Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 31(1): 15-24, 2024 (June) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.74374 © 2024 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists THREE NEW RECORDS OF LYTHRACEAE IN THE FLORA OF BANGLADESH PINGKY RANI1*, SALEH AHAMMAD KHAN1, SARDER NASIR UDDIN2, MD. ABDUR RAHIM1 AND SHAYLA SHARMIN SHETU1 1Plant Systematics Laboratory, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh 2Bangladesh National Herbarium, Chiriakhana Road, Mirpur-1, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh Keywords: New Record; Lythraceae; Flora; Angiosperms; Bangladesh. Abstract In the course of studying the family Lythraceae of Bangladesh in 2023–2024, some specimens of the family were found to be different than those of any other species of this family reported so far from this country. After a critical examination, these specimens have been identified as Ammannia auriculata, Rotala ramosior, and Rotala malampuzhensis of the Lythraceae. These species are new to the flora of Bangladesh. A detailed taxonomic description, including data on ecology, distribution, and use, a list of representative specimens examined, and illustrations have been provided for each species. Introduction Almost every year, Bangladesh's plant taxonomists sporadically describe newly recorded species. In the last several decades, they have published a significant number of new records as a part of their persistent efforts to discover new plant species from this country. Since the publication of Ahmed et al. (2008–2009, 2009) and Siddiqui et al. (2007), about 288 new records pertaining to the angiosperms of this country have been made available (e.g., Rahman and Hassan, 2017; Islam and Rahman, 2017; Sourav et al., 2017; Ara and Hassan, 2018; Rahman and Uddin, 2018; Uddin, 2018; Alfasane et al., 2019; Hossain et al., 2020; Sultana and Rahman, 2021; Hossain et al., 2022; Rahman et al., 2022; Sultana et al., 2022; Uddin and Uddin, 2022; Hossain et al., 2023; Rahman et al., 2023). The majority of these new records contain information on the precise locality of the species. With the addition of these new records to the 3611 Angiosperm species described in the Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh EFFB), edited by Ahmed et al. (2008–2009, 2009) and Siddiqui et al. (2007), the total number of species of this plant group reported from Bangladeshi territory has now risen to 3899 (Hossain et al. 2023; Rahman et al. 2023). It means the status of at least 1101 (20.16%) species of Angiosperms in this country is unknown and needs to be explored for adding new data and obtaining a better idea of this country’s flora, if Khan's (1977) estimation of 5000 species' occurrence in Bangladesh and all new records for this country reported so far after the publication of EFFB are considered. Besides, the introduction of exotic species is a global event driven by both economic and non-economic factors. Some new species might have been introduced recently into this country, either deliberately or inadvertently, and need to be verified and reported. Therefore, the small pool of plant taxonomists in this country is devoting a great deal of effort to find and publish the details of these unreported and newly introduced species. *Corresponding author. E-mail: pingky.ps.01@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.74374 mailto:pingky.ps.01@gmail.com 16 RANI et al. The family Lythraceae comprises small to large trees, shrubs, perennials, and annual herbs adapted to a wide variety of vegetation types, including mangrove swamps, coastal dunes, freshwater marshes, and shallow waters of ponds and rivers in Bangladesh. Hooker (1886) described 19 species under four genera, and Prain (1903) described 14 species under three genera; Khanam (2009) and Rahman (2009) compiled 24 species from six genera from the political boundary of Bangladesh. Heinig (1925) reported 14 species under four genera from the Chittagong region. Recently, in 2023–2024, Rani (2023) conducted a taxonomic study on the Lythraceae of Bangladesh based on the voucher specimens housed in the herbaria of this country and described a total of 27 species under six genera. Recently, in 2023–2024, a taxonomic study on the Lythraceae of Bangladesh was conducted based on the voucher specimens housed in