Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 30(2): 233-248, 2023 (December) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v30i2.70499 © 2023 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists FLORAL RICHNESS AND SEASONALITY OF PHYTODIVERSITY IN THE TESSALA MOUNTAINS, WESTERN ALGERIA BOUBAKR SAIDI*, ALI LATRECHE 1 AND MUSTAPHA MAHMOUD DIF 2 Ibn Khaldoun University, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Out Soil Culture, Tiaret 14000, Algeria Keywords: Floral richness; Seasonal dynamics; Plant community; Tessala Mountains. Abstract This work is devoted for the floral richness and seasonality evaluation of the plant communities of the Tessala Mountains in Western Algeria. The floristic inventory of the 30 surveys carried out on 10 selected stations has resulted in 152 species under 125 genera and 48 families. Seasonal floral richness is concentrated in both spring and summer seasons, while the monthly richness is significant between March to August. Vegetations formations are represented physiognomically by four strata, taken into consideration in descending order of importance: Herbaceous (68%), shrubby (12%), arbustive (11%), and arborescent (10%). The overall and seasonal distributions of biological types almost follow the diagrams: Therophytes (The) > Hemicryptophytes (Hem) > Phanerophytes (Pha) > Chamephytes (Cha) > Geophytes (Geo). During the two season: the winter and the spring, the annual herbaceous dominate the bio-morphological spectrum with perennial herbs. During the summer and autumn, perennial herbaceous plants dominate the bio-morphological spectrum. The families that are most existing overall and during the four seasons are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae and Fabaceae. Introduction The Mediterranean region has a very high heritage value floristy. They constitute meaningful reserves of genetic, specific, and functional diversity that should be best conserved to the sustainable management of this biological heritage and these potential resources (Quézel and Médail, 2003). Mediterranean landscapes offer a model for studying the evolution of flora and vegetation. The variability of these landscapes also their differences remain very remarkable (Quézel, 2000). Vegetation characterizes the state of an ecosystem and highlights its natural or induced changes in climate and soil (Rama, 2019; Ozenda, 1986). Therefore, the analysis of the floristic richness of the different groups, their biological and bio-morphological characteristics will make it possible to highlight their originality, state of conservation, and consequently their heritage (Benkelfat et al., 2020). Algeria has one of the most diverse and original Flores of the Mediterranean basin. This flora includes 3,139 species in nearly 150 families, 653 of which are endemic, representing a rate of 12.6% endemism. Considering only the Oran sector, it retains about 1,780 plant species of the total Algerian flora or about 57% of the Algerian flora, but 95% of the Maghrebi Mediterranean flora (the latter having 1,865 species according to Quézel (2002). *Corresponding author. E-mail: , . 1Laboratory of Plant Biodiversity: Conservation and Valorization, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Djillali Liabes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria. 2Laboratory of Ecodeveloppement Spaces, Institue of Science Nour El Bachir Center University El Bayadh 3200, Algeria. mailto:saidi.boubakr@yahoo.fr 234 SAIDI et al. The Tessala Mountains present a great interest because of their geographical and ecological components. Its environmental and socio-economic role deserves to be noted and studied. This massif is home to plant diversity of particular interest, favorable to regeneration after fires, and overgrazing makes this area a natural forest (Saidi et al., 2016; Bouker et al., 2022). Much work has been done on the Tessala Mountains based on the knowledge and degradation of phytodiversity (Ferka-Zazou, 2006; Chérifi et al., 2011; Bachir-Bouiadjra, 2011; Saidi et al., 2017). Landscape dynamics could thus be highlighted and quantified by analyzing the composition and configuration of its elements form a morphological, functional and ecological complex (Bisane and Naik, 2019). Indeed, each ecological system is characterized by the interdependence of three key elements: its spatial structure, its composition, and its temporal functioning with the confrontation of environmental factors (Bogaert and Mahamane, 2005). The landscape will be directly linked to biodiversity, and it will illustrate the contest that exists between society and its environment (Burel and Baudry, 2003). The former generally reflect the seasonal rhythm of communities, in other words, their phenology, while the latter reflects the evolution of biocenosis and the ecosystem as a whole towards stages of increasing complexity (Lacoste and Salanon, 2001). Thus, the natural dynamics of plant groups generally range from simple structures to complex structures. The main objectives assigned to our work is a continuation of several studies on vegetation dynamics in the Tessala mountains, since 2014 until now. previous research namely : The influence of fires on the phytodiversity of the Tessala Mountains (Saidi et al., 2014). The biological rise of post-disturbance (post-fire or post-overgrazing) plant communities in Mount Tessala, Western Algeria (Saidi et al., 2016). The impact of grazing on heterogeneity and plant diversity dynamics in the Tessala Mountains (Saidi et al., 2017). Materials and Methods Description of the study area The Tessala mountains are located: in the west of Algeria, in the Wilaya of Sidi Bel Abbès. They are limited to the north by the Mleta plain and the Oran sebkha; to the east by the Beni- Chougrane mountains; to the west by the Sebaa Chioukh mountains, and the south by the Sidi Bel Abbès plain. It is a mountainous area with altitudes ranging from 600 to 1,000 m, culminating at 1,061 m in Tessala Djebel. The Tessala mountain range is formed by the Tessala and Bouhneche djebels; they are composed of badlands (Bneder, 1991;1993) and the forests of Tessala and Aïn- Trid. The climate of the Tessala region is a Mediterranean diet with two seasons of equivalent duration (Ferka-zazou, 2006). This set of mountains belongs to the semi-climatic bioclimatic stage-upper arid to temperate winters characterized by marine influences and precipitation of about 400 mm per year. Minimum temperatures range from 6 to 10°C, and maximum temperatures range from 20 to 30°C. The risk of frost is high in the region, is a limiting factor for vegetation. The dry period extends over six months, except in areas higher up where the cooler northern exposure mitigates the effects of drought (Ferka-zazou, 2006). Sampling `For the characterization of phytodiversity, the Zuricho Montpeliéraine stigmatist method developed by Braun-Blanquet (1951) which were used. FLORAL RICHNESS AND SEASONALITY OF PHYTODIVERSITY 235 Between 2013 and 2017, conducted