Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 31(1): 155-172, 2024 (June) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2. 74395 © 2024 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA OF BAGATIPARA UPAZILA, NATORE, BANGLADESH MOHAMMMAD TARIKUL HASAN1 AND MOHAMMAD ZASHIM UDDIN2* 1Department of Botany, Rajshahi Govt. City College, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh 2Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Keywords: Biodiversity assessment; Floristic research; Exotic plants; Natore. Abstract Preparation of the country's flora is very challenging until baseline information on the flora of all district or upazila is available. The purpose of this inventory was to record angiosperm plant species available in the different habitats of Bagatipara upazila, which is located in the eastern part of Rajshahi district. The traditional taxonomic method was applied for plant sample collection in different seasons of the year 2022 and the identification of the collected samples. This research resulted in the recording of a total of 377 species in 92 families. Among them, 310 species were from Magnoliopsida, and 67 were from Liliopsida. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the leading families of Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida, respectively. One-fourth of the total plant species were exotic, and more than half were valuable medicinal species. Artocarpus lacucha, Bridelia stipularis, Callicarpa longifolia, Eranthemum pulchellum, Oroxylum indicum, Potentilla supina, Sterculia foetida, and Terminalia arjuna were locally found rare. Threats such as climate change, expansion of arable land and pisciculture, use of herbicides, over exploitation, clearing brushwood, and unplanned construction activities have been identified. The present study concludes that the floristic composition of this area is still rich, though the area is facing some threats. Therefore, we strongly recommend adopting effective and adequate measures for sustainable conservation and monitoring of the biodiversity of this area. Introduction Information of floristic research is important for the sustainable use and conservation of plant resource as well as resource based-development in the respective area. Floristic research in a particular area provides valuable information about existing plant species in that area, such as, their habitat, uses, status, threats, and so on. Bagatipara is an upazila of North-Western district, Natore and adjacent to the warmer zone of Bangladesh. Both urban and semi-urban or rural areas are found in this upazila. It has mixed habitats and ecosystems such as agricultural fields, railway and road sides, fallow lands, gardens, grooves, thickets, canal or river banks and a little wet land which support luxuriant formation of plants especially flowering plants. Bangladesh is very rich in biodiversity due to its unique geographical location and seasonal variation. The flora of Bangladesh is thought to consist of approx. 5000 species of angiosperms (Khan, 1977). Unfortunately, a number of plant species are disappearing day after day at an alarming rate due to anthropogenic disturbance such as habit destruction, over-exploitation, pollution, and invasion of exotic species. Apart from these, recent climate change conditions are becoming serious threats to the biodiversity of Bangladesh. Despite several floristic studies (Alam et al., 2006; Islam et al., 2009; Tutul et al., 2010; Uddin and Hassan, 2010; Arefin et al., 2011; Sarker et al., 2013; Uddin et al., 2013; Kona and Rahman, 2015; Uddin et al., 2015; Uddin and Abiadbullah, 2016; Mahmudah et al., 2017; Rahman et al., 2017; Khan et al., 2021; Islam et al., 2022) being conducted since the *Corresponding author, E-mail: zashim@du.ac.bd https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v29i2. mailto:zashim@du.ac.bd 156 HASAN AND UDDIN emergence of Bangladesh, the country’s floristic exploration has not yet been completed. As a result, the floristic composition in most of the upazila or districts is still unknown or little known. As we know, so far a few work has been done by researchers or botanists in Natore district (Hasan et al., 2013; Sultana and Rahman, 2017; Hasan, 2020) focusing only medicinal plant species. But no comprehensive floristic research has been done in Bagatipara upazila before. Keeping this view in mind we decided to explore the floristic composition of Bagatipara upazila. The objectives of the current work is to formulate baseline data on the floristic composition in Bagatipara upazila along with other associated information that will contribute to understanding the flora of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods Study area Bagatipara Upazila of Natore district is located between 24°15' and 24°22' N and 89°13' and 89°26' E. It covers an area of 139.86 km2 and is surrounded by Natore Sadar upazila, Lalpur upazila and Baraigram upazila to the north, south, east respectively and three upazilas of Rajshahi district (Charghat, Bagha and Puthia) to the west (Fig. 1) (Banglapedia). The topography of Bagatipara is typically plane and its average altitude is 19.24 m. (https://elevation.maplogs.com) and has a “Tropical wet and dry” climate (https://weatherandclimate.com/bangladesh/rajshahi/ bagatipara). Fig. 1. Map of Bagatipara Upazila, Natore.