Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(2): 403-429, 2022 (December) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.63536 © 2022 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA OF COASTAL MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS OF BARGUNA DISTRICT, BANGLADESH MD. RAFIQUL ISLAM, GAZI MOSHAROF HOSSAIN AND MOHAMMAD MAHFUZUR RAHMAN Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh Keywords: Vascular Flora; Mangrove; Barguna; Bangladesh. Abstract This study provides the basic taxonomic data on the vascular flora of the coastal mangrove ecosystems in Barguna district of Bangladesh. Plant samples and field data have been collected following walk through method. The present study reveals the occurrence of 532 species under 378 genera and 112 families in the study area, of which 24 are true mangroves, 46 mangrove associates and 461 non-mangroves. The pteridophytes are composed of 22 species under 20 genera of 12 families and gymnosperms of two species under two genera and two families. Magnoliopsida are composed of 375 species under 279 genera and 77 families, and Liliopsida of 133 species belonging to 77 genera under 21 families. Fabaceae with 28 species is recorded as the largest dicot family, followed by Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Malvaceae. Poaceae with 45 species is the largest monocot family, followed by Cyperaceae, Araceae and Arecaceae. About 60.15% of these species are herbs, 21.80% trees, 15.79% shrubs, 1.88% palms and 0.38% bamboos. The study area composed with 74.06% native and 25.94% exotic species, 79.70% species are wild, 16.35% planted and 3.95% cultivated species. Majority of the species are found to grow in forest margin, roadside, woodland, wetland and river bank. Most of the species are economically useful as medicine, ornamental and vegetable. This study concludes that the floristic composition of coastal mangrove ecosystems of Barguna district is still rich though the area facing some severe threats. This study strongly recommends adopting effective master plan and implementing adequate measures for sustainable conservation and monitoring of the biodiversity of this disaster-prone area. Introduction Taxonomic studies and publications provide basic information of the flora occurring within a specific geographical area, which is essential for plant scientists especially for the plant taxonomists, ecologists, forest managers and planners in understanding and conservation of biodiversity. Irrespective of a small geographical area (147570 km2, BBS, 2021), the floristic diversity of Bangladesh is very rich and hosting approximately 5000 species of angiosperms (Khan, 1977). But the floristic exploration throughout this country has not yet been completed during the last five decades after independence of the country, and the floristic compositions in most of the areas of this country are still unknown or poorly understood. A total of about 3886 species have been so far reported from its geographic boundary during the last one and half centuries through sporadically conducted various floristic studies (Hooker, 1872-1897; Prain, 1903a, b; Uddin et al., 1998; Khan and Huq, 2001; Rashid and Mia, 2001; Uddin et al., 2003; Siddiqui et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2008-2009; Ahmed et al., 2009; Islam et al., 2009; Arefin et al., 2011; Sultana, 2012; Rahman et al., 2015; Tabassum, 2015; Haque et al., 2018; Shetu et al.,  Corresponding author, E-mail: gazibotju@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.63536 mailto:gazibotju@gmail.com 404 ISLAM et al. 2018; Uddin and Hassan, 2018; Hossain et al., 2020; Khanam et al., 2020a, b; Roy and Khan, 2020a, b; Ashrafuzzaman and Sarwar, 2021; Hossain et al., 2021; Khan et al., 2021a, b; Ashrafuzzaman et al., 2022; Hossain et al., 2022). Therefore, there is a great opportunity to conduct baseline floristic studies in the areas where the floristic information is still lacking or scanty is very rational. Bangladesh is the largest low-lying deltaic plain in the world (Sarker et al., 2010) which is geomorphologically and hydrologically dominated by the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river system and the Bay of Bengal. The coastal zone of the country represents 32% landmass (Islam and Rahman, 2015) which consisted of 70 islands of 19 districts and houses 29% of the total country population (Abu et al., 2003, Hossain, 2001, Iftekhar, 2006, Ahmad, 2019). Depending on geographic features, the coastal zone is divided into three distinct regions, namely the western, central and eastern regions (Ahmed, 2011). The coastal area of Bangladesh is neither uniform, nor static; it is dynamic (Brammer, 2014). The 710 km long coastline composed of interface of various ecological systems, including mangroves, wetlands, natural canals, and floodplains (Nandy et al., 2013), which support a very rich coastal and mangrove biodiversity. The mangrove forest community in the south coastline especially, the south-western coastal area covered by the Sundarbans, and mid-central zone is covered by Haringhata reserve forest and Tengragiri wildlife sanctuary, has been taken into consideration as a green protected barrier in the recent years. The south-eastern zone covers a small patch of natural mangrove forest- the Chakaria Sundarban, which is one of the oldest mangroves in the subcontinent (Sarker et al., 2010), but completely destroyed due to excessive human interference and expansion of shrimp farming (Hossain and Lin, 2001). However, the mangroves are one of the most productive (Jennerjahn and Ittekkot, 2002) and protective (Rahman and Rahman, 2015) ecosystems which have immense value to local, national and global communities (Tan et al., 2009). They provide wide range of ecosystem goods like wood, medicine, foods including trapping sediments, fishery nursery ground, sewerage phytoremediation (Kaewtubtim et al., 2016). Mangrove species are also capable to sequester and store carbon (Cusack et al., 2018), reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (Schroeder, 2014). The mangrove ecosystems in Barguna district are situated in the central coastal region of the country. They are highly dynamic, but highly vulnerable to both climatic (like sea level rise, cyclone, storm surge, coastal inundation, salinity intrusion and land erosion are main the natural disasters (Iftekhar, 2006; MoWR, 1999) and non-climatic (like economic development, unplanned tourisms, plantation of wrong species, excessive grazing etc.) stressors (Nandy et al., 2013; Rahman and Biswas, 2004). These stresses might have cause a heavy loss of its plant diversity and change in its floristic composition. The basic floristic information of the mangrove ecosystems in Barguna district is still lacking. Therefore, the present study has been conducted for knowing the current floristic composition and threat generating activities and for providing valuable baseline information required for monitoring and effective sustainable conservation of the biodiversity and ecosystems of this area. Materials and Methods Barguna district is a part of the central-coastal region of the country which belongs to the bio- ecological zone of the Ganges Flood Plain (IUCN, 2002). It lies between 21º48′ and 22º29′ north latitudes and between 89º52′ and 90º22′ east longitudes (District Statistics 2011 of Barguna, 2013). It is bounded by Barisal, Jhalokati and Patuakhali districts on the north, Patuakhali district on the east, the Bay of Bengal on the south and Pirojpur district and a part of Sundarbans under Bagerhat district on the west. This dristrict comprises an area of 1939.39 km2 including 399.74 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 405 km2 riverine and 97.18 km2 under forest (Kamal, 2012, Population and Housing Consensus-2011, 2015). It is intersected by five rivers viz., Baleshwar, Bishkhali, Paira, Haringhata and Khakdon; and 300 natural canals. It has a tropical monsoonal climate with an annual average rainfall of 2,758 mm and annual average temperature of about 25°C (District Statistics 2011 of Barguna, 2013). Fig. 1. Map showing the mangrove ecosystems of Barguna district. Soil texture is composed of relative proportions of sand, silt and clay, but maximum area is covered with clay texture (64%) and the rest is clay loam texture (36%). Soils in the south region are both saline and clayey and salinity gradually increases with dryness from January and reached maximum level in the month April-May and decreases due to onset of monsoon rainfall (Population and Housing Consensus-2011, 2015). 