space-time monitoring for three years. It is based on geographic coordinates, altitude, exposure, slope, substrate, cover rate, and vegetation physiognomy (Dagnelie, 1970; Table 1). Thirty surveys spread over 10 stations were carried out using a phytoecological approach. Floristic surveys with a surface area of 100 m² are carried out and monitored for a period of 4 years (beginning 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, end 2017). Table 1. Geographic characterization of each station in the study area. Station Geographic coordinate Elevation (m) Slope % Exposure S1 X:0°46'229" O Y: 35°15'975" N 762 25 South –East S2 X: 0°46'278" O Y: 35°16'047" N 771 25 South - West S3 X: 0°46'238" O Y: 35°16'134" N 800 5 South S4 X: 0°46'767" O Y: 35°16'374" N 1006 5 Nord-West S5 X: 0°46'774" O Y: 35°15'514" N 935 50 Nord-West S6 X: 0°46'375'' O Y: 35°16'226'' N 833 15 South - West S7 X: 0°46'521'' O Y: 35°16'289'' N 859 30 South S8 X: 0°46'567'' O Y: 35°16'097'' N 846 10 South - West S9 X: 0°45'826'' O Y: 35°16'073'' N 710 25 South - West S10 X: 0°45'917'' O Y: 35°15'969'' N 680 60 East-South During the follow-up, floristic lists are established and taking into account all species present in each survey, the first expressing their abundance-dominance and sociability scale (Braun- Blanquet et al., 1952), stratification scale by Benabdeli (1996) for the woody vegetation of Oranie, the floristic richness, and biological and bio-morphological spectrum. The determination of plant species not recognized on the spot, samples were taken and then identified from the descriptions of some works, we used the new flora of Algeria of Quézel, and Santa and North Africa of Meyer supplemented if necessary by the guide of the Mediterranean flora, and the various Algerian Flores. Identify of floristic heritage of the Tessala mountains was: All the Mediterranean nature (Sterry, 2014), guide to Mediterranean flora (Bayer et al., 2009), larousse: the herbarium of wild plants (Thierry, 2011), the great colorful flora of (Gaston and Robert, 1990), North Africa of Maire (1952, 1987), Sahara flora (Ozenda, 1977), new flora of Algeria and the southern desert regions Quézel and Santa (1962, 1963) and also the tela botanica forum: North African flora project. Results and Discussion Assessment of plant biodiversity A total of 152 species under 125 genera and 48 families are shown in Table 2. This list is the subject of several treatments such as; specific richness, biological spectra, morphological and bio- morphological types, species listed, and the different families to which these species belong in each season. Seasonal floristic richness The floristic richness is concentrated in the two seasons: spring (140 species) and summer (86 species). The flora of these two seasons can be described as rich one. However, in the winter season (59 species), very rich one. On the other hand, the autumn season (22 species) medium flora (Fig. 1). 236 SAIDI et al. Table 2. List of species and their flowering phenology (type and biological cycle). Species Family Flowering Biological type Biological cycle Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile Fabaceae January-April Phanerophytes Tree Adonis aestivalis L. Ranunculaceae April-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Aegilops triuncialis L. Poaceae May-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous A. ventricosa Tausch. Poaceae May-August Therophytes Annual herbaceous Ajuga iva (L.) Scherb. Lamiaceae March-November Chamephyte Perennial herbaceous Ammi visnaga Gaertn. Apiaceae May-October Therophytes Annual herbaceous, biennial herbaceous Ampelodesma mauritanica (Poir.) Dir. Poaceae May-June Geophytes Perennial herbaceous Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. Asteraceae May-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous A. arvensis L. Primulaceae February-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Anagallis monelli L. Primulaceae February-July Therophytes Perennial herbaceous Anchusa azurea Mill. Boraginaceae March-July Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Arbutus unedo L. Ericaceae November - February Phanerophytes Shurb Aristolochia baetica L. Aristolochiaceae January-June Phanerophytes Perennial herbaceous Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae June-September Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Asparagus acutifolius L. Asparagaceae July-September Geophytes Perennial herbaceous Asperula hirsuta Desf. Rubiaceae March-June Hemicryptophytes Annual herbaceous Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm et Viv Xanthorrhoeaceae May-July Geophytes perennial herbaceous Asteriscus maritimus (L.) Less. Asteraceae April-July Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Astragalus hamosus L. Fabaceae March-may Therophytes Annual herbaceous Atractylis caespitosa Desf. Asteraceae June-August Therophytes Perennial herbaceous A. cancellata L. Asteraceae April-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Atractylis gummifera L. Asteraceae August-November Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Avena sterilis L. Poaceae May-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Avenula pratensis L. Poaceae March-September Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Ballota hirsuta Benth. Lamiaceae April-September NanoPhanerophytes Perennial herbaceous Bartsia trixago L. Orobanchaceae April-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Bellis annua L. Asteraceae February-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Brassicaceae March-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Briza maxima L. Poaceae May-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Bromus rubens L. Poaceae April-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous B. sterilis L. Poaceae May-August Therophytes Annual herbaceous B. tectorum L. Poaceae May-August Therophytes Annual herbaceous Bryonia cretica subsp. Dioica (Jacq.) Cucurbitaceae May-August Geophytes Perennial herbaceous Calendula arvensis L. Asteraceae April-September Therophytes Annual herbaceous Calicotome spinosa L. Fabaceae April-June NanoPhanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Brassicaceae March-June Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Carduus pycnocephalus L. Asteraceae March-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Carthamus caeruleus L. Asteraceae March-June Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Centaurea calcitrapa L Asteraceae April-August Hemicryptophytes Biennial herbaceous C. eriophora L. Asteraceae April-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous C. parviflora Desf. Asteraceae April-July Hemicryptophytes Annual herbaceous Biennial herbaceous http://www.tela-botanica.org/apd-nn-145532-description?referentiel=apd&niveau=2&module=recherche&action=rechercheAvancee&type_nom=nom_scientifique&gen=Acacia http://www.tela-botanica.org/apd-nn-145532-description?referentiel=apd&niveau=2&module=recherche&action=rechercheAvancee&type_nom=nom_scientifique&gen=Acacia&sp=nilotica