(Source: Banglapedia) Data collections This work was carried out from January 2022 to December 2022 to document and enlisting angiospermic taxa in different seasons and divers habitat of the study area. Repeated visits were done to every part of the study area and was collect specimen following conventional methods. Relevant floras (Ahmed et al., 2009; Uddin and Hassan, 2018), and published articles were https://elevation.maplogs.com) https://weatherandclimate.com/bangladesh/rajshahi/ A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA 157 consulted for specimen identification. All specimen were housed at Depertment of Botany, Rajshahi Government City College, Rajshahi. Various information was obtained through free interviews and informal conversation. The information regarding the endangered plants and their conservation has been gathered from local farmers, elderly and knowledgeable persons. Twenty five (21 men and 4 women) individuals were interviewed. Among them, 7 were of ages 20-40 years, 12 were 41-60 years and 6 were of ages more than 61 years. To arrange the collected families in this article, Cronquist’s (1988) system was followed in the arrangement of the families, and the species under the same family were arranged alphabetically (Table 1). Besides that, some families have been sited according to APG IV system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016) which was not found in Cronquist (1988). Scientific names were mentioned according to POWO (Plants of the World Online). Local names were mentioned according to Pasha and Uddin (2013) and Huq (2019). Exotic plant species have been determined by consulting Ahmed et al. (2009), Dutta et al. (2015), Uddin et al. (2021) and Uddin et al. (2022). Medicinal plant species have been determined by consulting Uddin et al. (2022), Mitu et al. (2022) and Rifat et al. (2022). Results and Discussion From the study area, total 377 plant species (both wild and cultivated) have been collected and they were distributed under 92 families. For each species scientific name, bangla name, family name, habits, habitats, uses, status, origin and occurance were provided (Table 1). Magnoliopsida were represented by 310 species from 242 genera while Liliopsida comprising of 67 species from 49 genera. Earlier, Rahman et al. (2019) documented 216 species under 72 families and Khatun et al. (2022) reported 194 species under 72 families from adjacent Lalpur and Puthia Upazila respectively. Regarding the distribution of family, Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida consist of 75 and 17 family respectively. The leading family in Magnoliopsida was Asteraceae consisting of 31 species and other major families were Fabaceae (22), Acanthaceae (15) and Euphorbiaceae (15). In Liliopsida, Poaceae appeared as the largest family consisting of 22 species and the other major families were Cyperaceae (09) and Araceae (08). The largest genus in Magnoliopsida was Solanum bearing 8 species followed by Ficus and Euphorbia bearing 6 species each and Phyllanthas bearing 5 species. On the other hand, Cyperus was the major genus in Liliopsida consisting of 5 species followed by Commelina consisting of 4 species. Species of all habit such as herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers (liana and vine) and grasses were found in this study area. Among the species, herbs represent 175 species and appear as a dominant habit which was 46.42% of total collection (Fig. 2) while shrubs, trees, climbers and others (Bamboo and grasses) representing 16.71%, 18.75%, 10.88% and 7.43% respectively. Regarding to habitat (place of collection), most species were found and collected from the road or railway side consisting of 138 species which were 36.60% of total habitat (Fig. 2). The second and the third largest habitat were fallow lands (25.46%) and homestead (24.40%) respectively. Many herbaceous weeds were found in crop field round the year with the seasonal cultivated crops especially in winter. Among the recorded plants, 30 species were cultivated as crops, 75 were planted and the rest were found as a wild species. Most of the trees and shrubs found in homesteads habitat were planted by the householders for their daily use such as fruit, vegetables, firewood, forage, construction materials, spices and herbal medicines or for economic benefits (Islam et al., 2015). Some species were found two or more habitat like fallow land and road side or homestead. Based on usefulness, a total of 229 species were found important for food, fiber, fire wood, medicine, spices, building materials, economic benefits and beautification. 169 species are found significant for medicine. Local residents were accustomed to consume 67 species in from of fruit, vegetable and grain, 18 timber yielding species were used for furniture and others wooden work. The rest were important for miscellaneous uses 158 HASAN AND UDDIN Table 1. Flowering species of Bagatipara Upazila of Natore, Bangladesh. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE MAGNOLIOPSIDA Annonaceae Annona reticulata L. Nona T Hs Ed Wd I C TH 2562 Annona squamosa L. Ata T Hs Ed,Me Wd E O TH 2523 Monoonlongifolium (Sonn.) B.Xue&R.M.K.Saunders Debdaru T Rs Or Pt E O TH 2043 Lauraceae Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees&C.H.Eberm. Tejpata T Hs Sp,Me Pt I O TH 2000 Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Bara kukurchita T Hs Me Wd I O TH 2327 Piperaceae Piper longum L. Pepul V Rs Me Wd I C TH 2513 Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. Shapla H Aq Me Wd I C TH 2649 Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Shaluk H Aq Ed Wd I C TH 2677 Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews Lal-shapla H Aq Me Pt I O TH 2710 Ranunculaceae Clematis zeylanica (L.) Poir. Chagolboti L Rs Me Wd I O TH 2495 Nigella sativa L. Kalojira H Sp, Me Cl E O TH 2118 Ranunculus sceleratus L. Palik H Wt Me Wd E O TH 2201 Menispermaceae Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. Jaljamani