the Bangladesh Forest Research Institute Herbarium (BFRIH), the Bangladesh National Herbarium (DACB), the Dhaka University Salar Khan Herbarium (DUSH), the Herbarium of Chittagong University (HCU), and the Jahangirnagar University Herbarium (JUH). Some of these specimens collected from Dinajpur, Moulvibazar, Rajshahi, and Sylhet districts, housed at DACB, were identified as members of Lythraceae, which did not match the specimens or the taxonomic description or key characters of any species of this family that had been previously recognised or documented in Bangladesh. After a rigorous examination, a few of these specimens were identified as the representatives of a species of Ammannia L. and a few as the members of two species of Rotala L. of the Lythraceae that were never reported previously from this country (e.g., Hooker, 1886; Prain, 1903; Heinig, 1925; Uddin et al., 2003; Khanam, 2009; Rahman, 2009; Tutul et al., 2010; Uddin et al., 2013; Rahman et al., 2015; Rahman, 2017; Uddin and Hassan, 2018; Roy and Khan, 2020; Khanam et al., 2020; Khan et al., 2021a,b; Hossain et al., 2022; Shetu et al., 2022). As a result, these species are circumscribed here as new to Bangladesh's flora. The specimens are currently deposited at DACB. Materials and Methods This study was based on the voucher specimens housed at DACB. The taxonomic identification of the specimens was verified by comparing their characteristics with the clear images of Lythraceae voucher specimens available on the websites of a few international herbaria (e.g., K, P) and pertinent taxonomic literature (e.g., Hooker, 1886; Prain, 1903; Cook, 1996; De Wild et al., 2014). With close observation and critical examination of the morphological characteristics of the typical specimens, the taxonomy description of each species was created. The nomenclatural information was confirmed through consulting the nomenclatural databases (GBIF Secretariat, 2023a,b,c,d; POWO, 2024; Tropicos, 2024; WFO, 2024). Results and Discussion The taxonomic identification of the unnamed specimens of Lythraceae collected from different areas of Bangladesh has been confirmed as Ammannia auriculata Willdenow, Rotala malampuzhensis R. Vasudevan Nair ex C.D.K. Cook, and Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne. The following taxonomic descriptions of these species, including a key for the identification of two Rotala species, have been produced based on the specimens. Ammannia auriculata Willd. (Hort. Berol. [Willd.]), 1: 7, pl. 7 (1803). －TYPE: Egypt: Aegypt prope Rosette, Anonymous s.n., LT, designated by Graham, J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 403 (1985). C.D.K. Cook, Aqua. and Wetl. Pl. of Ind., 248 (1996); W.J.J.O. De Wild et al., 2014, Fl. of Thailand 11: 549‒550 (2014). (Fig.1) English name: Eared redstem (GBIF Secretraiat 2023a). THREE NEW RECORDS OF LYTHRACEAE IN THE FLORA 17 An erect annual herb. Stem erect, decumbent, 4-angled, glabrous, unbranched to branched. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, 15‒30 mm × 0.8‒12 mm, mostly longer than the internode, marginally entire, adaxially and abaxially glabrous, eglandular, apically acute, basally cordate or auriculate, mid-vein one, reaches upto apex, adaxially raised, abaxially plane, lateral veins not clear, leaves two per node. Inflorescence cymes, laxly flowered, 14–16 inflorescence from the middle of the branches, 8–10 flower per inflorescence, peduncles 1.8‒4.5 mm long, Flowers 1.2‒2 × 1.2‒1.8 mm, pedicels of the central flowers 1‒2 mm long, bracts 2, opposite, appressed, linear to oblong, 1‒1.2 mm, apically acute, basally cuneate, marginally entire, bracteoles 2, opposite, appressed, linear, c. 0.5 mm long, apically acute, basally cuneate, marginally entire.Calyx campanulate, 1.2‒1.5 mm long, 8‒ribbed, sepals 4‒lobed, glabrous, petals 4, 1.8‒2 × 0.6‒0.8 mm, apex round, base cuneate, margin entire. Stamens 4. Styles 1‒1.5 mm long, as long as ovary, ovary 1‒1.5 × 0.6‒0.7 mm broad. Fruit a capsule with persistent erect calyx, 1.5‒1.8 mm long. Seeds discoid, ca. 17 per fruit, 0.2‒0.3 mm long, ca, 0.2 mm broad, deep brown colour. Flowering and fruiting period: August-December. Fig. 1. Ammannia auriculata Willd. a. A branch ( 5 cm), b. Three immature fruits ( 6 cm), c. L.S. of a flower ( 1.3 cm), d. A petal ( 1.1 cm), e. Four stamens ( 1.4 cm), f. An imature fruit with calyx and style ( 0.5 cm), g. Three seeds ( 1.6 cm). 