https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-830-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100918&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Ranunculaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-1014-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100898&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Poaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-83152-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100978&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Aristolochiaceae https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-83437-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100945&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Rubiaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-7378-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101123&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Xanthorrhoeaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-9263-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100914&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Orobanchaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-11288-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100999&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Cucurbitaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-38489-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100902&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Brassicaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-14664-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100897&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Asteraceae FLORAL RICHNESS AND SEASONALITY OF PHYTODIVERSITY 237 Species Family Flowering Biological type Biological cycle Centaurea pullata L. Asteraceae May-June Hemicryptophytes Biennial herbaceous Centaurium erythraea Rafn. Gentianaceae April-June Therophytes Perennial herbaceous Ceratonia siliqua L. Fabaceae August-November Phanerophytes Tree Chamaerops humilis L. Arecaceae April-June Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous Cistus salviifolius L. Cistaceae April-June Chamephytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Convolvulus althaeoides L. Convolvulaceae March-June Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Crataegus oxyacantha L. Rosaceae April-June Phanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae April-may Phanerophytes Tree Cynara cardunculus L.Var. Asteraceae March-August Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae August-September Geophytes Perennial herbaceous Dactylis glomerata L. Poaceae April-September Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Daphne gnidium L. Thymelaeaceae March-October NanoPhanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Daucus carota L. Apiaceae March-October Hemicryptophytes Biennial herbaceous Dittrichia viscosa L. Greuter. Asteraceae October- November Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous Echinops spinosus L. Asteraceae June-August Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous E. strigosus L. Asteraceae December-March Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Echium angustifolium Mill. Boraginaceae March-July Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous Eruca vesicaria (L.) Car. Brassicaceae February-May Therophytes Annual herbaceous Eryngium triquetrum Vahl. Apiaceae March-July Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae June-September Phanerophytes Tree Ficus carica L. Moraceae May-August Phanerophytes Shurb Filago pyramidata L. Asteraceae April-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Foeniculum vulgare (Mill.) Gaertn. Apiaceae May-October Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Fraxinus excelsior L. Oleaceae April-may Phanerophytes Tree Fumana thymifolia (L). Spach ex Webb. Cistaceae March-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Fumaria officinalis L. Fumariaceae March-September Therophytes Annual herbaceous F. parviflora Lam. Fumariaceae March-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Glebionis coronaria L. Asteraceae May-September Therophytes Annual herbaceous Globularia alypum L. Plantaginaceae November-May Chamephytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Hedera helix L. Araliaceae September- November Phanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Hedypnois rhagadioloides (L.) F.W. Asteraceae March-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Helianthemum apenninum L. Cistaceae May-August Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous H. polyanthum Desf. Cistaceae May-August Therophytes Perennial herbaceous Hordeum maritimum With. Poaceae April-August Therophytes Annual herbaceous H. vulgare L. Poaceae May-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Hypochaeris radicata L. Asteraceae April-September Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Iris sisyrinchium L. Iridaceae March-May Geophytes Perennial herbaceous Juniperus communis L. Cupressaceae April-may NanoPhanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Linaria triphylla (L.) Mill. Plantaginaceae March-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Brassicaceae April-September Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous Malva sylvestris L. Malvaceae February-May Hemicryptophytes Biennial herbaceous Marrubium vulgare L. Lamiaceae May-September Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous Medicago polymorpha L. Fabaceae March-May Therophytes Annual herbaceous http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-18732-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100908&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Convolvulaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-19515-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101130&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Rosaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-21111-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100898&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Poaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-75097-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100897&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Asteraceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-103077-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100904&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Boraginaceae https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-84142-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100948&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Apiaceae https://www.google.dz/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjhjeSC8ZrRAhVCWRQKHcLPByoQs2YIJCgAMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMyrtaceae&usg=AFQjCNFygHlQyDSlxjNJfzcw-9hyMxXyNw&sig2=qGdOdTpQ6-GB1FM5g7Di-Q&bvm=bv.142059868,d.d24 