item: #1 of 339
          id: banko-13465
      author: Editor, The
       title: Nepal Earthquake: Need to Quantify Impact on Forest Ecosystem
        date: 2015
       words: 591
      flesch: 46
     summary: In order to build our scientific understanding of the impact of abiotic disturbance such as landslides, more information is required regarding the nature and extent of forest disturbance. Also, there is a likelihood of encroachment in forest areas as they often provide open-access land for people to build temporary shelters.
    keywords: forest; nepal
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        item: #2 of 339
          id: banko-13466
      author: Kharal, D. K.; Bhuju, D. R.; Gaire, N. P.; Rayamajhi, S.; Meilby, H.; Chaudhary, A.
       title: Population structure and distribution of Abies spectabilis (D. Don) in Central Nepal Himalaya: A comparison with the total woody vegetation of the forests at the three different elevation ranges in Manang District
        date: 2015
       words: 6270
      flesch: 58
     summary: The tree species in the forests of Manang district Table 2: Summary statistics of woody vegetation and A. spectabilis by elevation sites Vegetation types Elevation sites Parameters Seedlings/ha Saplings/ha Poles/ha Trees/ha Stems/ha BA(m2/ha) Woody species Lower 14,013 1,032 135 140 15,320 35.8 Middle 15,044 1,629 272 179 17,124 27.2 Upper 5,056 586 104 100 5,846 22.6 Average 11,308 1,073 168 139 12,689 28.5 A. spectabilis Lower 2,070 242 25 40 2,377 15.9 Middle 8,255 784 139 60 9,239 8.5 Upper 1,154 166 40 13 1,373 1.4 3: Structural composition of A. spectabilis by elevation sites Kharal et al. Banko Janakari, Vol. 25, No. 1 9 than 100 cm for same species.
    keywords: area; basal; density; distribution; elevation; forest; nepal; sites; spectabilis; treeline
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        item: #3 of 339
          id: banko-13467
      author: Gyawali, R.; Adhikari, S.; Gautam, S.; Guragain, P.; Pokharel, S.; Pradhan, N.; Sijapati, S.; Shrestha, T. M.
       title: Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of selected medicinal plants from Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal
        date: 2015
       words: 2649
      flesch: 52
     summary: The history of medicine and medicinal plants in Nepal can be traced back to the Vedic Period where Nepal Himalaya has been mentioned as a sacred heaven of potent medicinal and aromatic plants. Several medicinal plants have been screened to identify the possible natural antibacterial agents from medicinal plants (Gyawali et al., 2013, 2014).
    keywords: barks; extract; plants; ppm
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        item: #4 of 339
          id: banko-13468
      author: Awasthi, N.; Bhandari, S. K.; Khanal, Y.
       title: Does scientific forest management promote plant species diversity and regeneration in Sal (Shorea robusta) forest? A case study from Lumbini collaborative forest, Rupandehi, Nepal
        date: 2015
       words: 5293
      flesch: 58
     summary: As disturbances played leading role in species diversity, Robert and Gillium (1995) argued with intermediate-disturbance hypothesis as most applicable for forest management which prevents few species from dominating resources. The study was purposed to find out the intial effects of silvicultural intervention on plant species diversity and regeneration of Sal forest.
    keywords: area; block; diversity; forest; iii; management; regeneration; robusta; species
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        item: #5 of 339
          id: banko-13469
      author: Dangal, S. P.; Das, A. K.
       title: Effects of management practices on growth rate of pine plantations in Nepal
        date: 2015
       words: 5348
      flesch: 61
     summary: Dendrocronological assessment taking sample cores of 120 trees was conducted in plantations age between 1975 and 1990. The case of Mississippi suggests that the plantations in the study area has now reached the final harvesting stage as most of the plantations have already Dangal and Das Banko Janakari, Vol. 25, No. 1 37 crossed thinning age leading to an annual loss of almost US$ 180 ha-1 (Hunt et al., 2001).
    keywords: age; density; growth; increment; management; nepal; plantations; thinning; trees; years
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        item: #6 of 339
          id: banko-13470
      author: Napit, R.; Paudel, P. K.
       title: Response of natural forest regeneration to human disturbance in Banke National Park
        date: 2015
       words: 5577
      flesch: 59
     summary: The expected curvilinear effect was not obtained as it showed only the increase in seedling density with the increase in human disturbance variables. Even a strict natural reserve is subjected to have some degree of human disturbances.
    keywords: area; density; disturbance; fig; forest; human; park; regeneration; sapling; seedling; species; tree; variables
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        item: #7 of 339
          id: banko-13471
      author: Khadka, A.; Subedi, T.; Ghimire, M.; Dhakal, B. P.; Parikka, H.
       title: Diameter-height models for the Terai tree species
        date: 2015
       words: 1973
      flesch: 65
     summary: Accurate measurement of tree height is time consuming. Minimum subsamples of tree heights for accurate estimation of loblolly pine plot volume.
    keywords: diameter; height; models; species; tree
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        item: #8 of 339
          id: banko-13472
      author: Editor, The
       title: Churia Conservation: Efforts and Challenges in Nepal
        date: 2015
       words: 790
      flesch: 37
     summary: The Government of Nepal (GoN) has promulgated necessary acts and regulations, strategies and plans in which an urgent need of Churia conservation is placed on the highest priority. Having realized such intricacy in addressing the challenges in Churia conservation, the GoN has recently established the President Chure Terai Madesh Conservation Committee under the Development Committee Act, 2013 to address the issues in integrated approach.
    keywords: churia; conservation; terai
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        item: #9 of 339
          id: banko-13473
      author: Kharal, D. K.; Meilby, H.; Rayamajhi, S.; Bhuju, D.; Thapa, U. K.
       title: Tree ring variability and climate response of Abies spectabilis along an elevation gradient in Mustang, Nepal
        date: 2015
       words: 5682
      flesch: 57
     summary: The robust average of tree ring width of A. spectabilis was found to be higher at the two sites in the middle of the elevation range (Titi upper and Pangu Khark) than at the other two sites at the ends of the elevation range. The Kharal et al. Fig. 3: Ring-width chronology of A. spectabilis in four sites along an elevation gradient in Mustang Banko Janakari, Vol. 24, No. 1 9 Kharal et al. values of MS and SD observed for the common period indicate that trees at higher elevation sites are slightly more sensitive to the climate than trees at lower elevation.
    keywords: climate; elevation; et al; growth; nepal; precipitation; ring; sites; temperature; tree
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        item: #10 of 339
          id: banko-13474
      author: Bhandari, S. K.; Neupane, H.
       title: Allometric equations for estimating the above-ground biomass of Castanopsis indica at juvenile stage
        date: 2015
       words: 4459
      flesch: 62
     summary: Therefore this study was carried out to develop juvenile biomass models. Juvenile biomass models were designated by applying each of the eight independent variables and termed first model category for a model with D alone, second model category for a model with D2 and third model category for a model with DH and so on resulting in eight different model categories in total and these eight model categories consist 13 models of different forms (i.e. 8 × 13 = 104 alternative models, see Table 2 for details).
    keywords: biomass; category; chapagain; et al; forest; juvenile; model; nepal; species
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        item: #11 of 339
          id: banko-13475
      author: Acharya, K.; Tiwari, K. R.; Timilsina, Y. P.; PC, S
       title: Assessing vulnerability and adaptation strategies of forest dependent people to climate change in the Mid-hills of Nepal
        date: 2015
       words: 4404
      flesch: 53
     summary: Forest and water resources, the major natural resources of Nepal, are at the forefront of climate change vulnerability (PAN, 2009). Rural people are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to its high dependence on climate- sensitive sectors like glaciers, agriculture and forestry, and its low financial adaptive capacity.
    keywords: adaptation; change; climate; climate change; forest; nepal; people; study; vulnerability
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        item: #12 of 339
          id: banko-13476
      author: Jha, R. K.; Yadav, J. N.
       title: Economic potential and marketing trend of bamboo in Nepal: A case study from Rautahat District
        date: 2015
       words: 6587
      flesch: 63
     summary: 5: Price trend of bamboo culm and its products Demand trend for bamboo culms for self use The trend in use of bamboo culms by rich and middle-class HHs decreased during the last seven years from 2003/04 to 2010 while there was no change in the use of bamboo culms in the poor HHs during the same period (Figure 6). The aim of the study was to assess the status of bamboo production in private land, its contribution to socio-economic condition and marketing trend of bamboo culms and bamboo products.
    keywords: bamboo; class; clumps; culms; demand; hhs; middle; nepal; number; products; table; use
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        item: #13 of 339
          id: banko-13477
      author: Khanal, S.
       title: Wildfire trends in Nepal based on MODIS burnt-area data
        date: 2015
       words: 1809
      flesch: 65
     summary: Thus, information such as hot spots of fire activity, the spatio-temporal pattern of fire distribution as well as the total amount of burnt-area across Nepal are some of the essential information for planning and implementing fire management activities. The information on fire activity across Nepal was derived from the MODIS- based estimate of the time series burnt-area.
    keywords: activity; area; climate; fire; modis; nepal
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        item: #14 of 339
          id: banko-13486
      author: Joshi, A. R.; Tegel, K.; Manandhar, U.; Aguilar-Amuchastegui, N.; Dinerstein, E.; Eivazi, A.; Gamble, L.; Gautam, B.; Gunia, K.; Gunia, M.; Hall, D.; Hämäläinen, J.; Hawkes, M.; Junttila, V.; Gautam, S. K.; Kandel, Y.; Kandel, P.; Kauranne, T; Kolesnikov, A; Latva-Käyrä, P.; Lohani, S.; Nepal, S. M.; Niles, J.; Peukurinen, J.; Powell, G.; Rana, P.; Suihkonen, T.; Thapa, G. J.
       title: An accurate REDD+ reference level for Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal using LiDAR assisted Multi-source Programme (LAMP)
        date: 2015
       words: 5575
      flesch: 55
     summary: A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals caused by deforestation, gains and losses of carbon stocks in forests remaining forests, and forestation. RL = Activity data × Emission factors The amount of CO2 released due to loss of forest carbon resulting from deforestation and degradation is termed as gross emissions while intake of CO2 by growing plants during forest regeneration is called sequestration.
    keywords: biomass; carbon; change; classes; data; deforestation; emissions; forest; lidar; nepal
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        item: #15 of 339
          id: banko-13488
      author: Heyojoo, B. P.; Nandy, S.
       title: Estimation of above-ground phytomass and carbon in tree resources outside the forest (TROF): A geo-spatial approach
        date: 2015
       words: 3496
      flesch: 54
     summary: Radiometric and Geometric correction Satellite data (IRS P6 LISS -IV, March 2010) Classified map Linear Scattered Block TROF Google Image Visual interpretation/Editing Statistical model/regression Phytomass & carbon map Phytomass/carbon density TROF Linear TROF Block TROF Scattered Field Sampling/Observation Ancillary data (Topo-sheet/FCC image/Google) Volume Sampling Phytomass Specific gravity Volume eqn. 3: Conceptual methodological framework Image rectification, interpretation and TROF classification Image to image registration was carried out using georeferenced geotiff image of Landsat ETM+ of study area as a master image.
    keywords: area; block; carbon; data; field; fig; image; linear; phytomass; study; trof
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        item: #16 of 339
          id: banko-13489
      author: Maharjan, M.; Awasthi, K. D.; Pande, K. R.; Thapa, N.
       title: Nutrient status of rangeland in upper Mustang
        date: 2015
       words: 3014
      flesch: 67
     summary: The decreasing trend of AK was quite high according to depth of the soil but AK status was good at different soil according to table 15. Table 7: Total nitrogen (%) at different soil depths Soil Depth Mean Max.
    keywords: mean; soil; table
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        item: #17 of 339
          id: banko-13490
      author: Yadav, B. R.; Dutta, C.; Chalise, M. K.; Williams, C.
       title: Human-Asian wild elephant (Elephas maximus) conflicts and its socio-economic consequences in and around the protected areas of Central Terai, Nepal
        date: 2015
       words: 4066
      flesch: 67
     summary: However, the economic loss due to crop damage by wild elephants raiding in the Buffer Zone (BZ) of the Chitwan National Park (CNP) was nearly half of the Parsa District. Compensatory relief for victimized families are the immediate solution in reducing the conflict whereas cultivation of unpalatable crops in and around the elephant routes as well as practice of agro-forestry are some of the long term solution in the habitat of wild elephants.
    keywords: damage; district; elephants; human; nepal; nrs; parsa; us$; yadav
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        item: #18 of 339
          id: banko-13491
      author: Raskoti, B. B.; Bhatt, G. D.; Ale, R.
       title: Nymphaea tetragona (Nymphaeaceae) a new record for flora of Nepal
        date: 2015
       words: 590
      flesch: 69
     summary: In this study, N. tetragona have been collected by B. B. Raskoti and Rita Ale from the Banke District, of Mid-western Nepal and the specimen is deposited at KATH. Distribution Nepal (Mid-western Nepal), China, India, Japan, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia, Vietnam; North America, Europe.
    keywords: nepal
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        item: #19 of 339
          id: banko-13492
      author: Library, Central Forest
       title: Central Forest Library Acquisition List No. 62, May 2014
        date: 2015
       words: 790
      flesch: 62
     summary: MD Publication Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 339p. S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 202p.
    keywords: delhi; new
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        item: #20 of 339
          id: banko-13493
      author: Index, Key Word
       title: Key Word Index to Vol. 24, No. 1, May 2014
        date: 2015
       words: 105
      flesch: 48
     summary: Nepal 14, 23, 47 Nitrogen 41 Nutrient 41 Phosphorus 41 Phytomass 34 Potassium 41 rangeland 41 REDD+ 23 reference level 23 sampling 34 satellite data 23 sub national 23 tree growth 3 tree line species 3 TROF 34 upper Mustang 41 Key Word Index to Vol. 24, No. 1, May 2014 59 Asian Wild elephant 47 Biomass 14 carbon 23, 34 Castanopsis indica 14 Climate change 3 crop damage 47 Dendro-climatology 3 elephant killings 47 field plots 23 geospatial 34 habitat encroachment 47 Himalayas 3 human killings 47 juvenile 14 LAMP 23 LiDAR 23 model 14 Key word Page no.
    keywords: word
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        item: #21 of 339
          id: banko-15460
      author: Mathema, Prakash
       title: Forest Fire and its management strategies in Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 782
      flesch: 42
     summary: A reliable and timely fire detection and monitoring system is an important part of forest fire management. There are different methods and tools to prevent forest fires that demand much resources both in terms of technology and economy.
    keywords: fire; forest; management
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        item: #22 of 339
          id: banko-15461
      author: Jha, R K; Baral, S K; Aryal, R; Thapa, H B
       title: Restoration of degraded sites with suitable tree species in the Mid-hills of Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 5826
      flesch: 62
     summary: Growth of native forest species planted on abandoned pasture land in Costa Rica. Secondly, six different native, naturalized as well as exotic tree species (Sapindus mukorossi, Prunus cerasoides, Choerospondias axillaris, Melia azedarach, Pinus patula and Robinia pseudoacacia) were planted in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks (6 species × 4 blocks) in July 2008.
    keywords: district; forest; growth; height; land; nepal; soil; species; study; survival; years
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        item: #23 of 339
          id: banko-15462
      author: Thapa, U K; Shah, S K; Gaire, N P; Bhuju, D R; Bhattacharyya, A.; Thagunna, G. S.
       title: Influence of climate on radial growth of Abies pindrow in Western Nepal Himalaya
        date: 2016
       words: 2872
      flesch: 57
     summary: Feedbacks of climate change are reflected in several components of earth including air, water, ice, land and vegetation which have distinctive response time to the changing climate and the natural archives like tree rings, ice cores, sediments, pollens, etc can be used as proxies to reconstruct the past climatic variations (Ruddiman, 2000). In order to explore year-to-year as well as seasonal variation in climate, tree rings are most suitable proxies as they provide absolute dates with high annual resolution rather than giving relative estimates like other proxies (Fritts, 1976; Hughes and Diaz, 2002).
    keywords: chronology; climate; himalaya; nepal; ring; tree
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        item: #24 of 339
          id: banko-15463
      author: Shah, S. K.; Acharya, H.
