Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 31(1): 83-99, 2024 (June) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.74391 © 2024 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS AND MONOCOTYLEDONS IN THE CHAPAINAWABGANJ DISTRICT'S FLORA OF BANGLADESH MUHAMMAD SHAHIDUL ISLAM* AND SALEH AHAMMAD KHAN Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh Keywords: Flora; Vascular Plants; Chapainawabganj; Bangladesh. Abstract This study demonstrates that the vascular flora (Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons) of the Chapainawabganj district area consists of 247 species with two subspecies under 126 genera and 35 families. The pteridophytes and gymnosperms are represented by 19 and four species, respectively, whereas the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) are represented by 224 species. Poaceae, with 91 species, representing 36.84% of the flora, appears to be the largest family, followed by Cyperaceae 32, Araceae 19, Asparagaceae 12, and Arecaceae 11, which collectively constitute ca. 30% of this flora. Cyperus, comprising 18 species, is recorded as the largest genus, followed by Fimbristylis, Digitaria, Panicum, Bambusa, Urochloa, Dracaena, and Dioscorea. About 87.55% of this flora’s taxa are herbs, 4.42% are palms, 3.61% are shrubs, and the rest are bamboos and trees. Erect herbs, forming 61.04% of the flora, comprise the most common life form. In this flora, almost 74.30% of the taxa are native, and the rest, 25.70%, are exotic. It is found that nearly 74.70% of the taxa are wild, 14.06% are planted, and 11.24% are cultivated. About 23.29% of taxa commonly occur throughout all upazilas in this district. Most of the species are harboured in fallow lands, roadsides, gardens, and homesteads. All species of this district's flora are known to be economically useful. Most of its habitats and ecosystems are exposed to different threats. Adequate measures with effective management plans should be adopted and implemented for the sustainable use, improvement, and conservation of this precious flora. Introduction The basis for understanding biological diversity is laid by taxonomic studies, which provide crucial, important, and practical information on the identification, composition, distribution, dispersal, origin, variation, categorization, and relationships of biodiversity. A classical taxonomic study of plants provides the basic and adequate understandings of this biological entity found within a geographical region, a political or administrative area, an ecosystem, or a habitat, which are necessary for the characterization and sustainable use of plant resources, guiding resource- based development, and resolution of various plant relevant environmental issues. Despite the fact that the angiospermic flora of Bangladesh is thought to be rich, with an estimated 5000 species (Khan, 1977), it has been incompletely inventoried through a variety of sporadic or focused taxonomic studies carried out since 1814 (Roxburgh, 1814) to the present day (Hooker, 1872– 1897; Prain, 1903; Siddiqui et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2008–2009; Ahmed et al., 2009; Rahman et al., 2015; Haque et al., 2018; Uddin and Hassan, 2018; Khanam and Khan, 2020; Khanam et al., 2020; Roy and Khan, 2020a, 2020b; Hossain et al., 2021; Khan et al., 2021). As a result, the floristic compositions in many areas of this country are either unknown or inadequately known, and the updated taxonomic knowledge of many plant groups in this country is lacking. *Corresponding author, E-mail: shahidul.labiba@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2.74391 mailto:shahidul.labiba@gmail.com 84 ISLAM AND KHAN The district of Chapainawabganj, located in northwest Bangladesh, is composed of five upazilas and 45 unions, covering a total area of 1702.54 km2. It is situated between longitudes 88°01' and 88°30' east and latitudes 24°25' and 24°58' north (District Statistics 2011 Chapainawabganj, 2013; SFD Lite Report 2022; Fig. 1). Chapainawabganj's geography is primarily flat, with an average elevation of 25 metres above sea level (https://elevation.maplogs. com). The majority of the land is made up of homestead gardens, croplands, scrub jungles, grasslands, and some wetlands. In the basins of the Ganges, Mahananda, Pagla, and Punarbhaba Rivers, the soil is primarily (80%) alluvial, with the remainder being barren (https://elevation. maplogs.com). It experiences summertime wet monsoons and humid subtropical conditions (Khatun et al., 2016; https://en.climate-data.org). The average annual rainfall is 1,542 to 1862 mm, and the mean temperature ranges from a minimum of 11.2°C to a maximum of 37.8°C (District Statistics 2011 Chapainawabganj, 2013; Khatun et al., 2016; SFD Lite Report 2022). Fig. 1. Map of Chapainawabganj district with its five upazilas. Some taxonomic studies on the flora of several districts of Bangladesh have been carried out (Sultana, 2012; Tabassum, 2015; Uddin and Hassan, 2018; Khanam and Khan, 2020; Khanam et al., 2020; Roy and Khan, 2020a, b; Hossain et al., 2021). However, any taxonomic literature on the flora of Chapainawabganj district based on field inventories throughout its entire geographical area is not known to have been published so far. A number of taxonomic investigations have been conducted on the flora of several districts of Bangladesh (Sultana, 2012; Tabassum, 2015; Uddin https://elevation.maplogs. https://elevation. https://en.climate-data.org). A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CHAPAINAWABGANJ DISTRICT’S FLORA 85 and Hassan, 2018; Khanam and Khan, 2020; Khanam et al., 2020; Roy and Khan, 2020a, b; Hossain et al., 2021). However, no taxonomic study based on field inventories spanning the Chapainawabganj district's geographic area has hitherto been carried out. Taxonomic studies on the flora of Chapainawabganj district are necessary to enrich the baseline data on the floristic composition and plant species diversity of this country, especially of its north-western