18 RANI et al. Ecology: In wet places, marshes, river banks and rice fields (Cook, 1996). Specimens examined: Dinajpur: Dinajpur, 11 viii 1977, Shahera Begum, 14934 (DACB); Rajshahi: South side of Amalihala, 12 x 1977, Md. Nazrul Islam 73 (DACB 14933). Distribution: The species is native to East, West, West-Central, and South Tropical Africa, temperate and tropical Asia, Northern America, and Southern America. It is introduced to Japan, Nansei-Shoto, Kirgizistan, the Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Southeastern Europe, Sardegna, and Hawaii (POWO, 2024; WFO, 2024). Use: Use as a counter irritant for rheumatic pains (Cook, 1996). Notes: Ammannia senegalensis var. auriculata (Willd.) Hiern is a homotypic synonym. A. auriculata var. auriculata and A. auriculata var. bojeriana Koehne are the two accepted varieties of this species (POWO, 2024). Morphologically, A. auriculata seems similar to A. multiflora Roxb. However, it can be distinguished by its laxly flowered 14–16 inflorescences from the middle of the branches, 8–10 flowers per inflorescence, erect calyx in fruit, ca.1.8–2 mm long petals, styles almost as long as ovary or longer, and capsules of 1.5–1.8 (‒2) mm in diameter, in contrast to A. multiflora’s densely flowered, many inflorescences along the length of the branches, more than 10 flowers per inflorescence, reflexed fruiting calyx, up to 1 mm long petals, styles ca. 1/2 as long as ovary, and capsules, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter. Rotala malampuzhensis R.V. Nair ex C.D.K. Cook, Boissiera 29: 98 (1979). －TYPE: H868/68, HT (K), PT (Department of Botany, University of Calcata). C.D.K. Cook, Aqua. and Wetl. Pl. of Ind., 248 (1996). (Figs 2 & 3) An aquatic, cespitose, annual herb, 5.3‒7 cm long. Stem 4-angled, erect, branched, glabrous. Leaves opposite, decussate, 2- leaves per node, elliptic-oblong, 8‒12 × 1‒2 mm, apex acute, base attenuate, entire, adaxially and abaxially glabrous, eglandular, mid-vein one, reached upto apex, lateral vein not clearly seen, vein adaxially raised. Bracts leaf-like, apically acute, basically cuneate, adaxially and abaxially glabrous, bracteoles 2, erect, adppressed, apex acute, base attenuate, glabrous, shorter than the calyx. Flowers sessile, monomorphic, 2‒2.5 × 1‒1.5 mm, 2- flowers per node. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2.5 mm long, 4-merous. Sepals 4, crimson red, triangular, ca. 0.2 mm long, glabrous, apex acute, base cuneate, sepal appendages longer than the sepal lobes. Petals 4, triangular, c. 0.5 mm long. Stamens 4 to 5, filaments ca. 2 mm long, originated from the base of the calyx, anther 0.2 mm long. Ovary 1 × 1 mm. Style 0.1 mm long. Stigma capitate. Fruit a capsule, crimson red, ca. 1 mm long, opening by 3-valves, surface semi- transparent and raised. Seeds 0.3‒0.6 mm long, straw-coloured or crimson red. Flowering and fruiting period: October-January. Ecology: Moist or wet soil, usually in rice field, temporary pools, beside streams and in wet pockets in rocks (Cook, 1996). Specimens examined: Moulvibazar: Kulaura, Tilagaon, Lalpur, Lalpur chabagan, 22 i 2023, Najmul, Delwar, Liton, Riajul, Tanvir and Shakil, MOUL. 00746 (DACB). Distribution: Native to Assam, India (POWO, 2024; WFO, 2024). Notes: R. malampuzhensis was published in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 72(1): 57 (1975) without Type, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73(1): 248 (1976) without the date of Latin description, and in Ex C.D.K. Cook, Boissiera 29: 98 (1979), with Type. In GBIF Secretariat (2023b), R. malampuzhensis R.V.Nair is cited as an accepted species, and instead R. malampuzhensis R.V.Nair ex C.D.K. Cook is cited as a doubtful species (GBIF Secretariat (2023c), which is not supported by other nomenclatural databases (POWO, 2024; Tropicos, 2024; WFO, 2024). Morphologically, R. malampuzhensis seems alike to R. rosea (Poir.) C.D.K. Cook, but it differs by its cespitose habit, semi-transparent and capsule’s raised wall corresponding to the THREE NEW RECORDS OF LYTHRACEAE IN THE FLORA 19 firmly attached seeds, crimson red sepals, capsules, and seeds, in contrast to R. rosea’s, non- transparent, even capsule surface, pinkish red sepals, capsules, and seeds. In R. malampuzhensis, the filament originated from the base of the calyx, whereas in R. rosea, the filament originated from the middle of the calyx. Fig. 2. Rotala malampuzhensis R.V.Nair ex C.D.K. Cook. a. Habit (× 2.1 cm), b. Two bracteoles (× 1.5 cm), c. An opened flower excluding carpel (× 1.3 cm), d. A flower (× 1.5 cm), e. A petal (× 1.6 cm), f. Two stamens (× 9 cm), g. An ovary (× 1.3 cm), h. Three seeds (× 1.6 cm). 