406 ISLAM et al. The semi-natural and planted coastal mangrove ecosystems of this district are dominated in the sea facing three upazilas including Banguna sadar (4000 acre of Babugonj forest beat under Barguna forest range), Patharghata (3000 acre of Haringhata forest beat under Patharghata forest range) and Taltoli (13634.07 acre of Sakhina and Nishanbaria forest beats under Amtoli forest range) (Fig. 1). Field surveys were conducted throughout all mangrove ecosystems of Barguna district during different seasons from 2015 to 2022. In this study all mangrove, mangrove associated and non- mangrove species of vascular plants found in wild and as planted or cultivated with their native and exotic origin have been documented. The collection of the vascular plant specimens were conducted following walk through method (Junaid, 2018). The processing, drying and preservation of plant specimens were done following standard herbarium methods and techniques (Bridson and Forman, 1989; Singh and Subramaniam, 2008). The identification of each taxon was done based on its voucher specimens collected by the first and second authors. Taxonomic identification of the specimens and verification of the nomenclatural information has been completed through consulting taxonomic descriptions and keys available in the relevant literatures (Hooker, 1872-1897; Prain, 1903a, b; Wu and Raven, 1994-2001; Wu et al., 1999-2013; The Plant List, 2013; POWO, 2020; TROPICOS, 2021; Hossain et al., 2021; Khan et al., 2021b; Hossain et al., 2022), and by matching with the respective voucher specimens of DACB and Jahangirnagar University Herbarium (JUH). The families of pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms have been arranged following the widely used classification systems of Pichi (1977), Kramer and Green (1990) and Cronquist (1988), respectively, whereas the genera and species under each family alphabetically. True mangrove and mangrove associated plant species were recognized following FAO (2007), Giesen et al. (2007) and Rahman et al. (2015). Data on the uses of the species were recorded based on personal experience and also through interviews with the local people which were varifaied through consulting the relevant literature (Siddiqui et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2008-2009; Ahmed et al., 2009; Hossain et al., 2021; Khan et al., 2021a, b; Annon, 2022; Hossain et al., 2022). The rare status of the plant species was inferred through estimation of their current population size, occurrence, distribution range and regeneration in the area based on field observation. Results and Discussion This study documents the occurrence of 532 species belonging to 378 genera under 112 families of vascular plants in the mangrove ecosystems of Barguna district, of which 24 (4.51%) species are true and obligatory mangroves, 46 (8.64%) are associates and facultative mangroves and the rest of 461 (86.65%) species are non-mangrove. During this study, Pteridophytes are represented by 22 species under 20 genera of 12 families and Gymnosperms of two species under two genera and families. Among the Angiosperms, dicotyledons are represented by 375 species of 279 genera and 77 families that constituted 70.49% of the vascular flora of the study area, whereas, monocotyledons by 133 species belonging to 77 genera under 21 families, which comprised 25.00% of this flora (Table 1). About 394 species (74.06%) of this vascular flora are native, whereas, 138 species (25.94%) are exotic to Bangladesh. Pteridaceae and Salviniaceae with four species each representing the largest families of Pteridophyta, which is followed by Polypodiaceae and Thelypteridaceae with three species each. The rest of each families Athyriaceae, Blechnaceae, Lygodiaceae, Marsileaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Psilotaceae, Selaginellaceae and Vittariaceae represented by a single species. The two Gymnosperm families Araucariaceae and Cupressaceae is represented with only one species each. In dicotyledons, Fabaceae with 28 species is recorded as the largest family, which is followed by AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 407 Asteraceae (with 23 species), Apocynaceae (21 species), Euphorbiaceae (20 species) and Malvaceae (17 species). In monocotyledons, Poaceae is found as the largest family (with 45 species), which is followed by Cyperaceae (31 species), Araceae (15 species) and Arecaceae (10 species). Table 1. List of vascular flora of Mangrove ecosystems in Banguna district, Bangladesh. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE PTERIDOPHYTA Schimp. Psilotaceae J.W. Griff. & Henfr. Psilotum nudum (L.) P.Beauv. Psilotum Herb, ep; w Op Tg M GMH 5827 Selaginellaceae Willk Selaginella vaginata Spring Selaginella Herb, pr; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 168 Ophioglossaceae Martinov Ophioglossum reticulatum L. Sharpa jihba Herb, er; w Rs, Wl Hg, Tg M GMH 5801 Salviniaceae Martinov Azolla pinnata R.Br. Khudipana Herb, ff; w Wtl Psk Gm MRI 469 Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory Indur kanipana Herb, ff; w Wtl Psk, Tg Gm, O MRI 464 S. molesta D.Mitch. # Pani dhekia Herb, ff; w Wtl Psk Gm, O MRI 471 S. natans (L.) All. Pani dhekia Herb, ff; w Wtl Psk, Tg Gm, O MRI 478 Marsileaceae Mirb. Marsilea quadrifolia L. # Susni shak Herb, cr; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Vg MRI 462 Lygodiaceae M. Roem. Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Saralata fern Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Psk, Tg M MRI 470 Pteridaceae E.D.M. Kirchn. *Acrostichum aureum L. Tiger fern Herb, er; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Tm GMH 5819 Adiantum caudatum L. Khopa fern Herb, ep; w Op, Obw Tg O MRI 482 Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Pani lettuce Herb, er; w Wtl Tg Vg MRI 461 Pteris vittata L. Dhekia Herb, lp; w Obw Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 078 Vittariaceae Ching *Haplopteris elongata (Sw.) E.H. Crane Fitta fern Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Hg M, O GMH 5807 Polypodiaceae J. Presl & C. Presl Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Pankhiraj Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 474 Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Gucha patra Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 152 Pyrrosia nuda (Giesenh.) Ching Pyrosia Herb, ep; w Op, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 532 Blechnaceae Newman *Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bed. Dhekia lata Herb, cl; w Rb, Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg GMH 5885 Thelypteridaceae Ching ex Pic. Serm. Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel. Dheki shak Herb, cr; w Fm, Wl Tg M MRI 463 Christella crinipes (Hook.) Holttum Bish dhekia Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 513 Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.P.St.John Datitila Herb, cr; w Fm, Wl Psk, Tg O, Vg MRI 625 Athyriaceae Alston Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Dhekia shak Herb, er; w Fm, Wl Hg, Tg Vg MRI 599 GYMNOSPERMS Prantl Araucariaceae Henkel & W. Hochst. 408 ISLAM et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco # X-mas tree Tree, m; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 611 Cupressaceae Gray Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco # Thuja Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 676 MAGNOLIOPSIDA Brongn. Annonaceae Juss. Annona reticulata L. # Atta, nona Tree, s; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr MRI 624 Huberantha pendula (Capuron ex G.E. Schatz & Le Thomas) Chaowasku # Weeping debdaru Tree, m; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 561 Monoon longifolium (Sonn.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders # Debdaru Tree, l; Pl Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg O, T MRI 697 Lauraceae Juss. Cassytha filiformis L. Akashbel Herb, ps; w Op Tg M GMH 5836 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. Kukurchita Tree, m; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 650 Piperaceae Giseke Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth # Luchipata Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 566 Aristolochiaceae Juss. Aristolochia indica L. Ishwarmul Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Tg M MRI 189 Nymphaeaceae Salisb. Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. Nilshapla Herb, fl; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 636 N. pubescens Willd. Sadashapla Herb, fl; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg O, Vg MRI 626 N. rubra Roxb. ex Andrews Lalshapla Herb, fl; w Wtl Psk, Tg M, O MRI 540 Ceratophyllaceae Gray Ceratophyllum demersum L. Kantajhanjhi Herb, sm; w Wtl Psk M MRI 670 Ranunculaceae Juss. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Jhumka phul Herb, er; w Wtl Psk, Tg M MRI 290 Menispermaceae Juss. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Akandi manik Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5813 Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson Gulancha Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 657 Cannabaceae Martinov Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Banjiga, jibon Tree, m; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fw MRI 677 Moraceae Gaudich. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. # Kanthal Tree, m; pl Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, T MRI 514 Ficus benghalensis L. Bot Tree, l; w Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg O, Fw MRI 522 F. elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. Rubber bot Tree, m; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 594 F. hispida L. f. Kakdumur Tree, s; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 699 F. racemosa L. Jagdumur Tree, l; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 466 F. religiosa L. Ashwath Tree, l; w Fm, Rs, Wl Psk, Tg M, O MRI 225 F. rumphii Blume Khiri bot Tree, l; w Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, O GMH 5803 F. virens Aiton Shada pakur Tree, l; w Fm, Rs, Wl Tg Fw, M GMH 5811 Streblus asper Lour. Sheora Tree, l; w Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fw, M MRI 020 Urticaceae Juss. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. # Latamaricha Herb, pr; w Obw, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 467 Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. Kullaruki Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5824 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 409 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Casuarinaceae R.Br. Casuarina equisetifolia L. Jhaw Tree, l; pl Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg O GMH 5805 Nyctaginaceae Juss. Boerhavia diffusa L. Punarnava Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M GMH 5825 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. # Baganbilash Shrub, sc; pl Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg O MRI 512 Mirabilis jalapa L. # Sandhyamoni Herb, er; pl Fm, Rs Tg M, O MRI 620 Amaranthaceae Juss. Achyranthes aspera L. Apang Herb, er; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 598 Alternanthera paronychioides A. St.