region, to explore the plant genetic resources of this area, to adopt and implement appropriate conservation initiatives for threatened or near-threatened species, and to support future research on the floristic composition, plant species diversity, and vegetation of this area. This study was conducted to generate baseline information on the current composition, status, distribution, and habitats of plant species in this area of Chapainawabganj district. Materials and Methods Field surveys were carried out following the walk-through method throughout each of the upazilas of Chapainawabganj during the different seasons of 2018–2021. All native and exotic species of vascular plants that are wild, planted, or cultivated have been included in this study. The plant specimens were collected, processed, dried, preserved, and identified following standard herbarium and taxonomic methods. Nomenclatural information was confirmed using the techniques outlined in Khan et al. (2021) and Hossain et al. (2021). Every voucher specimen has been stored at the Herbarium of Jahangirnagar University (JUH). The families of monocotyledons are arranged following Pichi (1977), Kramer and Green (1990), and Cronquist (1988), respectively (Table 1). The APGIV System (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016) has been used to place the families that are not included in Cronquist (1988). The checklist (Table 1) includes only the accepted names that are currently in use today, along with recent synonyms. A review of pertinent literature and interviews with locals during field inventories were followed to gather information on the use of the plant species (Ghani, 1998; Van Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, 2002; Siddiqui et al., 2007; Ahmed et al., 2008–2009; Ahmed et al., 2009). The Jaccard coefficient was used to determine how similar the species compositions of the five upazilas in the research area were (Jaccard, 1912). The rare and threatened plant species in the study area were recognised through field observation and estimation based on their population size, distribution range, and regeneration in the area. Results and Discussion In total, 249 taxa, including 247 species, and two subspecies of 126 genera, and 35 families of three plant groups, viz., Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons (Liliopsida), were found to grow within the administrative boundaries of the Chapainawabganj district. In this article, 247 species were taken into account for the taxonomic enumeration of the species, genus, and families, while information on 249 taxa was utilised to categorise the taxa according to their habitat, habit, distribution, and economic applications. Pteridophytes consist of 19 species under 13 genera, and 7 families make up 7.63% of the species in this district flora, excluding the dicotyledons. Gymnosperms, grouped into four genera and three families, comprised only 1.61% of the species. The monocotyledons, or Liliopsida, made up of 226 taxa under 110 genera and 25 families, comprised 90.76% of the species in the three plant groups of this district flora (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The taxa of three plant groups, growing in this district comprised 218 (87.55%) herbs, 11 (4.42%) palms, nine (3.61%) shrubs, eight (3.21%) bamboos, and a meagre three (1.21%) trees. The most common pattern of plant growth found in the district's flora was the erect, which accounted for 61.45% (153 taxa) of the flora and 70.18% of the herbaceous taxa. There were 86 ISLAM AND KHAN different kinds of herbaceous taxa, including vine (18 species), prostrate (15 species), creeper (10 species), free-floating (7 species), emergent (4 species), submerged (4 species), and epiphyte (3 species). Most of the flora of the Chapainawabganj district (74.30%) was found to be made up of native taxa (185). Nonetheless, 64 exotic taxa account for a sizable part (25.70%) of this flora. A total of 186 taxa, or 74.70% of the flora, were found in the wild, while 35 species, or 14.06%, were found to be planted, and 28 species, or 11.24%, were found to be cultivated. With five species, the Pteridaceae family was the largest in Pteridophyta. Aspleniaceae and Polypodiaceae, with four and three species each, were the next largest families. There were one or two species in each of the remaining families. The genera Adiantum L., Pteris L., Lygodium Sw., and Marsilea L. each had two species, while the remaining genera were each made up of one species. The genus Thelypteris Schmidel contained three species. Gymnospermae species were found in one or two families and one species in each of their genera, with the exception of Cycas L., which was found to be represented by two species. Species of Pteridophyte were all herbs that grew naturally, while three species of Gymnosperm were trees, and one was a shrub, all of which were planted. In the Liliopsida (monocotyledons), Poaceae, with 91 taxa belonging to 45 genera, was the largest family, accounting for 36.55% of the Chapainawabganj district’s vascular flora, excluding the dicotyledons. Cyperaceae, with 34 species of five genera; Araceae, with 19 species of 13 genera; Asparagaceae, with 13 species of five genera; and Arecaceae, with 11 species of 10 genera, were the next large families of Lilipsida in this district. These four families combined made up 34.07%, and the families Commelinaceae, Zingiberaceae, Dioscoriaceae, and Orchidaceae, each including fewer than 11 species, form only 11.06% of the district flora of these three plant groups (Fig. 2). The species names of seven taxa (2.8%) could not be validated because their voucher specimens lacked species-specific key characters, and therefore, only the generic names have been cited for these taxa. With 18 species, Cyperus L. was the largest monocot genus. It was followed by Fimbristylis Vahl with nine species, Digitaria Haller, and Panicum L. with seven species, Dracaena Vand., Bambusa Schreb., Dioscorea L., and Urochloa P. Beauv. with six species, Table 1. List of vascular plant species of Chapainawabganj district, Bangladesh. Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE PTERIDOPHYTA Schimp. Selaginellaceae Willk. 1. Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring Katagenella Fl, Rs, Wl H, er, w Gm, Sd, Sg M, Or, R MSI-3447 Salviniaceae Martinov 2. Azolla pinnata R.Br. Lal khudipana Wtl H, ff, w All upazilas Ff, Gn, O MSI-3448 3. Salvinia cucullata Bory Indur kanipana Wtl H, ff, w Sd, Sg Aq, C MSI-3449 Marsileaceae Mirb. 4. Marsilea minuta L. Soto Susmi shak Fl, Wtl H, pr, w Gm M, Gn, O MSI-2962 5. M. quadrifolia L.* Susmi shak Fl, Wtl H, pr, w Sg M, Gn, O MSI-0411 Schizaeaceae Kaulf. 6. Lygodium flexuosum (L.)Sw. Saralata fern, Latadekhia Fl, Rs, Sj H, vi, w Gm, Na, Sg M, O MSI-1156 7. L. microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. Lata fern Fl, Rs, Sj H, vi, w Sg M, R MSI-2986 Pteridaceae E.D.M.Kirchn. 8. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Venichadda Bw, Rs, Gr H, er, w Gm, Sd, Sg M, Ed, R MSI-3453 9. A. philippense L. Kalijhat Bw, Gr,Ml H, pr, w Sd, Sg M, R MSI-2455 10. Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. Pani lettuce Fl, Wtl H, er, w Gm, Sd, Sg, Vh M, Ed, O MSI-3450 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CHAPAINAWABGANJ DISTRICT’S FLORA 87 Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE 11. Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Slender Braken Fl, Sj H, vi, w Vh M, Or, R MSI-0820 12. P. vittata L. Dhekishak Fl, Bw H, vi, w Sg, Vh M, Ed, O MSI-0160 Polypodiaceae J. Presl & C. Presl 13. Drynaria quercifolia (L.)J.Sm. Pankhiraj Op H, ep, w All upazilas M, O MSI-3452 14. Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Gucha patra Op H, ep, w All upazilas M, Ed, O MSI-3454 15. Pyrrosia glabra (Desv.) Fraser- Jenk.; Syn: Pyrrosia nuda (Giesenh.) Ching Jihba fern Op H, ep, w Sd, Sg Or, R MSI-3451 Aspleniaceae Newman 16. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. Dhekishak Fl, Sj H, vi, w Sd Vg, O MSI-0387 17. Thelypteris arida (D.Don) C.V.Morton; Syn: Christella arida (D.Don) Holttum Dekishak Fl, Hs, Rs H, er, w All upazilas M, O MSI-3456 18. T. dentata (Forssk.) E.P.St. John; Syn: Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy Bish dhekia Fl, Rs, Sj H, vi, w Sg M , C MSI-0131 19. T. prolifera (Retz.) C.F. Reed; Syn: Ampelopteris prolifera (Retz.) Copel. Agacha dhekia Fl, Ml, Rb H,vi, w All upazilas Vg, R MSI-1534 GYMNOSPERMAE Prantl Araucariaceae Henkel & W.Hochst. 20. Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco* Christmas tree Gr, Hs T, l, pl All upazilas Or, R MSI-3455 Cupressaceae Gray 21. Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco* Syn: Thuja orientalis L. Thuja Gr, Hs Sh, m, pl All upazilas M, Or, R MSI-3406 Cycadaceae Pers. 22. Cycas circinalis L.* Nali cycas Gr, Hs T, m, pl Sd, Sg M, Or, R MSI-3383 23. C. revoluta Thunb.* Volu cycas Gr, Hs T, m, pl Sd, Sg M, Or, R MSI-3384 LILIOPSIDA Batsch Alismataceae Vent. 24. Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth Kauathukri Wtl H, fl, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-3321 25. S. sagittifolia L.* Chhotokut Wtl H, em, w Sd, Sg M, O MSI-0944 Hydrocharitaceae Juss. 26. Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Kureli Wtl H, sm, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-0134 27. Nechamandra alternifolia (Roxb. ex Wight) Thwaites Patasaola Wtl H, sm, w Sg, Vh Ff, R MSI-2176 28. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Panikala Wtl H, sm, w Sg M, Ff, C MSI-2171 29. Vallisneria spiralis L. Patseola Wtl H, sm, w Sd, Sg, Vh M, Ff, O MSI-0136 Aponogetonaceae Planch. 30. Aponogeton appendiculatus H.Bruggen Ghechu Wtl H, er, w Gm, Sd, Sg, Vh Aq, Lf, O MSI-3326 31. Aponogeton crispus Thunb. Ghechu Wtl H, er, w Gm, Sg Aq, O MSI-3343 32. Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl. & K.Krause Ghechu Wtl H, er, w All upazilas Aq, O MSI-3421 Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl 33. Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Panipata Wtl H, em, w Sd, Sg M, O MSI-1809 Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl 34. Areca catechu L.* Supari Gr, Hs, Rs Plm, l, pl All upazilas M, Fu, O MSI-3393 35. Borassus flabellifer L. Tal Gr, Hs, Rs Plm, l, pl Sd, Sg Fr, Fb, Fu, C MSI-2509 88 ISLAM AND KHAN Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE 36. Calamus erectus Roxb. Kadambet Gr, Rb, Sj Plm, cl, w Na, Sd, Sg M, Fb, Fr, O MSI-3381 37. C. tenuis Roxb. Jalibet Gr, Rb, Sj Plm, cl, w Na, Sd, Sg M, Fb, O MSI-3380 38. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H.Wendl.* Syn: Dypsis lutescens (H.Wendl.) Beentje & J.Dransf. Areca Plm Gr, Hs Plm, s, pl Gm, Sd Or, R MSI-3357 39. Cocos nucifera L. Narikel Gr, Hs, Ml Plm, l, pl All upazilas M, Ol, Fb, C MSI-3349 40. Elaeis guineensis Jacq.* Oil palm Gr, Ml Plm, l, pl Na, Sd, Sg Ol, R MSI-1778 41. Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. China palm Gr, Rs Plm, m, pl Sg M, R MSI-3388 42. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Khejur Hs, Ml, Rs Plm, l, w Gm, Sd, Sg M, Fr, C MSI-3369 43. Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A.Henry* Gurital, lady palm Gr Plm, s, pl Sd M, Or, R MSI-3408 44. Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook* Botol palm Gr, Rs Plm, l, pl Sd Or, Ol, R MSI-3410 Pandanaceae R.Br. 45. Benstonea foetida (Roxb.) Callm. & Buerki; Syn: Pandanus foetidus Roxb. Keya Gr, Hs Sh, pl Sd, Sg M, Fu, R MSI-3405 46. Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. ex Lindl.* Polao pata Hs Sh, pl All upazilas Sp, R MSI-3404 Araceae Juss. 47. Aglaonema commutatum Schott* Silver Bay Gr, Hs H, er, pl Gm, Sd, Sg M, Pd, R MSI-3327 48. Alocasia acuminata Schott Bish kachu Fl, Hs, Rs, H, er, w All upazilas M, R MSI-3337 49. A. decipiens Schott Pai kachu Hs, Rs, Sj H, er, w Gm, Na, Sd M, R MSI-3329 50. A. fornicata (Kunth) Schott Salu kachu Hs, Rs, Sj H, er, w Sd, Sg, Vh M, R MSI-3375 51. A. macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don Man kachu Ag, Hs H, er, cv All upazilas M, Vg, O MSI-2472 52. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Schott) Blume Jongle Ol Hs, Sj H, er, w Gm, Sd, Sg, Vh M, Vg, O MSI-3340 53. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Ol kachu Ag, Hs H, er, cv All upazilas M, Vg, O MSI-3342 54. Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.* Bahari kochu Gr, Hs H, er, w All upazilas M, Or, R MSI-3347 55. Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Jangli kachu Fl, Hs, Wtl H, er, w Sd, Sg, Vh M, Vg, C MSI-1623 56. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott* Diffenbachia, Segubet Fl, Gr, Hs H, er, w Gm, Sd, Sg M, R MSI-3355 57. Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting* Syn: Scindapsus aureus (Linden & André) Engl. Money plant Gr, Hs, Wl H, cl, w All upazilas Or, O MSI-0806 58. Lemna minor L. Soto pana, Suji pana Wtl H, ff, w Na, Sd, Sg M, Ff, O MSI-3403 59. L. perpusilla Torr.* Khudi pana Wtl H, ff, w All upazilas Gn, O MSI-3362 60. Pistia stratiotes L. Topana Wtl H, ff, w Sd, Sg M, Ff, O MSI-3307 61. Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott Gaj-pipal Gr, Hs H, er, pl Sd, Vh M, O MSI-0805 62. Syngonium podophyllum Schott* Podolata kachu Fl, Gr, Hs, Sj H, pr, w Gm, Sd, Sg Or, O MSI-3370 63. Typhonium flagelliforme (G.Lodd.) Blume Ghechu Ag H, er, w All upazilas M, O MSI-3441 64. T. trilobatum (L.) Schott Ghet kachu Ag, Fl, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Vg, O MSI-3390 65. Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott* Dudhkachu Fl, Hs H, er, pl All upazilas M, Vg, O MSI-3371 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CHAPAINAWABGANJ DISTRICT’S FLORA 89 Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE Commelinaceae Mirb. 66. Commelina benghalensis L. Kanchira Ag, Fl, Gl, Rs H, cr, w All upazilas M, Lf, C MSI-1206 67. C. diffusa Burm.f. Kanchira Ag, Fl, Gl, Rs H, cr, w All upazilas M, Lf, O MSI-1359 68. C. longifolia Lam. Pani Kanchira Ag, Fl, Gl, Wtl H, cr, w Gm, Sd Lf, R MSI-0182 69. C. paludosa Blume Jata Kanchira Ag, Fl, Gl, Rs H, cr, w Gm, Sd, Sg M., Lf, R MSI-1910 70. Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D.Don ex Sweet Beguni kanchira Fl, Gl, Rs H, cr, w Na, Sd M., Lf, R MSI-2415 71. C. cristata (L.) D.Don Akasi kanchira Fl, Gl, Rs H, cr, w Na, Sd M., Lf, R MSI-2905 72. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) brenan Kanduli, Kureli Ag, Fl, Rs H, cr, w All upazilas M., Lf, C MSI-1893 73. M. simplex (Vahl) Brenan* Kureli Ag, Fl, Rs H, cr, w Gm, Na, Sd, Sg Lf, R MSI-3364 74. Tradescantia spathacea Sw.* Boat Lily Gr, Hs H, er, pl Sd Or, R MSI-3460 Cyperaceae Juss. 75. Abildgaardia ovata (Burm.f.) Kral; Syn: Fimbristylis ovata (Burm.f.) J.Kern Marmari Ag, Fl H, er, w Gm, Sd M, Lf, O MSI-3335 76. Cyperus articulatus L. Mutha ghas Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w All upazilas M, Lf, O MSI-3442 77. C. brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.; Syn. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Shabuj nirbisa Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w Sd M, Lf, O MSI-2423 78. C. compressus L. Chancha Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w Gm, Na, Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-3353 79. C. corymbosus Rottb. Mutha ghas Fl, Gl, Wtl H, er, w Sg Lf, O MSI-3391 80. C. cuspidatus Kunth Vada, Vadale Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w All upazilas Lf, O MSI-1506 81. C. difformis L. Behua ghas Fl, Gl H, er, w Sg M, Lf, O MSI-2995 82. C. distans L.f. Panimalanga Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-3382 83. C. eragrostis Lam.* Panimutha Ag, Fl, Gl, Wtl H, er, w Sg Lf, R MSI-3385 84. C. exaltatus Retz. Tata ghas, Mutha Ag, Wl H, er, w Gm, Sg, Vh Lf, R MSI-0980 85. C. haspan L. Mutha Ag, Fl, Gl H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-2235 86. C. iria L. Borochucha mutha Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w Na, Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-1148 87. C. michelianus (L.) Delile Pygmy mutha Ag, Fl, Gl H, er, w Sg Lf, R MSI-0935 88. C. mindorensis (Steud.) Huygh; Syn: Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel Subashi Ag, Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w All upazilas M, Lf, R MSI-3354 89. C. niveus Retz. Sada mutha Ag, Gl H, er, w Sg M, R MSI-0938 90. C. pangorei Rottb. Badami mutha Ag, Fl, Gl H, er, w Sd, Sg Fn, Fb, O MSI-2854 91. C. rotundus L. Nagar mutha Fl, Gl, Hs,Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-0520 92. C. tenuispica Steud. jupri mutha Ag, Fl, Gl H, er, w Sg Lf, O MSI-3386 93. Cyperus sp.; Syn: Kyllinga sp. Ghas Ag, Fl H, er, w Na Lf, R MSI-0760 94. Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl jhakra fimbry Ag, Fl, Gl H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-0831 95. F. alboviridis C.B.Clarke Albo fimbry Ag, Fl, Gl H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-0983 96. F. bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani Bisu fimbry Ag, Fl H, er, w Sd Lf, R MSI-1258 97. F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl Bara nirbishi Ag, Fl H, er, w Na, Sd Lf, C MSI-1158 90 ISLAM AND KHAN Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE 98. F. dichotoma subsp. podocarpa (Nees) T.Koyama Nirbishi ghas Ag, Fl H, er, w Sd Lf, C MSI-2559 99. F. dipsacea (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke Dipsa fimbry Ag, Fl H, er, w Sd Gn, R MSI-3401 100. F. falcata (Vahl) Kunth Soto nirbishi Ag, Fl H, er, w Sd M, Lf, R MSI-2553 101. F. quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth Bara javani Ag H, er, w Sg M, Lf, O MSI-0972 102. F. quinquangularis subsp. quinquangularis; Syn: F. miliacea (L.) Vahl Milia fimbry Ag, Fl H, er, w Gm, Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-2964 103. Fimbristylis sp. Ghas Ag, Fl H, er, w Sd Lf, R MSI-1018 104. Rhynchospora colorata (L.) H.Pfeiff.