       title: Modelling the relationship between canopy projection area and above-ground carbon stock of intermingled canopy trees using high-resolution satellite imagery
        date: 2016
       words: 4814
      flesch: 58
     summary: 2: Number of intermingled canopy trees of S. robusta Shah and Acharya Banko Janakari, Vol. 23, No. 2 23 Exploratory data analysis The descriptive statistics of ΣBA, Σbiomass, Σcarbon and CPA of intermingled (two and three together) canopy trees of S. robusta are presented after removing outliers in table 1. 20 This study was aimed to establish regression models for the relationship of Canopy Projection Area (CPA) with carbon stock of intermingled canopy trees of dominant species for the prediction of above-ground carbon stock.
    keywords: area; canopy; carbon; cpa; forest; linear; regression; relationship; trees; σba
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        item: #25 of 339
          id: banko-15478
      author: Shrestha, Bishnu Prasad; Devkota, B. P.
       title: Carbon stocks in the Oak and Pine Forests in Salyan District, Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 4211
      flesch: 70
     summary: Measurement guidelines for the sequestration of forest carbon. Leaf litter and root litter inputs play major roles in forest soil carbon dynamics (Shrestha and Singh, 2008).
    keywords: biomass; carbon; forest; ground; ha-1; oak; pine; shrestha; soil; stock
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        item: #26 of 339
          id: banko-15479
      author: Paudyal, B. K.
       title: Regeneration, growth of Hill Sal and plant diversity in Community Forest: A case study from Pragatisil Community Forest in Kaski District, Western Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 3625
      flesch: 70
     summary: E-mail: bimalpaudyal0@gmail.com Banko Janakari, Vol. 23, No. 2 38 Skarner (1995) has highlighted on research on Sal Forest management in Nepal. The growth and yield models for uniform Sal Forest in the Bhabar-Terai in Nepal have been described by Rautianen (1995).
    keywords: area; community; forest; growth; nepal; regeneration; sal; species; study
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        item: #27 of 339
          id: banko-15481
      author: Sharma, A. R.; Dangi, R. B.
       title: Dualistic development and economic benefits: Experience from Community Forestry in Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 2311
      flesch: 44
     summary: Modern sector enlargement or traditional sector enrichment? The modern-sector enlargement typology in which two-sector economy develops by enlarging the size of modern sector.
    keywords: community; development; enrichment; growth; sector
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        item: #28 of 339
          id: banko-15495
      author: Mathema, Prakash
       title: Role of trees and forests in disaster risk reduction and mitigation
        date: 2016
       words: 826
      flesch: 49
     summary: Fourth, in the context of climate change contributing to increased frequency and severity of disasters, conservation of forests, reforestation/afforestation programmes, and sustainable forest management can minimize disaster risk by mitigating climate change through the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and through enhanced carbon sequestration. First, forests and trees can offer physical barrier against natural disasters such as floods, landslides and tsunamis, thereby preventing loss of lives, property and livelihoods.
    keywords: disasters; forests; trees
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        item: #29 of 339
          id: banko-15496
      author: Rai, S. K.; Sharma, S.; Shrestha, K. K.; Gajurel, J. P.; Devkota, S.; Nobis, M. P.; Scheidegger, C.
       title: Effects of the environment on species richness and composition of vascular plants in Manaslu Conservation Area and Sagarmatha region of Nepalese Himalaya
        date: 2016
       words: 6977
      flesch: 61
     summary: Variation in plant species richness of different life forms along a subtropical elevation gradient in the Himalayas, east Nepal. Generalized Linear Model (GLM) also revealed significant effects of elevation, land-use types, slope angle, aspect, temperature and precipitation on species richness.
    keywords: composition; data; elevation; fig; forest; land; plots; precipitation; richness; species; study; temperature; use; variables
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        item: #30 of 339
          id: banko-15497
      author: Khanal, S.; Khadka, A.
       title: Mapping deforestation and forest degradation using CLASlite approach in Eastern Churia of Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 3108
      flesch: 56
     summary: Monitoring deforestation and forest degradation is essential for forest conservation and sustainable management. Those activities have become more relevant in order to get reference emission level required for Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) initiative.
    keywords: areas; claslite; deforestation; degradation; fig; forest; nepal
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        item: #31 of 339
          id: banko-15498
      author: Pandey, H. P.; Bhusal, M.
       title: A comparative study on carbon stock in Sal (Shorea robusta) forest in two different ecological regions of Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 4559
      flesch: 62
     summary: Therefore, the first step is to estimate the amount of carbon stocks in the forests of different conditions and types for getting credits from forest carbon in days to come. Forest sampling and plot allocation For forest carbon inventory, systematic random sampling technique with 1% sampling intensity was used.
    keywords: biomass; carbon; density; forest; ha-1; nepal; robusta; soc; soil; stock; terai
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        item: #32 of 339
          id: banko-15499
      author: Baral, K.; Upreti, B. R.
       title: Resource assessment of Bel (Aegle marmelos) and potentiality to establish its processing enterprise in Tanahun district of Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 3528
      flesch: 66
     summary: However, further resource assessment of the Table 3: Total and harvestable amount of A. marmelos fruits and pulp S.N. Name and address of CFs Total amount of A. marmelos fruits Harvestable amount of A. marmelos fruits Total no. of fruits Weight of fruits (kg) A. marmelos trees are generally found in the outer Himalayas, Siwaliks and Tarai with altitudes up to 1500 m. In Nepal, A. marmelos is distributed abundantly in the Siwalik region, Inner Tarai, and lower valley region mostly at riverside having sandy soil at 150–1,220 m altitude (Shrestha and Shrestha, 2005).
    keywords: blocks; cfs; district; forest; fruits; marmelos; nepal; trees
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        item: #33 of 339
          id: banko-15500
      author: Chaudhary, A. K.; Acharya, A. K.; Khanal, S.
       title: Forest type mapping using object-based classification method in Kapilvastu district, Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 3424
      flesch: 54
     summary: 4: Forest type classification using k-NN method Blaschke (2003) observed that the optimal size of segmentation is critical and challenging task in GEOBIA. Dorren et al. (2003) stated the importance of image object-size in forest classification and mapping.
    keywords: accuracy; cart; classification; forest; image; sensing
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        item: #34 of 339
          id: banko-15501
      author: Khadka, C. B.; Hammet, A. L.; Singh, A.; Balla, M. K.; Timilsina, Y. P.
       title: Ecological status and diversity indices of Panchaule (Dactylorhiza hatagirea) and its associates in Lete village of Mustang district, Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 4452
      flesch: 61
     summary: The mean age of D. hatagirea was calculated by summing up all the ages of D. hatagirea plants and dividing by the number of plots where D. hatagirea occurred. Similarly, the diameters (at 5 cm above the ground) of D. hatagirea plants were measured, and the mean diameter was calculated.
    keywords: associates; diversity; hatagirea; index; nepal; plants; plots; species; study
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        item: #35 of 339
          id: banko-15502
      author: Acharya, A. K.; Chaudhary, A. K.; Khanal, S.
       title: Identification of land reclamation area and potential plantation area on Bagmati river-basin in the Terai region of Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 3347
      flesch: 55
     summary: Utilization of land reclamation area offers the potentiality of increasing greenery as well as providing forest products. K e y w or d s : Bagmati river basin, land reclamation, object-based image classification, potential plantation area, Terai Identification of land reclamation area and potential plantation area on Bagmati river-basin in the Terai region of Nepal A. K. Acharya1*, A. K. Chaudhary1 and S. Khanal1 Land use and land cover data are essential for planners, decision makers and managers for natural resources management.
    keywords: area; image; land; plantation; potential; reclamation; study; water
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        item: #36 of 339
          id: banko-15503
      author: Karki, J. B.; Jhala, Y. V.; Pandav, B.; Jnawali, S. R.; Shrestha, R.; Thapa, K.; Thapa, G.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Lamichane, B. R.; Barber-Meyer, S. M.
       title: Estimating tiger and its prey abundance in Bardia National Park, Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 5693
      flesch: 67
     summary: Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures. Over the past 200 years, wild tiger populations have declined by more than 98% in the Indian Subcontinent (Mondol et al., 2009) and probably by the same percentage through the rest of the tiger’s range (Seidensticker, 2010).
    keywords: bnp; density; et al; national; nepal; park; prey; tiger; wildlife
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        item: #37 of 339
          id: banko-15504
      author: KC, J. K.; Gautam, A. P.
       title: Impact of roads on biodiversity: a case study from Karekhola rural road in Surkhet district of Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 4176
      flesch: 64
     summary: Forest roads are termed as “ecosystems” as they occupy ecological space (Hall et al., 1992) and provide habitat for associated plants and animals (Lugo and Gucinski, 2000). Function, effects and management of forest roads.
    keywords: diversity; effect; forest; m distance; plant; road; species; zone
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        item: #38 of 339
          id: banko-15506
      author: Basnet, S.; Chand, D. B.; Chand, D. B.; Wagle, B. H.; Wagle, B. H.; Rayamajhi, B.; Rayamajhi, B.
       title: Plant diversity and stand structure comparison of Mikania micrantha invaded and non-invaded tropical Shorea robusta forest
        date: 2016
       words: 2492
      flesch: 60
     summary: Tree basal area per hectare The non-invaded area had more than two times more basal area per hectare than in the invaded area (invaded: 2.2 m3/ha; non-invaded: 5.6 m3/ Banko Janakari, Vol. 26, No. 1 81 ha). Therefore, this study aimed at comparing the effects of Mikania invasion on understory and over story plant diversity.
    keywords: area; forest; invasion; mikania; nepal; plant; species
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        item: #39 of 339
          id: banko-15507
      author: Khan, B. M.; Kabir, M. A.; Hossain, M. K.; Mridha, M. A. U.
       title: Microbial inoculant influences the germination and growth of Albizia lebbeck seedlings in the nursery
        date: 2016
       words: 4563
      flesch: 62
     summary: Chowdhury, A. R, Hussain, M. M., Mia, M. S., Karim, A. M. M. S., Haider, J., Bhuyan N. I. and Shifuddin, K. 1994. Therefore, MI influences seed germination and seedling growth of A. lebbeck and the low concentration (2%) of the inoculant can be recommended for getting maximum seed germination and seedling growth of the species studied.
    keywords: control; germination; growth; khan; lebbeck; microorganisms; seedling
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        item: #40 of 339
          id: banko-15508
      author: Pandey, D; Heyojoo, B P; Shahi, H
       title: Drivers and dynamics of land use land cover in Ambung VDC of Tehrathum district, Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 3939
      flesch: 59
     summary: K e y w or d s : Forest cover, geographic information system, remote sensing, supervised classification Drivers and dynamics of land use land cover in Ambung VDC of Tehrathum district, Nepal D. Pandey1*, B. P. Heyojoo1 and H. Shahi2 Land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics are widespread, accelerating and significant process driven by human action which produces some changes that impact humans (Agarwal et al., 2001). The analysis and interpretation of different aspects of the numeric data of land use change were performed with the help of Microsoft Excel 2013.
    keywords: area; change; cover; forest; land; nepal; respondents; study; use; vdc
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        item: #41 of 339
          id: banko-15509
      author: Khanal, S.; Poudel, B. S.; Mathema, P.; Pokharel, Y. P.; Kharal, D. K.
       title: Comparison of forest cover mapping results of two successive forest resource assessments of Nepal
        date: 2016
       words: 1970
      flesch: 53
     summary: Khanal et al. Table 1: Comparison of forest assessments in the 1990s and 2010s NFI 1990’s This could be one of the reasons why the estimate of forest area was more in the latest assessment.
    keywords: area; assessment; cover; forest; fra; mapping
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        item: #42 of 339
          id: banko-17657
      author: Baral, Sushim Ranjan
       title: Nepal's forest: a diminishing resource?
        date: 2017
       words: 787
      flesch: 61
     summary: There seems, however only 3.1% decrease in the forest land, but the increase of shrub cover in every regions at the cost of forest area followed by a gradual transformation of forest land into other land-use forms in the Terai, is nothing but an indication of a catastrophic ecological imbalance for the mountainous country like ours. The decrease of forest cover from 34.2% in 1978/79 to 23.4% in 1993/96 (annual rate of loss is 2.3%) in the fifty one hilly districts and the lowest percentage of shrubs and forest cover in areas between 1000 to 2000 m is its sign.
    keywords: country; forest
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        item: #43 of 339
          id: banko-17658
      author: Das, Annapurna N.
       title: Perception and attitude towards tree growing in east Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 4077
      flesch: 68
     summary: Tree species grown are also considered a source of income. Households with large farms planted a wider variety of tree species than those with smaller farms.
    keywords: bamboo; fod; fodder; hills; households; planting; species; terai; tree
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        item: #44 of 339
          id: banko-17659
      author: Sharma, A.R.
       title: Farmers' new strategy: myth or reality
        date: 2017
       words: 2403
      flesch: 61
     summary: It is widely claimed that with increased cash income, firewood will be either purchased as it will no longer be a free commodity or substituted with kerosene (Malla, 1993). The households getting substantial incomes from off- farm sources such as self-employment, wage income and community forest income, do not invest much in chemical fertilisers.
    keywords: cash; chemical; forest; households; income; market; nrs
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        item: #45 of 339
          id: banko-17660
      author: Subedi, Bodh Raj
       title: Biophysical disturbances of elephant safaris in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 3248
      flesch: 54
     summary: Biophysical disturbances of elephant safaris in the Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal Bodh Raj Subedi1 The paper explores peoples' perceptions on the biophysical impacts of elephant safaris which is a perfect way to go wildlife viewing, and is very eco-friendly. The study also estimated that the current wildlife observation distance from elephant safaris are less than fifteen metres which is too close and may be harmful to wildlife.
    keywords: distances; elephant; impacts; park; safaris; tourist; wildlife
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        item: #46 of 339
          id: banko-17661
      author: Baral, Jagadish Chandra; Subedi, Bodh Raj
       title: Is community forestry of Nepal's Terai in right direction ?
        date: 2017
       words: 3753
      flesch: 62
     summary: The rest too are in the control of local people and seems ready to be handed over as community forests for being pressurised by the FECOFUN. Immediately after handing over as community forest, the elite members of the user committee put a ban against the use of forest products.
    keywords: community; community forestry; forest; forestry; government; group; handover; terai
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        item: #47 of 339
          id: banko-17662
      author: Shrestha, Raj Bahadur
       title: Inadequate supply of fuelwood and timber from forests of Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 1406
      flesch: 65
     summary: r Formal supplies only from government managed forest (Annual reports of DoF from 1993 to 1998) The simple answer is that they have been collecting it from government managed forests without permission.
    keywords: forest; fuelwood; supply
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        item: #48 of 339
          id: banko-17663
      author: Thapa, H.B.
       title: Prediction models for above-ground wood of some fast growing trees of Nepal's eastern Terai
        date: 2017
       words: 4245
      flesch: 61
     summary: On the one hand, wood biomass models developed using the single predictor variable, DBH, which could be measured easily with less error than height, may increase the utility of these models to develop weight tables to the forestry sector as well as to the community and interested individuals. Percentage dry matter values of the samples were used to convert fresh to oven dry weights for the general data for the development of oven dry wood models.
    keywords: biomass; branch; dbh; green; models; oven; stem; wood
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        item: #49 of 339
          id: banko-17664
      author: Acharya, K.P.
       title: Community forestry in Nepal: a model of common property resource management
        date: 2017
       words: 2387
      flesch: 58
     summary: This article discusses characteristics of common property resources and the principles and practices of community forestry in Nepal which is an example of common property resource management between Government agencies and users (co-managers). In future, it is expected that CF can demonstrate an excellent example of co-management of common property resource in the forestry sector.
    keywords: community; forest; management; property; resources; rights
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        item: #50 of 339
          id: banko-17665
      author: Bhatta, L.R.
       title: Ethnobotanical study in a village at Rukum District, Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 1497
      flesch: 63
     summary: F. semicordata Moraceae Khanyu Tree 7. Morus alba Moraceae Kimu Tree 10.
    keywords: district; fodder; leguminosae; moraceae; nepal; plants; species; tree
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        item: #51 of 339
          id: banko-17666
      author: Baral, Sushim Ranjan
       title: Introduction to Forestry
        date: 2017
       words: 377
      flesch: 60
     summary: i i improvement, wood technology, social forestry, forest policy and law, forestry research and future trends in forestry, etc. seems to serve not only the students at the college level, but is of briefly described, will particularly attract the siudcnts of the region. Introduction to Forestry Publisher: Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., India Year: 1998 Pages: 262 Price: IRs 135 There has always remained a constraint of reading materials particularly in the technical subjects such as forestry in the libraries of the third world countries.