-Hil. # Jhuli khata Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 293 A. philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. # Henchi Herb, fl; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Gm, Vg MRI 488 A. sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. # Malancha Herb, pr; w Fm, Rb, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 502 Amaranthus blitum L. # Goburanotey Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Tg M, Vg MRI 635 A. spinosus L. # Kantanotey Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 649 A. viridis L. # Notey shak Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 680 Celosia argentea L. # Morogphul Herb, er; pl Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, O MRI 510 Chenopodium album L. Botua shak Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 021 Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume Shyontula Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 671 *Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. Ban naringa Herb, er; w Fm, Sd Tg M MRI 090 Portulacaceae Juss. Portulaca grandiflora Hook. # Time phul Herb, pr; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 698 P. oleracea L. # Boronunia Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 688 Basellaceae Raf. Basella alba L. Pui shak Herb, cr; cv Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Vg MRI 487 Molluginaceae Bartl. Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. Gima shak Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs, Sd Tg M, Vg GMH 5863 Polygonaceae Juss. Persicaria barbata (L.) H.Hara Biskatali Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Psk M MRI 468 P. hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Biskatali Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 206 P. orientalis (L.) Spach Bara panimarich Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Psk, Tg M MRI 640 Rumex dentatus L. Bon palang Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 646 R. maritimus L. Dati palang Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 571 Plumbaginaceae Juss. **Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb. Nunia Shrub; w Fm, Rb, Wl Tg Fw, M GMH 5851 Dilleniaceae Salisb. Dillenia indica L. Chalta Tree, m; pl Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 472 Clusiaceae Lindl. *Calophyllum inophyllum L. Punnul, punial Tree, m; w Fm, Rs, Wl Tg M, Oy GMH 5872 Mesua ferrea L. Nageshawr Tree, s; pl Rs Psk, Tg M, O MRI 679 Sterculiaceae Vent. Abroma augusta (L.) L.f. Ulatkambal Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk Fb, M MRI 500 Melochia corchorifolia L. Tiki okra Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 491 410 ISLAM et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Bombacaceae Kunth. Bombax ceiba L. Shimul Tree, l; w Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 577 Malvaceae Juss. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Dherosh Herb, er; cv Fm Psk, Tg Vg MRI 666 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Petari Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 689 **Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm. Lata sundri Shrub; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fw, M GMH 5855 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. # Shada shimul Tree, m; pl Fm, Rs Psk Fb, T MRI 511 Corchorus aestuans L. Jangli pat Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 473 **Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham. Sundri Tree, l; w Wl Hg, Psk, Tg T GMH 5867 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. # Joba Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg O MRI 590 H. schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook.f. # Jhumko jaba Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Psk O MRI 597 *H. tiliaceus L. Bhola Shrub, sc; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, Fw MRI 366 Malachra capitata (L.) L. # Bondheras Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg O GMH 5883 Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav. # Morich joba Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 690 Sida acuta Burm. f. Kureta Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 554 S. cordata (Burm. f.) Bross. Waalk. Pitberela Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 637 S. cordifolia L. Shet berela Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 581 S. rhombifolia L. Lal berela Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 596 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Ban okra Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 665 Urena lobata L. Ban okra Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 475 Lecythidaceae A. Rich. Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Hijal Tree, m; w Fm, Rb, Wtl Hg, Psk M, O MRI 501 *B. racemosa (L.) Spreng. Shamudra hijol Tree, m; w Fm, Rb Psk M, Fw GMH 5877 Tamaricaceae Link *Tamarix indica Willd. Nona jhaw Tree, s; w Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fw, M GMH 5802 Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora foetida L. # Jhumkalata Herb, cl; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 555 Caricaceae Dumort. Carica papaya L. # Papya Tree, m; pl Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, Vg MRI 619 Cucurbitaceae Juss. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Telakucha Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 687 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne # Misti kumra Herb, cl; cv Fm Psk M, Vg MRI 490 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Lao Herb, cl; cv Fm Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 601 Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Jhinga Herb, cl; cv Fm Psk M, Vg MRI 678 L. cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. Dhundal Herb, cl; cv Fm Psk M, Vg MRI 696 Momordica charantia L. Korolla Herb, cl; cv Fm Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 575 Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Chichinga Herb, cl; cv Fm Psk M, Vg MRI 586 Salicaceae Mirb. Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Bauchi Shrub; w Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 278 Cleomaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Cleome rutidosperma DC. # Nil hurhurey Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 480 C. viscosa L. Halud hurhurey Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 437 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 411 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Brassicaceae Burnett Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Bansarisha Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 536 Moringaceae Martinov Moringa oleifera Lamk. # Shajna Tree, m; pl Fm, Rs Psk M, Vg MRI 564 Sapotaceae Juss. Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen # Sopheda Tree, m; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 549 Mimusops elengi L. Bokul Tree, m; pl Rs Psk, Tg M, O MRI 631 Planchonella obovata (R.Br.) Pierre Bankathal Tree, s; w Rb, Wl Tg M GMH 5804 Ebenaceae Gürke Diospyros discolor Willd. # Bilati gab Tree, m; pl Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 592 D. malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Deshi gab Tree, m; w Rb; Wl Psk, Tg MRI 607 Myrsinaceae R.Br. Ardisia solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. Banjam Shrub; w Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, O GMH 5821 Primulaceae Batsch **Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco Kholshi Shrub; w Wl Tg Hp, Fw GMH 5816 Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil. Kalachoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. # Patharkuchi Herb, er; pl Fm Tg M, O MRI 498 Rosaceae Juss. Rosa chinensis Jacq. # Jangli golap Shrub; pl Fm Tg He, M MRI 476 Mimosaceae R.Br. Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth # Akashmoni Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg T MRI 250 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Kalo koroi Tree, l; w Rs, Wl Psk, Tg T MRI 494 A. niopoides var. niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart # Raj siris Tree, l; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg T MRI 496 A. procera (Roxb.) Benth. Shada koroi Tree, l; w Rs, Wl Psk, Tg T MRI 479 **Cynometra ramiflora L. Shigra Tree, s; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fw, M GMH 5840 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit # Ipil-ipil Tree, l; w Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg T MRI 484 Mimosa pudica L. # Lajjaboti Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 505 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. # Shirish Tree, l; pl Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg T MRI 546 Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. Khoir Tree, m; pl Fm, Rs Tg Fw, M GMH 5806 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. Babla Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Gu, M GMH 5817 Caesalpiniaceae R.Br. Bauhinia acuminata L. Sada kanchon Tree, s; pl Fm, Rs Psk,Tg O MRI 477 *Caesalpinia crista L. Kutumkanta Shrub, sc; w Fm, Rb Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 061 Cassia fistula L. Badarlathi Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, O GMH 5890 Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. # Krishnachura Tree, l; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 538 Guilandina bonduc L. # Nata kanta Shrub, sc; w Fm Psk, Tg M, Oy GMH 5869 *Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze. Bhaila Tree, s; w Rb, Wl Tg M GMH 5880 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. # Dadmardan Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk M MRI 587 S. occidentalis (L.) Link # Bara kalkesunda Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 252 S. siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barn. # Minjuri Tree, l; pl Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fw, O MRI 603 412 ISLAM et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE S. sophera (L.) Roxb. # Kalkeshunda Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk M MRI 614 S. tora (L.) Roxb. # Kalkeshunda Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 629 Tamarindus indica L. # Tetul Tree, l; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, T MRI 589 Fabaceae Lindl. Abrus precatorius L. Kunch, rati Herb, cl; w Fm, Rb Tg M MRI 171 Aeschynomene indica L. Kathshola Shrub; w Fm, Wtl Psk, Tg Fo MRI 381 *Aganope heptaphylla (L.) Polhill Panpata, satpata Shrub, li; w Fm, Rb Tg M GMH 5852 Brachypterum scandens (Roxb.) Miq. Mohajonilata Shrub, li; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5808 Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth # Arhar Shrub; cv Fm, Rs Psk M, Pu MRI 602 C. scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars Banurkalki Herb, cl; w Fm Psk, Tg Gm, M MRI 485 Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. Banshim Herb, cl; w Fm, Sd Hg M MRI 493 *Canavalia maritima Thouars Banshim Herb, cl; w Fm, Sd Hg M GMH 5820 Clitoria ternatea L. # Aparajita Herb, cl; w Fm Tg M, O MRI 504 Crotalaria pallida Aiton Jhunjhuni Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 579 *Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain Chanda lata Shrub, li; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5812 D. sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Sisoo Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg T MRI 622 *D. spinosa Roxb. Kutum kanta Shrub, sc; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5838 *Derris trifoliata Lour. Kalia lata Herb, cl; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M GMH 5847 Erythrina fusca Lour. Kanta mandar Tree, s; pl Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, O MRI 642 E. stricta Roxb. Teli mandar Tree, s; pl Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, O MRI 653 Grona heterophylla (Willd.