* Syn: Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. Sadatara ghas Ag, Fl H, er, w Na, Sd, Sg, Vh M, Lf, O MSI-3309 105. Schoenoplectiella articulata (L.) Lye; Syn: Schoenoplectus articulatus (L.) Palla Chechra Fl, Wtl H, er, w All upazilas M, Lf, C MSI-0958 106. S. juncoides (Roxb.) Lye; Syn: Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla Chechra Fl, Wtl H, er, w Sd Lf, Fu, O MSI-1259 107. S. supina (L.) Lye; Syn: Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla Sada Chechra Fl, Wtl H, er, w Gm, Sd M, Lf, O MSI-1941 108. Schoenoplectiella sp.; Syn: Schoenoplectus sp. Chechra Fl, Wtl H, er, w Sd, Sg Fu, Lf, R MSI-0960 Poaceae Barnhart 109. Arundinella bengalensis (Spreng.) Druce Gongabena Fl, Gl, Ml H, er, w All upazilas Lf, O MSI-3109 110. Arundo donax L. Boronal, Goba-nal Rb, Hs H, er, w Na, Sg M, Lf, R MSI-2633 111. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv. Carpet ghas Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w All upazilas M, Lf, C MSI-1593 112. Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Borak bans Gr, Hs Bmbo, pl All upazilas Hc, Pp, Vg, O MSI-3345 113. B.bambos (L.) Voss Kanta bans Gr Bmbo, pl Sg Hc, Pp, C MSI-3378 114. B. nutans Wall. ex Munro Makhla Gr, Hs Bmbo, pl All upazilas Pp, Tm, O MSI-3346 115. B. salarkhanii Alam Kalijowa Gr, Hs Bmbo, pl Gm Hc, Pp, R MSI-3348 116. B. tulda Roxb Talla bans Gr, Hs Bmbo, pl Gm, Sd, Sg Hc, Pp, O MSI-3344 117. B. vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C.Wendl.* Ora bans Gr, Hs Bmbo, pl Sd, Sg Hc, Pp, Tm, C MSI-3379 118. Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone* Syn: Setaria glauca (L.) P.Beauv. Kauni, Bajra Ag, Fl, Rs H, er, w Na, Sd, Sg Ed, Lf, O MSI-1360 119. C. purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone* Syn: Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. Nepier ghas Fl, Gl, Hs, Rs H, er, cv Na M, Lf, O MSI-3417 120. Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. Centughas Sj H, pr, w Sg Lf, R MSI-0268 121. Chloris barbata Sw. Bataghas Ag, Fl, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-0148 122. C. virgata Sw.* Angulighas Ag, Fl, Rs H, er, w Na, Sg, Vh M, Lf, O MSI-0356 123. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Premkanta Fl, Gl, Rs H, pr, w Sd Lf, C MSI-3396 124. C. zizanioides (L.) Roberty Bena Fl, Ml, Rb H, er, w Sd M, Lf, Fu, C MSI-0402 125. Coix lacryma-jobi L. Kuch, Roti Fl, Rb, Wtl H, er, w All upazilas M, Lf, O MSI-1482 126. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Durba ghas Fl, Gl, Rs H, pr, w All upazilas M, Lf, C MSI-0325 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CHAPAINAWABGANJ DISTRICT’S FLORA 91 Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE 127. Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf birenighas Ag, Gl H, cr, w Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-1196 128. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Kakpaya Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-0328 129. Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf Kusha ghas Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w Na, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-1125 130. Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf Arali ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Na, Sg M, Lf, R MSI-1567 131. D. caricosum (L.) A.Camus Arali ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Na, Sg M, Lf, R MSI-0493 132. Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. Baikochira Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Na, Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-0738 133. D. ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Kokjachira Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Na, Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-1710 134. D. ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.* Crab ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-2494 135. D. sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Mukurjoli Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, pr, w Sd M, Lf, C MSI-2517 136. D. setigera Roth Crab ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, R MSI-1180 137. D. stricta Roth Trick ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd Lf, R MSI-1301 138. D. ternata (A.Rich.) Stapf Nata ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-1086 139. Dinebra chinensis (L.) P.M.Peterson & N.Snow; Syn: Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Fulka ghas Ag, Fl, Wtl H, er, w Sg Lf, R MSI-1824 140. D. panicea (Retz.) P.M.Peterson & N.Snow; Syn: Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi Mona ghas Fl, Wtl H, er, w Sd Lf, R MSI-1867 141. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link Shama ghas Fl, Ml, Wtl H, er, w All upazilas Ed, M, Lf, C MSI-0947 142. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. Boroshama ghas Fl, Ml, Wtl H, er, w Na, Sd, Sg, Vh M, Lf, C MSI-0985 143. E. stagnina (Retz.) P.Beauv. Shama ghas Fl, Ml, Wtl H, er, w Sd, Sg, Vh Lf, O MSI-0827 144. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Kesla, Malankuri Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w All upazilas M, Lf, C MSI-1039 145. Enteropogon dolichostachyus (Lag.) Keng; Syn: Chloris dolichostachya Lag. Anguli ghas Ag, Fl, Rs H, er, w Sg Lf, R MSI-3387 146. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. Chotochira ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-2372 147. E. japonica (Thunb.) Trin.; Syn: E. diarrhena (Schult. & Schult.f.) Steud. Panghas, love ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-1010 148. E. multiflora Trin.; Syn: E. tremula Hochst. ex Steud. Mulakoni Ag, Fl, Rs H, pr, w Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-0936 149. E. tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Koni ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-0475 150. E. tenuifolia (A.Rich.) Hochst. ex Steud. Chira ghas Ag, Fl, Rs H, er, w Sd M, Lf, C MSI-1762 151. Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.E.Hubb. Cup ghas Ag, Fl, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-1822 152. Eulalia leschenaultiana (Decne.) Ohwi Eulali ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-1657 92 ISLAM AND KHAN Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE 153. Gigantochloa nigrociliata (Buse) Kurz Kalibans Gr, Hs Bmbo, pl Gm, Sd, Sg Hc, Pp, R MSI-3360 154. Hordeum vulgare L.