 2006; Uddin S.N. et al., 2004; Uddin S.B. et al., 2011; Sajib and Uddin, 2013;
Rahman, 2013; Ferdoushi et al., 2016; Kona and Rahman, 2016; Hossain and Rahman, 2018;
Khatun and Rahman, 2018), However, no any ethnobotanical study was carried out in Sherpur
Sadar and Sreebardi upazilas under Sherpur district. Therefore, the present study aims at
recording, integrating and documenting the traditional knowledge of ethnomedicinal species as
well as to determine the informant consensus factor, fidelity level and citation frequency of the
plants in Sherpur Sadar and Sreebardi upazilas of Sherpur district.
Materials and Methods
Study area:
Sherpur Sadar upazila is located at 24°55' to 25°06' N latitudes and 89°53' to 90°07' E
longitudes with an area of 356.12 sq. km. and consists of 14 unions. It is bounded by Sreebardi,
Jhenaigati and Nalitabari upazilas on the north, Jamalpur Sadar upazila on the south, Nakla upazila
on the east, Islampur and Melandaha upazilas on the west. Sreebardi upazila is situated in 25°03'
to 25°18' N latitudes and 89°53' to 90°03' E longitudes with an area of 270.34 sq. km. and
comprises 10 unions (Fig. 1). The annual average temperature of Sherpur district ranges from
12℃ to 33.3℃, while the annual rainfall is 2174 mm (BBS, 2011). Garo Hill tract also known as
Shalbon is present in this district where mainly Garo tribal people live along with local people.
Luxuriant growth of seasonal herbs, aquatics and climbers were observed in this area during
growing season. Some native tree species were also found in Sherpur Sadar and Sreebardi
upazilas. A good number of people possess traditional botanical knowledge and they use such
plant species in their primary health care management. The tribal people are mainly dependent on
plants for their ailments.
Plant samples and data collection:
Plant specimens were collected from the study areas during field survey from July 2019 to
December 2020. The specimens were critically studied and identified by experts and using
standard literature and online databases (Ahmed et al., 2008-2009; The Plant List 2013;
TROPICOS, 2018). The voucher specimens of the medicinal plants were prepared following
standard herbarium protocol (Alexiades, 1996) and were deposited at Dhaka University Salar
Khan Herbarium (DUSH). Data were collated through semi-structured questionnaires (Alexiades,
1996). Authentic informants were interviewed independently from 54 informants, of which 29
were women and 25 men of 23 to 95 years of ages. The respondents provided plant names, parts
used, mode of application and the disease to be treated.
Data analyses:
Factor of informant consensus (Fic): In order to estimate the use diversity of the medicinal plants,
Factor of informant consensus (Fic) was calculated using the following formula:
Fic =
Where, Nur denotes the number of use reports in each category and Ntaxa refers the number of
species in each category (Heinrich et al., 1998).
ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 271
Fig. 1. Maps showing the study area Sherpur Sadar and Sreebardi upazilas of Sherpur district.
Citation frequency (Cf%): CF values were estimated using the formula:
Citation frequency (Cf %) = ×100
Where, n is the number of people interviewed citing species and N denotes total number of people
interviewed (Friedman et al., 1986).
272 SUCHANA et al.
Fidelity level (Fl%): The fidelity level value is useful for identifying the informants’ most
preferred species in use for treating certain ailments. Fl value was computed using the following
formula:
Fidelity level (Fl %) = x100
Where Ip is number of informants who indicate use of a species for the same major ailment, Iu is
the total number of informants who mentioned the same plant for any other use (Friedman et al.,
1986). Medicinal plants that are widely used by the local people for a particular ailment have
higher Fl values than those which are less popular.
Results and Discussion
The present study has revealed a total of 51 medicinal plant species belonging to 47 genera
and 38 families with 60 formularies for treating different ailments indicating that there is rich
diversity of ethnomedicinal plants with different uses in the study areas. For each species, updated
nomenclature with authority, family names, local name, parts used, diseases to be treated, mode of
treatment and voucher numbers have been provided (Table 1). The study depicts that local people
and folk medicinal practitioners of the study areas have a rich traditional knowledge about
medicinal plants that has been inherited from generation to generation. Moreover, the present
investigation has displayed that people of Sherpur Sadar and Sreebardi upazilas emphasize on
using medicinal plants with a discovery of application method. However, the traditional medical
practitioners from study area were not much aware in conserving medicinal plants and local
people are not also aware to conserve the plants used for sustainable uses.