http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-28387-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100925&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Cistaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-30285-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101080&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Plantaginaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-30892-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100974&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Araliaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-31040-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100925&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Cistaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-35882-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100922&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Iridaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-39325-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101080&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Plantaginaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-75222-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100902&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Brassicaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-40893-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100935&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Malvaceae 238 SAIDI et al. Species Family Flowering Biological type Biological cycle M. rigidula (L.) All. Fabaceae March-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous ouBiennial herbaceous Mentha rotundifolia L. Lamiaceae May-October Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Misopates orontium (L.) Raff. Plantaginaceae June-September Therophytes Annual herbaceous Muscari comosum L. Asparagaceae March-June Geophytes Perennial herbaceous Narcissus serotinus L. Amaryllidaceae September- October Geophytes Perennial herbaceous Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae April-September Phanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Olea europaea var. oleaster L Oleaceae March-June Phanerophytes Tree O. europaea var. sativa L. Oleaceae March-June Phanerophytes Shurb Onopordum macracanthum Schousb. Asteraceae July-September Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Asparagaceae April-June Geophytes Perennial herbaceous Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass Asteraceae April-June Hemicryptophytes Biennial herbaceous Papaver rhoeas L. Papaveraceae May-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Paronychia argentea (Pourr) Lam. Caryophyllaceae May-June Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass Asteraceae March-July Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Phillyrea angustifolia L. Oleaceae March-May Phanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Phlomis crinita Cav. Lamiaceae March-June Hemicryptophytes Annual herbaceous Picris echioides L. Asteraceae April-August Therophytes Biennial herbaceous Pinus halepensis Mill. Pinaceae January-December Phanerophytes Shurb Pistacia atlantica Desf. Anacardiaceae January-April Phanerophytes Shurb Pistacia lentiscus L. Anacardiaceae March-May NanoPhanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub P. terebinthus L. Anacardiaceae April-July Phanerophytes Shurb Plantago albicans L. Plantaginaceae April-June Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous P. lagopus L. Plantaginaceae March-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb. Rosaceae January-April Phanerophytes Tree Quercus coccifera L. Fagaceae April-may NanoPhanerophytes Shurb Q. ilex L. Fagaceae April-may Phanerophytes Tree Ranunculus arvensis L. Ranunculaceae April-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Raphanus raphanistrum L. Brassicaceae March-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Biennial herbaceous Reseda alba L. Resedaceae May-October Therophytes Annual herbaceous ouBiennial herbaceous Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaertner. Asteraceae March-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Rhamnus alaternus L. Rhamnaceae February-April Phanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC Asteraceae April-September Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Rosa canina L. Rosaceae May-July nanoPhanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub R. sempervirens L. Rosaceae April-June NanoPhanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lamiaceae January-December Nanophanérophyte Shrub and Sub-shrub Rubia peregrina L. Rubiaceae April-June Phanerophytes Perennial herbaceous Rubus ulmifolius Schott. Rosaceae June-August NanoPhanerophytes Shurb Rumex bucephalophorus L. Polygonaceae April-October Therophytes Annual herbaceous Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae March-June Nanophanérophyte Perennial herbaceous R. montana L. Rutaceae March-August Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-42715-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101080&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Plantaginaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-43036-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100979&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Asparagaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-43691-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100931&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Amaryllidaceae https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-46526-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100979&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Asparagaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-75277-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100912&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Papaveraceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-47951-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100911&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Caryophyllaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-83582-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100913&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Lamiaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-49828-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101080&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Plantaginaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-49828-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101080&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Plantaginaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-54767-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100918&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Ranunculaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-55553-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100902&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Brassicaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-55658-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101090&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Resedaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-55789-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101016&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Rhamnaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-75333-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100913&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Lamiaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-57881-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100945&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Rubiaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-58665-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100941&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Polygonaceae