* Barley Ag, Fl H, er, cv Sd Ed, M, Fu, O MSI-109 155. Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn. Duloli ghas Wtl H, ff, w Sd, Sg Lf, Ff, C MSI-2173 156. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.* Chhon ghas Ag, Gl, Fl, Ml, Rs H, er, w All upazilas M, Hc, Fn, C MSI-3361 157. Leersia hexandra Sw. Jongli dhan, Ag, Fl, Wtl H, er, w Gm, Na, Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-2182 158. Louisiella paludosa (Roxb.) Landge; Syn: Panicum paludosum Roxb. Baksa ghas Ag, Fl, Ml H, er, w Sg Lf, O MSI-1825 159. Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz Muli bans Gr, Hs Bmbo, pl All upazilas Hc, M, O MSI-3363 160. Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. Jabri durba, Jabri ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg, Vh M, Lf, C MSI-2551 161. O. compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Gohur Gl, Ml, Rs, Sj H, er, w All upazilas M, Lf, C MSI-0651 162. Oryza sativa L.* Dhan Ag, Fl, Wtl H, er, cv All upazilas Ed, Lf, M, C MSI-2377 163. Panicum brevifolium L. Bashpati ghas Gl, Ml H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-1067 164. P. curviflorum Hornem.; Syn: P. trypheron Schult. Dhani ghas Ag, Fl, Ml H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-1308 165. P. humidorum Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f. China ghas Ag, Fl, Ml H, er, w Gm, Sd, Sg Lf , O MSI-2987 166. P. miliaceum L. China Ag, Fl H, er, cv Sg Ed, Lf, O MSI-0961 167. P. notatum Retz. Jabri ghas Gr, Hs, Fl, Rs, Wl H, pr, w Gm, Sd, Sg Lf, C MSI-1044 168. P. repens L. Dhani ghas Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w Na, Sg Lf, C MSI-0262 169. Panicum sp. Ghas Ag, Fl, Gl H, er, w Na, Sg Lf, R MSI-1044 170. Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius* Moisshya ghas, Gl, Hs, Rs H, er, w Sg M, Lf, C MSI-3389 171. P. orbiculare G.Forst.* Bahia ghas Ag, Fl, Gl H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-2658 172. P. scrobiculatum L. Bishmona ghas Fl, Gl, Rs H, er, w Gm, Sd, Sg, Vh M, Lf, C MSI-3368 173. Paspalum sp. Ghas Fl, Gl H, er, w Sd Lf, R MSI-0791 174. Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Nalkhagra Ag, Rs H, er, cv Sg Hc, Fn, O MSI-1830 175. Pseudopogonatherum contortum (Brongn.) A.Camus Voya ghas, Banspata ghas Fl, Gl H, er, w Sd Lf, O MSI-2374 176. Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery Katarafi ghas Ag, Gl, Fl H, er, w All upazilas Lf, O MSI-3443 177. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton Bara swati Ag, Fl, Rb H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-3444 178. Saccharum officinarum L.* Akh, Kusol Ag, Hs H, er, cv All upazilas Ed, Lf, Pp, O MSI-3445 179. S. spontaneum L. Kashful, Kaisha Fl, Gl, Ml, Rb H, er, w Sd Lf, Fn, C MSI-3411 180. Sacciolepis interrupta (Willd.) Stapf Nardula Fl, Gl H, er, w Sd, Vh Lf, O MSI-3412 181. S. myosuroides (R.Br.) Chase ex E.G.Camus & A.Camus Musurdolla ghas Fl, Gl, Wtl H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, O MSI-1928 182. Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp; Syn: Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A.Camus Karin ghas Ag, Fl H, er, w All upazilas Lf, R MSI-1298 183. S. italica (L.) P.Beauv.* Kaon Fl, Gl, Ml H, er, cv Na, Sd Ed, M, Lf, C MSI-0706 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CHAPAINAWABGANJ DISTRICT’S FLORA 93 Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE 184. S. palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf Urodhan Fl, Gl, Ml H, er, w Sd Ed, M, Lf, O MSI-1171 185. S. pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Shial leja Fl, Gl, Ml H, er, w Na, Sd M, Lf, C MSI-0734 186. S. verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. Shial leja Fl, Gl, Ml H, er, w Sd M, Lf, O MSI-0691 187. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench* Syn: Sorghum vulgare Pers. jowar Ag, Ml H, er, w Sd, Sg Ed, M, Lf, O MSI-3416 188. Sorghum sp. jowar Ag, Ml H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, R MSI-0946 189. Sporobolus diandrus (Retz.) P.Beauv. Benajoni ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, C MSI-3043 190. S. indicus (L.) R.Br.* Ailbelajoni ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-1720 191. S. virginicus (L.) Kunth Tussock ghas Fl, Gl, Ml, Rs H, er, w Na, Sd M, Lf, R MSI-2637 192. Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze Grader ghas Ag, Gl H, er, w Sd Fu, O MSI-3414 193. Triticum aestivum L.* Gom Ag, Fl H, er, cv All upazilas Ed, M, Lf, C MSI-0089 194. Urochloa distachyos (L.) T.Q.Nguyen; Syn: Brachiaria distachyos (L.) Stapf Cori ghas Ag, Fl, Rs H, pr, w All upazilas M, Lf, O MSI-1370 195. Urochloa kurzii (Hook.f.) T.Q.Nguyen; Syn: Brachiaria kurzii (Hook.f.) A.Camus Birenighas Ag, Fl, Rs H, pr, w Na, Sd Lf, R MSI-2583 196. Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen* Brachiaria ghas Ag, Fl, Rs H, pr, w Gm, Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-2599 197. Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv. Kuri ghas Gl, Rs H, cr, w Na, Sd Lf, O MSI-1324 198. U. ramosa (L.) T.Q.Nguyen Brachiaria ghas Ag, Fl, Rs H, pr, w Sd, Sg Lf , O MSI-0915 199. U. reptans (L.) Stapf; Syn: Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb. Peraghas, Kuj Ag, Fl, Rs H, pr, w Sd, Sg M, Lf, O MSI-1274 Typhaceae Juss. 200. Typha elephantina Roxb. Hoglapata Fl, Wtl H, er, w Gm, Na, Sd Hc, Fn, R MSI-2839 Bromeliaceae Juss. 201. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.* Anarash Gr, Hs H, er, pl Gm, Sd, Sg Fr, M, O MSI-3341 Heliconiaceae Nakai 202. Heliconia psittacorum L.f.* Parakeet phul Gr, Hs H, er, cv Na Or, R MSI-3419 Musaceae Juss. 203. Musa acuminata Colla Sobrikola Fl, Hs, Ml H, er, cv All upazilas M, Fr, C MSI-3366 204. M. balbisiana Colla* Bichikola Fl, Hs, Ml H, er, cv All upazilas M, Fr, Vg, C MSI-3367 205. Musa × paradisiaca L.