    keywords: book; forestry
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        item: #52 of 339
          id: banko-18542
      author: Kafle, Megh Nath
       title: Forests and Biodiversity Conservation in Federal Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 699
      flesch: 36
     summary: It should begin with mapping forest and biodiversity, outlining services flow pattern, mapping economic potentiality of different level governments and devising a sound and resilient management structure. Now, new paradigm shift of landscape level forests and biodiversity conservation has been in existence worldwide irrespective of political boundaries.
    keywords: biodiversity; nepal
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        item: #53 of 339
          id: banko-18543
      author: Chapagain, A.; Chaudhary, R. P.; Ghimire, S. K.
       title: Variation in leaf biomass and fruit output of Juniperus indica along an elevation gradient in north-central Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 4558
      flesch: 57
     summary: Conclusion Vegetative and reproductive traits are found to be the most important characteristics to differentiate the populations of J. indica that are influenced differently by the variation in elevation as the individuals at the lower-elevation were larger in vegetative size, with larger trunk, height, canopy area, and produced higher leaf biomass and greater number of fruits as compared to the individuals at the mid- and higher-elevations in this study. Therefore, non-destructive methods, based on allometric relationships, have been recommended for measuring plant biomass and reproductive output, particularly in the ecosystems where plant harvesting is not very practical or feasible.
    keywords: area; biomass; canopy; diameter; fruits; indica; leaf; plant; trunk
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        item: #54 of 339
          id: banko-18545
      author: Devkota, B. P.; Silwal, T.; Shrestha, B. P.; Sapkota, A. P.; Lakhey, S. P.; Yadav, V. K.
       title: Abundance of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and its wild prey in Chhekampar VDC, Manaslu Conservation Area, Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 6186
      flesch: 61
     summary: 2: Age of signs Habitat feature of snow leopard The area with snow leopard signs and its surrounding area are considered to be potential habitat of snow leopard. 6: Distribution of snow leopard signs in different habitat in MCA Prey species abundance Blue sheep, Himalayan tahr, musk deer, Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana), Himalayan serow, hare (Lepus oiostolus), Royle’s pika (Ochotona roylei) and impeyan pheasant (Lophophorus impejanus) were found to be the major wild prey species of snow leopard in Chhekampar area.
    keywords: area; conservation; habitat; himalayan; leopard; livestock; nepal; prey; signs; snow; snow leopard; species; study
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        item: #55 of 339
          id: banko-18546
      author: Aryal, S; Ghimire, S. K.; Dhakal, Y. R.; Gaire, N. P.; Bhandari, S.
       title: Perceptions of agro-pastoralists towards the change in temperature and precipitation in the trans-Himalayan regions of Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 5125
      flesch: 56
     summary: Their perceptions and meaningful observations could be interesting in climate change studies and to understand impacts of climate change to the climate sensitive agro-pastoral systems. Understanding perceptions of local communities towards climate change is important as it advances the knowledge, and is the driver of autonomous adaptation and behavioral responses.
    keywords: agro; change; climate; climate change; district; nepal; pastoralists; perceptions; temperature; trends
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        item: #56 of 339
          id: banko-18547
      author: Baral, S.; Adhikari, A; Khanal, R.; Malla, Y.; Kunwar, R.; Basnyat, B.; Gauli, K.; Acharya, R. P.
       title: Invasion of alien plant species and their impact on different ecosystems of Panchase Area, Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 7084
      flesch: 55
     summary: 1: Location map of the study area For this study, the VDC was divided into four ecosystem types, namely agriculture, forest, wetlands and grasslands for spatial analysis of the distribution and impacts of invasive plant species (Fig. 2). The inadequate labour in the study site had also led the agriculture lands and grasslands to be less unattended, resulting into rampant spread of invasive plant species.
    keywords: adenophora; area; ecosystems; et al; forest; iaps; invasion; invasive; lands; nepal; panchase; plant; species; study
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        item: #57 of 339
          id: banko-18548
      author: Adhikari, B; Pendry, C. A.; Måren, I. E.; Bhattarai, K. R.; Chaudhary, R. P.
       title: Distribution and preliminary conservation assessments of commonly used forest species in the Nepalese Himalayas
        date: 2017
       words: 4954
      flesch: 61
     summary:   Least Concern (LC) 24 Euryacer asifolia (D.Don) Kobuski Pentaphylacaceae   Least Concern (LC) 25 Ficus neriifolia Sm. Smilacaceae  Least Concern (LC) 25 Tetrastigma serrulatum (Roxb.)
    keywords: assessments; concern; conservation; d.don; hook; nepal; rosaceae ; species; study; wall;  data;  
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        item: #58 of 339
          id: banko-18549
      author: Pathak, M. L.; Li, H. C.; Xu, B.; Gao, X. F.; Pokharel, K. K.; Nagarkoti, A. B.
       title: Molecular conformation of then published Ziziphus budhensis and its religious and economic values
        date: 2017
       words: 2190
      flesch: 65
     summary: Note: The description of the plant is based on the type literature of Z. xiangchengensis (Chen and Chou, 1979), the type literature of Z. budhensis (Bhattarai and Pathak, 2015) and the Flora of China (2007). Z. budhensis was explained as a new species on the basis of some morphological differences in 2015.
    keywords: budhensis; china; nepal; plant; species; ziziphus
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        item: #59 of 339
          id: banko-18550
      author: Sharma, U. R.
       title: Use of forest land for national-priority infrastructures in Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 2727
      flesch: 58
     summary: These provisions have led to growing resentment between the developers and the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC), leading to delay in providing forest lands for infrastructure projects. With a view to develop mechanisms for the government to rapidly provide forest land for nationally important infrastructure projects, the Government databases were examined to analyze the forests handed over to the developers for non-forestry uses.
    keywords: development; forest; infrastructure; land; mfsc; nepal
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        item: #60 of 339
          id: banko-18554
      author: Rimal, R. K.; Maharjan, R.; Khanal, K.; Koirala, S.; Karki, B.; Nepal, S. M.; Shrestha, H. L.
       title: Detection, assessment, and updating the maps of encroached forest areas: a case study from Bara district, Nepal
        date: 2017
       words: 3177
      flesch: 62
     summary: It was estimated that 80,635 ha of forest area was encroached (published in Rising Nepal dated September 28, 2007) and this trend of encroachment is seemingly increasing. On the other hand, various time series data were analyzed to find out the change in forest area during the different time periods.
    keywords: area; bara; district; encroachment; forest; land
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        item: #61 of 339
          id: banko-18555
      author: Khanal, S.; Paudel, S.; Chaudhary, S.
       title: Spatial mapping of forest soil organic carbon in Nepal’s Terai district
        date: 2017
       words: 1689
      flesch: 63
     summary: Considering the significance of soil carbon to the total carbon pool, recent forest resource assessment of Nepal has included comprehensive soil carbon sampling so as to provide estimates of this carbon pool (DFRS, 2015a). Banko Jankari-2017(5).1.1 Spatial mapping of forest soil organic carbon in Nepal’s Terai district S. Khanal1*, S. Paudel1 and S. Chaudhary1 Periodic forest resource assessment is one of the key activities for the forestry sector.
    keywords: carbon; forest; nepal; soc; soil
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        item: #62 of 339
          id: banko-20532
      author: Adhikari, Shankar
       title: Silviculture for sustainable forest management in Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 2643
      flesch: 45
     summary: Banko Janakari A Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Silviculture for sustainable forest management in Nepal Shankar Adhikari Guest Editor Silviculture Division, Department of Forests The role of silviculture in forest management has long been acknowledged to enhance forest productivity, uphold profitability and promote social well-being. This special issue on Silviculture contains 18 selected papers from the workshop and covers a broad spectrum of forest management from the nursery and plantation management to the management of natural forest under various silvicultural system and forest management regimes.
    keywords: forest; issue; management; nepal; silvicultural; system
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        item: #63 of 339
          id: banko-20536
      author: Gilmour, D.
       title: Silviculture and community forestry: looking backwards, looking forwards
        date: 2018
       words: 5673
      flesch: 45
     summary: This is not to say that the application of scientific forestry might not add value to community forest management, but it should be emphasised that, in many situations, it is not a prerequisite for the sustainable management of community forests. If community forests are to be managed for local benefit and if their management is to be truly in the hands of forest users, then it follows that the approaches to silviculture and forest inventory also need to be in the hands of the community rather than under the control of the forest management agency.
    keywords: application; community; data; forest; forestry; inventory; management; need; silviculture; systems
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        item: #64 of 339
          id: banko-20537
      author: Poudel, K. C.
       title: Silviculture for forest management in Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 3068
      flesch: 35
     summary: Key words: Forest management, Nepal , prosperity, silviculture Silviculture for forest management in Nepal K. C. Poudel1 Forests and trees have social, ecological and economic importance throughout the world since the beginning of human civilization. This paper highlights the history and current status of forest management, challenges and opportunities, various approaches adopted in forest management and recent initiatives in sustainable and scientific forest management (SFM) in Nepal.
    keywords: capacity; forest; forestry; government; management; nepal; prosperity; sfm
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        item: #65 of 339
          id: banko-20538
      author: Paudel, G.; Acharya, R.
       title: Survival status of young plantations in Parbat district, Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 3344
      flesch: 61
     summary: Due to lack of assessment of the survival status of planted seedlings, we have inadequate information about how many successful plantations that we have established in the country. But due to lack of assessment of the survival status of planted seedlings, we have inadequate information about how many successful plantations that we have established in the country.
    keywords: district; forest; mortality; nepal; rate; seedlings; species; survival
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        item: #66 of 339
          id: banko-20539
      author: Dangal, S. P.; Das, A. K.
       title: Effect of management practice and age on increment in Pinus patula plantations in Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 5554
      flesch: 59
     summary: In Nepal, appropriate prescriptions for plantations management have been neglected as most of the plantations have been considered as means of protection (Chand et al., 2006) where community forest user’s remove tree based on their requirement. Both the improved and conventionally managed plantations have different tree density and effect on thinning was estimated to be different.
    keywords: density; forest; increment; management; nepal; plantations; stand; study; thinning; trees; years
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        item: #67 of 339
          id: banko-20540
      author: Pokharel, B. K.; Uprety, D. R.; Niraula, R. R.; Pokharel, P. R.
       title: An assessment of the impact of silviculture and forest management regimes to forest cover change in the Churia region during 1992 to 2014
        date: 2018
       words: 3467
      flesch: 57
     summary: Key words: Churia region, community forest, deforestation, degradation, forest cover change An assessment of the impact of silviculture and forest management regimes to forest cover change in the Churia region during 1992 to 2014 B. K. Pokharel1*, D. R. Uprety1, R. R. Niraula1 and P. R. Pokharel1 In Nepal, various forest regimes have been defined in the Nepal’s Forest Act 1993 (DoF/ GoN, 1993), and its amendment made in 2017. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) were used to compare the satellite imageries for the period of 1992 to 2014 in order to analyse the state of forest cover change.
    keywords: area; change; churia; community; cover; forest; regimes
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        item: #68 of 339
          id: banko-20541
      author: Khanal, Y.; Adhikari, S.
       title: Regeneration promotion and income generation through scientific forest management in community forestry: a case study from Rupandehi district, Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 4883
      flesch: 54
     summary: Previously community forest management was protection oriented and nowadays it has become production oriented due to implementation of scientific forest management plan. On an average, 910 man-days were created while managing one hectare of community forest as per the SFM plan.
    keywords: activities; community; felling; forest; management; nepal; regeneration; saplings; seedlings; year
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        item: #69 of 339
          id: banko-20542
      author: Basnyat, B.; Treue, T.; Pokharel, R. K.
       title: Silvicultural madness: a case from the “Scientific Forestry” initiative in the community forests of Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 7074
      flesch: 52
     summary: The SciFM creates a need for specific expertise (Nightingale, 2005) and puts the forest bureaucracy in a superior position, redefining communities’ participation in forest management (Nightingale, 2005; Nightingale and Ojha, 2013). This finding is similar to Gauld (2000), who found that the new policy discourse of community-based forestry policy in the Philippines was shaped by efforts to maintain centralised control over forest management and a political economy orientated towards commercial timber production using the principles of ‘scientific’ management.
    keywords: bureaucrats; community; compartments; forest; forestry; harvesting; level; management; nepal; plan; scifm; trees; users
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        item: #70 of 339
          id: banko-20543
      author: Baral, S. G.; Vacik, H.; Chhetri, B. B. K.; Gauli, K.
       title: The pertinent role of forest inventory in making choice of silvicultural operations in community forests of Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 6301
      flesch: 51
     summary: To contribute on both economic and ecological outcomes of community forest management, we especially focus to; a) assess the roles of inventory-based management plans in deciding silvicultural prescriptions b) assess the deviation of the silvicultural operations actual from the that of prescribed in management plan c) examine the role of stated silvicultural practice in bringing the change in forest conditions Hence, with the support of the long-term data of past eleven years of Terai community forest, we explore how the recommended silvicultural prescriptions and actual practices bring changes in the forest conditions. One of the main objectives in forest management is to meet societal needs e.g., forest products, ecosystem services, recreational opportunities.
    keywords: community; conditions; forest; forestry; inventory; management; nepal; operations; plan; species; trees
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        item: #71 of 339
          id: banko-20544
      author: Silwal, R.; Baral, S. K.; Chhetri, B. B. K.
       title: Modeling taper and volume of Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) trees in the western Terai region of Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 4164
      flesch: 65
     summary: Modeling vertical allocation of tree stem and branch volume for hardwoods. Integrated systems for the estimation of tree taper and volume.
    keywords: diameter; equation; forest; hcb; height; model; nepal; site; stem; taper; tree; volume
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        item: #72 of 339
          id: banko-20552
      author: Shrestha, H. L.; Kafle, M. R.; Khanal, K.; Mandal, R. A.; Khanal, K.
       title: Developing local volume tables for three important tree species in Nawalparasi and Kapilvastu districts
        date: 2018
       words: 3098
      flesch: 68
     summary: Key words: Cylindrical volume, destructive sampling, diameter at breast height, diameter height ratio, form factor Developing local volume tables for three important tree species in Nawalparasi and Kapilvastu districts The concept of volume table for the forest trees was first introduced by Heinrich Cotta in around 1804 (Clark, 1902). Volume table is a tabular statement showing the volume with respect to diameter of specific area.
    keywords: diameter; robusta; species; tree; volume
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        item: #73 of 339
          id: banko-20553
      author: Subedi, V. R.; Bhatta, K. D.; Poudel, I. P.; Bhattarai, P.
       title: Application of silvicultural system, yield regulation and thinning practices in natural forests: case study from western Terai
        date: 2018
       words: 3211
      flesch: 52
     summary: 92 Banko Janakari, Special Issue No. 4 Harvesting of mature forest crop, regenerating the harvested area and tending of young crop are major silvicultural operations in forest management. Tree harvesting area is fixed for ten years and annual harvesting amount is fixed by number of tree.
    keywords: area; compartment; felling; forest; management; stem; thinning
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        item: #74 of 339
          id: banko-20554
      author: Cedamon, E.; Paudel, G.; Basyal, M.; Nuberg, I.; Paudel, N.
       title: Crown and regeneration responses to silviculture systems in Pine and Sal forests: preliminary results from silviculture trials in Mid-hills Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 3324
      flesch: 47
     summary: It is notable, however, that for Pine plantation, seedling occurrence was higher in selection silviculture plot where fodder was planted and lower in negative thinning trial plot. The Department of Forests (2015) promotes active silvicultural programmes such as shelterwood3 and selection silviculture systems or modification of these silviculture systems as approaches for scientific forest management.
    keywords: canopy; community; forest; plots; regeneration; selection; silviculture; timber; trial
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        item: #75 of 339
          id: banko-20555
      author: Cedamon, E.; Paudel, G.; Basyal, M.; Nuberg, I.; Shrestha, K. K.
       title: Applications of single-tree selection guideline following a DBq approach on Nepal’s community forests
        date: 2018
       words: 5566
      flesch: 55
     summary: Key words: Forest goods and services, livelihoods, regeneration, stand structure, sustainable forest management Applications of single-tree selection guideline following a DBq approach on Nepal’s community forests E. Cedamon1*, G. Paudel2, M. Basyal2, I. Nuberg1 and K. K. Shrestha3 The ongoing campaign for scientific forest management (SFM) in Nepal is now challenging the community forestry sector to implement silviculture systems in the management of community forests. This paper describes a selection silviculture system guided by q-factor, diameter class limit and target basal area as a promising management system for a considerable areas of community forests.