FLORAL RICHNESS AND SEASONALITY OF PHYTODIVERSITY 239 Species Family Flowering Biological type Biological cycle Salvia argentea L. Lamiaceae June-August Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous S. officinalis L. Lamiaceae May-July Chamephytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Scolymus hispanicus L. Asteraceae April-August Therophytes Biennial herbaceous S. maculatus L. Asteraceae June-August Therophytes Annual herbaceous Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau. Crassulaceae June-August Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous Sideritis incana L. Lamiaceae March-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous Silene colorata Poiret. Caryophyllaceae March-May Therophytes Annual herbaceous Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. Asteraceae April-July Hemicryptophytes Biennial herbaceous Sinapis arvensis L. Brassicaceae January-May Therophytes Annual herbaceous Sisymbrium officinale L. Brassicaceae May- September Hemicryptophytes Annual herbaceous Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae June-October Therophytes Annual herbaceous Stipa tenacissima L. Poaceae March-may Hemicryptophytes Perennial herbaceous Tamarix gallica L. Tamaricaceae April-June Phanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Teucrium polium L. Lamiaceae April-August Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. Thymelaeaceae October-May Chamephytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Thymus ciliatus Desf. Lamiaceae March-May Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous T. ciliatus ssp. coloratus L. Lamiaceae April-July Chamephytes Perennial herbaceous Torilis nodosa L. Apiaceae April-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Trifolium angustifolium L. Fabaceae April-June Therophytes Annual herbaceous T. cherleri L. Fabaceae May-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous T. stellatum L. Fabaceae March-July Therophytes Annual herbaceous Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. Apiaceae May-August Therophytes Annual herbaceous Urginea maritima L. Hyacinthaceae August-October Geophytes Perennial herbaceous U. pancration Phil. Hyacinthaceae August-October Geophytes Perennial herbaceous Urtica membranacea L. Urticaceae March–September Therophytes Annual herbaceous Verbascum sinuatum L. Scrophulariaceae May-August Hemicryptophytes Biennial herbaceous Viburnum tinus L. Adoxaceae February-may Phanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. Rhamnaceae May-June Phanerophytes Shrub and Sub-shrub Fig. 1. Floristic richness by season for all sampled stations. Floristic richness, which at least partially reflects the structure and functioning of plant communities, is heavily influenced by rainfall patterns and varies highly from season to season. It is used for the qualitative characterization of the ecosystem since the increase in floristic richness Winter Spring Summer Autumn http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-62149-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=recherche&action=rechercheAvancee&type_nom=nom_scientifique&gen=Sedum http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-62149-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=recherche&action=rechercheAvancee&type_nom=nom_scientifique&gen=Sedum&sp=sediforme http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-62352-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100910&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Crassulaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-75386-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100902&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Brassicaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-75386-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100902&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Brassicaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-66702-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100942&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Tamaricaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-68053-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101044&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Thymelaeaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-70059-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100948&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Apiaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-70417-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100936&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Urticaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-70972-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100905&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Scrophulariaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-71463-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=3&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100951&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Adoxaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-73244-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101016&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Rhamnaceae 240 SAIDI et al. during spring and winter can be the cause of a process of self-restoration of a degraded ecosystem (Bonet, 2004; Zhang et al., 2005) because anthropozogenic action is very influential (Chérifi et al., 2011) not forgetting that 32% of our flora sampled is annual and spend the summer as seeds. The variation in composition and floristic richness between the four seasons seems to be more influenced by geographical location. During the dry season, intense grazing is responsible for changing the structure and composition of the vegetation. In the long term (Allam et al., 2019), it can cause a reduction in revegetation speed after the first rains following a drought (Kinloch and Friedel, 2005; Metzger, 2005). Seasonal drought seems to affect floristic wealth more than animal activity. Therefore, it also appears that the unfavorable season is the first cause of the changes in composition and the decrease in floristic wealth.The monthly floristic richness in the Tessala Mountains varies from 6 to 126 species (Fig. 2), which confirms that the agreeable season favors the increase of the floristic