* Kachkola Fl, Hs, Ml H, er, cv All upazilas Ed, M, Vg, C MSI-3365 Zingiberaceae Martinov 206. Alpinia calcarata (Andrews) Roscoe* Sugandha mul Sj, Wl H, er, cv Sd M, O MSI-3392 207. Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt Tara Sj, Wl H, er, w Sd, Sg M, Fn, O MSI-3376 208. Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Ban halud Fl, Rs, Wl H, er, w All upazilas M, R MSI-3350 209. C. longa L.* Halud Fl, Hs H, er, cv All upazilas Ed, M, C MSI-3351 210. C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe Shoti Fl, Rs, Sj, Hs, Wl H, er, w All upazilas M, C MSI-3352 211. Zingiber officinale Roscoe* Ada Fl, Hs, H, er, cv All upazilas Ed, M, O MSI-3372 Costaceae Nakai 212. Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta; Syn: Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht Keomul Fl, Rb, Rs H, er, w Sd M, O MSI-2481 94 ISLAM AND KHAN Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE Cannaceae Juss. 213. Canna glauca L.* Holud kolabati Gr, Hs H, er, cv Na, Sd Or, R MSI-3394 214. C. indica L.* Kolabati Gr, Hs, Rs H, er, w Na, Sd Or, O MSI-3395 Pontederiaceae Kunth 215. Pontederia crassipes Mart.* Syn: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Kochuripana Wtl H, ff, w All upazilas M, Lf, Fu, C MSI-1648 216. P. hastata L.; Syn: Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms Boro nukha Wtl H, em, w Gm, Sd, Sg M, Lf, C MSI-1938 217. P. vaginalis Burm.f.; Syn: Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl ex Kunth Nukha Wtl H, em, w Gm, Sd, Sg M, Lf, R MSI-2181 Asphodelaceae Juss. 218. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.* Ghritakumari Gr, Hs H, er, pl All upazilas M, R MSI-3339 Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. 219. Allium cepa L.* Piyaj Ag, Hs H, er, cv All upazilas M, Sp, O MSI-3322 220. A. sativum L.* Rashun Ag, Hs H, er, cv All upazilas M, Sp, O MSI-3334 221. Crinum americanum L.* Shukdarshan Gr, Hs H, er, pl Gm, Sd, Sg M, Or, R MSI-3324 222. C. asiaticum L. Shukdarshan Gr, Hs H, er, pl Gm, Sd, Sg M, O MSI-3325 Asparagaceae Juss. 223. Agave angustifolia Haw. Agachokha Gr, Hs Sh, pl Sd, Sg, Na M, Fb, R MSI-3373 224. A. americana L.* Shatabdi Gr, Hs H, er, cv All upazilas M, Or, R MSI-3336 225. A. vivipara L.* Jarauj agav Gr, Hs H, er, cv Sd, Sg Or, R MSI-3374 226. Asparagus racemosus Wild. Shatamuli Gr, Hs, Sj H, vi, w All upazilas M, R MSI-3377 227. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A.Chev.* Agnishwar Hs Sh, cv Gm, Sd, Sg M, Dy, Or, R MSI-3439 228. Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb. Bashpata dracena Gr, Hs Sh, cv Sd, Sg Dy, R MSI-3438 229. D. braunii Engl.* Dracaena Gr, Hs H, er, cv Na, Sd, Sg Or, R MSI-3398 230. D. fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl.* Gondhi drakan Gr, Hs Sh, pl Gm, Sd, Sg M, Ar, Or, R MSI-3356 231. D. reflexa Lam. * Dracaena Gr, Hs H, er, cv Na, Sd, Sg Or, R MSI-3399 232. D. trifasciata (Prain) Mabb.* Syn: Sansevieria trifasciata Prain Sarpagach, Snake plant Hs, Rs H, er, pl All upazilas M, Fb, Or, R MSI-0572 233. Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw.* Gandho hemp Gr, Hs Sh, pl Gm, Na, Sd, Sg, M, Or, R MSI-3359 234. F. tuberosa (Mill.) W.T.Aiton* Century Gr, Hs Sh, pl Sd, Sg Or, R MSI-3402 Colchicaceae DC. 235. Gloriosa superba L. Ulatchandal Gr, Hs, Wl H, vi, w Sd M, Or, R MSI-1249 Smilacaceae Vent. 236. Smilax guianensis Vitman* Bagh lata Sj, Wl H, vi, w Na M, R MSI-3420 237. S. ovalifolia Roxb. ex D. Don Kumarika, Kumarilata Sj, Wl H, vi, w Gm, Na, Sd M, R MSI-3397 238. Smilax sp. Unknown Sj, Wl H, vi, w Sd M, R MSI-0589 Dioscoreaceae R.Br. 239. Dioscorea alata L. Chupri alu Hs, Sj H, vi, w Sd, Sg M, Ed, O MSI-1465 240. D. bulbifera L. Ban alu Hs, Rb, Sj H, vi, w Sd M, O MSI-3446 241. Dioscorea elephantipes (L'Hér.) Engl.* Syn: Dioscorea montana (Burch.) Spreng. Boro alu Hs, Sj H, vi, w Na M, Ed, O MSI-1137 242. D. esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Mou alu Gr, Sj, Wl H, vi, cv Na M, Ed, O MSI-3418 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CHAPAINAWABGANJ DISTRICT’S FLORA 95 Name Common Name Habitat Habit Distribution Use & status RSE 243. D. glabra Roxb. Gach alu Gr, Sj, Wl H, vi, cv Sg M, Ed, O MSI-2997 244. D. pentaphylla L. Jhum alu Gr, Sj, Wl H, vi, w Sd, Sg M, R MSI-0307 Orchidaceae Juss. 245. Eulophia picta (R.Br.) Ormerod; Syn: Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr. Sankhamani Wl H, er, w Sd Or, R MSI-1595 246. Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume Kopou phool Hs, Wl H, pl Gm, Sd M, Or, R MSI-1967 247. Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don Rasna Gr, Hs, Op H, ep, w All upazilas M, Or, R MSI-3415 248. Zeuxine nervosa (Wall. ex Lindl.) Benth. ex Trimen Nervoxine orchid Fl, Wl H, er, w Sd, Sg Lf, R MSI-0306 249. Z. strateumatica (L.) Schltr. Lawn orchid, Soldier orchid Gr, Hs H, er, w Sd Or, R MSI-0663 Notes: Habitat: Ag- agricultural field, Bw- On brick wall, Fl- Fallowland, Gl- Grassland, Gr- Garden, Hs- Homestead, Ml- Marginal land, Op- On plant, Rb- River bank, , Rs- Roadside, Sj- Scrub jungle, Wl- Woodland, Wtl- Wetland. Habit: H- Herb, Sh- Shrub, T- Tree, Bmbo- bamboo, cr- creeper, cv- cultivated, cl- climber, em- emergent, ep- epiphyte, er-erect, ff- free floating, fl- floating with rooted, Plm- palm, pl- planted, pr- prostrate/procumbent, sm- submerged, vi-vine, w- wild. Distribution: Sd- Chapainawabganj Sadar, Gm- Gomastapur, Na- Nachole, Sg- Shibganj, Vh- Bholahat. Use: Aq- aquarium plant, Ar- Air purification, Dy- Dye yielding, Ed- Edible, Fb- Fibre, Lf- Livestock Food, Ff- Fish feed, Fn- Fence, Fr- Fruit, Fu- Fuel, Gn- Green manure, Hc- Handicrafts, M- Medicine, Or- Ornamental, Ol- Oil yielding, Pd- Poison dart plant, Pp- Paper pulp, Sp- Spice, Tm- Timber, Vg- Vegetable; C- Common, O- Occasional, R- Rare. Origin:*- Exotic; Syn.