L Rs Me Wd I C TH 1927 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Nimuka L Rs Me Wd I C TH 2509 Tiliacora acuminata (Lam.) Miers Tiliacora L Rs -- Wd I C TH 2290 Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana L. Shialkanta H Fl, Rs Me Wd E C TH 2289 Fumariaceae Fumaria parviflora Lam. Bonsalpa H Cf Wd E C TH 2011 Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. Siddhi H Fl Me Wd E C TH 2159 Ulmaceae Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Jiban T Hs Ot Wd I C TH 2279 Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Kanthal T Hs Ed, Ti Pt I C TH 2149 Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham. Deua T Hs Ed, Me Wd I R TH 2144 Ficus benghalensis L. Bot T Rs Me Pt,Wd I C TH 2570 Ficus heterophylla L.f. Bhuidumur S, Sc Rs Wd I C TH 2195 Ficus hispida L.f. Kak dumur S Rs Me Wd I C TH 2573 Ficus racemosa L. Jag dumur T Hs Ed, Me Wd I C TH 2867 Ficus religiosa L. Assawath T Rs Me Pt.Wd I C TH 2286 Ficus rumphii Blume Gai assawath T Rs Ot Wd I C TH 2576 Streblus asper Lour. Shaora T Hs Me Wd I C TH 2181 Urticaceae Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. Kullarruki H Fl Me Wd I C TH 2398 Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia L. Jhau T Rs Or, Me Pt E O TH 2796 A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA 159 Table 1 contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa L. Punarnava H Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2073 Mirabilis jalapa L. Sondha maloti H Or,Me Pt E C TH 2548 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L. Batuashak H Cf Ed,Me Wd I C TH 2007 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Apang S Fl Me Wd I C TH 1839 Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P.Beauv. --- H Rs Wd E C TH 1952 Alternanthera paronychioides A.St. Jhulikhata H Fl, Rs Wd E O TH 2266 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Chanchi H Cf, Rs Ed,Me Wd I C TH 1951 Amaranthus spinosus L. Kantanotey H Cf, Fl, Rs Ed,Me Wd I C TH 1863 Amaranthus viridis L. Notey H Cf, Fl, Hs Ed Wd I C TH 2351 Celosia argentea L. Morogphul H Hs Or Pt E C TH 1878 Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Latamouri H Cf Wd I C TH 2480 Ouret lanata (L.) Kuntze Chya H Rs Wd I C TH 1844 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Boronunia H Cf,Rs Me Wd I C TH 2331 Portulaca quadrifida L. Chhoto nunia H Cf, Fl Wd I C TH 2323 Basellaceae Basella alba L. Puishak H Hs Me Cl I C TH 2134 Molluginaceae Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. Gima sak H Fl, Rs Me Wd I O TH 2502 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Sada fulki H Cf Wd I C TH 2023 Polygonaceae Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara Bishkatali H Wt Wd I O TH 2475 Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez Bihagni H Wt Wd I C TH 2820 Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre Lomoshbishkata li H Wt Wd E O TH 2818 Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Chemti sag H Cf Wd I C TH 2169 Rumex dentatus L. Bon palong H Wt Wd I C TH 2125 Dilleniaceae Dillenia indica L. Chalta T Hs Ed, Me Pt I O TH 2709 Elatinaceae Bergia ammannioides Roxb. Keshuriy H Rs Wd I O TH 2105 Sterculiaceae Melochia corchorifolia L. Tikiokra H Rs Me Wd I O TH 2644 Sterculia foetida L. Jongli badam T Hs Ed Pt I R TH 2853 Pentapetes phoenicea L. Dupur mondi S Hs Or, Me Wd I C TH 2624 Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba L. Simul T Hs, Rs Fi, Me Wd I C TH 2057 Malvaceae Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Jhumka S Fl Me Wd I C TH 2529 160 HASAN AND UDDIN Table 1 contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Hibiscus acetosella Welw. ex Hiern Lalpata chukai S Hs Or Pt E C TH 2751 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Joba S Hs Or,Me Pt E C TH 2534 Hibiscus vitifolius L. Ban karpas S Rs Wd I O TH 2518 Malvaviscus penduliflorus Moc. &Sessé ex DC. Duli joba S Hs Or Pt E O TH 2538 Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. Pitberal S Fl, Rs Wd I C TH 1993 Urena lobata L. Banokra S Rs Me Wd I C TH 2391 Tiliaceae Corchorus olitorius L. Toshapat S Fi Cl I C TH 2477 Grewia asiatica L. Phalsa T Hs Ed,Me Wd I O TH 2700 Lecythidaceae Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Hijal T Wt Me Wd I O TH 2528 Flacourtiaceae Casearia tomentosa Roxb. Chila T Hs, Rs Wd I O TH 2742 Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Boiciful S, Ar Rs Ed Wd I C TH 2272 Passifloraceae Passiflora suberosa L. Mela jhumka V Rs Wd E O TH 2645 Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Chalkumra V Hs Ed, Me Cl I C TH 2210 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Tarmuj V Ed, Me Cl E O TH 2481 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Telakucha L Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2360 Cucumis maderaspatanus L. Agmkhi V Rs Wd I C TH 2362 Cucumis melo L. Kakri V Cf Wd E C TH 2393 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Lau V Hs Ed Cl I C TH 2168 Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. Dhundal V Hs Ed, Me Cl I C TH 2734 Momordica charantia L. Korolla V Ed, Me Cl I C TH 2354 Trichosanthes costata Blume Bati jhinga V Rs Wd I O TH 2458 Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Bon chichinga V Rs Wd I C TH 2490 Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Potol L Ed, Me Cl I C TH 2334 Salicaceae Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Panijoma T Rs Me Wd I O TH 2769 Capparaceae Capparis zeylanica L. Kalkera L Rs Me Wd I C TH 2218 Cleome viscosa L. Holde hurhurey H Fl Me Wd I C TH 2454 Brassicaceae Brassica napus L. Maghi sarisha H Oi Cl E C TH 1905 Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Bansarisha H Fl, Hs Wd I O TH 2566 Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Lam. Sajna T Hs Ed, Me Pt E C TH 2545 Sapotaceae Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Safeda T Hs Ed,Me Pt E O TH 2401 Ebenaceae Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Gab T Hs Ed,Dy Wd I C TH 2089 Diospyros montana Roxb. Tomal T Hs Wd I O TH 2746 A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA 161 Table 1 contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Primulaceae Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr. Satrojaki H Rs Wd I O TH 1963 Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U.Manns& Anderb. Pakhi chosha H Cf Wd E C TH 1862 Crassulaceae Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Patric pathorkuchi H Me,Or Pt E C TH 2287 Rosaceae Rosa indica L. Golap S Hs Or Pt E C TH 2750 Potentilla supina L. Saktitila H Fl Wd I R TH 2117 Mimosaceae Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth. Akashmoni T Rs Ti Pt E C TH 2316 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Sirish T Rs Ti,Me Pt I C TH 2229 Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Koroi T Rs Ti Pt I C TH 2871 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Ipil-ipil T Ti Pt E C TH 2843 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Fulkoroi T Rs Ti Pt E C TH 2255 Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter& Mabb. Khair T Rs Dy, Me Pt I O TH 2809 Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter& Mabb. Babla T Rs Ti,Me Wd I C TH 2444 Caesalpiniaceae Bauhinia acuminata L. Sada kanchan T Hs Or, Me Pt I O TH 2808 Bauhinia purpurea L. Deb kanchan T Hs Or,Me Pt I O TH 2783 Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. Krishna chura T Rs Or, Me Pt E C TH 2368 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Dadmardan S Wt Me Wd E O TH 2684 Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Minjiri T Rs Ti Pt E C TH 2702 Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. Kalkasunda S Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2647 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Chakunda S Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2605 Tamarindus indica L. Tentul T Hs Ed,Ti, Me Pt, Wd E C TH 2592 Fabaceae Arachis hypogaea L. Cheena badam H -- Cl E O TH 2719 Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth Arhhar S Rs Ed,Me Cl I C TH 1837 Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Moushim V Hs Ed Pt I O TH 2607 Crotalaria spectabilis Roth Pipli jhanjhuni S Fl, Rs Me Wd I O TH 1829 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Sishookat T Rs Ti, Me Pt E C TH 2193 Erythrina variegata L. Mandar T Hs Me Pt I O TH 2790 Grona triflora (L.) H.Ohashi&K.Ohashi Kodaliya H Fl Me Wd I C TH 2604 Guilandina bonduc L. Nata S, Ar Rs Me Wd I O TH 2598 Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Shim V Hs Ed Cl I C TH 2162 Lathyrus aphaca L. Jongli motor H Cf Wd I C TH 1834 Lathyrus oleraceus Lam. Motor H -- Ed, Me Cl E C TH 1884 Lathyrus sativus L. Kheshari H -- Ed Cl E C TH 1865 Medicago lupulina L. Halude lupin H Cf Wd E C TH 2020 162 HASAN AND UDDIN Table 1 contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Melilotus albus Medik. Sadamethi H Cf Wd I C TH 2130 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Kesur V Hs Ed Cl E C TH 2692 Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J.St.- Hil. ex H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Salpani S Rs Me Wd I C TH 2631 Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight Dhaincha H Fl Ot Cl I C TH 1849 Vicia faba L. Barasim H -- Cl E C TH 1974 Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray Masrchana H Cf Wd I C TH 1847 Vicia sativa L. Ankari H Cf Wd E C TH 1857 Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Maskalay H -- Ed Cl I C TH 2470 Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. Mugani H Fl Wd I C TH 2617 Lythraceae Ammannia baccifera L. Dadmari H Fl Wd I O TH 2723 Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth Kuphea S -- Or Pt E O TH 2408 Lawsonia inermis L. Mehedi S Hs Dy,Me Pt I C TH 2540 Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.Ham. ex Roxb.) Koehne Dim ghurni H Fl, Wt Wd I O TH 2101 Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Duli eucalyptus T Rs Ti Pt E C TH 2594 Psidium guajava L. Peyara S Hs Ed,Me Pt I C TH 2787 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jam T Hs, Rs Ed,Ti, Me Pt I C TH 2220 Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. &L.M.Perry Samari jamrul T Hs Ed Pt E O TH 2148 Punicaceae Punica granatum L. Dalim S Hs Ed, Me Pt I C TH 2793 Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H.Hara Keshordam H Aq Wd I C TH 2167 Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell Panilong H Fl, Wt Wd I C TH 2451 Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. Shayankura H Fl, Wt Wd I C TH 2448 Combretaceae Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Arjun T Rs Me Pt I R TH 2797 Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. Bandha S, Ar Ep Wd I C TH 2037 Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. Chota banda S, Ar Ep Wd I C TH 2441 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha indica L. Muktajhuri H Fl Me Wd I C TH 1885 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. Vita salpoti S Rs Wd I O TH 2553 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume Pat khowi L Rs Wd I R TH 2844 Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler) Spreng. Khudiphora H Fl, Rs Wd E C TH 2048 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A.Juss. Patabahar S Hs Or Pt E C TH 2856 Croton bonplandianus Baill. Bankhira