20 RANI et al. Fig. 3. Habit of Rotala malampuzhensis R.V. Nair ex C.D.K. Cook. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne, C.F.P. von Martius and auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 13(2): 194 (1877). Ammannia catholica Hook. and Arn. ex Seem. (1856), A. humilis Michx. (1803), A. monoflora Blanco (1837), A. occidentalis (Spreng.) DC. (1828), A. ramosa Hill (1767), Rotala dentifera (A.Gray) Koehne (1880), Boykinia humilis Raf. ex S.Watson (1878). (Fig. 4) English name: Lowland rotala (GBIF Secretraiat 2023d). An annual, amphibious or terrestrial herb. Stem 4-angled, not distinctly winged, much branched, 1‒1.5 cm long, glabrous. Leaves opposite, decussate, oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, 5‒6 × 0.5‒0.8 mm, apically acute, basally attenuate, marginally entire, adaxially and abaxially glabrous, eglandular, mid-vein one, reached upto apex, lateral veins 5–8 pairs. Inflorescence axile, one per leaf axis. Bracts two, less than half of the length of floral tube, apically obtuse, basally attenuate, entire, opposite, erect, adppressed, adaxially and abaxially glabrous. Flowers small, 4- merous, globose, reddish, sessile or shortly pedicellate, 1.3‒1.8 mm long, symmetrical, 2-flowers per node. Epicalyx 4, deltate, c. 1 × c. 0.5 mm, calyx campanulate, 0.3‒0.5mm long, adaxially and abaxially glabrous, sepals 4, shorter than epicalyx, apically obtuse, basally cuneate. Petals absent or 4, obovate, 3.3 mm long, entire, apically obtuse, basally cuneate. Stamens 4. Fruit a capsule, pinkish red, surface non-transparent and even, 1.8‒2 mm in diameter, opening by 3-valves. Seeds ovoid, c. 0.2 × c. 0.1 mm, brown color. Flowering and fruiting in July‒October. Ecology: On plain land, agricultural field, moist soil. Specimens examined: Sylhet: Chattak, 5 i 1978, Huq and Rahman H. 3653 (DACB). THREE NEW RECORDS OF LYTHRACEAE IN THE FLORA 21 Fig. 4. Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne, a. Habit (× 10 cm), b. A flower (× 1.1 cm), c. A sepal (× 18 cm), d. A petal (× 0.3 cm), e. A mature fruit (× 1 cm), f. An ovary (× 1.6 cm), g. Three seeds (× 2.5 cm). Distribution: This species is native to Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, the USA, and Venezuela. It is introduced to Greece, Italy, the Philippines, Taiwan (POWO, 2024; WFO, 2024). Use: Use as aquarium plant. 22 RANI et al. Notes: Ammannia ramosior L. and Rotala ramosior var. typica Fernald and Griscom (1935) are homotypic synonyms (POWO, 2024). R. ramosior seems similar to R. simpliciuscula (Kurz) Koehne, but it differs from R. simpliciuscula by its oblanceolate leaves, sessile flower, and 4 sepals, petals, and stamens, each in contrast to R. simpliciuscula’s oblong leaves, 3 sepals, pedicellate, apetalous flower, and 1‒2 stamens. Key to the two newly recorded Rotala species: 1 Leaves 8–12 mm long, capsule surface semi-transparent and raised, seed straw colour R. malampuzhensis - Leaves 3–5 mm long, capsule surface non-transparent and even, seed brown colour R. ramosior Acknowledgement The Bangladesh National Herbarium is sincerely acknowledged by the authors for providing the assistance needed to carry out this study. References Ahmed, Z.U., Hassan, M.A., Begum, Z.N.T., Khondker, M., Kabir, S.M.H., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, A.T.A., Rahman, A.K.A. and Haque, E.U. (Eds). 2008–2009. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh, Bangladesh. Vols. 6‒8 and 12. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Ahmed, Z.U., Hassan, M.A., Begum, Z.N.T., Khondker, M., Kabir, S.M.H., Ahmad, M. and Ahmed, A.T.A. (Eds). 2009. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. Vols. 9‒10. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Alfasane, M.A., Akhtar, A., Mehnaz, M., Ayesha, M. and Begum, Z.N.T. 2019. Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. 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