procession, the ideal time is May. Fig. 2. Floristic richness by month for all sampled stations. Biological types Global biological spectrum : The therophytes remain the predominant and the best- represented type (37%), hemicryptophytes (23%), phanerophytes (16%), chamephytes (10%) and geophytes (7%); the global distribution of biological types follow the following schemes: Th > He > Ph > Ch > Geo (Table 3), this is consistent with the order of biological types in the Tessala Mountains (Bouterfas et al., 2013; Fertout, 2014). This general distribution of the biological types also corresponds approximately to that described in north western Algeria by Kadi-Hanifi (2003) and Benabadji et al., 2009 and Chérifi et al., 2011. These variations in biological spectra are mainly related to local variations in bioclimatic parameters and multiple pressures exerted by humans and animals. They reflect the relationship between the dominant biological types of a spectrum, the degree of environmental degradation, and the constraints associated with each singular medium (Verlaque et al., 2001; Latreche and Mehdadi, 2006; Bouker et al., 2022). Seasonal biological spectrum: At the four-season level, the distribution of biological types follows the following patterns: Spring > Summer > Winter > Autumn, except for phanerophytes have a tolerance for winter than summer. Spring remains the predominant season and is best represented by biological types (Th, He, Ph, Ch, and Geo respectively 33, 33, 08, 12 and 55), followed by Th, He, Ph, Ch, and Geo respectively 11, 22, 06, 07 and 40), winter (Th, He, Ph, Ch, and Geo respectively 16, 12, 04, 04 and 23) and autumn (Th, He, Ph, Ch, and Geo respectively 06, FLORAL RICHNESS AND SEASONALITY OF PHYTODIVERSITY 241 03, 03 and 07). In general, the Tessala Mountains have different distributions of biological spectra in space and time. Therophytes occupy a great place at least in all seasons, then come sometimes the hemicryptophytes (Spring and Summer), and sometimes the phanerophytes (Winter and Autumn), followed by the chamephytes and geophytes. Spring: Th He Ph Ch Ge Summer: Th He Ph Ch Ge Winter: Th Ph He Ch Ge Autumn: Th Ph He Ch Ge Table 3. Biological types of species surveyed by season. Biological Type Global Spring Summer Winter Autumn Phanerophytes 35 33 11 16 06 Hemicryptophytes 35 33 22 12 03 Geophytes 11 08 06 04 03 Chamephytes 15 12 07 04 03 Therophytes 56 55 40 23 07 Therophytes are the most dominant in all seasons at least regarding number. Their presence in our semi-arid environment is linked to their adaptation strategy. Therophtisation is a strategy for drought adaptation that the presence of sand even in reduced layers in Saharan habitats leads to the development of psammophytes, especially annual ones. That therophytes do not exhibit specific morphological adaptations to aridity. They escape extreme conditions in the seed state. It appears that the presence of therophytes is generally related to precipitation. The phanerophytes and hemicryptophytes occupy the second position in all the seasons. The phanerophytes are the most suitable since they have a root system that allows searching for water in the soils during the severe seasons. In addition, hemicryptophytes are very common in favorable water conditions and ambient temperatures.In general, chamephytes are adapted to the conditions of arid environments (low temperatures and aridity). Geophytes are less represented throughout the year. They are considered as arid-passive perennial plants to resist extreme conditions (drought, low temperature) by limiting their growth or temporarily suppressing it. Bio-morphological type Overall morphological spectrum: In the Tessala mountains, the plant formations are represented physiognomically by four strata: arborescent, shrubby, bushy, and herbaceous. The proportion analysis of various categories of morphological types detected is variable. In our case, four categories are considered in descending order of importance: herbaceous (68%), bushy (12%), shrubby (11%), and tree-like (10%). In this regard, these types of plant formations are the result of several factors like a human intervention with some forest management overgrazing exerts some influence on the distribution of the different morphological types (Le Floch, 2001). Climate change thus promotes the development of herbaceous and bushy stratum species (Aboura, 2006). Structurally, the morphological spectrum of the Tessala mountains with a massive dominance of the tree, shrub, and shrub layers and under stretched shrubs. The forest dynamics of the site have a strong capacity for regeneration (Saidi et al., 2016). Even if part of the study area is degraded, there are still areas with an adequate intact structure that give this forest a significant biological interest. 242 SAIDI et al. Global bio-morphological type: The perennial herbaceous plants dominate the bio-spectrum overall morphological with annual herbaceous which occupies the second place with rates of respectively 35.53% and 32.24%. The shrubs and under-shrubs occupy the third place with 12.5% and are followed by biennial herbaceous with 9.21%. As for the trees and shrubs, they remain the least present at a rate of 5.26% (Table 4). It is well established that environmental conditions influence in one way or another the development and distribution of species and, in this respect, the bio-spectrum morphological would be wholly indicative of the local climate that shapes the structure of the vegetation. Table 4. Bio-morphological types of species surveyed by season. Season/ Bio-m Tree Shrub Shrub and Sub-shrub Perennial herbaceous Annual herbaceous Biennial herbaceous Global 5.26% 5.26% 12.50% 35.53% 32.24% 9.21% Winter 5.08% 8.47% 13.56% 30.51% 35.59% 6.78% Spring 5% 5% 12.86% 32.86% 34.29% 10% Summer 2.33% 3.49% 6.98% 41.86% 11.63% 33.72% Autumn 4.55% 9.09% 22.73% 40.91% 9.09% 13.64% Seasonal bio-morphological type: Table 5 show that analysis of vegetation in its seasonal bio- morphological spectrum reveals the following findings: Winter: Ha > Hv > As > At > Hb > A Spring: Ha > Hv > As > Hb > At > A Summer: Hv > Hb > Ha > As > At > A Autumn: Hv > As > Hb > Ha > At > A The proportion of the bio-morphological types is as follows, during winter and spring. The annual herbaceous ones dominate the bio-spectrum morphological with rates of 35.59% and 34.29% followed by Perennial herbaceous 30.51% and 32.86%. Shrubs and sub-shrubs 13.56% and 12.86%, biennial herbaceous 6.78% and 10%, during the summer and autumn seasons: perennial herbaceous plants dominate the bio-morphological spectrum with 41.86% and 40.91 %, followed by Biennial herbaceous plants occupy the second place for the summer season with a rate of 33.72%, shrubs and sub-shrubs occupy the second place for the autumn season with 22.73%. Then come the annual herbaceous plants in the fourth place with 11.63% and 9.09%. As for trees and shrubs, they remain the least present during the four seasons their rates are between 2.33% and 5.08% and 