- Synonym. RSE (Reprtesentative Specimens Examined): MSI- Muhammad Shahidul Islam. Fig. 2. Composition of major plant families of Liliopsida of Chapainawabganj district. Setaria P. Beauv. and Eragrostis Wolf with five species, and Alocasia (Schott) G. Don, Commelina L., Schoenoplectiella Lye, and Paspalum L. with four species each. Among the monocotyledons, 199 taxa (88.05%) were herbs, 11 (4.87%) were palms, eight (3.54%) were shrubs, and eight (3.54%) were bamboos. A total of 167 (73.89%) taxa of Liliopsida were found in the wild, 31 (13.72%) as planted, and 28 (12.39%) as cultivated. There was a common occurrence of 58 taxa, or 23.29% of the total accounted for in Chapainawabganj district, in the five upazilas, viz., Chapainawabganj Sadar, Shibganj, Nachole, Gomastapur, and Bholahat. These included 51 taxa of monocotyledons, five of pteridophytes, and two species of gymnosperms. Out of these five upazilas, the highest number of taxa were found in Chapainawabganj Sadar, followed by Shibganj, Nachole, Gomastapur, and Bholahat upazilas (Fig. 3). 96 ISLAM AND KHAN The taxonomic counts of the monocotyledonous species of the Gomastapur, Nachole, and Bholahat upazilas that this study completed (Fig. 3) are higher than the accounts on the monocotyledonous species of other upazilas cited earlier, but somewhat lower than those of Chapainawabganj Sadar and Shibganj upazilas, almost similar to those of the Monohordi, Narshingdi Sadar, and Polash upazilas of the Narshingdi district (Khanam et al., 2020; Khanam and Khan, 2020) and Satkhira Sadar upazilas (Hossain et al., 2021) previously reported. The Jaccard coefficient also indicated that there was a 23.29% similarity in the composition of plant taxa among the five upazilas in the Chapainawabganj district (Fig. 4). It suggests that, rather than being similar, the species compositions in these upazilas, that is, throughout the district, were comparatively more variable. Nonetheless, a comparison of the plant species composition of the Chapainawabganj Sadar upazila with that of the other upazilas in the Chapainawabganj district reveals that there was a range of similarities, from 31.70% to 46.31%. Fig. 3. Plant species composition in five upazilas of Chapainawabganj district. Fig. 4. Similarity in species composition in the upazilas of Chapainawabganj district based on Jaccard coefficient. Fig. 5. Distribution of plant species in different habitats of Chapainawabganj district. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CHAPAINAWABGANJ DISTRICT’S FLORA 97 The species of studied plant groups in Chapainawabganj district were found to be distributed in diverse habitats. But the majority of the species were well suited to grasslands, homesteads, roadsides, fallow areas, and agricultural fields; these were followed by gardens, marginal lands, marshes, scrub jungles, wooded areas, and riverbanks. A few tree species and brick walls also harboured some of the species (Fig. 5). Every plant species found in the district of Chapainawabganj has economic value, and nearly 60.64% of these species have two or more uses (Table 1). A total of 62.35% (154 species) of the studied plant groups in this district are medicinally useful. In addition, 123 species are designated as cattle food, followed by 32 ornamental, 21 edible, 11 vegetable, 10 handicraft, 9 fuel wood, and 8 paper pulp species. In addition, seven species are recognised as fibre, six as fruit and fencing, fish food, five species each for green manure, four as aquarium plants and oil-, dye-, and spice-producing, and the remaining flora are recognised as economically valuable (Table 1). Among the plant groups studied, 53 taxa were common, whereas 108 were found to be occasional and 88 to be rare. In terms of plant diversity and resources, the Chapainawabganj district in northern Bangladesh appears to be at risk. Critical issues and dangers to the degradation and destruction of its habitats and ecosystems, and eventually to its flora and fauna, include drought, river bank erosion, poor regeneration of many species, various anthropogenic activities, and a lack of appropriate management strategies. Drought, river bank erosion, poor regeneration of many species, different anthropogenic activities, a lack of proper management programmes, etc. were identified for knowing the critical problems and threats for degradation and destruction of its habitats and ecosystems, and ultimately for its flora and biodiversity. Eulophia picta, Rhynchostylis retusa, and Zeuxine nervosa are found to be threatened in the Chapainawabganj district based on field observation. The taxonomic data provided by this study might be useful to know about the current species composition of the three plant groups in the flora of Chapainawabganj district and helpful as an important guiding database to track the trend of changes in the floristic composition, plant species diversity, vegetation, and status of threatened plant species over time, especially due to different natural and anthropogenic threats, contribute to undertaking appropriate biodiversity conservation initiatives and plant resource-based sustainable socioeconomic development, and estimate the impacts of climate change on the flora and biodiversity of this area. This study recommends improving and preserving the area's valuable flora, reducing threats to its natural habitats, conducting regular taxonomic inventories, monitoring studies and research programmes on the diversity of plants in the area, and implementing sufficient plantation programmes that use appropriate indigenous species and have effective management plans and strategies. Acknowledgements The work was partly funded by the Grant for Advanced Research in Education (GARE), BANBEIS, for which the authors are truly grateful. The authors have sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to this work, whether directly or indirectly. The Chief Editor and the Journal Reviewers are appreciated by the authors for their critical evaluation of their work. References Ahmed, Z.U., Begum, Z.N.T., Hassan, M.A., Khondker, M., Kabir, S.M.H., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, A.T.A., Rahman, A.K.A. and Haque, E.U. (Eds). 2008–2009. Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh. Vols. 6–8 & 12. 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