S Fl, Rs Me Wd E C TH 2252 Euphorbia helioscopia L. Muhabi H Cf Wd I C TH 1971 Euphorbia hirta L. Dudhiya H Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2008 A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA 163 Table 1 Contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Jalsjardama H Cf, Fl Wd E C TH 2369 Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Sijhori H Cf Wd E C TH 2302 Euphorbia serpens Kunth -- H Fl, Rs Wd E C TH 2685 Euphorbia tithymaloides L. Berachita S Hs Pt E C TH 2271 Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju &Welzen Pitali T Rs Me Wd I C TH 2312 Mallotusphilippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg. Kamela T Hs Me Wd I O TH 2835 Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. Vuiamla H Cf, Fl Me Wd I C TH 2506 Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster --- H Cf, Fl Wd E O TH 2503 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Panjuli S Rs Me Wd I C TH 2070 Phyllanthus urinaria L. Hajarmoni H Fl Wd I C TH 2527 Phyllanthus virgatus G.Forst. Chhitki H Fl Wd I O TH 2366 Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Ghornifol T Hs Ot Wd I O TH 2815 Ricinus communis L. Rerhi S Hs Oi, Me Wd E C TH 1894 Tragia involucrata L. Bichuti V Rs Wd I O TH 2278 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Boroi T, Ar Fl, Hs Ed, Me Pt I C TH 2611 Vitaceae Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Gowalia-lata L Fl, Rs Wd I C TH 2516 Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. &J.Wen Amollata L Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2124 Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Lataphutiki V Rs Me Wd E C TH 1872 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Lichu T Hs Ed Pt I C TH 2081 Anacardiaceae Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Jiga T Hs Ot Pt I C TH 2791 Mangifera indica L. Aam T Hs Ed,Ti, Me Pt I C TH 2044 Spondias dulcis Parkinson Bilati amra T Hs Ed Pt E C TH 2568 Meliaceae Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.Parker Pitraj T Hs Ti, Me Wd I C TH 2763 Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Nim T Hs Me, Ti Pt I C TH 2243 Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC. Lombu T Rs Ti Pt E C TH 1913 Melia azedarach L. Ghoranim T Hs Ti, Me Wd I C TH 2852 Swietenia macrophylla King Bara mehogani T Hs, Rs Ti Pt E C TH 2864 Toona ciliata M.Roem. Toon T Hs Ti Wd I C TH 2765 Rutaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Bel T Hs Ed, Me Wd I C TH 2778 Bergera koenigii L. Borosunga S Rs Me Wd I O TH 2147 Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Batabilebu S Hs Ed, Me Pt I C TH 2789 Citrus × aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Kagagilebu S, Ar Hs Ed, Me Pt I C TH 2066 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Ashsaora S Rs Me Wd I C TH 1918 164 HASAN AND UDDIN Table 1 Contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Limonia acidissima L. Koethbel T Hs Ed, Me Pt I C TH 2582 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Kamini S Hs Or, Me Pt I C TH 2601 Oxalidaceae Averrhoa carambola L. Kamranga T Hs Ed Pt I C TH 2560 Oxalis corniculata L. Amrul H Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2036 Apiaceae Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Kuti thankuni H Rs Wd I O TH 2223 Apocynaceae Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton Baro akand S Rs Me Wd I C TH 2426 Carissa carandas L. Karamcha S, Ar Hs Ed, Me Pt I O TH 2357 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. Anontomul L Fl, Rs Me Wd I O TH 2507 Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton Shamlata L Rs Me Wd I O TH 2824 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Sarpagandha H Fl Me Wd I O TH 2260 Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Togarphul S Hs Or Pt I C TH 2207 Telosma pallida (Roxb.) Craib Kanjilata L Rs Wd I O TH 2489 Solanaceae Cestrum nocturnum L. Hasna hena S Or Pt E C TH 1969 Datura metel L. Dhutra S Fl, Rs Me Wd E C TH 1922 Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Bontamak H Fl, Rs Wd E C TH 2214 Physalis angulata L. Phutki H Cf, Fl Me Wd E C TH 2397 Solanum americanum Mill. Tit-begun H Fl Wd E C TH 2733 Solanum erianthum D.Don Arasa S Rs Me Wd E O TH 2205 Solanum lycopersicum L. Tomato H Ed, Me Cl I C TH 2199 Solanum melongena L. Begun S, Ar Ed Cl I C TH 1994 Solanum torvum Sw. Gothbegun S Fl, Rs E C TH 2069 Solanum tuberosum L. Alu H Ed Cl I C TH 2034 Solanum villosum Mill. Villo begun H Cf, Fl Wd I C TH 1908 Solanum violaceum Ortega Phutki S, Ar Rs Me Wd I C TH 2033 Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. Horin padi V Cf Wd E O TH 2026 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Bhuiokra H Fl, Rs Wd I C TH 2051 Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh Hiwet V Rs Wd I O TH 2341 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Kalsmi V Wt Ed Wd I C TH 1936 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Dholkalmi S Rs Ot Pt I C TH 2786 Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. Chagolkuri kalmi H Gr Or, Me Pt I O TH 2780 Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Langulilata V Rs Wd I O TH 2469 Merremia hederacea (Burm.f.) Hallier f. Kaladana V Fl, Rs Wd I C TH 2686 Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Dudh kalmi L Rs Wd I O TH 2693 Cuscutaceae Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Swarnalata H Ep Me Wd E C TH 2859 A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA 165 Table 1 Contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Menyanthaceae Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze Chandmala H Aq Wd I C TH 2346 