3.49% to 9.09%, the annual and perennial herbaceous species are largely dominated by the winter and spring seasons is a valuable adaptation to the high variability of rainfall. Thus, climatic rigors favor the development of short-cycle annual and perennial herbaceous species at the expense of generally more demanding perennial woody species, as regards water and trophic requirements (Aboura, 2006). During the wet seasons, an explosion of germination of annuals is noticed in all the arid zones of north Africa (Djebbouri and Terras, 2019), while the woody well adapted to the aridity are slowly but quite irremediably influenced by the disturbance (Bouker et al., 2022 ; Bonet, 2004; Ni-J, 2003). Floristic analysis of families: The percentages of the different families surveyed 48 families and 125 genders were identified (summarised in Table 5). The families best represented are those of Asteraceae with a rate of 21.05%. It has the best diversity: 25 gender and 32 species. Poaceae occupy the second place with a rate equivalent to 9.21% and a significant floristic richness with 10 gender and 14 species. The Lamiaceae family is in the third position with 7.89%, or 10 gender and 12 species. The Fabaceae family is in the fourth position with 5.92% that is 06 gender and 09 species. FLORAL RICHNESS AND SEASONALITY OF PHYTODIVERSITY 243 The families best represented on the generic and specific planes alone account for 64.47% of the flora of the Tessala Mountains. The same families dominate in the Flores of Southern Oran, Algiers, and Constantine (Bouzenoune, 1984; Boughani, 1987, 1995). According to data from the Table 5. Floristic analyses of seasonal families. Family Species Generic Winter Spring Summer Autumn Adoxaceae 01 01 01 01 Amaryllidaceae 01 01 01 01 Anacardiaceae 03 01 03 03 Apiaceae 06 06 02 06 05 01 Apocynaceae 01 01 01 01 Araliaceae 01 01 01 01 Arecaceae 01 01 Aristolochiaceae 01 01 01 01 Asparagaceae 03 03 01 02 01 Asteraceae 32 25 12 29 23 04 Boraginaceae 02 02 02 01 01 01 Brassicaceae 07 07 04 07 05 Caryophyllaceae 02 02 01 02 Cistaceae 04 03 04 03 01 Convolvulaceae 01 01 01 Crassulaceae 01 01 01 01 Cucurbitaceae 01 01 01 01 Cupressaceae 02 02 02 Ericaceae 01 01 01 01 Fabaceae 09 6 05 08 03 01 Fagaceae 02 01 02 Fumariaceae 02 01 02 02 01 Gentianaceae 01 01 01 Hyacinthaceae 02 01 01 01 01 02 Iridaceae 01 01 01 01 Lamiaceae 12 10 04 12 09 02 Malvaceae 01 01 01 01 Moraceae 01 01 01 01 Myrtaceae 01 01 01 01 Oleaceae 04 03 03 04 Orobanchaceae 01 01 01 01 Papaveraceae 01 01 01 01 Pinaceae 01 01 01 01 01 01 Plantaginaceae 05 04 02 05 01 01 Poaceae 14 10 02 14 10 Polygonaceae 01 01 01 01 01 Primulaceae 02 01 02 02 01 Ranunculaceae 02 02 01 01 01 Resedaceae 01 01 01 01 01 Rhamnaceae 02 02 01 02 Rosaceae 05 04 01 05 02 Rubiaceae 02 02 01 02 01 Rutaceae 02 01 02 02 01 Scrophulariaceae 01 01 01 01 Tamaricaceae 01 01 01 Thymelaeaceae 02 02 02 02 01 01 Urticaceae 01 01 01 01 01 Xanthorrhoeaceae 01 01 01 01 Total 48 152 125 59/26 140/44 86/33 22/17 The report NF/NE 31.58 % 44.07% 31.43% 38.37% 77.27% The generic coefficient 82.24 % http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-71463-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=3&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100951&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Adoxaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-43691-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100931&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Amaryllidaceae https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-30892-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100974&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Araliaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-83152-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100978&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Aristolochiaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-43036-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100979&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Asparagaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-75097-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100897&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Asteraceae https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boraginaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-47951-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100911&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Caryophyllaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-18732-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100908&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Convolvulaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-62352-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100910&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Crassulaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-11288-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100999&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Cucurbitaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-35882-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100922&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Iridaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-40893-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100935&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Malvaceae https://www.google.dz/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjhjeSC8ZrRAhVCWRQKHcLPByoQs2YIJCgAMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMyrtaceae&usg=AFQjCNFygHlQyDSlxjNJfzcw-9hyMxXyNw&sig2=qGdOdTpQ6-GB1FM5g7Di-Q&bvm=bv.142059868,d.d24 http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-9263-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100914&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Orobanchaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-30285-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101080&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Plantaginaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-58665-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100941&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Polygonaceae https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primulaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-830-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100918&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Ranunculaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-55789-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101016&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Rhamnaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-83437-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100945&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Rubiaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-70972-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100905&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Scrophulariaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-66702-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100942&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Tamaricaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-70417-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=100936&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Urticaceae http://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-7378-synthese?