    keywords: community; dbh; diameter; forest; selection; silviculture; stocking; system; trees
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        item: #76 of 339
          id: banko-20556
      author: Yadav, K. K.; Kafley, G. P.; Yadav, K. P.
       title: Linking silvicultural aspects of pro-poor leasehold forestry for socio-economic benefits to the poor and vulnerable communities
        date: 2018
       words: 3906
      flesch: 58
     summary: Past studies and researches have indicated that leasehold forests are better than the hand over time however they are inadequate in dealing with silvicultural aspects in leasehold forestry (LF). The study found that silvicultural practices, except plantations and weeding, were not adopted in leasehold forest but there was great potential for such practices to maximize the socio-economic benefits.
    keywords: forage; forestry; forests; leasehold; lfugs; nepal; programme; time
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        item: #77 of 339
          id: banko-20557
      author: Paudel, N. S.; Ojha, H.; Shrestha, K.; Cedamon, E.; Karki, R.; Paudel, G.; Basyal, M.; Nuberg, I.; Dangal, S.
       title: Towards active utilisation of community forestry: Silvo-institutional model for sustainable forest management in Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 6431
      flesch: 50
     summary: Key words: Community forestry, forest management, institutions, Nepal, policies, silviculture, silvo-institutional model Towards active utilisation of community forestry: Silvo-institutional model for sustainable forest management in Nepal N. S. Paudel1*, H. Ojha2, K. Shrestha2, E. Cedamon3, R. Karki1, G. Paudel1, M. Basyal1, I. Nuberg3 and S. Dangal4 What can SIM offer in realising the benefits of forest management by the local communities?
    keywords: cfug; community; forest; forest management; forestry; management; members; nepal; process; project; silviculture; technical
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        item: #78 of 339
          id: banko-20558
      author: Poudel, M.; Kafle, G.; Khanal, K.; Dhungana, S.; Oli, B. N.; Dhakal, A.; Acharya, U.
       title: Linking land use and forestry transition with depopulation in rural Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 7786
      flesch: 48
     summary: Private forestry activities are regulated under private forest policy. Results showed that forest area was increased by 6 % (77 ha) in Arthur VDC and 5% (75 ha) in Maling VDC between 2000 and 2016.
    keywords: challenges; community; district; forest; forestry; land; migration; nepal; opportunities; policy; population; research; sites; study; transition; tree; use
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        item: #79 of 339
          id: banko-20559
      author: Aryal, U.; Wagle, B. H.; Lamichhane, B.; Parajuli, A.; Thapa, P.
       title: Effectiveness of control measures of Mikania micrantha on grassland: a case study from grassland in Sauraha area of Chitwan National Park
        date: 2018
       words: 3166
      flesch: 59
     summary: The lowest number and the least coverage of M. micrantha in controlled fire block suggest that controlled fire is more effective than manual cutting in controlling M. micrantha in grassland. The number of M. micrantha seedlings was found the least in controlled fire block (7.9 per plot) followed by manual cutting (19.6 per plot) and the highest in control block (30.1 per plot).
    keywords: block; control; cutting; fire; manual; micrantha; number
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        item: #80 of 339
          id: banko-20560
      author: Gautam, G. P.; Aryal, R. R.; Lamichhane, P.
       title: Restoration of degraded land through Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) plantation in the Mid-hills of Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 1961
      flesch: 64
     summary: Monopodial bamboo has thin and longrhizomes such as species of Phyllostachys which run parallel to the ground, and produce isolated shoots at an interval of up to 3 m. Among them, monopodial bamboo has shown the best performance for restoration of degraded land. Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) is a light demander species.
    keywords: bamboo; culms; forest; land; moso; nepal; soil
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        item: #81 of 339
          id: banko-21217
      author: Pokharel, Kiran Kumar
       title: Forest health: context of forest pests and pathogen in Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 921
      flesch: 44
     summary: A widely known Nepalese proverb prevention is better than cure can be a guiding principle in controlling forest insect pests and pathogens. Prevention and control of forest insect pests and pathogens should be a priority program of the government in the forestry sector of Nepal.
    keywords: forest; pathogens; pests
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        item: #82 of 339
          id: banko-21218
      author: Subedi, T.
       title: Volume models for Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) in far-western Terai of Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 4659
      flesch: 67
     summary: This study was carried out in far-western Terai to develop volume models of Sal at tree level using destructive sampling. Further, volume models have been used as one of the best means to estimate trees and stand volume and have played vital role in forest inventory, management and silvicultural research (Ozçelik et al., 2010).
    keywords: data; dbh; diameter; forest; models; nepal; terai; trees; volume
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        item: #83 of 339
          id: banko-21219
      author: Subedi, M.; Subedi, R.
       title: Identification and mapping of risk areas of rhino poaching; a geospatial approach: A case study from eastern sector of Chitwan National Park, Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 3852
      flesch: 57
     summary: This study was designed to identify and map risk areas of rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis) poaching within and around eastern sector of Chitwan National Park (CNP). Key words: Pseudo absence data, Rhinoceros unicornis, weighted sum index model Identification and mapping of risk areas of rhino poaching; a geospatial approach: A case study from eastern sector of Chitwan National Park, Nepal M. Subedi1* and R. Subedi2 Among the natural resource management programme in Nepal wildlife conservation has been steadily budgeted since the late 1970s (Poudyal et al., 2012).
    keywords: area; distance; events; guard; map; nepal; poaching; rhino; rhinoceros; risk; study
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        item: #84 of 339
          id: banko-21220
      author: Karki, G.; Paudel, B.; Uprety, B. K.
       title: Integrating forests and biodiversity in Nepal's National Adaptation Plan: A review and synthesis of knowledge stock on opportunities and way forward
        date: 2018
       words: 6838
      flesch: 51
     summary: Having climate change adaptation (CCA) a high priority at national development discourse, Nepal has been amplifying its efforts on raising awareness and building capacities in climate change along with creating enabling policy environment in addressing climate change in Nepal. The objective is to facilitate integration of climate change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into relevant new and existing policies, programme and activities, in particular development planning processes and strategies, within all relevant sectors and at different levels, as appropriate.
    keywords: adaptation; biodiversity; change; climate; climate change; forestry; forests; impacts; management; nap; national; nepal; process; sector; species; vulnerability
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        item: #85 of 339
          id: banko-21221
      author: Amatya, S. M.; Nuberg, I.; Cedamon, E.; Shrestha, K. K.; Pandit, B. H.; Aulia, P.; Joshi, M.; Dhakal, B.
       title: Participatory market chain appraisal for the full range of agroforestry products including market trends and growing markets
        date: 2018
       words: 6951
      flesch: 56
     summary: The involvement of Dalit and marginalized community in agroforestry products market chain is very poor. Agroforestry product marketing is a dynamic and complicated process, which covers various activities and agencies from producers to the consumers (Amatya et al., 2015).
    keywords: agroforestry; agroforestry products; chain; district; farmers; level; local; market; marketing; price; production; products; site
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        item: #86 of 339
          id: banko-21222
      author: Sharma, S.; Acharya, S.
       title: Human-Rhesus macaque conflict at Pumdivumdi/ Tallokodi, Pokhara, West Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 2239
      flesch: 61
     summary: Rhesus monkeys are found in the tropical and subtropical forests in Nepal (Wada, 2005). Rhesus monkeys belong to the Cercopithecidae family (primate’s order).
    keywords: conflict; crop; human; monkeys; nepal; respondents; rhesus
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        item: #87 of 339
          id: banko-21223
      author: Gajurel, J. P.; Rai, S. K.; Pradhan, N.; Scheidegger, C.
       title: Notes on Bryum medianum Mitt. (Bryaceae) collected from Tsum Valley, central Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 770
      flesch: 65
     summary: 1: Collection site: A Map of Nepal; B Gorkha District and locality Specimen examined: Central Nepal, Gandaki Zone, Gorkha district, Above Dumje, opposite to the trail to Chum valley, 2600 m, 12 September Notes on Bryum medianum Mitt. However, the specimen of this species has not been deposited in Nepal (Pradhan 2000, 2006); is a new addition to the specimens of bryoflora in Natural History Museum, Nepal when compared with other specis of the same genus in the = Natural History Museum, Nepal.
    keywords: bryum; nepal; species
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        item: #88 of 339
          id: banko-21448
      author: Goutam, Dr. Keshab Raj
       title: Urban forestry in the federal context of Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 747
      flesch: 53
     summary: UPF simply refers to the management of trees, shrubs and other vegetation in urban areas. It includes urban parks and gardens, roadside plantations, trees along the banks of rivers, streams and canals, surrounding houses and private properties and forests in peripheral of urban areas.
    keywords: governments; trees
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        item: #89 of 339
          id: banko-21449
      author: Malla, R.; Acharya, B. K.
       title: Natural regeneration potential and growth of degraded Shorea robusta Gaert n.f. forest in Terai region of Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 3751
      flesch: 62
     summary: No. 1, 2018 10 Annex 1:Tree species in ploughed and unploughed (control) sites S.N. Latin name Local name Control (T0) Ploughed (T1) 1 Shorea robusta Sal √ √ 2 Terminalia alata Asna √ √ 3 Dalbergia sissoo Sisso √ √ 4 Acacia catechu Khair --- √ 5 Azadirachta indica Neem √ --- 6 Syzygium cumini Jamun √ √ 7 Sapium insigne - √ √ 8 Mallotus philippinensis Sindure √ √ 9 Terminalia belerica Harro --- √ 10 Aegle marmelos Bel √ √ 11 Psidium guajava Amba √ --- 12 Pterocarpus marsupium Bijaysal --- √ 13 Diospyros melanoxylon - √ √ 14 Schleichera oleosa Kusum √ √ 15 Holarrhena pubescens - √ √ 16 Dalbergia latifolia Sati sal --- √ 17 Careya arborea - --- √ 18 Kachari √ √ 19 Ghurmusrani √ √ 20 Tikuli --- √ 21 Terminalia chebula - --- √ 22 Myrsine semiserrata - √ √ 23 Ficus glomerata - √ --- 24 Lagerstroemia parviflora Botdhairo √ √ 25 Unknown1 - --- √ 26 Unknown2 - --- √ 27 Artocarpus lakoocha Katahar √ --- 28 Leea crispa - √ --- Annex 2: Composition of ten major species in three consecutive measurements SN Latin name Composition (%) Latin name Composition (%) Control (T0) However, Sal forests in Nepal are shrinking with poor regeneration and there is change in species composition as well (Sapkota et al., 2009) which is a challenge for Sal forest management.
    keywords: forest; measurement; nepal; regeneration; sal; site; species; study
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        item: #90 of 339
          id: banko-21450
      author: Bhattarai, K. P.; Mandal, T. N.
       title: Comparative study on litter production and nutrient return to soil in Tarai and Hill Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) forests of eastern Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 4176
      flesch: 62
     summary: (iii) What is the contribution of litter in providing the nutrients (N, P, K) to the soil in Sal forests? Materials and methods Study area The study was carried out in Sal forest located in Tarai and Hilly regions of eastern Nepal. Zhang et al. (2014) documented the seasonal pattern of litterfall in forest ecosystems by collecting data from existing literature and concluded that the peak of litterfall in tropical forest was in drought season corresponding to spring or winter season.
    keywords: forest; hsf; leaf; litter; litterfall; nutrient; production; sal; soil; tropical; tsf
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        item: #91 of 339
          id: banko-21452
      author: Bhattarai, S.; Bhatta, B.; Tamang, R.
       title: Distribution pattern of tree species from tropical to temperate regions in Makawanpur district, central Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 2654
      flesch: 58
     summary: The highest number of tree species was recorded at 550 m elevation. Keywords: Allometric equation, biodiversity index, Daman, forest, Hetauda, species Distribution pattern of tree species from tropical to temperate regions in Makawanpur district, central Nepal S. Bhattarai1*, B. Bhatta1 and R. Tamang2 Vegetation is the reflection of physiographic and climatic condition of an area.
    keywords: biomass; carbon; forest; index; species; stock
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        item: #92 of 339
          id: banko-21453
      author: Subedi, C. K.; Gurung, J.; Ghimire, S. K.; Chettri, N.; Pasakhala, B.; Bhandari, P.; Chaudhary, R. P.
       title: Variation in structure and composition of two pine forests in Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 5648
      flesch: 61
     summary: Fire and tree- cut were significant disturbance factors in P. roxburghii forest, while grazing and trampling were significant in P. wallichiana forest. No. 1, 2018 29 Results and discussion Floristic composition There were 31 plant species belonging to 28 genera and 20 families in P. roxburghii forest, and 38 plant species belonging to 37 genera and 19 families in P. wallichiana forest.
    keywords: dbh; diameter; et al; forest; height; nepal; pine; pinus; roxburghii; species; structure; tree; wallichiana
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        item: #93 of 339
          id: banko-21455
      author: Pokharel, R. K.; Tiwari, K. R.
       title: Locally identified criteria, indicators and verifiers for evaluating sustainable community based forestry: a case from Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 5346
      flesch: 51
     summary: Local vs official criteria and indicators for evaluating community forest management. A self-monitoring tool is essential that allows local people to track the progress of forest management towards the goal of sustainability.
    keywords: community; criteria; forest; forest management; forestry; indicators; management; nepal; people; pokharel; practices; verifiers
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        item: #94 of 339
          id: banko-21456
      author: Basnet, B. K.; Siwakoti, M.
       title: Pterospermum truncatolobatum Gagnepain (Sterculaceae): A new addition to the flora of Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 774
      flesch: 68
     summary: Jul. Figure 1: Herbarium specimen of Pterospermum truncatobatum Silviculture value: There is an array of common names for Pterospermum truncatolobatum, depending on the region where it is grown. Pterospermum is an angiosperm that is traditionally included in the Sterculiaceae family; however, it is grouped in the expanded Malvaceae family as well.
    keywords: pterospermum
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        item: #95 of 339
          id: banko-2149
      author: Editor, The
       title: Conservation of Red Sandle Wood (Pterocarpus santalinus): need greater cooperation
        date: 2009
       words: 580
      flesch: 48
     summary: Red Sandle wood is enlisted in Appendix-II of CITES, it cannot be transported or marketed with taking especial permission from the country of origin. Heart wood is known to possess isoflavone glucosidessavinin, calocedrin and triterpene.
    keywords: red; wood
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        item: #96 of 339
          id: banko-2150
      author: Kharal, DK; Oli, BN
       title: An assessment of tree species dynamics in rural farmland of Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 5805
      flesch: 64
     summary: The paper endeavours to solicit information on dynamics of tree species in terms of their composition and number, and also assesses the relationship between socio-economic factors and tree species dynamics. Table 4 shows the list of lost tree species from the farmland area.
    keywords: area; distribution; farmland; forest; number; species; spp; study; tree; tree species
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        item: #97 of 339
          id: banko-2151
      author: Thapa, HB; Gautam, SK
       title: Growth performance of Tectona grandis Linn F. between two thinning operations at Shankarnagar, western Terai, Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 7473
      flesch: 76
     summary: Prior to second thinning carried out in March, 2007, some operations were carried out in the winter of different years, for instance pruning in 1996, pruning and singling in 1999 and selection thinning in 2000. In this study, slight variation in periodic diameter increment (1.2-1.5 cm) is recorded in different years.
    keywords: ha-1; teak; thinning; trees; wood; years
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        item: #98 of 339
          id: banko-2152
      author: Meilby, Henrik; Puri, Lila
       title: Features and allometric relationships characterising trees on farmland – an example from Chainpur VDC, Chitwan
        date: 2009
       words: 5275
      flesch: 65
     summary: Species categorised as fodder tree species were lopped most intensively while the crowns of fruit tree species were almost intact. Key words: allometric models, farmer’s tree species preferences, fodder tree species, lopping assessment, tree silhouettes In Nepal, farmland without trees is difficult to imagine.
    keywords: area; crown; diameter; fodder; height; intensity; lopping; models; species; trees
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        item: #99 of 339
          id: banko-2153
      author: Sapkota, Loknath
       title: Ecology and management issues of Mikania micrantha in Chitwan Naitonal Park, Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 7602
      flesch: 58
     summary: Mikania plant could not sprout easily through the mulch as compared to other plant species. Aliens 13: 7. Sapkota 35 B anko Janakari, V ol. 17, N o. 2 11 Annex 1: Density and relative density of plant species in invaded area Section 1: Density and relative density of trees (highest and lowest density values are highlighted) JCF (Afforested land)
    keywords: area; control; density; density pl; forest; grassland; icharni; invasion; micrantha; mikania; nepal; plants; rel; shrub; species; tree; weed; woodland
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        item: #100 of 339
          id: banko-2154
      author: Thapa, Barna Bahadur
       title: Role of interpretation in management: a case study of the protected area system in Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 2797
      flesch: 39
     summary: Though relatively new concept to Nepal it is widely used in western countries as a tool of park management. This study describes the role of interpretation in park management examining the interpretation theory using Nepal as a case study.