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Bon motorshuti Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Tg Lf, M MRI 569 G. triflora (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Kulalia Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Gm, M MRI 499 Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet # Shim Herb, cl; cv Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Pu, Vg MRI 515 *Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. Bara alkushi Herb, cl; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5830 M. monosperma Wight Nata alkushi Herb, cl; w Rb, Wl Tg M MRI 481 M. pruriens (L.) DC. Bichuti lata Herb, cl; w Fm Tg M MRI 508 Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J.St.-Hil. ex H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Salpani Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 140 *Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Koroch Tree, m; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fw, M GMH 5844 Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight. Dhoncha Shrub; w Fm, Wtl Tg Fb, Gm MRI 203 S. cannabina (Retz.) Poir. Dhonchi Shrub; cv Fm, Wtl Psk, Tg Fb, Gm MRI 517 *Vigna adenantha (G.Mey.) Marechal & al. Ban borboti Herb, cl; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Gm GMH 5809 V. mungo (L.) Hepper. Mashkalai Herb, er; cv Fm, Rs Psk Pl, Lf MRI 528 Lythraceae J. St.-Hil. Ammannia multiflora Roxb. # Acidpatta Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 364 Lagerstroemia indica L. Jarul, furush Tree, s; pl Rs Tg M. O MRI 542 L. speciosa (L.) Pers. Jarul Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 530 Lawsonia inermis L. # Mehedi Tree, s; pl Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 617 Punica granatum L. # Dalim, bedana Shrub; pl Fm Psk, Tg Dy, Fr MRI 655 **Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. Kewra Tree, l; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 406 **S. caseolaris (L.) Engl. Choila, ora Tree, m; w Rb Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M GMH 5842 Myrtaceae Juss. Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels # Bottlebrush Tree, s; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 568 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 413 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. # Eucalyptus Tree, l; pl Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, T MRI 584 Psidium guajava L. # Peyara Tree, s; pl Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 547 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Kalojam Tree, l; pl Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, T MRI 440 S. jambos (L.) Alston Golapjam Tree, m; pl Rs Tg Fr, M MRI 552 S. samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry Jamrul Tree, m; pl Fm Psk, Tg Fr MRI 559 Onagraceae Juss. Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara Keshordam Herb, fl; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 613 L. hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell # Pani palong Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 644 Combretaceae R.Br. Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps Madobi lata Shrub, li; pl Fm Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 674 **Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Kirpa Tree, s; w Fm, Rb, Wl Tg Dy, Fw GMH 5810 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Arjun Tree, l; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 693 T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Bohera Tree, l; pl Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 684 T. catappa L. Kathbadam Tree, l; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Nu MRI 001 T. chebula Retz. Horitoki Tree, l; pl Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 668 Rhizophoraceae Pers. **Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. Lal kakra Tree, l; w Rb, Wl Hg, Tg Dy, T MRI 662 **B. sexangula (Lour.) Poir. Shobuj kakra Tree, l; w Rb, Wl Hg, Tg Dy, T GMH 5815 **Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W.Theob. Goran Tree, s; w Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, Fw, Hp GMH 5818 **Kandelia candel (L.) Druce Bhatkathi Tree, s; w Rb, Fm Tg Dy, Fw MRI 557 **Rhizophora apiculata Blume Jhana Tree, m; w Rb, Fm Tg Fw, M MRI 562 **R. mucronata Lam. Jhana, garjan Tree, l; w Rb, Fm Tg Dy, Fw MRI 150 Loranthaceae Juss. Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Blume Bajrangi Shrub, ps; w Op Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 582 Scurrula parasitica L. Porgacha Shrub, ps; w Op Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 038 Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC. Bhanda Herb, ps; w Op Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5834 Celastraceae R.Br. *Salacia chinensis L. Choit boroi Shrub, sc; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M GMH 5849 Euphorbiaceae Juss. Acalypha indica L. Muktajhuri Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 574 Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. Harinhara Shrub; w Fm Tg M MRI 335 Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng. Khudi okra Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk M MRI 609 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A.Juss. # Patabahar Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Tg M, O MRI 616 Croton bonplandianus Baill. # Bandhone Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 628 C. caudatus Geiseler. Nan bhantur Shrub; w Fm Tg M MRI 544 *Drypetes assamica (Hook. f.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Bon bokul Shrub; w Fm, Rb, Wl Tg M GMH 5814 Euphorbia hirta L. # Bara dudhia Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 524 E. prostrata Aiton Sij Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5823 E. serpens Kunth Balu madur Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 384 414 ISLAM et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE E. thymifolia L. # Swetkerui Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 304 E. tirucalli L. # Narasaji Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, O MRI 497 E. tithymaloides L. Bera chita Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg He, M MRI 483 **Excoecaria agallocha L. Gewa Tree, l; w Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Pp GMH 5845 Jatropha curcas L. # Bherenda Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Psk He, M MRI 451 J. gossypiifolia L. # Lal bherenda Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk He, M MRI 534 Mallotus repandus (Rottler) Müll.Arg Gunti Tree, s; w Fm Psk M MRI 308 Ricinus communis L. # Bherenda Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Oy MRI 527 *Shirakiopsis indica (Willd.) Esser Hurmui Tree, s; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Fp GMH 5832 Trewia polycarpa Benth. & Hook.f. Pitali Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fw, M MRI 007 Phyllanthaceae Martinov Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Khudijam Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Tg M MRI 520 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. Kalo sitki Shrub; w Fm Tg M MRI 213 Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle Khaukra Shrub; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 103 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels # Arboroi Tree, s; pl Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 531 P. emblica L. Amloki Tree, s; pl Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 647 P. niruri L. # Bhui amla Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 652 P. reticulatus Poir. Chitki Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 043 Rhamnaceae Juss. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Boroi Tree, m; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 661 Z. oenoplia (L.) Mill. Ban boroi Shrub, sc; w Fm, Rb Tg He, M MRI 172 Leeaceae Dumort. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Kurkur jihwa Shrub; w Fm, Rb Hg, Tg Gm, M MRI 663 Vitaceae Juss. Causonis assamica (M.A. Lawson) Craib. Golgoti lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Tg M MRI 332 *C. maritima (Jackes) Jackes Golgoti lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5822 C. trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J. Wen Angur lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Rb, Wl Psk, Hg, Tg Lf, M MRI 056 Tetrastigma bracteolatum (Wall.) Planch Nekungriubi Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Tg M MRI 138 Sapindaceae Juss. MRI 685 Allophylus cobbe (L.) Forsyth f. Rakhal chita Shrub; w Fm, Rs, Wl Tg Fw, M MRI 243 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Lataphutki Herb, cl; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 656 *Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Paniphul Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Tg Fw, M GMH 5853 Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Ban horina Tree, s; w Fm, Wl Psk, Tg Fr, Fw MRI 359 L. senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) Leenh. Gota horina Shrub; w Fm, Wl Tg Fw, M MRI 643 Litchi chinensis Sonn. # Litchu Tree, m; pl Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fr MRI 606 Anacardiaceae R.Br. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Jiga, jeol Tree, s; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg He, Gu MRI 368 Mangifera indica L. # Aam Tree, l; w Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, T MRI 593 Spondias dulcis Parkinson # Amrah Tree, l; pl Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fr MRI 578 S. pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Bon amrah Tree, l; w Wl Tg Fr MRI 548 Meliaceae Juss. **Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegr. Amoor Tree, s; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, T GMH 5826 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker Pithraj, royna Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Oy MRI 556 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 415 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, T MRI 560 Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC. # Lombu Tree, l; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg T MRI 492 Melia azedarach L. Ghora neem Tree, m; pl Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, T MRI 518 Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. # Mehagani Tree, l; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg T MRI 565 **Xylocarpus granatum J.Koenig Dhundal Tree, m; w Rb Tg M, T MRI 015 **X. moluccensis (Lam.) M.Roem. Poshur Tree, m; w Rb, Wl Hg, Tg M, T GMH 5843 Rutaceae Juss. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Bel Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 535 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Lebu Shrub; pl Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fr MRI 539 C. maxima (Burm.) Merr. # Jambura Tree, s; pl Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr MRI 585 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Datmajoni Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 610 Limonia acidissima L. Kadbel Tree, m; pl Rs Psk Fr MRI 595 *Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle Bonlebu Shrub; w Fm, Rb Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5829 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Curry patta Tree, s; w Fm, Rs Psk M, Sp MRI 639 M. paniculata (L.) Jack Kamini Tree, s; pl Rs, Wl Hg, Tg M, O MRI 651 Oxalidaceae R.Br. Averrhoa bilimbi L. # Bilimbi Tree, s; pl Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 673 A. carambola L. # Kamranga Tree, s; pl Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 692 Oxalis corniculata L. # Amrul Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 621 Balsaminaceae A. Rich. Impatiens balsamina L. # Dopati Herb, er; pl Fm Tg M, O MRI 667 Araliaceae Juss. Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms # Tikosaya pata Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 632 P. scutellaria (Burm. f.) Fosberg, # Saya pata Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 573 Apiaceae Lindl. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Thankuni Herb, cr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 486 Eryngium foetidum L. # Bilati dhoneya Herb, er; w Fm Hg, Tg M, Sp MRI 641 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Kuti thankuni Herb, cr; w Fm Tg M MRI 495 Oenanthe benghalensis Benth. & Hook.f. Ban dhonia Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 288 O. javanica (Blume) DC Ban dhonia Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 376 Apocynaceae Juss. Allamanda cathartica L. # Ghonta phul Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Tg O MRI 694 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Chhatim Tree, l; w Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, T MRI 576 Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton Akondo Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 521 C. procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton Shda akondo Shrub; w Rs Tg Fb, M MRI 588 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold # Kolkey phul Tree, s; pl Rs Psk, Tg M, O MRI 503 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don # Noyantara Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 608 *Cerbera odollam Gaertn. Dahur Tree, s; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 072 Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f. Jukti phul Herb, cl; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M GMH 5828 *Finlaysonia obovata Wall. Mamakola Herb, cl; w Rb, Wl Hg, Tg Fb, M GMH 5841 Hoya parasitica Wall. ex Wight Futki lata Herb, ps; w Op; Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 005 Hoya lanceolata Wall. ex D.Don Futki lata Herb, ps; w Op; Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 658 416 ISLAM et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. Anantomul Herb, cl; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 313 Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton Parallia lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 686 Nerium oleander L. # Rakta karobi Tree, s; pl Fm, Rs Tg M, O MRI 591 *Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb. Pasonsi Herb, cl; w Fm, Rb Tg Fb, M GMH 5839 *Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock Panchabrti lata Herb, cl; w Rb, Wl Hg M GMH 5831 *Sarcolobus carinatus Wall. Bawali lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Tg M GMH 5860 *S. globosus Wall. Bawali lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg GMH 5846 Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem & Schult. Tagar Shrub; w Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 612 *Tylophora flexuosa R. Br. (Vincetoxicum sp.) Unknown Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Hg, Tg M GMH 5858 Vincetoxicum indicum (Burm.f.) Mabb. Antamul Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M GMH 5850 Solanaceae Juss. Cestrum nocturnum L. # Hasnahena Shrub; pl Fm Tg M, O MRI 623 Datura metel L. # Sada dhutra Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 604 Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. # Ban tamak Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 506 Physalis angulata L. # Ban tepari Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 529 Solanum americanum Mill. # Tit begun Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 543 S. bahamense L. Morich Herb, er; cv Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Sp, Vg MRI 563 S. nigrum L. Kakmachi Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 570 S. sisymbriifolium Lam. # Kanta begun Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 615 S. torvum Sw. # Gota begun Shrub; w Fm, Rs Tg M, Vg MRI 645 S. violaceum Ortega Phutki begun Shrub; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 675 S. virginianum L. Kantikari Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs, Sd Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 682 Convolvulaceae Juss. Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R. Simões & Staples # Goria lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 509 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. # Bhui okra Herb, cr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Sb MRI 669 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Kalmi shak Herb, cr; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Vg MRI 516 I. batatas (L.) Lam. # Misti alu Herb, cr; cv Fm Psk Vg MRI 526 *I. pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. Chagalkhuri Herb, cr; w Fm, Sd Hg, Tg M, Sb GMH 5856 Operculina turpethum (L.) S. Manso Dudh kalmi Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Tg M MRI 618 Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier.f. Ban kalmi Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Tg M MRI 664 Cuscutaceae Dumort. Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Sharno lata Herb, cl; w Op; Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 638 C. reflexa Roxb. Sharno lata Herb, cl; w Op; Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 446 Menyanthaceae Dumort. Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze Panchuli mala Herb, fl; w Wtl Psk M, Vg MRI 654 Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. Bohola, bola Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fw, M GMH 5848 Heliotropium curassavicum L. # Nona hatisur Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Tg M, Vg GMH 5833 H. indicum L. Hatisur Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 455 Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Duranta erecta L. # Duranto Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Hg, Tg He, M MRI 627 Lantana camara L. # Kutuskanta Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Fw, M MRI 630 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 417 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P.Wilson # Motmotia Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 181 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Vuiokra Herb, cr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 211 Lamiaceae Martinov Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze. Gobura Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 188 Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Bamunhatti Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 634 C. infortunatum L. Bhat Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 285 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gamari Tree, l; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, T MRI 583 Hyptis capitata Jacq. # Tata tokma Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 