Boraginaceae Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. Bohul T Hs Wd I C TH 2317 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. Kukurghiba H Rs Wd I O TH 2402 Heliotropium indicum L. Hatishur H Fl, Wt Me Wd I C TH 2233 Lamiaceae Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Gobura S Rs Wd I C TH 2735 Leonurus sibiricus L. Raktodhrone H Fl Wd I C TH 2019 Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. Shetodron H Fl Ed, Me Wd I C TH 2074 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Kalotulsi S Me Pt I C TH 1909 Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze Pacholi S Rs Me Wd I O TH 2143 Salvia plebeia R.Br. Bhuitulsi H Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2174 Verbenaceae Callicarpa longifolia Lam. Boro bormala S Hs Me Wd I R TH 2427 Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Bamunhati S Fl, Rs Me Wd I O TH 2802 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Bhant S Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2080 Duranta erecta L. Kata mehedi S Or Pt E O TH 2536 Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. Gamary T Rs Ti, Me Pt I O TH 2772 Lantana camara L. Putush L Rs Me Wd E O TH 2737 Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton &P.Wilson Vui-okra H Rs, Wt Wd I C TH 2552 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Vuiokra H Fl Me Wd I C TH 2310 Premna bengalensis C.B.Clarke Dauli S Hs Me Pt I O TH 2840 Tectona grandis L.f. Segun T Hs Ti, Me Pt E O TH 2587 Vitex negundo L. Nishinda S Hs Me Pt I O TH 2510 Oleaceae Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton Beli L Rs Me Wd I C TH 2276 Scrophulariaceae Bonnaya antipoda (L.) Druce Sada panighas H Cf, Wt Wd I C TH 2164 Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. Patakutra H Aq Wd I C TH 2659 Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbás Bokpuspo H Cf,Fl, Wt Wd I C TH 2112 Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small Mikardan H Cf, Fl Wd E C TH 2055 Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis Tutra H Cf Wd I C TH 1932 Scoparia dulcis L. Bandhoney H Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 1840 Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. &Schltdl. Chapraghas H Fl, Rs Wd I C TH 2497 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Paniveronti H Wt Wd I O TH 2185 Yamazakia viscosa (Hornem.) W.R.Barker, Y.S.Liang&Wannan Atha chapra H Wt Wd I O TH 2439 Acanthaceae Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees Kalomegh H Hs Me Wd I O TH 2758 166 HASAN AND UDDIN Table 1 Contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen Nam ecbol H Hs Me Wd I O TH 2544 Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews Shuk murali H Hs Me Pt I R TH 2237 Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Kulekhara H Wt Me Wd I C TH 1986 Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T.Anderson Alai kalai H Wt Wd I C TH 2728 Hygrophila ringens (L.) R.Br. ex Spreng. --- H Wt Wd I O TH 2111 Justicia adhatoda L. Basak S Hs Me Pt I C TH 2208 Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. Jagatmadan S Hs Me Pt I C TH 1861 Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. Paramul H Rs Wd I O TH 2200 Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet Kantasi H Rs Wd I O TH 2876 Ruellia prostrata Poir. Posta booti H Rs Wd I C TH 2156 Ruellia simplex C.Wright --- H Or Pt E O TH 1893 Ruellia tuberosa L. Chotpoty H Fl, Rs Wd E C TH 2335 Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Pindi H Fl Wd E C TH 1891 Strobilanthes hirta (Vahl) Blume Buripana H Fl Wd I C TH 2135 Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum L. Til S Oi, Me Cl I C TH 2308 Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Kanidingi T Hs Ed, Me Wd I R TH 2741 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia stellarisL.f. Patajangi H Aq Wd I C TH 2755 Campanulaceae Campanula dimorphantha Schweinf. Ghanti H Rs Wd I O TH 1999 Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A.DC. Nak-phul H Cf Wd I C TH 1998 Rubiaceae Dentella repens var. serpyllifolia (Wall. ex Craib) Verdc. Sharpilbhuipat H Fl Wd I C TH 2446 Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link Mainakanta S, Ar Rs Ed Wd I O TH 2282 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Kadam T Rs Me,Or Pt I C TH 2578 Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Khet papra H Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2691 Spermacoce articularis L.f. Atharogia H Rs Wd I O TH 2485 Asteraceae Acmella ciliata (Kunth) Cass. --- H Fl, Rs Me Wd E C TH 1887 Acmella radicans (Jacq.) R.K.Jansen --- H Rs Wd E O TH 1876 Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. Marhatitiga H Cf Wd E O TH 1874 Ageratum conyzoides L. Ochunti H Fl Me Wd E C TH 1902 Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC. Nilmoli H Fl, Rs Wd I O TH 2123 Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Kukur shunga H Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 1964 Blumea sinuata (Lour.) Merr. --- H Fl, Rs Wd I C TH 2060 Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Fuiltagas H Cf Wd I C TH 2638 A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA 167 Table 1 Contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King&H.Rob. Assamlata S Rs Me Wd E C TH 1880 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Shial kata H Rs Wd I C TH 2204 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. Kukshim H Rs Me Wd I C TH 1884 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Kesuti H Fl Me Wd I C TH 1929 Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera Silvalomi H Fl Wd E C TH 2090 Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Kulakolmi H Fl Wd I C TH 1931 Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Nemuti H Cf, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2025 Ixeris polycephala Cass. Fala geris H Cf Wd I C TH 1924 Lagascea mollis Cav. Reshmi pata H Rs Wd E O TH 2394 Launaea aspleniifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. Tikadana H Fl Wd E C TH 2230 Mikania micrantha Kunth Asamlata L Rs Me Wd E C TH 1925 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Gajargas H Fl, Rs Wd E C TH 1853 Pseudoconyza viscosa (Mill.) D'Arcy Coniza H Fl, Rs Wd I O TH 2433 Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard &B.L.Burtt Barakamra H Cf, Fl Wd I C TH 2065 Saussurea lyrata (Bunge) Franch. Saussurea H Cf Wd I C TH 2013 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sonpalong H Fl, Rs Wd I C TH 2120 Sonchus wightianus DC. Ban palang H Rs Me Wd I O TH 2184 Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski Latadeiji H Fl Or Wd E O TH 2262 Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Relanodi H Fl, Rs Me Wd E C TH 1895 Tagetes erecta L. Gendaphul H Hs Or, Me Pt E C TH 1851 Tridax procumbens L. Tridhara H Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 1955 Xanthium strumarium L. Ghagra S Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2416 Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Youngaful H Fl Wd I C TH 2001 LILIOPSIDA Alismataceae Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth Kauathukri H Aq Wd I C TH 2653 Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Chotokut H Aq Wd I C TH 2172 Hydrocharitaceae Nechamandra alternifolia (Roxb. ex Wight) Thwaites Rasna-zanji H Aq Wd I O TH 2681 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Panicola H Aq Wd I C TH 2690 Potamogetonaceae Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner Sagu zhanchi H Aq Wd I O TH 2805 Arecaceae Areca catechu L. Suoari T Hs Ed, Me Pt E C TH 2799 Borassus flabellifer L. Tal T Hs, Rs Ed, Me Wd I C TH 2837 Calamus tenuis Roxb. Bandribet L Hs Ot Wd I C TH 2559 Cocos nucifera L. Narikel T Hs Ed, Me Pt E C TH 2804 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Khajur T Hs, Rs Ed, Me Wd I C TH 2841 Pandanaceae Benstonea foetida (Roxb.) Callm. &Buerki Keyakata T Or Pt I O TH 2829 168 HASAN AND UDDIN Table 1 Contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Araceae Alocasia fornicata (Kunth) Schott Salukachu H Fl, Hs Wd I C TH 2711 Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don Mankachu H Hs Ed, Me Wd I C TH 2621 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Mmukhi kochu H Fl Ed, Me Wd I C TH 2593 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites Katakuchu H Rs Wd I O TH 2406 Pistia stratiotes L. Topa pana H Aq Wd I C TH 2442 Leucocasia gigantea (Blume) Schott Salad-kachu H Fl, Hs Ed Wd I C TH 2646 Typhonium flagelliforme (G.Lodd.) Blume Gechu H Wt Wd I O TH 2726 Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott Ghechu H Fl Ed Wd I C TH 2324 Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L. Kanchira H Fl Me Wd I C TH 2461 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Manaina H Fl Wd I C TH 2464 Commelina longifolia Lam. Pani kanshira H Wt Wd I O TH 2779 Commelina paludosa Blume Jota kanchira H Fl Me Wd I C TH 1958 Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D.Don ex Sweet Axinot H Cf Wd I C TH 2685 Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan Kanduli H Wt Wd I O TH 2586 Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Balbobin H Wt Wd I O TH 2177 Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Shabuj nirbisa G Fl, Rs Wd I C TH 2419 Cyperus difformis L. Behuaghasi G Wt Wd I C TH 2107 Cyperus iria L. Iri ghasi G Cf, Wt Wd I C TH 2404 Cyperus mindorensis (Steud.) Huygh Subasi nirbisa G Fl, Rs Wd I C TH 2328 Cyperus rotundus L. Mutha G Cf Me Wd I C TH 2297 Fimbristylisdipsacea (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke Dipsa fimbry G Fl, Wt Wd I O TH 2436 Schoenoplectiella articulata (L.) Lye Chechra H Fl, Wt Wd I C TH 2695 Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye Chechri H Cf, Wt Wd I O TH 2202 Poaceae Apluda mutica L. Matika G Rs Wd I O TH 2620 Bambusa balcooa Roxb. Borakbash Ba Hs Bm Wd I C TH 2555 Bambusa tulda Roxb. Tollabash Ba Hs Bm Wd I C TH 2563 Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone Napier gas G Fl, Rs Fo Cl E C TH 1890 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Durbaghass G Rs Me Wd I C TH 2349 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Makra G Fl, Rs Me Wd I C TH 2459 Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf Loari G Rs Wd I C TH 1855 Digitaria setigera Roth Shetighas G Cf Wd I C TH 2298 Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P.Beauv. Bara shama gash G Cf, Wt Wd I C TH 2132 Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Koni ghas G Rs Wd I C TH 2300 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Ulukhor G Fl Wd I C TH 2484 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees --- G Cf, Wt Wd I C TH 2097 A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA 169 Table 1 Contd. Scientific Name Bangla Name Habit Habitat Use Status Origin Occur RSE Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P.Beauv. Jabri durba G Hs, Rs Wd I C TH 2626 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. Gohur durba G Hs Wd I C TH 2696 Oryza sativa L. (TH 2724) Dhan G Ed, Me Cl I C Saccharum officinarum L. Akh G Me Cl E C TH 1960 Saccharum spontaneum L. Kash G Fl Me Wd I C TH 2640 Setaria flavida (Retz.) Veldkamp Bolaymandi ghas G Rs Wd I C TH 2375 Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Haludkawn G Fl Wd I C TH 2126 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Deodhan G Cl E O