    keywords: conservation; education; interpretation; management; nepal; park
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        item: #101 of 339
          id: banko-2155
      author: Paudel, Mohan
       title: Non-timber forest products from community forestry practices, problems and prospects for livelihood strategy in Jumla
        date: 2009
       words: 8289
      flesch: 60
     summary: According to the District Forest Office (DFO), in average, 16 hundred thousands rupees of royalty are collected from hundreds of tons of different NTFPs exported from the district annually. Gurung and Pandey (2003) have also reported that shepherds collect more NTFPs than other people.
    keywords: area; cfugs; female; figure; forest; groups; income; management; members; ntfps; resource; study
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        item: #102 of 339
          id: banko-2156
      author: Dhakal, Maheshwar; Masuda, Misa
       title: Generation and utilization of community fund in small-scale community forest management in the Terai region of Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 6626
      flesch: 56
     summary: From the list of community forests of the district, two community forests i) Dhuseri, and ii) Sundari, community forests were selected based on the following criteria: i) community forests that have natural Sal (Shorea robusta) forests and ii) having relatively long experiences of community forest management (Table 1). From the list of community forests of the district, two community forests i) Dhuseri, and ii) Sundari, community forests were selected based on the following criteria: i) community forests that have natural Sal (Shorea robusta) forests and ii) having relatively long experiences of community forest management (Table 1).
    keywords: 2004; community; community forest; community fund; dhuseri; forest; forestry; fund; management
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        item: #103 of 339
          id: banko-2157
      author: Vaidya, Geeta Shrestha; Shrestha, K; Wallander, H
       title: Function of organic matter (green manure) and the effect on soil properties
        date: 2009
       words: 4588
      flesch: 59
     summary: So, finally it can conclude that Organic matter (local wastages green manure) content is usually higher in organically fertility and stability of organic soils as well as moisture retention capacity from which it reduces the risk of erosion and desertification. In addition to supplying nutrients, soil organic matter improves soil fertility by imparting favorable chemical and physical attributes to soil.
    keywords: camara; control; fungi; height; lantana; matter; mycorrhizal; nepal; plant; plantation; soil; spores
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        item: #104 of 339
          id: banko-2158
      author: Gautam, SK; Thapa, HB
       title: Volume equation for Populus deltoides plantation in western Terai of Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 2846
      flesch: 64
     summary: However there is lack of prediction volume equation of Populus deltoids in plantation hence this study is carried out aiming to derive the best fit model for P. deltoides. Volume equation and biomass prediction of forest trees of Nepal, Publication 47.
    keywords: dbh; diameter; error; height; model; value; volume
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        item: #105 of 339
          id: banko-2159
      author: Editor, The
       title: Payment for Environmental Services: an emerging issue to be addressed
        date: 2009
       words: 548
      flesch: 37
     summary: Forest ecosystems provide a wide variety of environmental services such as water regulation, biodiversity conservation, carbon storage for climate change mitigation & so on. Environmental services are not traded in the market and have no observable price, which may be the reason.
    keywords: conservation; services
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        item: #106 of 339
          id: banko-2160
      author: Kharal, Deepak K; Oli, Bishwa N
       title: An Estimation of Tree Species Diversity in Rural Farmland of Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 4777
      flesch: 62
     summary: Home garden size significantly affects tree species diversity and species richness, even though no strong linear relationship exist between homegarden size and species diversity (r2 = 0.19, n = 98). Kharel and Oli 8 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 1 of tree species diversity unless other socioeconomic factors are changed.
    keywords: biodiversity; diversity; nepal; number; richness; size; species; study; tree
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        item: #107 of 339
          id: banko-2161
      author: Sigdel, Shalik Ram
       title: Altitudinally coordinated pattern of plant community structure in the Shivapuri National Park, Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 4200
      flesch: 62
     summary: The total number of tree species (species richness) was the highest in site II but species diversity (2.64) was higher in site I. Despite of higher species richness in site II, contribution of single dominant species was high in site III had higher Simpson’s index (0.1898) because the index was more sensitive to dominant species. For tree, two quadrats were laid at every 100m increment of elevation, starting from 1600m. Individuals of tree species were classified into tree, sapling and seedlings (IFRI, 1994).
    keywords: altitude; area; forest; iii; index; nepal; site; species; tree
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        item: #108 of 339
          id: banko-2162
      author: Barakoti, Tanka P; Shresta, Keshav P
       title: Commercial utilization of Allo (Girardinia diversifolia) by the Rais of Sankhuwasabha for income generation
        date: 2009
       words: 4332
      flesch: 70
     summary: For field study, an exploratory visit of a multidisciplinary team of socio-economist, agronomist, farming system specialist, soil scientist, cottage development specialist, entomologist, and plant pathologist was organized to Allo areas in northern hills of Sankhuwasabha district in 1999. Respondents were asked for the time taken to reach Allo growing areas for collection.
    keywords: allo; fibre; lokta; nepal; processing; respondents; shrestha; spinning; study; table; thread
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        item: #109 of 339
          id: banko-2163
      author: Bhattarai, Khem Raj; Baral, Sushim R
       title: Potential role of sacred grove of Lumbini in biodiversity conservation in Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 3926
      flesch: 59
     summary: Lumbini Development Trust enumerated tree species of the grove. Key words: conservation, distribution, indigenous trees, Lumbini, Sacred grove, sacred plants, tree species.
    keywords: conservation; dalbergia; distribution; forest; grove; lumbini; nepal; plant; sacred; species; tree; wce
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        item: #110 of 339
          id: banko-2164
      author: Ojha, SK; Acharya, KP; Acharya, B; Regmi, R
       title: Simple coppice management options for the sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forests in the Terai of Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 6178
      flesch: 71
     summary: According to the Pesonen and Rautiainen (1995), most of the sal forests are over mature, since the best option for forest management is, initiating active management of natural forests based on natural regeneration of indigenous species. Thus the total loss of forest area in the plains during that period has been found 99,000 ha.
    keywords: biomass; forest; o l
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        item: #111 of 339
          id: banko-2165
      author: Bhandari, AR; Uibrig, H
       title: Who is benefiting more from common property forest resources: poor or less poor?
        date: 2009
       words: 3528
      flesch: 60
     summary: Corrected Bankojanakari Vol 18-1.pmd 42 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 1 Who is benefiting more from common property forest resources: poor or less poor? A.R. Bhandari1, and H. Uibrig2, This paper intends to assess the distribution of community forestry benefits among economic groups of the users comparing protected area buffer zone with the Department of Forests regime in Nepal. Community forestry benefits and costs of households Average Annual Costs and Benefits of Household in US$* Group of Households Better Off Middle Class Poor Total Average Total 131.2 18.5 5.5 35.5 Benefit Net 79.3 11.6 0.2 20.8 Product/Operating 41.4 4.1 2.7 10.5 Transaction 10.4 2.8 2.6 4.2 Cost Total 51.9 6.9 5.3 14.7 K al ik a F U G (B u ff er Z o n e) Benefit-Cost Ratio 2.53 2.69 1.04 2.19 Total 486.4 175.8 24.3 183.3 Benefit Net 343.4 126.7 11.6 129.7 Product/Operating 133.2 43.7 9.2 48.0 Transaction 9.8 5.4 3.6 5.6 Cost Total 143.1 49.1 12.7 53.6 C h o u ta ri F U G (D o F R eg im e) Benefit-Cost Ratio 3.40 3.58 1.91 3.16 *1US$=RS 73 in 2006 44 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 1 Community forestry costs Average total costs of a household of Kalika FUG and Choutari FUG with regard to community forestry is US$ 14.7 and US$ 53.6 per year respectively.
    keywords: buffer; community; forest; fug; nepal; zone
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        item: #112 of 339
          id: banko-2166
      author: Editor, The
       title: Need for Carrying Out National Forest Inventory in Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 462
      flesch: 38
     summary: NFI programme also needs to include parameters like soil, under-storey vegetation, tree crown conditions, coarse woody debris, and lichen community of the forest composite. In particular, forest information generated through NFI is widely used for strategic and high level planning of forestry sector.
    keywords: forest; nfi
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        item: #113 of 339
          id: banko-2167
      author: Ranabhat, S; Awasthi, KD; Malla, R
       title: Carbon sequestration potential of Alnus nepalensis in the mid hill of Nepal: A case study from Kaski district
        date: 2009
       words: 4294
      flesch: 62
     summary: Soil carbon sequestration was found 3 times as higher as total biomass carbon sequestration in Alnus nepalensis • Carbon sequestration potential was found higher in both aspects of middle altitude as compared to lower and higher altitude. The actual soil organic carbon sequestration by Alnus nepalensis could not be analyzed due to lack of base line data of soil organic carbon in the study site.
    keywords: alnus; aspect; biomass; carbon; forest; nepalensis; sequestration; soil; total
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        item: #114 of 339
          id: banko-2168
      author: Regmi, BR; Albano, A; Kumar, C; Sharma, GB
       title: Improving the livelihoods of the poor and marginalized in Nepal through leasehold forestry and livestock program: A review of institutional constraints and opportunities
        date: 2009
       words: 5037
      flesch: 47
     summary: Much of these constraints can be attributed to how programme implementation is monitored and outputs evaluated. Data and analysis were primarily based from review of literature, consultations with key informants, field visits, and complemented by the authors’ direct involvement in the implementation of LF programme.
    keywords: community; constraints; forestry; implementation; leasehold; lfp; nepal; programme; stakeholders
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        item: #115 of 339
          id: banko-2169
      author: Paudel, A; Vogel, S
       title: Challenges for service providers in community forestry governance: A case study of a community forest users group in Parbat, Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 4049
      flesch: 54
     summary: The results show that the existing challenges for service providers mainly include financial resource management, time management and inadequate technical support for forest management. It was traditionally managed under the talukdari (a talukdar was responsible for it and for controlling forest management) system of land revenue collection.
    keywords: cfug; challenges; community; forest; forestry; management; sps; users
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        item: #116 of 339
          id: banko-2170
      author: Shrestha, B
       title: Community forest management practices in far-western lowlands of Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 6314
      flesch: 63
     summary: Some groups are resourceful in terms of availability of forest products from the natural forests. The role of concerned government authorities and federation of groups would be instrumental to analyse demand and supply, and make provisions for distribution of forest products within and outside groups and district.
    keywords: cent; cfugs; community; distribution; forest; forest products; household; kanchanpur; management; nepal; products; users
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        item: #117 of 339
          id: banko-2171
      author: Subedi, P
       title: Monitoring of Gyps species vulture in Nawalparasi district, Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 5282
      flesch: 61
     summary: Subedi 38 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2 Fig 2: Distribution of minimum number of Gyps vulture nest in the study areas. abandoned. Vulture nests were mostly observed from 6.00 am to 11.00 pm using 20*20CF Nikon Binoculars.
    keywords: area; baral; birdlife; conservation; district; gyps; inskipp; international; nepal; nest; pesticides; species; study; vulture
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        item: #118 of 339
          id: banko-2172
      author: Acharya, GR; Yasmi, Y
       title: Conflict management strategy adopted in community forestry of Nepal: a study of four community forests in midwestern region
        date: 2009
       words: 5805
      flesch: 66
     summary: The study also pinpoints short comings of existing conflict management strategies that could be addressed to improve its performance in the days to come. The greater application of avoiding and forcing strategy in conflict management indicates that CF is still lagging in realizing the best possible option of collaborating.
    keywords: cfs; community; conflict; forest; forestry; management; nepal; strategy; study; ugc; users
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        item: #119 of 339
          id: banko-2173
      author: Ghimire, M
       title: Epiphytic orchids of Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 5674
      flesch: 57
     summary: Fig.2: Flowering time of Epiphytic orchid species Of the total 207 epiphytic orchid species, host(s) plant of only 148 species were reported. Epiphytic orchid species show the intermixed type of distribution in term of their phyto-geographical diversity (Fig 3.).
    keywords: april; eria; flowering; indica; july; june; m april; nepal; orchids; quercus; rhododendron; robusta; schima; shorea; species; wallichii
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        item: #120 of 339
          id: banko-2174
      author: Lamichhane, D
       title: Establishment of a xylarium
        date: 2009
       words: 432
      flesch: 36
     summary: 9 Kafal Myrica esculenta 10 Katahar Artocarpus heterophyllus 11 Kaulo Persea duthiei 12 Kavro Ficus lacor 13 Khanyu Ficus semicordata 14 Khirro Sapium insigne 15 Mahuwa Madhuca indica 16 Phaledo Erythrina arborescens 17 Pipal Ficus religiosa 18 Sami Ficus benjamina 19 Siltimur Litsea cubeba 20 Suntala Citrus reticulata 21 Teju Diospyros malabarica The other species already collected and displayed in the central forest library of DFRS are as follows: Amaro (Spondias pinnata), Asana (Terminalia tomentosa), Banjh (Q. lanata), Bhudkul (Hymendictyon excelsum), Bot dhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora), Champ (Michelia champaca), Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Dhale katus (Castanopsis indica), Gobre salla (Pinus excelsa), Gutel (Trewia nudiflora), Harro (Terminalia chebula), Jamun (Eugenia jambolana), Jhingat (Lannea grandis), Karma (Adina cordifolia), Khasru (Q. semecarpifolia), Khayer (Acacia catechu), Khote sallo (Pinus roxburghii), Koiralo (Bauhinia variegata), Lakuri (Fraxinus floribunda), Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris), Musure katus (Castanopsis tribuloides), Okhar (Juglans regia), Paiyu (Prunus cerasoides), Phalant (Q. glauca), Sadan (Ougenia dalbergoides), Sal (Shorea robusta), Satisal (Dalbergia latifolia), Seto siris (Albizia procera), Simal (Bomax ceiba), Sisoo (Dalbergia sissoo), Tuni (Cedrela toona), and Uttis (Alnus nepalensis). Nevertheless, it is not a new activity of the Department because wood samples of some 32 species are already existed in the library.
    keywords: ficus; research; species; xylarium
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        item: #121 of 339
          id: banko-2175
      author: Editor, The
       title: Biodiversity Conservation
        date: 2009
       words: 545
      flesch: 44
     summary: Nepal has a global commitment to the Nepali people and its government for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development within broad framework of Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). However, most of the forests such as community forest, leasehold forest, national forest, private forest still have not received much concern about biodiversity conservation.
    keywords: biodiversity; nepal
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        item: #122 of 339
          id: banko-2176
      author: Baral, SK; Katzensteiner, K
       title: Diversity of vascular plant communities along a disturbance gradient in a central mid-hill community forest of Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 4765
      flesch: 56
     summary: Herb √ √ Melastomataceae Melastoma normale Shrub √ √ Meliaceae Walsura trijuga Tree √ Myricacea Myrica esculenta Tree √ √ Myrseniceae Myrsenia rivularis Tree √ √ Myrseniceae Myrsenia semiserrata Tree √ √ Oleaceae Fraxinus floribunda Tree √ √ Oleandraceae Nephrolepsis cordifolia Fern √ Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus parvifolius Shrub √ Poyaceae Digitaria sanguinalis Herb/grass √ √ Poyaceae Eragrostis tenella Herb/grass √ √ Poyaceae Athraxon lancifolius Herb/grass √ √ Poyaceae Arundinaria intermedia Grass/bamboo √ Ranunculaceae Clematis buchananiana Herb √ √ Rosaceae Syzygium cumini Tree √ Rosaceae Robus ellipticus Shrub √ √ Rubiaceae Loranthus spps. Tree √ √ Smilacaceae Smilax menispermoides climber √ √ Symplocaceae Symplococus ramosissima Shrub √ √ Thaeceae Schima wallichii Tree √ √ Thaeceae Eurya cerasifolia Tree √ √ Thaeceae Cleyera ochnacea Herb √ √ Thaeceae Camellia kissi Shrub √ √ Orchids species not determined Epiphytes √ √ Baral and Katzensteiner
    keywords: biomass; community; diversity; forest; management; nepal; number; plant; species; tree
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        item: #123 of 339
          id: banko-2177
      author: Pokharel, RK; Larsen, HO
       title: Scores for Effective Forest Conservation: A Village-to- Village Approach
        date: 2009
       words: 2728
      flesch: 47
     summary: Keywords: Community forest, criteria, forest management, indicator, village, This paper attempts to address the issue about how to compare the performance of community forest management in terms of effective forest conservation. For the 14 criteria specified, local forest users assigned higher scores to four criteria: two for social and one each for socio-economic and environmental spheres.