Among the species investigated, the most frequently used species are herbs (35.94%)
followed by trees (33.33%), shrubs (19.61) and climbers (11.76) (Fig. 2). The study revealed that
out of all formularies, 72.13% was of internal application and the remaining 27.87% was of
external application (Fig. 3). Leaves were found to be the most utilized plant part (50%) followed
by root (14%), fruit (10%), flower (10%), stem (10%), bark (4%) and seed (2%) (Fig. 4).
Factor of informant consensus:
The Factor of informant consensus (Fic) model was used to determine the use diversity of
medicinal plants and to identify the ethnopharmacologically important plant species (Heinrich
et al., 1998). The Fic values among the investigated species varied from 0.840 to 1 (Table 2). The
highest Fic value 1 was found in the cases of anthelmintic, jaundice, bone fracture and kidney
stone, and the cited species for treating the species are Ananas comosus Saccharum officinarum,
Cissus quadrangularis and Kalanchoe pinnata, respectively. In case of the second highest Fic
value category disease i.e. respiratory diseases, the most cited species is Justicia adhatoda.
The use of Ananas comosus as anthelmintic as revealed from the study was found in the same
line with that of Kadir et al. (2012), Saccharum officinarum applied for treating jaundice was
found to be consistent with Rahim et al. (2012), Cissus quadrangularis in bone fracture was found
similar to Ramachandran et al. (2021), and administration of Kalanchoe pinnata against Kidney
stone was found consistent with Islam and Uddin (2022).
Fidelity level:
The current investigation displayed 100% fidelity level (Fl) in Litsea glutinosa, Azadirachta
indica, Justicia adhatoda, Zingiber officinale, Terminalia arjuna, Aloe vera, Aegle marmelos,
Allium sativum, Tinospora crispa and Clerodendrum viscosum against dysentery, body
pain, phlegm-catarrh, gastrointestinal problems, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and fever,
ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 273
274 SUCHANA et al.
ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 275
276 SUCHANA et al.
ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 277
respectively (Table 3). The higher FL value of a species indicates the prevalence of a specific
disease in an area and the utilization of plant species by the inhabitants to treat that disease (Srithi
et al., 2009; Bibi et al., 2014).
Table 2. Consensus of agreement on the uses of medicinal plants among informants.
No Category of disease Most cited plants No. of use
reports
No. of
taxa
Fic
1 Digestive and Gastrointestinal
diseases (Gastritis, diarrhea,
dysentery, appetite, constipation)
Litsea glutinosa 165 15 0.915
2 Muscle and skeletal disorders
(Swelling, wound, pain in body part,
rheumatism, migraine, toothache)
Azadirachta indica 102 9 0.922
3 Dermatalogy (Tinea, dandruff,
allergy,boil)
Citrus limon 87 11 0.884
4 Cardiovascular diseases (Heart
problem, blood purifier,
hypertension)
Terminalia arjuna 44 3 0.953
5 Fever (Normal fever, internal fever,
black fever)
Tinospora crispa 26 5 0.840
6 Eye problems (Cataract,
Ophthalmia)
Eclipta alba 26 3 0.920
7 Aesthenia (Body weakness) Litsea glutinosa 42 7 0.853
8 Diabetes Syzygium cumini 22 3 0.904
9 Cancer Moringa oleifera 9 2 0.875
10 Respiratory diseases (Phlegm,
Catarrh)
Justicia adhatoda 39 2 0.974
11 Anthelmintic Ananas comosus 10 1 1
12 Jaundice Saccharum officinarum 22 1 1
13 Bone fracture Cissus quadrangularis 18 1 1
14 Kidney stone Kalanchoe pinnata 17 1 1
Fig. 2. Habit-wise categorization showing the
percentage of species for treating different
ailments.
Fig. 3. Percentage of mode of administration of
medicinal plants used by the local people of in
the study area.