TH 2256 Triticum aestivum L. Gom G Ed Cl I C TH 2042 Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf Peraghas G Rs Wd I C TH 2303 Musaceae Musa × paradisiaca L. Kola H Hs Ed, Me Cl I C TH 2099 Zingiberaceae Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt Jongliada H Hs Me Wd I O TH 2816 Costaceae Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta Kew mul H Hs Me Wd I C TH 2551 Pontederiaceae Pontederia crassipes Mart. Kochuripana H Aq Wd E C TH 2219 Pontederia hastata L. Bara nukha H Aq Wd I C TH 2602 Liliaceae Allium cepa L. Piaj H Ed, Me Cl E C TH 1959 Allium sativum L. Rosun H Ed, Me Cl E C TH 2086 Curculigo latifolia Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton Talmule H Me Cl I O TH 2831 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea alata L. Chupri alu V Hs Ed Cl I C TH 2616 Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Suar alu V,Ar Hs Ed Wd I O TH 2759 Orchidaceae Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don Tessi rasna H Ep Or, Me Wd I C TH 2600 Habit: Armed= Ar, Bamboo= Ba, Grass=G, Herb=H, Liana=L, Scandent=Sc, Shrub=S, Tree=T and Vine=V; Habitat: Aquatic=Aq, Epiphyte= Ep, Crop field=Cf, Fallow land= Fl, Homestead= Hs, Road/Railway side= Rs, Timber= Ti and Wetland= Wt; Use: Building materials= Bm, Dye= Dy, Edible= Ed, Fiber= Fi, Fodder= Fo, Medicinal= Me, Oil= Oi, Ornamental= Or, Other use = Ot and Spice = Sp; Status: Cultivated= Cl. Planted=Pt and Wild=Wd; Occurrence: Common=C. Occasionally=O and Rare=R and RSE: TH= Tarikul Hasan. such as oil, spices, fiber, forage, natural dye, building materials etc. In Bangladesh, plant immigration is a common scenario since long. Most of the plant introduced by settler, invaders or traders (Dutta et al., 2015). In this study, a total of 93 species were found as exotic species in the study area which was one fourth (24.67%) of the total collection. Among them, 49 were herbs, 16 were shrubs, 20 were trees and 8 were climbers. Regarding status of exotic species, 13 species were cultivated, 33 species were planted and 48 species were found wild. It is alarming that out of 48 exotic wild species, 35 species are spreading fast and are being a common species. Further research is needed to assess their impact on native species. Total 37 exotic species have medicinal potential for different ailments and 44 were useful to the householders. 170 HASAN AND UDDIN Fig. 2. Habit and habitat composition Conservation significance of local plant species Throughout the study on the basis of field observation of richness and their population size, eight species were found as rare or species of conservation concern for this area such as Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Han.; Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume; Callicarpa longifolia Lam.; Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews; Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz; Potentilla supina L.; Sterculia foetida L. and Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Except Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume and Sterculia foetida L. all species have medicinal potentiality. Potentilla supina L. is recollected after 118 years from this area (Hasan and Uddin, 2022). Rare species need to be specially cared and regularly monitored. Identified threats to local plant diversity On the basis of field observations and personal interviews as well as group discussions, the present study identified some threats on plant biodiversity of this area. In this regard, main threats are of two types. One is expansion of arable land and the other is the digging of ponds in low land for pisciculture. As a results of which fallow land as well as wet land is decreasing and demolish terrestrial, aquatic or sub-aquatic species. Another major threats were availability of the substitutes of natural product like plastic product, pharmaceutical product, synthetic dye etc. Other threats were lack of awareness among the residents about plants, use of unnecessary agrochemicals specially herbicides and pesticides, changes of cropping pattern, random collection of medicinal plants, filling the low lands, clearing the brushwood, unplanned construction activities and change of climates. Based on this present assessment and information gatherd from informal discussion with the resident, some recommendation provided for judicious attention. First of all, infrequent and endangered plant should be considered for ‘in-situ’ and ‘ex-situ’ conservation. Secondly, local small nurseries or garden should be developed to grow the population of native rare species, wildlife-supporting species and medicinal plant species as well as infrequent species. Last but not least, awareness should be built up among the local people to save threatened and valuable plant species and their habitat. Conclusion This study indicates that Bagatipara Upazila is rich in Angiospermic species. Though some species are found to be exotic, fortunately most of the species are indigenous and important sources for medicine and food. Some threats have been identified and some locally rare species A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA 171 were found in this area. Therefore, some steps should be taken immediately, such as raising awareness among the residents about the importance of indigenous plant species; preserving plant diversity through various activities like construction, cultivation, and plantation; sustainable use and conservation of rare and medicinal plants, and protecting against habitat destruction. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Md. Asraf Ali, Md. 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