    keywords: community; conservation; criteria; forest; indicators; score; village
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        item: #124 of 339
          id: banko-2178
      author: Acharya, KP; Chaudhary, RP; Vetaas, OR
       title: Medicinal plants of Nepal: Distribution pattern along an elevational gradient and effectiveness of existing protected areas for their conservation
        date: 2009
       words: 4421
      flesch: 58
     summary: However, there is a positive correlation between the total number of threatened medicinal plants and the number of protected areas (r= 0.224) (Fig. 5b). numbers of medicinal plants in their localities had declined in recent years (Acharya and Rokaya, 2005). Final Corrected Banko Janakari 19-1.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No. 1 16 Medicinal plants of Nepal: Distribution pattern along an elevational gradient and effectiveness of existing protected areas for their conservation K. P. Acharya1, R. P. Chaudhary2 and O. R. Vetaas3 This study explores patterns of medicinal plant species richness along an elevational gradient in Nepal and the effectiveness of existing protected areas for their conservation.
    keywords: a.s.l; areas; conservation; elevation; nepal; plants; richness; species
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        item: #125 of 339
          id: banko-2179
      author: Lamichhane, D
       title: Consumption Pattern of Timber and Fuelwood in Community Forests: a case study from Sindhupalchok District
        date: 2009
       words: 3044
      flesch: 60
     summary: Keywords: Community forest user group, demand and supply, farmland, fuelwood, timber One of the long-term objectives of Community Forestry Programme was to regularize supply of the people’s basic needs for timber, fuelwood, fodder and other forest products (MFSC, 1988). Final Corrected Banko Janakari 19-1.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No. 1 23 Consumption Pattern of Timber and Fuelwood in Community Forests: a case study from Sindhupalchok District D. Lamichhane1 The study was carried out in four community forest user groups (CFUGs) of Sindhupalchok district of Nepal with a view to find out the consumption pattern of forest products especially timber and fuelwood from the community forests (CFs).
    keywords: cfugs; community; demand; forest; fuelwood; products; timber; users
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        item: #126 of 339
          id: banko-2180
      author: Devkota, S
       title: The frequency and relationship of flowering plants on the distribution pattern of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Yarchagunbu) in the highlands of Dolpa district, Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 4340
      flesch: 69
     summary: The study revealed that Juncus thomsonii and Bistorta macrophylla were the principal plant associates with O. sinensis as they dominated the alpine pasture vegetation. This research also highlighted the need for some proactive solutions along with conservation awareness program as important management initiatives to ensure ecological balance of O. sinensis.
    keywords: devkota; distribution; dolpa; nepal; ophiocordyceps; pastures; plants; sinensis; study; sung
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        item: #127 of 339
          id: banko-2181
      author: Acharya, GR; Bhatta, B; Gyawali, AR
       title: Depredation and deteriorating condition of Shorea robusta and Terminalia alata in Bardia National Park: an imperative to address park biodiversity sustainably
        date: 2009
       words: 2175
      flesch: 53
     summary: For the study of tree species composition, a 1% sampling intensity was conducted with plots of 10mx10m. Within these plots, only tree species compositions were identified by counting the number of trees in each plot. Similarly for regeneration survey, a 0.1% sampling intensity was used for plots of 2m x 2m within the (10m*10m) plots used for tree species composition.
    keywords: nepal; park; regeneration; robusta; shorea; species; terminalia
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        item: #128 of 339
          id: banko-2182
      author: Nepal, S
       title: Agrobiodiversity Conservation to deal with Climate Change
        date: 2009
       words: 587
      flesch: 25
     summary: Agrobiodiversity conservation supported by integrated systems of environmental, social and political sciences is one of the best approaches to climate change and to influence multiple ecosystem services such as agricultural productivity, water quality, energy conservation and human health. Button1: Text2: Graduate Research Assistant, University of North Dakota, E-mail: sandhya.nepal@nodak.und.edu At a broader global scale, climate change may have negligible impact whereas at the local and regional scales, the impact may be severe and substantial.
    keywords: change; climate
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        item: #129 of 339
          id: banko-2204
      author: Editor, The
       title: Conservation of wetlands in Nepal: potential and constraints
        date: 2009
       words: 1010
      flesch: 46
     summary: Project like “Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wetlands in Nepal” supported by Global Environmental Facility and United Nations Development Programme could be implemented in other wetlands as well. National Wetland Policy, 2003 has been endorsed by the Government of Nepal (GoN) with objective of involving the local people in the management of wetlands and to conserve wetlands biodiversity with wise use of wetland resources.
    keywords: conservation; nepal; wetland
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        item: #130 of 339
          id: banko-2205
      author: Poudel, BS
       title: Wetland conservation in Nepal: policies, practices, problems and possibilities
        date: 2009
       words: 2769
      flesch: 47
     summary: The Government of Nepal has endorsed National Wetland Policy 2003 with the objective of involving the local people in the management of Nepal’s wetlands and to conserve wetlands biodiversity with the wise use of wetlands resources. The primary goal as stated in the policy is to conserve and manage wetlands resources wisely and in a sustainable way with local people’s participation.
    keywords: act; conservation; government; management; nepal; soil; wetlands
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        item: #131 of 339
          id: banko-2206
      author: Bhandari, BB
       title: Wise use of Wetlands in Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 4707
      flesch: 56
     summary: Table 1: The distribution of wetland in the Terai Similarly, IUCN Nepal has compiled a record of wetland sites covering all the ecological zones of Nepal. Geographical zone N Percent Highland 78 26% Mid-Hills 86 29% Lowland 133 45% ii) Wetlands in the Kathmandu Valley The Ministry of Population and Environment conducted a study of wetland sites of the Kathmandu valley in 2001.
    keywords: conservation; convention; importance; inventory; national; nepal; ramsar; sites; species; use; water; wetlands
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        item: #132 of 339
          id: banko-2207
      author: Diwakar, J; Barjracharya, S; Yadav, UR
       title: Ecological study of Ghodaghodi lake
        date: 2009
       words: 3907
      flesch: 54
     summary: During the present investigation the temperature of surface water ranged form 150C to 160C. The present investigation did not show considerable changes in temperature. Water depth varies from 1-4 m (DNPWC & WWF 2005).
    keywords: area; depth; ghodaghodi; lake; nepal; oxygen; site; surface; temperature; water; wetlands
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        item: #133 of 339
          id: banko-2208
      author: Malla, R
       title: Habitat mapping and conservation threats to river dolphin in Karnali River of Nepal
        date: 2009
       words: 3830
      flesch: 58
     summary: Use of poison in the river, commercial and domestic consumption of fishes, and high dependency of people in the river are emerging as the threats to dolphin conservation. Regular habitat monitoring of the dolphins should be done in major areas to acquire timely information on status and distribution of dolphins for dolphin conservation.
    keywords: activities; area; conservation; dolphin; fishing; people; river
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        item: #134 of 339
          id: banko-2209
      author: Baral, HS
       title: Updated status of Nepal’s wetland birds
        date: 2009
       words: 3373
      flesch: 60
     summary: Proper management of the wetland beyond the protected areas is essential to conserve wetland birds in Nepal. This paper aims to update status of wetland birds in Nepal with facts based on recent observation.
    keywords: 2004; baral; birds; conservation; danphe; inskipp; national; nepal; resident; species; visitor; wetland
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        item: #135 of 339
          id: banko-2210
      author: Thapa, I; Dahal, BR
       title: Sustainable wetland management for wildlife and people at Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
        date: 2009
       words: 2378
      flesch: 47
     summary: Nepal has established its first National Wetlands Policy (2003), the major objective of which is to ‘involve local people in the management of Nepal’s wetlands and conserve wetlands with wise use of wetland resources’. However due to a lack of awareness of existing indigenous knowledge of wetland resource use as a means of securing alternative and sustainable sources of income to support livelihoods, these resources are often either neglected or underestimated.
    keywords: buffer; conservation; management; nepal; people; resources; wetland
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        item: #136 of 339
          id: banko-2211
      author: Editor, The
       title: Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands in Nepal (CSUWN - NEP/05/G01)
        date: 2009
       words: 1588
      flesch: 36
     summary: CSUWN aims to build the capacity, legal and policy frameworks (both related to conservation and development) for an ecosystem management for wetlands conservation and sustainable use. A National Wetlands Committee (NWC) is being envisioned to address the cross sectoral needs of wetlands conservation and sustainable use.
    keywords: conservation; management; nepal; project; representative; wetlands
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        item: #137 of 339
          id: banko-24182
      author: K. C., Rajendra
       title: Contribution of NWFPs in National Economy
        date: 2018
       words: 1303
      flesch: 54
     summary: By doing this, the sector can significantly contribute in achieving the nation's goal, Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali There are several constraints in the development of NWFPs sector in Nepal. Nepal has provided due priority in the development and sustainability of NWFPs sector in Nepal.
    keywords: forest; nepal; nwfps; trade
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        item: #138 of 339
          id: banko-24183
      author: Phuyal, N.; Jha, P. K.; Raturi, P. P.; Gurung, S.; Rajbhandary, S.
       title: Effect of growth hormone and growth media on the rooting and shooting of Zanthoxylum armatum stem cuttings
        date: 2018
       words: 5498
      flesch: 66
     summary: Hormone concentration and growth media significantly affected the rooting and shooting ability of Z. armatum stem cuttings. Hormone concentration had significant effect on the root length of Z. armatum stem cuttings.
    keywords: armatum; concentration; cuttings; growth; iba; length; media; number; ppm; rooting; roots; stem
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        item: #139 of 339
          id: banko-24184
      author: Bhandari, P. K. C.; Bhusal, P; Chhetri, B. B. Khanal; Upadhyaya, C. P.
       title: Looking women seriously: what makes differences for women participation in community forestry ?
        date: 2018
       words: 4785
      flesch: 45
     summary: Community forestry decision making activities and overall participation level (n=213) Participation in CFUG decision making activities No Low medium high Forest management activities (protection measures, silvicultural activities, product distribution, block division, OP implementation and monitoring) Three ordered logit regression models were deployed to examine the determinants of women participation in decision making in forest management, resource utilization and participatory activities.
    keywords: activities; community; decision; forest; forestry; making; management; participation; participatory; women
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        item: #140 of 339
          id: banko-24185
      author: Mahatara, D; Rayamajhi, S.; Khanal, G.
       title: Impact of anti-poaching approaches for the success of Rhino conservation in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 5131
      flesch: 56
     summary: Ten years annual and monthly reports regarding anti-poaching activities were taken as a major source of information. 4: Rhino poaching vs. security posts in CNP Increase in the security posts has negative correlation with rhino poaching number.
    keywords: activities; cnp; conservation; national; nepal; park; patrol; patrolling; poaching; rhino; wildlife
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        item: #141 of 339
          id: banko-24186
      author: Pathak, M. L.; Shrestha, B. B.; Joshi, L.; Gao, X. F.; Jha, P. K.
       title: Anatomy of two Rhododendron species along the elevational gradient, Eastern Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 6253
      flesch: 69
     summary: The study was carried out to investigate the anatomical variation of two common species of Rhododendron (R. anthopogon and R. lepidotum) growing between 3200 and 4700 m asl in Gokyo valley of Sagarmatha National Park, Khumbu, eastern Nepal. pore area (PA), pore density (PD), vessel element length (VEL), fiber tracheid length (FL), ray density (RD), uniseriate ray height (URH) and uniseriate ray cell number (URCN) of twenty-three samples for two species (12 samples of R. anthopogon and 11 of R. lepidotum) were studied by making permanent slides of transverse, tangential longitudinal and radial longitudinal stem sections.
    keywords: anthopogon; density; elevation; length; lepidotum; nitrogen; ray; samples; soil; species; vessel
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        item: #142 of 339
          id: banko-24187
      author: Paudel, G.; Acharya, R.
       title: Higher estimation, lower harvesting: case of NTFPs from Dhaulagiri region, Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 4131
      flesch: 58
     summary: This paper aims to explore the number of NTFPs species and quantity collected against the number of NTFPs species and quantity specified in the five year forest management plans of three districts (Baglung, Parbat and Myagdi) in Dhaulagiri region. The data related to number of NTFPs species and the quantity collected in fiscal year 2016/2017 were acquired from three District Forest Offices (Baglung, Parbat and Myagdi) and compared them as specified in the five year forest management plans.
    keywords: district; forest; management; nepal; ntfps; plan; quantity; species
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        item: #143 of 339
          id: banko-24188
      author: Dhakal, S. R.; Sharma, A. R.; Paudel, G.
       title: Investment and benefits associated with community based forest enterprises in Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 4127
      flesch: 53
     summary: Key words: Community forestry, ecotourism, employment, income Investment and benefits associated with community based forest enterprises in Nepal S. R. Dhakal1*, A. R. Sharma2 and G. Paudel1 1 Department of Forests, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. Socio-economic impacts of community based forest enterprises in mid hills of Nepal-Case Study from Dolakha district.
    keywords: community; ecotourism; employment; enterprises; forest; income; mean; nepal; wood
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        item: #144 of 339
          id: banko-24189
      author: Dhungana, N.; Silwal, N.; Upadhaya, S.; Regmi, S. K.; Adhikari, S.
       title: Local people’s perception and awareness of climate change: a case study from community forests in Lamjung District, Western Nepal
        date: 2018
       words: 6080
      flesch: 62
     summary: No. 2, 2018, Pp 60-71 Dhungana et al 60 Intergovernmental panel on climate change report (2007) states that climate change is universally accepted fact and is already having discernible impacts. It is crucial to know the fact that climate change was in the past, which will continue to change in the future.
    keywords: adaptation; change; climate; climate change; community; data; forest; impacts; nepal; rainfall; table; temperature
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        item: #145 of 339
          id: banko-25148
      author: Paudel, Prem Prasad
       title: Adjustment of watershed management towards federal system
        date: 2019
       words: 954
      flesch: 33
     summary: Considering these uncertainties, watershed management approaches are always dynamic in nature. Banko Janakari A Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Adjustment of watershed management towards federal system The recent constitution of Nepal, promulgated in 2015, has introduced a three-tier structure of federal government (federal, province, and local) and all levels have the power to enact laws, prepare budgets, and mobilize their own resources.
    keywords: management; soil; watershed
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        item: #146 of 339
          id: banko-25149
      author: Thani, P. R.; KC, R.; Sharma, B. K.; Kandel, P.; Nepal, K.
       title: Integrating biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services into operational plan of community forest in Nepal : status and gaps
        date: 2019
       words: 4803
      flesch: 42
     summary: The study carried out on 100 operational plans from different parts of the country and it showed that the incorporation status of biodiversity and ecosystem services into community forest operational plan is worse despite the fact that such plan is the main component to lead the destination of any community forest. The participants covering different districts are given in figure 1. Fig. 1: Districts representing participants and field visits Review of community forest operational plans One hundred operational plans and constitutions from those community forestry user groups who participated in the workshops from the different districts representing different geographic regions were collected and then reviewed.
    keywords: biodiversity; community; conservation; ecosystem; ecosystem services; forest; nepal; plan; services; species
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        item: #147 of 339
          id: banko-25150
      author: Nagarkoti, A. B.; Pathak, M. L.; Pandey, B.; Devkota, A.
       title: Community structure and regeneration pattern of Abies spectabilis in Sagarmatha National Park, Central Himalaya, Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 6685
      flesch: 70
     summary: The most densely populated plots were found between 3450 m and 3550 m. Total basal area of tree species was 2. 24 m2/ha. 2: Density of all species along elevation gradient Table 2: Frequency (F), Relative Frequency (RF), Density (D), Relative Density (RD), Basal Cover (BC), Relative Basal cover (RBC) and Importance Percentage (IP) of tree species in mixed Abies spectabilis forest of the study area S. N. Plant Name F (%) RF (%) D (stem/ ha) RD (%) BC (%) RBC (%)
    keywords: abies; density; elevation; forest; nepal; regeneration; seedling; species; spectabilis; study; total; tree
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        item: #148 of 339
          id: banko-25152
      author: Lama, B.