278 SUCHANA et al.
Citation frequency (Cf):
Citation frequency of some selected plant species are shown in the Table 4. Litsea glutinosa
showed the highest Cf value (94.11) which indicated that this species is very commonly used in
the study areas to treat dysentery followed by Azadirachta indica, Zingiber officinale and Justicia
adhatoda. In contrast, the lowest citation frequency was found in Allium sativum.
In the current study, the most commonly cited mode of administration is in the form of juice
followed by paste, crushed, decoction, powdered and chewed. Our results were found to be
concordant with that of previous study (Uddin et al. 2017). The maximum informants preferred
oral consumption of medicines instead of external application. This finding was also supported by
several other (Uddin et. al., 2015; Faruque et al., 2018; Islam and Uddin, 2022).
Table 3. Fidelity level (Fl) values of frequently cited plant species and their major uses.
Ailments
Species No. of
Informants (Ip)
Total no.
Informants (Iu)
% of Fidelity
level (Fl)
Dysentery Litsea glutinosa 48 48 100
Body pain Azadirachta indica 42 42 100
Phlegm-catarrh Justicia adhatoda 37 37 100
Gastrointestinal problem Zingiber officinale 41 41 100
Cardiovascular disease Terminalia arjuna 31 31 100
Gastrointestinal problem Aloe vera 25 25 100
Dysentery Aegle marmelos 15 15 100
Hypertension Allium sativum 13 13 100
Fever Tinospora crispa 12 12 100
Abdominal pain Clerodendrum viscosum 9 9 100
Diabetes Coccinea cordifolia 17 25 68
Cancer Moringa oleifera 5 13 60
Rheumatism Vitex negundo 23 42 54.76
Cataract Eclipta alba 13 25 52
Fig. 4. Percentage of plant parts used for medicinal purposes by the local people in Shrherpur and Sreebordi
upazilas of Sherpur district.
ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 279
Fig. 5. Number of taxa used for treating major diseases by the local people in Shrherpur and Sreebardi
upazilas of Sherpur district.
Table 4. Citation frequency of some selected medicinal plant species of the study area.
Species
Local name Ailments Citation Citation frequency
(CF %)
Litsea glutinosa Kharajora Dysentery 48 94.11
Azadirachta indica Neem Body pain 42 82.35
Zingiber officinale Aada Gastrointestinal problems 41 80.39
Justicia adhatoda Basak Phlegm-catarrh 37 72.55
Terminalia arjuna Arjun Cardiovascular 31 60.78
Aloe vera Chokkoira gach Gastrointestinal problem 25 49.02
Allium sativum Roshun Hypertension and cancer 13 25.49
The present study has revealed novel information regarding the uses of some species which
are not found in previous studies carried out in different parts of Bangladesh (Uddin et al., 2006,
2015, 2017; Sajib and Uddin, 2015; Nahar et al., 2016; Sohel et al., 2016; Yasmin and Rahman,
2017; Khatun and Rahman, 2018). A few of the noteworthy and novel findings include: Eclipta
alba is reported for the first time to treat cataract, Moringa oleifera to treat cancer, Ficus hispida
to reduce water from foot swelling of pregnant women, Coccinea cordifolia to treat extreme
dandruff and Coix lacryma-jobi to treat stomach problems. From the present survey, some threats
to the medicinal plant species have come in light including habitat destruction and fragmentation,
deforestation, over-exploitation, lack of awareness for conserving the species diversity among
local people and plantation of exotic species. According to local people, these species might
possess threats to native ecosystem as no birds sit in these trees and no fish can survive in nearby
ponds. To protect valuable medicinal plant species in the present study area, a number of
protective measures should be undertaken i.e. nurseries should be developed for propagating
important and threatened medicinal plants, distribution map with specific longitude and latitude
for the important species to be generated, and ex-situ conservation strategies should be applied for
conserving the medicinal plants in the study area for their sustainable uses and development. The
species with the highest Fic value, fidelity level and citation frequency might be phytochemically
screened for searching novel bioactive compounds. The study might unveil a new window for
280 SUCHANA et al.
drug discovery in future that will have a significant impact on socio-economic development and
health sector of Bangladesh.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the local people and folklore practitioners of Sherpur Sadar and
Sreebardi upazilas of Sherpur district, who gave the information about the medicinal use of plants
and co-operated during research work.
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