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&num_nom=101123&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Xanthorrhoeaceae 244 SAIDI et al. literature (Ozenda, 1991; Quézel, 1965), the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae dominate in the sub-sector of the Saharan Atlas Auresio-Constantinos of the Maghrebi steppic domain. On the other hand, the Sahara-Mediterranean district is characterized by the predominance of Saharan elements dominated by the Boraginaceae and Apiaceae. According to Ozenda (1991), Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae account for 35-40% of the flora of each Saharan area. The ratio of the number of families to the number of species is 31.58%. It is 14% for South of Constantine and 18% for South Algiers. The generic coefficient, that is to say, the ratio of the number of genera to the number of species, reaches here 82.24%, while it is equal to 57% in the zone bordering South of Constantine (Boughani, 1995). The number of families per season varies from 17 in summer to 44 in spring, while the ratio between the number of families and species varies from 77.27% in summer to 31.43% in spring. That explains the impoverishment of families during the unfavorable seasons. A large number of families depend more or less on the favorable conditions favored by the spring. The more heat and humidity there is, the more abundant families are. Among the most important factors determining the adaptations of families in wealth and floristic composition are temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and winds. These elements act together through a complex system of factors that influence vegetation (Billings and Bliss, 1959; Galen and Stanton, 1995). Climate is considered to be the primary factor, on a global scale, influencing the distribution and composition of species (Mccarty et al., 2001; Pearson and Dawson, 2003). It is recognized that climatic conditions control the distribution of species, as well as the composition of biomes (Prentice et al., 1992; Pearsonand Dawson, 2003). Factor Analysis of Correspondence (AFC): The AFC performed, whose matrix of crossing all the selected climatic and biological variables of the ten sampled stations, makes it possible to identify four groups of plant formations (Fig. 3). On the factorial plant, the F1 axis provides the most information in the AFC (57.31% inertia) compared to the F2 axis (37.50% inertia). The discrimination of the four groups was chosen in conjunction with the parallel upward Ascending hierarchical classification (AHC). Fig. 3. Graphical representation of factor analysis of correspondence (AFC) Hiv :Winter ; Prin: Spring ; Eté : Summer ; Aut : Autumn ; Arb: Tree ; Arbs: Shrub; Abri Shrub and Sub-shrub; Ha : annual herbaceous; Hv : perennial herbaceous ; Hb : biennial herbaceous; Phané : Phanerophytes ; Chamé : Chamephytes ; Géo : Geophytes ; Hémi : Hemicryptophytes ; Théro : Therophytes.G1: Autumn ; G2 : Winter ; G3 : Spring ; G4 : Summer. FLORAL RICHNESS AND SEASONALITY OF PHYTODIVERSITY 245 Based on contributions made by individuals and variables: Group G1 is represented by the plant diversity associated with the autumn season, where shrubs bushes and under growths, and perennial herbaceous plants dominate. The G2 group is characterized by the winter season-related flora, dominated by trees, annual herbaceous plants, and perennial herbaceous plants. Group G3 is represented by spring flora where all biological, and bio-morphological forms dominate. The G4 group is represented by the summer flora, where perennial and biennial herbaceous plants dominate. Based on the results obtained, we confirm that these variations in biological and bio- morphological spectra are mainly related to local seasonal variations and edaphic parameters altitude and slope factors in addition to anthropogenic action. This same observation is confirmed by the studies of Sauvage (1961). It reflects the link between floristic composition and climate change due to seasonal variations. These results are confirmed by several authors, such as Daget and Poissonet (1997, 1991, 1980), and (Floret et al., 1990). Who reported the relationships between the distribution of biological and bio-morphological types on the one hand and environmental factors, in particular the climate (precipitationand temperature) as well as altitude, slope, and substrate type, and have a stable forest model (Xuan Minh, 2022; Bouker et al., 2022). Conclusion Seasonal monitoring of the phytodiversity of the Tessala Mountains has led to the following main conclusions: The floristic inventory resulted this flora can be described as aparticularly rich. The variation of the analytical elements of phytodiversity (floristic richness, biological type, morphological and bio-morphological type, and distribution of families) reflects, at least partially, the structure and functioning of plant communities; during the spring is heavily influenced by the rainfall regime and varies highly from one season to the next. It is used for the qualitative characterization of the ecosystem since any increase can be the origin of a process of self-reestating and revegetation of our degraded ecosystem. The different floristic, biological, and bio-taxonomic analyses confirm the richness, and the great diversity of the sector studied. The statistical treatments highlight the high diversity of natural elements in place. By these findings brought by our study, the punctual study of disturbances is more than necessary either in its intensity, frequencies, and duration or by its effects over time that are sought specifically to understand the plant dynamics in spaces highly affected by multiple threats. The floristic follow-ups have allowed us to confirm the periods when vegetation develops the most; in this case; spring validates the tradition related to sampling during this season. On the other hand, the temporal monitoring of phytodiversity is part of the recent methods for the knowledge of the implementation, regression, or positive evolution of the different taxa. We have confirmed that the best period is from March to July-August. The conservation actions that must be implemented practically in concrete cases such as the Tessala mountains must integrate all these factors; linked to the diversity of plant groups, their respective plant diversity at quantitative and qualitative levels. Biological conservation methods can only be relevant and effective if they take into consideration the current dynamics of the local biodiversity of these mountains. 246 SAIDI et al. 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