       title: Status and distribution of Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in Simsime community forest of Papung VDC of Taplejung district, Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 3982
      flesch: 61
     summary: So, its effective implementation requires a sound and systematic database on Red Panda status and the genetic resources it carries since it is a unique species with a taxonomic uniqueness and has been a species of interest to biologists. The government has developed Red Panda Conservation Action Plan (2019– 2023) aiming the protection and management Banko Janakari, Vol 29 No. 1, 2019 Pp 25‒32 27 Lama of Red Panda population in Nepal through a holistic approach of conservation which includes research, monitoring, awareness building, habitat improvement and threat management.
    keywords: area; conservation; forest; habitat; nepal; panda; simsime; species; spp; status; total
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        item: #149 of 339
          id: banko-25153
      author: França, C. S. S.; Kyei, E. O.; Aragundi, G. S.; Rutt, R. L.
       title: Making sense of conservation behaviours in Mustang, Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 6591
      flesch: 50
     summary: Further, we examined perceptions of local development needs and ambitions, including in relation to forest conservation. To meet local timber needs, the operational management plan (2009) states permitted species for harvest and sale include Pine (Pinus wallichiana), Dhupi (Cupressus torulosa) and Kisin (Tsuga dumosa) and “the dried and felled tree should be provided by the committee”.
    keywords: acap; area; camc; community; conservation; development; forest; harvest; management; nepal; rules; timber
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        item: #150 of 339
          id: banko-25154
      author: Pandey, H. P.; Pandey, P.; Pokhrel, S.; Mandal, R. A.
       title: Relationship between soil properties and forests carbon: Case of three community forests from Far Western Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 5508
      flesch: 66
     summary: Measurement guidelines Banko Janakari, Vol 29 No. 1, 2019 Pp 43‒52 52 Pandey et al. for the sequestration of forest carbon. Carbon accumulations in forest ecosystems involve numerous components including biomass carbon and soil carbon.
    keywords: biomass; bulk; carbon; community; correlation; density; forest; nepal; soc; soil; stock; table
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        item: #151 of 339
          id: banko-25155
      author: Rai, A.; Shah, D. N.; Shah, R. D. T.; Milner, C.
       title: Influence of environmental parameters on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in the headwaters of Bagmati river, Kathmandu valley, Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 4301
      flesch: 52
     summary: Likewise, Gyrinidae, Empididae and Capniidae have shown positive correlation with pH also meaning they have higher probability of occurrence at higher pH. From the analysis, it was found that pH and DO were the two most important variables explaining the variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages (r2 = 0. 89, p-value=0. 001 and r2=0. Evaluation of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage for disturbance zonation in urban rivers using multivariate analysis : Implications for river management.
    keywords: analysis; assemblages; bmis; environmental; et al; macroinvertebrate; river; study; variables
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        item: #152 of 339
          id: banko-25156
      author: Rajbhandari, K. R.; Amatya, G.
       title: Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.), a new record for Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 651
      flesch: 72
     summary: Recently, a specimen of Zanthoxylum collected from Surkhet district of west Nepal has been identified as Zanthoxylum rhetsa, (Fig. 1) In : Hara, H. and Williams, L. H. J. (eds.), An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal Vol. 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, 81‒83.
    keywords: nepal; zanthoxylum
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        item: #153 of 339
          id: banko-28091
      author: Pokharel, Kiran Kumar
       title: Plantation campaign in Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 944
      flesch: 41
     summary: The act of planting fruit and herb saplings in degraded forest areas, river reclaimed areas, public land and private forests will be undertaken as part of the campaign. Unfortunately, planted forests have not always lived up to their potential.
    keywords: forests; government; plantation
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        item: #154 of 339
          id: banko-28093
      author: Basnet, S.; Gaire, N. P.; Chhetri, P. K.
       title: Fire history and climate-growth response of Abies spectabilis : A case from Langtang National Park, Nepal Himalaya
        date: 2019
       words: 5440
      flesch: 64
     summary: As the Abies trees affected by several fire events in the past are still standing alive in the study area, it could be concluded that A. spectabilis is resistant to minor fire events and suitable for fire history study. For example, when it is dry in a year after relatively wet years, forest fire is inclined to occur.
    keywords: area; climate; data; fire; growth; nepal; ring; spectabilis; study; tree
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        item: #155 of 339
          id: banko-28095
      author: Poudel, A.; Shrestha, H. L.; Bajracharya, R. M.
       title: Quantification of carbon stock under different land use regimes of Chitwan district, Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 4167
      flesch: 59
     summary: PIRSA discussion paper : Soil carbon and climate change. Since, the quantification of carbon stock under different land use systems with focus on both biomass and soil profile is lacking, objective of this paper is to quantify carbon stock in biomass and in soil profile under different land use regimes, namely community forest, leasehold forest and agricultural land of Chitwan district.
    keywords: biomass; carbon; community; forest; land; leasehold; nepal; soc; soil; stock
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        item: #156 of 339
          id: banko-28096
      author: Lamichhane, R.; Sedhain, A.; Maharjan, M.
       title: Economic value of community forest to local users : A case study from Barandabhar Protected Forest, Chitwan, Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 4801
      flesch: 63
     summary: 36)per year; the average consumption of forest goods being NRs. 5,246 (US$ 46. 69) per HH per year. Ecosystem services are generated as a consequence of interaction and complex exchange between biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem (Singh et al., 2002).
    keywords: ecosystem; forest; goods; management; services; users; value; wtp
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        item: #157 of 339
          id: banko-28097
      author: Karki, S.; Ghimire, S. K.
       title: Orchids of Suspa-Kshamawoti, Dolakha -An annotated checklist
        date: 2019
       words: 6969
      flesch: 74
     summary: Orchid species, such as Uncifera acuminata, Porpax elwesi, D. amoenum, Rhynchostylis retusa, B. careyanum, D. moniliforme, Luisia tristis, and D. amplum were found to be very rare in the study area, whereas B. reptans, D. heterocarpum, Vanda cristata, G. calceolaris, Eria coronaria, Liparis resupinata, Oberonia pachyrachis and Oberonia falcata were commonly noticed. The destruction of habitats due to deforestation and construction activities have resulted in drastic depletion of orchid species in the study area.
    keywords: altitude; epiphyte; exsiccatae; flowering; flowers; habitat; host; host species; karki; lindl; nepal; rajbhandari; species; tree; tuch
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        item: #158 of 339
          id: banko-28098
      author: Thapa, B. J.
       title: Climate change perception and adaptation among indigenous farmers : A study on Thamis of Dolkha
        date: 2019
       words: 4062
      flesch: 53
     summary: This problem needs intervention at much larger scale by the government through proper planning and policies for environment management, climate change adaptation and mitigation, especially in agriculture and water sectors. Understanding farmers' perception on climate change adaptation and mitigation : The roles of trust in sources of climate information, climate change beliefs and perceived risk.
    keywords: adaptation; agriculture; change; climate; climate change; farmers; nepal; rainfall; thamis; water
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        item: #159 of 339
          id: banko-28099
      author: Khadka, A.; Dhakal, B. P.; Paudel, M.; Pradhan, D. K.; Kafle, M.
       title: Glimpses of forest research, survey and extension activities in Nepal
        date: 2019
       words: 2306
      flesch: 48
     summary: Under these five themes, the Centre carries out the following activities on an annual basis : �� Researches on natural forests, plantations, nursery techniques and growth, silviculture, forest management, forest conversion, etc. ; �� Research on economically important tree species and non-timber forest products along with bamboo and rattans; �� Research on forest products utilization, biomass and volume Table ; �� Socio-economic researches on forest- related themes, for instance, contribution of forestry sector in the national economy of Nepal; �� Agroforestry researches including feasibility studies and model diagnostics; �� National-level forest inventory (forest resources assessment); �� Mapping and updating of the forest cover, forest change detection, forest types, etc. at national-level; �� Digitization and archives of the available Aerial Photographs; �� Policy research; �� Testing of important soil properties (including N, P, K and SOC) in the Soil Laboratory; �� Management of the CFL to facilitate the researchers, students and other individuals interested in forestry-related subject matters with all the available study materials (books, journals, dissertations, newsletters and so on); and �� Provision of different forestry-related trainings to forestry professionals. (Ziziphus budhensis), Paulownia spp., Red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus), etc. at practitioner-level; �� Weak implementation of research findings; �� Need for training manuals and Training of Trainers (ToTs); �� Database management; �� Lack of advanced technology and equipment; �� Low priority on research; �� Monitoring and Evaluation; ��
    keywords: forest; forestry; frtc; gon; nepal; research; survey; training
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        item: #160 of 339
          id: banko-29175
      author: Poudel, Buddi Sagar
       title: Ecological solutions to prevent future pandemics like COVID-19
        date: 2020
       words: 1053
      flesch: 56
     summary: These interactions increase the likelihood that animal viruses are jumping to humans. Wild animals (bats) are thought to be the most likely reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 as it is very similar to a bat coronavirus responsible for the SARS outbreak.
    keywords: animals; humans; world
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        item: #161 of 339
          id: banko-29176
      author: Khadka, A.; Dhungana, M.; Khanal, S.; Kharal, D. K.
       title: Forest and other land cover assessment in Nepal using Collect Earth
        date: 2020
       words: 3958
      flesch: 61
     summary: Banko Janakari, Vol 30 No. 1 6 Khadka et al. Table 2: Land use/ land cover classes used in different land use studies in Nepal Project Organisation Land Use/ Land Cover Classes First NFI (1960s) FORESC [7 Classes]: 1. Forest, 2. Cropland, 3. Grassland, 4. Urban areas, 5. Consequently, various studies conducted on the assessment of land use/land cover in Nepal in different years had adopted varied types of land use/ land cover classes (Table 2).
    keywords: classes; cover; forest; grassland; land; land cover; national; nepal; use
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        item: #162 of 339
          id: banko-29177
      author: Bhandari, S.; Speer, J. H.
       title: Growth-climate relationship of Pinus wallichiana in three different parts of the Himalayas
        date: 2020
       words: 3269
      flesch: 62
     summary: The tree-ring chronology of P. wallichiana from the central Nepal Himalayas showed a positive correlation with the scPDSI of December of the previous year and January and March of the current year (Figure 4). Materials and methods Chronology development The International Tree-Ring Data Bank holds six chronologies of P. wallichiana with two from Bhutan, two from Nepal, and two from Pakistan (Table 1).
    keywords: growth; himalayas; nepal; ring; species; tree; wallichiana
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        item: #163 of 339
          id: banko-29179
      author: Chaudhary, R.; Shrestha, B. B.; Thapa, H.; Siwakoti, M.
       title: Status and impacts of invasive alien plant species in Parsa National Park, central Nepal
        date: 2020
       words: 5971
      flesch: 68
     summary: In this study, we sampled at seven locations inside the Parsa National Park (PNP) to document diversity and abundance of invasive alien plant species (IAPS) and their impacts on tree regeneration. Therefore, it is high time to integrate management of invasive alien species in the management plan of the park.
    keywords: cover; iaps; invasive; nepal; park; plant; pnp; settlements; sites; species
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        item: #164 of 339
          id: banko-29180
      author: Bhattarai, S.; Bhatta, B.
       title: Leaf-litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics of five selected tropical tree species
        date: 2020
       words: 3663
      flesch: 57
     summary: Litter decomposition and nitrogen release in three Quercus species at temperate broad-leaved forest. Litter decomposition and soluble carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus release in a forest ecosystem.
    keywords: decomposition; hookeri; leaf; litter; soil; species; weight
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        item: #165 of 339
          id: banko-29181
      author: Gautam, B.; Chettri, M. K.
       title: Physicochemical properties of tropical forest top soil in relation to depth in western Nepal
        date: 2020
       words: 5824
      flesch: 64
     summary: Keywords: Forest soil, management practice soil properties, soil nutrients, top soil Banko Janakari, Vol 30 Forest soils and carbon sequestration.
    keywords: cm depth; depth; forest; nitrogen; puraina; shorea; soc; soil; terai
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        item: #166 of 339
          id: banko-29182
      author: Pathak, M. L.; Acharya, R.; Pokharel, K. K.; Lamichhane, D.
       title: Wood identification of some important timbers through chemical test
        date: 2020
       words: 2591
      flesch: 59
     summary: I Wood Powder + Water (H2O) The chemical reactions of wood powder and chemical reagents were observed for twenty four hours.
    keywords: color; powder; reaction; suspension; wood; wood powder
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        item: #167 of 339
          id: banko-2977
      author: Editor, The
       title: National forest resource assessment commences in Nepal
        date: 2010
       words: 602
      flesch: 51
     summary: Accurate, reliable, up-to-date and easily accessible information on the state of forest resources is crucial to support policy making and planning in forestry sector. The updated forest resource database and maps will be useful for strategic management planning of valuable forest resources of Nepal.
    keywords: forest; nepal
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        item: #168 of 339
          id: banko-2978
      author: Sharma, RP
       title: Modelling height-diameter relationship for Chir pine trees
        date: 2010
       words: 3958
      flesch: 69
     summary: Evaluating forest growth model. For scientific management, species-specific individual tree or stand level models such as height-diameter models, site index models, growth models, and biomass and volume models need to be developed.
    keywords: data; dbh; diameter; forest; height; models; sharma; stand
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        item: #169 of 339
          id: banko-2979
      author: Baral, SK; Malla, R; Ranabhat, S
       title: Above-ground carbon stock assessment in different forest types of Nepal
        date: 2010
       words: 2709
      flesch: 66
     summary: Key Words: Above-ground biomass, carbon, forest types, Nepal Globally, forests act as a natural storage for car bon, contributing approximately 80% of terrestrial above-ground, and 40% of terrestrial below-ground biomass carbon storage (Kirschbaum, 1996). Total AG carbon stock (ton ha-1) AG Rate of carbon sequestration (ton ha-1 year-1) Accuracy of biomass estimation (%) 1 Tropical riverine forest 25 178.83 80.47 3.21 17.65 2 Hill Sal forest 75 217.47 97.86 1.30 19.20 3 Pine forest 28 86.02 38.70 1.35 16.14 4 Schima-Castanopsis 22 76.24 34.30 1.56 11.27 5 Alnus nepalensis 18 76.00 34.60 1.92 14.56 Table 2 : Maximum, mean and mode value of height and dbh of forest types S.N. Forest type Max ht (m) Mean ht (m) Mode ht (m) Max dbh (cm) Mean dbh (cm) Mode dbh (cm) 1 Tropical riverine 27.5 15.65 19 123 29.49 18.5 2 Hill Sal 30.0 12.75 9 89 19.56 13.9 3 Pine 26.0 18.10 19 46 31.17 30.0 4 Schima-Castanopsis 13.5 6.95 6 32 8.86 6.0 5 Alnus nepalensis 22.0 15.50 14 40 32.00 22.0 Equations used for biomass calculation Total above-ground biomass (AGB) of hill community forests was calculated using different biomass equations produced by TISC (2000)
    keywords: biomass; carbon; forest; ground; nepal; sequestration; tropical; types
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        item: #170 of 339
          id: banko-2980
      author: Khanal, S
       title: Change assessment of forest cover in Ghodaghodi lake area in Kailali district of Nepal
        date: 2010
       words: 2244
      flesch: 55
     summary: The positive change in forest area was observed to be negligible; and, therefore, those were included in the stable forest class. Rate of Change (ha/year) MSS 20683.9 (75.32) - - TM 19244.8 (70.08) 1439.1 110.70 ETM 17758.1 (64.67) 1486.7 165.19 ETM+ 17500.5 (63.73) 257.6 28.62 Table 2 : Multi-temporal forest areas, deforested areas and rates of change between 1977 to 2008 Conclusion This study revealed that a very important wetland ecosystem in the western Terai of Nepal had lost significant forest cover from 1977 to 2008.
    keywords: area; change; classification; cover; forest; lake; nepal; study
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        item: #171 of 339
          id: banko-2981
      author: Lamichhane, D; Karna, NK
       title: Harvesting methods of Cinnamomum tamala leaves in private land: a case study from Udayapur district, Nepal
        date: 2010
       words: 2829
      flesch: 67
     summary: A set of questionnaires was used for interviews with farmers who had grown Tejpat trees on their private land and had been harvesting bark and leaf. Almost all farmers were found to have owned private land and cultivated Tejpat trees.
    keywords: dbh; harvesting; leaf; leaves; tejpat; trees; weight
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        item: #172 of 339
          id: banko-2982
      author: Sapkota, P; Meilby, H
       title: Modelling the growth of Shorea robusta using growth ring measurements
        date: 2010
       words: 5129
      flesch: 62
     summary: Within the growth season, rainfall and maximum temperature were negatively correlated and while diameter growth was positively correlated with rainfall it was therefore negatively correlated with maximum Table 3 : Diameter growth models. Key words: Climate change, community forestry, diameter growth models, effect of rainfall, growth ring measurements With respect to its silvicultural characteristics, Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.