550 Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. Shetodron Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 523 Leonurus sibiricus L. Roktodron Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 553 Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze # Tokma Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 558 Ocimum americanum L. Tulshi Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 580 *Premna serratifolia L. Gambari Shrub; w Fm, Rb Hg, Tg M GMH 5854 Salvia plebeia R.Br. Bhuitulsi Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 600 Tectona grandis L. f. Shegun Tree, l; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg T MRI 533 Vitex negundo L. Nishinda Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 436 *Volkameria inermis L. Shia vat Shrub, li; w Fm, Rb Hg, Psk, Tg M, O GMH 5837 Plantaginaceae Juss. *Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Brammi Herb, pr; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg GMH 5835 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small # Micardan Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 300 Scoparia dulcis L. # Bondhone Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 853 Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Jesminum sambac (L.) Aiton # Beli, jui Shrub; pl Fm, Rb Tg M, O MRI 836 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Sheuli, shephali Tree, s; pl Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, O MRI 779 Linderniaceae Borsch, Kai Müll. & Eb. Fisch. Bonnaya antipoda (L.) Druce. Zai ghas Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 794 B. ciliata (Colsm.) Spreng. Bhui papri Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 802 Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbás Bakpuspa Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 781 Acanthaceae Juss. **Acanthus ilicifolius L. Hargoza Shrub; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 365 **A. volubilis Wall. Lata hargoza Herb, cl; w Rb Tg M GMH 5857 **Avicennia officinalis L. Shada baen Tree, l; w Rb, Wl Tg Hp, M, T GMH 5874 Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl) T. Anderson Buripana Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 801 Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Kulekhara Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 722 H. erecta (Burm.f.) Hochr Filareck Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Psk M MRI 743 H. polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson Alai kalai Herb, pr; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 769 Justicia adhatoda L. Basok Shrub; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg He, M MRI 817 J. diffusa Willd. Pitapapra Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 826 J. gendarussa Burm.f. Jagotmadan Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg He, M MRI 845 Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. Paramul Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 860 Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Pindi Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg P MRI 874 418 ISLAM et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Ruellia tuberosa L. # Chotpotey Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, O MRI 869 Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb. Neel lata Herb, cl; w Fm Tg M MRI 731 Bignoniaceae Juss. *Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) Seem. Gorshinga Tree, m; w Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, T GMH 5859 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Bhutum Tree, m; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 856 Lentibulariaceae Rich. Utricularia aurea Lour. Patajhajhi Herb, sm; w Wtl Psk M MRI 863 Rubiaceae Juss. Dentella repens (L.) J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Bhuipat Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 772 Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis Gondhoraj Shrub; pl Fm, Rs Tg M, O MRI 791 *Hypobathrum racemosum (Roxb.) Kurz Peetunga Tree, s; w Fm, Rb, Wl Tg M GMH 5865 Ixora coccinea L. Rangon Shrub; pl Fm Tg O MRI 763 *I. pavetta Andr. Banrangon Shrub; w Fm, Rs, Wl Tg M, O MRI 775 Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link Katai Shrub; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 766 *Morinda citrifolia L. Noni Shrub; w Rb, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5876 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Kadom Tree, l; w Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, T MRI 777 Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Khet papra Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 750 O. diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Fussa papra Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 759 Spermacoce articularis L.f. Baghajangla Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 829 S. exilis (L.O.Williams) C.D.Adams ex W.C.Burger & C.M.Taylor Baghajangla Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 810 Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Acmella calva (DC.) R.K. Jansen. Surjakonnya Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 205 Ageratum conyzoides L. # Fulkuri Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 823 Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Shialmutra Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 289 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. # Assam lata Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 753 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. Kukshim Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 783 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. # Kalokeshi Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 785 Elephantopus scaber L. Hastipadi Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 797 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. # Mechitra Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI 804 Enydra fluctuans Lour. Helencha Herb, pr; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 787 Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Bara kamra Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 312 Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Namuti Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 296 Launaea aspleniifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. Tik chana Herb, er; w Fm Tg M MRI 800 L. sarmentosa (Willd.) Sch.Bip. ex Kuntze Menthosdana Herb, pr; w Fm Tg M MRI 838 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. Assam lata Herb, cl; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 270 Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt Barakamra Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg M MRI-833 Sonchus wightianus DC. Bon palang Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 819 Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski Tinkona wedelia Herb, Pr; w Fm, Rs Tg Fo MRI 841 Sphaeranthus africanus L. Gangasag Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M GMH 5887 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 419 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE S. indicus L. Mundi Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 771 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. # Nakphul Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 843 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. # Tridhara Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 848 *Wollastonia biflora (L.) Dc. Wedelia Herb, pr; w Fm, Rb Tg Fo MRI 415 Xanthium strumarium L. # Ghagra Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 851 LILIOPSIDA Batsch Alismataceae Vent. Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth Kaowa thukri Herb, fl; w Wtl Psk Gm, Lf MRI 840 Hydrocharitaceae Juss. Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle Kureli Herb, sm; w Wtl Psk Ap, M MRI 180 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Pani kala Herb, sm; w Wtl Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 790 Arecaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Areca catechu L. # Supari Palm; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 782 Borassus flabellifer L. Tal Palm; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, M MRI 806 Calamus tenuis Roxb. Unknown Palm; pl Fm Psk, Tg Hc, M MRI 798 Chamaedorea elegans Mart. # Areca palm Palm; pl Rs Tg Fb, O MRI 858 Cocos nucifera L. # Narikel Palm; pl Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fb, Fr MRI 865 Elaeis guineensis Jacq. # Oil palm Palm; pl Rs Psk M, Oy MRI 876 Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. # China tokopata Palm; pl Fm, Rs Tg Fb, Hc MRI 871 **Nypa fruticans Wurmb Golpata Palm; w Rb, Fm Hg, Psk, Tg M, Tm GMH 5861 **Phoenix paludosa Roxb. Hental Palm; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, Hc GMH 5879 P. sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Deshi khejur Palm; w Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Ju, M MRI 861 Pandanaceae R.Br. *Benstonea foetida (Roxb.) Callm. & Buerki Keya kanta Shrub; w Fm, Rb, Wl Hg, Tg M, O MRI 834 Araceae Juss. Alocasia fornicata (Roxb.) Schott Bishkachu Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Tg M MRI 818 A. macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don # Mankachu Herb, er; cv Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Vg MRI 761 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Olkachu Herb, er; cv Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Vg MRI 873 Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. # Diranga kachu Herb, er; pl Rs Hg, Tg O MRI 828 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Kachu Herb, er; w Fm, Rs, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Vg MRI 825 *Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Schott Kerali Herb, er; w Fm, Rb, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Sb GMH 5871 Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting # Money plant Herb, cl; w Fm Tg O MRI 820 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites Katakachu Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Psk M, Vg MRI 764 Lemna minor L. Sujipana Herb, ff; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Ff, Wp MRI 774 L. perpusilla Torr. # Khudipana Herb, ff; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Ff, Wp MRI 738 Pistia stratiotes L. Topapana Herb, ff; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 756 Syngonium podophyllum Schott # Podolata kachu Herb, pr; w Fm Tg O MRI 737 Typhonium flagelliforme (G. Lodd.) Blume Ghechu Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 733 T. trilobatum (L.) Schott Ghetkachu Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 740 420 ISLAM et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott # Dudhkachu Herb, er; w Fm Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 746 Commelinaceae Mirb. Commelina benghalensis L. Kanshira Herb, cr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 702 C. diffusa Burm.f. Kanshira Herb, cr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Dy, M MRI 716 C. longifolia Lam. Pani kanshira Herb, cr; w Fm, Rs, Wtl Hg, Tg M MRI 707 Murdannia blumei (Hassk.) Brenan Nil murdan Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 832 M. nudiflora (L.) Brenan Kureli Herb, cr; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 029 Flagellariaceae Dumort. *Flagellaria indica L. Abeti Herb, cl; w Fm, Rb, Wl Tg Fb, Tm GMH 5870 Cyperaceae Juss. Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke Bulbobata Herb, er; w Fm Tg Lf, Sb MRI 830 Cyperus articulatus L. Joraghasi Herb, er; w Wtl Psk, Tg Fo MRI 875 C. brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Shabujnirbisa Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, M MRI 812 C. compressus L. Chancha Herb, er; w Fm, Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 821 C. cuspidatus Kunth Sagarmuthi Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M MRI 808 C. difformis L. Behua ghasi Herb, er; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg M MRI 704 C. digitatus Roxb. Hath ghasi Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Psk, Tg M MRI 719 C. eragrostis Lam. # Bada ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb MRI 711 C. exaltatus Retz. Tata ghasi Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Tm MRI 197 C. iria L. Bara chucha Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg M, Lf MRI 728 *C. javanicus Houtt. Java ghasi Herb, er; w Fm Tg Sb, Tm GMH 5862 *C. malaccensis Lam. Shumati pati Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Hc, M GMH 5878 C. rotundus L. Nagarmutha Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Hc, M MRI 454 C. sanguinolentus Vahl Paikram ghasi Herb, er; w Fm Tg Sb MRI 814 Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch. Mishti ghasi Herb, er; w Fm Tg M, Vg MRI 795 E. geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. Jora ghasi Herb, er; w Fm Psk, Tg Fo MRI 852 E. spiralis (Rottb.) Roem. & Schult. Ghurni ghasi Herb, er; w Wtl Tg Fo MRI 859 Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl Chosa fimbry Herb, er; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Sb, Fo MRI 862 F. autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult. # Fimbry Herb, er; w Fm Psk, Tg Sb, Fo MRI 867 F. bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani Dula fimbry Herb, er; w Fm Tg Sb MRI 824 F. cymosa R.Br. Mosa fimbry Herb, er; w Fm Psk Sb MRI 736 F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl Bara nirbishi Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Gm, Sb MRI 051 F. disticha Boeckeler Tika fimbry Herb, er; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fo, Sb MRI 747 F. ferruginea (L.) Vahl Gini fimbry Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Psk, Tg Sb, Tm MRI 701 F. ovata (Burm. f.) J. Kern Marmari Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Sb, Fo MRI 718 F. squarrosa Vahl Zumka chech Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Sb MRI 705 F. tetragona R.Br. Tetra fimbry Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Tg Sb, Fo MRI 842 F. tristachya R.Br. Trista fimbry Herb, er; w Fm Psk, Tg Sb MRI 827 Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. Poshmighas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Lf MRI 877 F. umbellata Rottb. Chati ghasi Herb, er; w Fm Wtl Tg Fo MRI 721 Schoenoplectiella articulata (L.) Lye Chechra Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, M MRI 714 S. lateriflora (J.F.Gmel.) Lye Supipotpoti Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Fo, Tm MRI 726 AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 421 Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Poaceae Barnhart Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. Karpetghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb MRI 758 Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Borak bans Bamboo; w Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Hc, Vg MRI 741 B. tulda Roxb. Mirtinga Bamboo; w Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Hc, Pp MRI 793 Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf Cori ghas Herb, cr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb MRI 803 B. mutica (Forssk.) Stapf Para ghas Herb, pr; w Fm, Wtl Psk, Tg Lf MRI 450 B. ramosa (L.) Stapf Jhopa ghas Herb, pr; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Lf MRI 739 Chloris barbata Sw. Bata ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Psk, Tg Lf GMH 5871 C. virgata Sw. # Anguli ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg Lf MRI 755 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Prem kanta Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Hc, Sb MRI 453 C. zizanioides (L.) Roberty # Bena Herb, er; w Fm, Sd Hg, Psk, Tg M, Sb MRI 809 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Durba ghas Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Sb MRI 146 Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf Shonpatacocca Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf MRI 811 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Kakpaya Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb MRI 870 Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Kokjachira Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Tg Gm, Sb MRI 316 D. ternata (A. Rich.) Stapf Nata ghas Herb, pr; w Fm, Rs Psk Gm, Sb MRI 283 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Shama ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb GMH 5864 E. crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. Barashamaghas Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, M GMH 5873 E. stagnina (Retz.) P.Beauv. Parua ghas Herb, er; w Wtl Tg Fo MRI 754 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Malankuri Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Sb MRI 730 Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. Koni ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg O, Sb MRI 724 E. tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult Koni ghas Herb, pr; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fo, Sb MRI 734 E. unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Chira ghas Herb, pr; w Fm Psk, Tg Fo, Sb MRI 723 Hemarthria protensa Steud. Chaila Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Tg Lf, Sb MRI 727 Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn. Jongli dhan Herb, er; w Wtl Psk, Tg Lf, M MRI 770 Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze Isacdana Herb, er; w Fm Psk Lf, Sb GMH 5868 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. # Chhan Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Sb, Tm MRI 796 Leersia hexandra Sw. Fulka ghas Herb, pr; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Lf MRI 816 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Fulka ghas Herb, er; w Fm Tg Lf MRI 847 *Myriostachya wightiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f. Balia ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rb Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Tm GMH 5875 Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. Gohur Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf MRI 319 O. compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Gohur Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf MRI 712 O. hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv. Gohur Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf MRI 320 *Oryza coarctata Roxb. Dhanshi Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb GMH 5866 Panicum brevifolium L. Bashpati ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb MRI 752 P. maximum Jacq. Dal / Gini ghas Herb, er; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb MRI 208 P. paludosum Roxb. Borali Herb, er; w Wtl Psk, Tg Fo MRI 807 P. repens L. Dhani ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb MRI 786 Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius # Moisshya ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Sb MRI 077 P. distichum L. # Chhoto goicha Herb, er; w Fm, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb MRI 799 *Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Nal khagra Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Hc, Sb GMH 5889 Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton Bara swati Herb, pr; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Fo MRI 813 422 ISLAM et al. Scientific name Bangla name Habit Habitat Distribution Use RSE Saccharum officinarum L. # Akh, Ikkhu Herb, er; cv Fm Psk, Tg Sb, Tm MRI 872 S. spontaneum L. Kash Herb, er; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Sb, Tm MRI 854 Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. # Smut ghas Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Tm MRI 778 *Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. Baissa ghas Herb, pr; w Fm Hg, Psk, Tg Lf, Sb GMH 5881 Bromeliaceae Juss. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. # Anaras Herb, er; cv Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, M MRI 725 Musaceae Juss. Musa paradisiaca L. # Kachkola Herb, er; w Rs Hg, Psk, Tg Fr, Vg MRI 717 Typhaceae Juss. Typha domingensis Pers. Hogla Herb, er; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Sb, Tm MRI 715 T. elephantina Roxb. Hogla patta Herb, er; w Wtl Ed, Tm MRI 760 Zingiberaceae Martinov Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt Tara Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Tg M GMH 5886 Curcuma longa L. # Halud Herb, er; cv Fm Hg, Psk, Tg M, Sp MRI 839 C. zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc. Sathi Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, Pf MRI 822 Zingiber officinale Roscoe # Ada Herb, er; cv Fm Hg, Psk, Tg M, Sp MRI 709 Cannaceae Juss. Canna indica L. # Kolabati Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 708 Marantaceae R.Br. Schumannianthus benthamianus (Kuntze) Veldkamp & I.M.Turner Pati pata Shrub; w Rs, Wtl Psk Hc, M GMH 5884 Pontederiaceae Kunth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms # Kachuripana Herb, ff; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Gm, Lf MRI 784 Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms Bara nukha Herb, er; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg Gm, Vg MRI 805 M. vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl Nukha Herb, er; w Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 835 Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. Crinum asiaticum L. Shukdarshan Herb, er; w Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, O MRI 706 *C. viviparum (Lam.) R. Ansari & V. J. Nair Gang kochu Herb, er; w Rb, Wtl Hg, Psk, Tg M GMH 5882 Hypoxidaceae R.Br. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Talmuli Herb, er; w Rs, Wl Psk, Tg M MRI 844 Smilacaceae Vent. Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D.Don Kumarika Herb, cl; w Fm, Wl Tg M MRI 857 Dioscoreaceae R.Br. Dioscorea alata L. Chupri alu Herb, cl; w Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 720 D. esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Mou alu Herb, cl; cv Fm, Rs, Wl Hg, Psk, Tg Vg MRI 773 D. pentaphylla L. Jhum alu Herb, cl; w Rs, Wl Psk, Tg M, Vg MRI 792 Orchidaceae Juss. Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. Sankhamul Herb, er; w Fm, Rs Tg M, O GMH 5888 Notes: Habit: cl- climber, cr- creeper, cv- cultivated, em- emergent, ep- epiphyte, er- erect, ff- free floating, fl- floating with rooted, l- large, li- liana, lp- lithophyte, m- medium, pl- planted pr- prostrate, ps- parasite, s-small, sc- scandent, sm- submerged, w- wild; Habitat: Fm- Forest mirgin, Obw- On Brick Wall, Op- On Plant, Rb- River Bank), Rs- Road Side, Sd- Sandy dune, Wl- Woodland, Wtl- Wetland; Distribution: Hg- Haringhata, Psk- Padda-Sonbunia-Kumirmara, Tg- Tengragiri; *the species of associate or facultative mangrove, **the species of true or obligate mangrove, #the species of exotic origin; Uses: Ap- aquarium plant, Dy- Dye yielding, Ed- Edible, Fb- Fibre, Ff- Fish feed, Fp- Fish poison, Fr- Fruit, Fw- Fuel wood, Gm- Green manure, Gu- Gum, Hc- Handicrafts, He- Hedge, Hp- Honey plant, Ju- Juice, Lf- Livestock feed, M- Medicine, Nu- Nut, O- Ornamental, Oy- Oil yielding, Pf- Perfume, Pp- Paper pulp, Pu- Pulse, Sb- Soil binder, Sp- Spice, T- Timber, Tm- Theaching material, Vg- Vegetable; RSE: MRI- Md. Rafiqul Islam. AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 423 In the study area, a total of 320 (60.15%) plant species are found as herbs that are followed by 116 (21.80%) trees, 84 (15.79%) shrubs, 10 (1.88%) palms and only two (0.38%) bamboos. The most common life-form of this flora is erect herb, which represented 51.56% of the herbaceous species and 31.02% (165 species) of the flora. This life-form was is followed by erect shrubs (70 species), prostrate herbs (56 species), climbing herb (vines) (53 species) and large trees (42 species), comprising 13.16%, 10.53%, 9.96% and 7.89% of this flora, respectively, and medium and small trees representing 7.14% (38 species) and 6.77% (36 species) of the flora. Other life- forms include creepers, palms, scandent shrubs, rooted floating herbs, epiphytes, submerged and free floating, bamboos, parasitic and lithophytic herbs (Fig. 2). The study area is mostly composed with 394 species (74.06%) of native plants, where one-fourth portion (25.94%) of this flora is formed by 138 exotic species. Most of the flora (424 species) comprising 79.70% are found as wild, whereas 87 (16.35%) species as planted and 21 (3.95%) as cultivated. The plant species of the study area are found to grow in different habitats including forest margin, roadside, woodland, wetland, river bank, on other plant and brick wall. Among these habitats, most of the species (75.19%) are well-adapted in forest margin, which are followed by 285 (53.57%) species in roadsides, 115 (21.62%) in woodlands, 71 (13.35%) in wetlands, 69 (12.97%) in river banks and 14 (2.63%) species are grown on the branch and trunk of other plants as epiphytes or parasite, whereas only three species are also found to grow on brick walls (Fig. 3). Among the three dominant mangrove ecosystems in Barguna district, a total of 283 (53.20%) species are commonly found in the all these ecosystems, where 491 (92.29%) species are mostly distributed in the Tengragiri reserve forest and Tengragiri wildlife sanctuary which is localy known as Fatrarban. About 396 (74.44%) and 306 (57.52%) species are found to be distributed in Haringhata reserve forest and Padda-Sonbunia-Kumirmara mangrove ecosystems respectively. Fig. 2. Floristic composition in different life-form categories of the study area. All species recorded during this study are recognized as economically importance where most of the species (372; 69.92%) are useful as medicine, which are followed by 96 (18.05%) species as ornamentals, 58 (10.90%) as vegetables, 58 (10.90%) as soil binder, 37 (6.95%) as 424 ISLAM et al. livestock feed 36 (6.77%) as fruits, 30 (5.64%) as timbers and fiber of each and 26 (4.89%) as fuel woods. Additionally, 17 (3.20%) species are useful for green manure and dye yielding of each, 14 (2.63%) as theaching material, 10 (1.88%) as making handicrafts, 9 (1.69%) as hedge plants. A very few number of species are also useful for spice, oil yielding, honey plant, pulse, paper pulp, gum, fish feed, perfume, nut, juice, fish poison, edible and aquarium plant (Fig. 4). The total number of vascular plants (532 species) recorded by this study for the mangrove ecosystem of Barguna district is more or less similar to the findings of Rahman et al. (2015) and higher than the report of Prain (1903b) from nearby Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem. The taxonomic enumeration of angiosperm species reported from similar coastal ecosystems of Bangladesh revealed that the present finding (510 angiosperm species) is higher than those reported from Char Kukri Mukri Wildlife Sanctuary (272 species; Uddin and Abiadullah, 2016), Kuakata National Park (265 species; Rahman et al., 2017), Nijhum Deep (152 species; Uddin et al., 2015), Saint Martin’s Island (157 species; BOBLME, 2015), Sandwip Island (457 species; Sajib et al., 2015) and Sonadia Island (138 species; Arefin et al., 2017) (Fig. 5). Fig. 3. Number and per cent of plant species in different habitats of the study area. Fig. 4. Uses of plant species recorded mangrove ecosystems of Barguna district. AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR FLORA 425 In the study area, 20 species, viz. Acanthus volubilis (Acanthaceae), Aegialitis rotundifolia (Plumbaginaceae), Aegiceras corniculatum (Primulaceae), Barringtonia acutangula and B. racemosa (Lecythidaceae), Bruguiera gymnorhiza (Rhizophoraceae), Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae), Drypetes assamica (Euphorbiaceae), Geodorum densiflorum (Orchidaceae), Haplopteris elongate (Vittariaceae). Intsia bijuga (Caesalpiniaceae), Lumnitzera racemosa (Combretaceae), Merope angulata (Rutaceae), Mucuna monosperma (Fabaceae), Planchonella obovata (Sapotaceae), Psilotum nudum (Psilotaceae), Suaeda maritime (Amaranthaceae) Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata (Rhizophoraceae) and Xylocarpus granatum (Meliaceae) are found as rare with their small population and restricted distribution. Among these species, Drypetes assamica, Merope angulate, Psilotum nudum are listed as threatened for Bangladesh (Khan et al., 2001; Ahmed et al., 2008-2009; Rahman et al., 2015). Fig. 5. Species composition in different coastal ecosystems of Bangladesh. Frequent occurrence of natural disasters such as tidal surges, cyclones and tropical storms, river bank and forest margin erosion by tidal waves as well as multifarious anthropogenic interferences including deforestation, over exploitation of coastal resource, illegal entrance, timber and firewood collection, unplanned tourism, pollution, plantation of exotic and non-mangrove tree species within the vacant spaces and margins of mangrove habitats, in addition to the lack of proper management and public awareness are the critical threats for the flora and habitats of the mangrove ecosystems of Barguna. In spite of some severe threats, the study area is still floristically rich than that of previously conducted studies on some coastal ecosystems of the country. The floristic richness of this area might be due to continuous flow of fresh water across the area, its geographical position nearby the world largest mangrove (the Sundarbans) forest, diverse micro-habitats that supports both mangrove and non-mangrove plant species. Besides, the enumeration of the species done in this study is based on the extensive survey and collection throughout all localities of the mangrove ecosystems since a long period of time. The present study provides baseline information on the vascular flora and revevant threats causing the loss of biodiversity. These information might be useful in undertaking appropriate master plan for sustainable conservation of biodiversity, coastal habitats and socio-economic development of this disaster prone area. The authors highly recommend adopting a master plan for 426 ISLAM et al. the mitigation of adverse impacts of climate change and anthropogenic interferences. 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