    keywords: bark; diameter; forest; growth; models; rainfall; trees
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        item: #173 of 339
          id: banko-2983
      author: Paudel, A; Subedi, BP; Gyawali, S; Thapa, GK; Sharma, MB
       title: Value chain analysis of non-timber forest products in Baglung district, Nepal
        date: 2010
       words: 5482
      flesch: 55
     summary: Final Corrected Banko Janakari 19-2.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 19, No. 2 33 Value chain analysis of non-timber forest products in Baglung district, Nepal A. Paudel1, B. P. Subedi2, S. Gyawali2, G. K. Thapa3, and M. B. Sharma3 This study was carried out in five Village Development Committees of Baglung district, Nepal. Key words: Business solution, constraints, non-timber forest products, opportunities, value chain A value chain (VC) is a chain of value-creating activities which are not isolated from one another.
    keywords: allo; community; development; enterprise; forest; lokta; nepal; ntfps; paper; processors; products; resources; study; value
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        item: #174 of 339
          id: banko-2984
      author: Chhetri, PK; Shrestha, KB
       title: Dendrochronology and climate change study in Nepal: a preview
        date: 2010
       words: 1196
      flesch: 56
     summary: Tree ring in climate change study in Nepal In Nepal, dendrochronological study began in late 70s but it was used in climate change study only after 2003. The protential for of isotopic tree ring study is also high in Nepal.
    keywords: climate; nepal; tree
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        item: #175 of 339
          id: banko-33474
      author: Goutam, Keshab Raj
       title: Ecological assessment and restoration
        date: 2020
       words: 1005
      flesch: 32
     summary: However, ecosystem restoration has long been an integral part of some national priority programs and initiatives, such as community forestry and protected area management programs. The findings of these research initiatives are expected to support decision making on ecosystem restoration and management across the country through a combined effort of federal, provincial, and local governments.
    keywords: degradation; ecosystem; nepal; restoration
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        item: #176 of 339
          id: banko-33475
      author: Subedi, T.; Ghimire, M.
       title: Economic interpretation of lost due to improper stump-height of trees in Nepal
        date: 2020
       words: 4602
      flesch: 66
     summary: Table 1: Statistics of the sampled trees for volume calculation (first dataset) Species No. of samples (n) dbh (cm) Total tree height (m) Harvesting methodAv. Conclusion and recommendations The harvesting method was found major determinant factor of higher stump heights.
    keywords: felling; height; method; nepal; saw; stump; trees; volume
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        item: #177 of 339
          id: banko-33476
      author: Bhattarai, K. R.
       title: Ethnobotanical survey on plants used in Mai Municipality of Ilam district, eastern Nepal
        date: 2020
       words: 10654
      flesch: 55
     summary: The knowledge of medicinal plants use was largely associated with common ailments in the area. Myrtaceae; Amaru/ ambake D; T Fruit Raw Oral Pneumonia Fruit plant Banko Janakari, Vol 30 No. 2 34 Bhattarai S. N. Botanical name; Family; Local name Plant category; Type Parts used Preparation type Mode of application Ethnomedicinal uses Other uses 100 Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston;
    keywords: bark; bhattarai; disorders; district; ethnomedicinal; fodder; fruit; journal; juice; knowledge; leaf; nepal; oral; org/10; parts; paste; plants; root; species; spp; stem; study; topical; uses
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        item: #178 of 339
          id: banko-33477
      author: Nirola, R.; Saint, C.; Hehir, J. O.; Liu, J.
       title: Merchantable wood volume response of P. radiata D. Don post thinned plots on coated and uncoated urea fertilizers
        date: 2020
       words: 6799
      flesch: 66
     summary: For instance, three years after application of N (300 kg ha-1) on P. radiata D. Don plantation revealed a higher foliar nitrogen concentration compared to control treatment. A general policy of Forestry in South Australia has been to apply fertilizer one to two years after thinning so as to improve the productivity of P. radiata D. Don (Woollons, 1985, Gavran & Parsons, 2011).
    keywords: don; fertilizer; growth; plots; radiata; site; volume; wood
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        item: #179 of 339
          id: banko-33478
      author: Pandey, P.; Shah, D. N.; Tachamo-Shah, R. D.
       title: Impact of invasive alien plant species on aquatic biodiversity of Koshi Tappu Wetlands : Ramsar Site, Nepal
        date: 2020
       words: 5853
      flesch: 54
     summary: The Palaemonidae and Atyidae belonging to Decapod comprised 69.62% and 61.61%, respectively of the individuals in the non-invaded wetlands, but were missing in abundant coverage wetlands (Figure 3). The invaded wetlands with abundant invasive species (A,>75% coverage) had 36.47% and 46.56% Coleopterain the winter and spring seasons, respectively while there were less than 5% of these individuals in the non-invaded ones.
    keywords: coverage; diversity; et al; fish; koshi; macrophytes; nepal; season; species; water; wetlands
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        item: #180 of 339
          id: banko-33479
      author: Thapa, S.; Prasai, R.; Pahadi, R.
       title: Does gender-based leadership affect good governance in community forest management ? A case study from Bhaktapur district
        date: 2020
       words: 6129
      flesch: 56
     summary: No. 2 62 Thapa et al. Developing criteria and indicators The assessment of forest governance in this study centered on the Program on Forest (PROFOR, 2011)/FAO’s Framework for Assessing and Monitoring Forest Governance; and PROFOR Assessing and Monitoring Forest Governance diagnostic tool (Kishor and Rosenbaum, 2012) which identifies good forest governance in the circumstance of large range of various actors with different requirements. Till date, the total number of community forests in Nepal is 22,266 possessing 2,237,670.52 ha land area, and more than 2,907,871 households have benefitted from this program (DoF, 2018), and are working to attain good forest governance.
    keywords: activities; cfug; community; decision; forest; forestry; gender; governance; making; management; nepal; participation; users; women
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        item: #181 of 339
          id: banko-33482
      author: Jha, S. K.
       title: Identification and management of heart-rot fungi
        date: 2020
       words: 3365
      flesch: 70
     summary: The examples of white rot fungi are Armillariell amellea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coriolus versicolor, Cyathus stercoreus, Ceriporiopsissu bvermispora, Trametes versicolor, Hetero basidionannosum, and so on. Hardwood trees are more resistant to decay by brown rot than by white rot fungi.
    keywords: brown; cause; decay; fungi; heart; rot; rots; spp; trees; wood
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        item: #182 of 339
          id: banko-342
      author: Editor, The
       title: Initiating Biosafety Procedures in Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 607
      flesch: 37
     summary: Even the (limited) understanding that we have at present, has now recognised three major risks: • effects of transgenic products (primary and secondary) on non-target organisms; • establishment and spread of transgenic crop plants in non-target sites; and 2 • transfer by hybridization and introgression of transgenes from crop into wild relatives. Recently initiatives to develop biosafety guidelines for Nepal have been started by the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, which will also help ascertain whether Nepal is a GMO-free country or not.
    keywords: biosafety; nepal
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        item: #183 of 339
          id: banko-343
      author: Baral, S.K.; Shakya, R.
       title: Assessment of fodder yield from Artocarpus lakoocha and Bauhinia purpurea) tree planting in community forests in the western midhills of Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 2421
      flesch: 64
     summary: Final Added Vol 15-2.pmd 3 Assessment of fodder yield from Artocarpus lakoocha and Bauhinia purpurea) tree planting in community forests in the western midhills of Nepal S.K. Baral and R. Shakya This experiment assessed the yield and growth performance of the fodder tree planting in the community forest focusing on Artocarpus lakoocha, Bahunia purpurea. Estimation of fodder yields vary considerably from 36 to 270 kg of fresh matter per year for a mature tree; an average of 128 kg /tree/ year.
    keywords: bahunia; fodder; purpurea; species; yield
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        item: #184 of 339
          id: banko-344
      author: Thapa, H.B.; Gautam, S.K.
       title: Growth performance of Tectona grandis in the western Terai of Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 12875
      flesch: 42
     summary: About 20% of the total 7DEOH�����$YHUDJH�JUHHQ�DQG�RYHQ�GU\�ELRPDVV�RI�WKLQQHG�DQG��VWDQGLQJ�WUHHV�EHIRUH�DQG�DIWHU�WKLQQLQJ�DW� ����\HDUV 6WDQGLQJ�WUHHV��NJ�WUHH��� 6WDQGLQJ�WUHHV��WRQV�KD���7KLQQHG�WUHHV� �NJ��WUHH��� %HIRUH�WKLQQLQJ $IWHU�WKLQQLQJ 7KLQQHG�WUHHV� �WRQV�KD��� %HIRUH�WKLQQLQJ $IWHU�WKLQQLQJ3DUDPHWHU *UHHQ 2YHQ� GU\ *UHHQ 2YHQ� GU\ *UHHQ 2YHQ� GU\ *UHHQ 2YHQ� GU\ *UHHQ RYHQ� GU\ *UHHQ 2YHQ� GU\ :RRG ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ���� ��������� ����� ����� ����� )ROLDJH ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� �������� ���� ���� ���� $ERYH�JURXQG� ELRPDVV ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ���� ����������� ����� ����� ����� )LJXUHV�LQ�SDUHQWKHVLV�LQGLFDWH�WKH�SHUFHQWDJH�RI�VWHP�ZRRG�DQG�IROLDJH�LQ�WRWDO�DERYHJURXQG�ELRPDVV� /LNHZLVH�HVWLPDWHG�DYHUDJH�JUHHQ�OHDI�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�����\HDUV�7��JUDQGLV ZDV�����NJ�WUHH�� DQG�����WRQV�KD�� ��ZKLOH�LW�ZDV������NJ�WUHH�DQG�����WRQV�KD�� LQ�����\HDUV�'DOEHUJLD�ODWLIROLD��7KDSD��������,W�VKRZV�WKDW�7�� JUDQGLV KDG�VLJQLILFDQWO\�KLJKHU�IROLDJH�SURGXFWLRQ�SHU�XQLW�DUHD�WKDQ�LQ�'DOEHUJLD�ODWLIROLD DW�DQ�HDUO\�VWDJH� RI�LWV�GHYHORSPHQW��,W�LV�PDLQO\�GXH�WR�GHQVLW\�RI�WUHHV��DV�'��ODWLIROLD KDG�D�VSDFLQJ�RI���[��P�ZKHUHDV�7�� JUDQGLV KDG�D�VSDFLQJ�RI�����[�����P���+RZHYHU��LQ�ERWK�WKH�VSHFLHV��DYHUDJH�OHDI�FRQWHQW�YDULHG�YHU\�OLWWOH� �VHH� WDEOH� ����2Q� DQ� DYHUDJH�� WKH� FRQWULEXWLRQ�RI� JUHHQ� OHDI� LQ� WRWDO� DERYHJURXQG�ELRPDVV�ZDV� ��� LQ�7�� JUDQGLV DQG�����LQ�'��ODWLIROLD �7KDSD���������VHH�WDEOH�����VOLJKWO\�OHVV�WKDQ�'��ODWLIROLD��/HVV�SURGXFWLRQ RI�IROLDJH�LQ�7��JUDQGLV PD\�EH�GXH�WR�VPDOOHU�VL]HG�DQG�OHVV�QXPEHU�RI�EUDQFKHV�WKDQ�'��ODWLIROLD�� $ERYH�JURXQG�JUHHQ�ELRPDVV�ZDV�HVWLPDWHG������NJ��WUHH�� ������WRQV�KD����IRU�WKLQQHG�WUHHV�������NJ�WUHH�� ������ WRQV�KD���� IRU� WUHHV�EHIRUH� WKLQQLQJ�DQG������NJ� WUHH�� ������ WRQV�KD���� IRU� WUHHV�DIWHU� WKLQQLQJ� LQ�7�� JUDQGLV�DV�FRPSDUHG�WR������NJ�WUHH�� �����WRQV�KD����IRU�WKLQQHG�WUHHV�������NJ�WUHH�� ������WRQV�KD����IRU�WUHHV� EHIRUH�WKLQQLQJ�DQG������NJ�������WRQV�KD����DIWHU�WKLQQLQJ�LQ�'��ODWLIROLD �7KDSD�������� 3URGXFWLYLW\� 3URGXFWLYLW\� RI� JUHHQ� ZRRG� � �VWHP� DQG� EUDQFK�� RI� 7�� JUDQGLV ZDV� ����� WRQV� KD�� \HDU�� DQG� UDWH� RI� DFFXPXODWLRQ�ZDV�IRXQG�WR�EH�����NJ�WUHH�� \HDU�� �VHH�WDEOH�����VLPLODU�WR�WKH�UDWH�RI�DFFXPXODWLRQ�RI�'�� VLVVRR DQG�$��DXULFXOLIRUPLV EXW�OHVV�WKDQ�$��FDWHFKX DQG�(��FDPDOGXOHQVLV EXW�KLJKHU�WKDQ�'��ODWLIROLD� $W�7DUDKDUD��SURGXFWLYLW\�RI�JUHHQ�ZRRG�RI�����\HDUV�ROG�'��VLVVRR��$FDFLD�DXULFXOLIRUPLV��$FDFLD�FDWHFKX�� DQG�(�� FDPDOGXOHQVLV ZHUH������� ������ ������ DQG������ WRQV� KD�� \HDU�� DQG� UDWH� RI� DFFXPXODWLRQ�RI� WKHVH� VSHFLHV�ZHUH��������������������DQG�������NJ��WUHH�� \HDU�� �7KDSD���������6LPLODUO\�-RVKL��������IRXQG�WKDW� SURGXFWLYLW\�RI�JUHHQ�DQG�DLU�GULHG�ZRRG�RI������\HDUV�ROG�WHDN�DW�6DJDUQDWK�ZHUH�������DQG�������WRQV�KD�� \HDU��� 7DEOH����3URGXFWLYLW\�DQG�UDWH�RI�DFFXPXODWLRQ�RI�JUHHQ�DQG�RYHQ�GU\�ELRPDVV�RI������\HDUV�7��JUDQGLV *UHHQ�ELRPDVV��NJ�WUHH �� \HDU��� *UHHQ�ELRPDVV��WRQV�KD �� \HDU��� : It indicated Banko Janakari, Vol. 15, No. 2 Thapa and Gautam Table 2: Dbh, basal area and periodic annual increment of basal area of 7.5 years Tectona grandis at Sankarnagar %DVDO�DUHD� 7KH�EDVDO�DUHD�RI�WUHHV�SHU�XQLW�DUHD�LV�PDLQO\�JRYHUQHG�E\�WKH�VL]H�DQG�GHQVLW\�RI�WUHHV���$W������\HDUV��7�� JUDQGLV KDG�D�EDVDO�DUHD�RI������P� KD�� DW�6DJDUQDWK��6DUODKL��DQG�SHULRGLF�EDVDO�DUHD�LQFUHPHQW�ZDV�����P� KD�� \HDU�� �-RVKL�������ZKHUHDV�WKH�EDVDO�DUHD�RI�WHDN�LQ�WKDW�DJH�DW�6KDQNDUQDJDU�ZDV�IRXQG�WR�EH����P� KD� ���VOLJKWO\�ORZHU�WKDQ�6DJDUQDWK��,W�PD\�EH�GXH�WR�ORZHU�VWRFNLQJ�DW�6KDQNDUQDJDU��$W�����\HDUV��WKH�PHDQ� EDVDO�DUHD�RI�WKLQQHG�WUHHV�RI�'��ODWLIROLD ZDV��������P� DW�%HOEDUL �7KDSD�������ZKHUHDV�LW�ZDV��������P� LQ�7��JUDQGLV DW� WKH�VDPH�DJH�DW�6KDQNDUQDJDU��7KH�UHVXOWV�LQGLFDWHG�WKDW��VOLJKWO\�ODUJHU�VL]HG�WUHHV�ZHUH� WKLQQHG�DW�6KDQNDUQDJDU� $V�WKH�SHULRGLF�DQQXDO�LQFUHPHQWV�RI�EDVDO�DUHDV�RI�'��VLVVRR DW�7DUDKDUD�DQG�7��JUDQGLV DW�6KDQNDUQDJDU� ZHUH��������P� �7KDSD�������DQG��������P� �VHH�WDEOH����UHVSHFWLYHO\��ZKLFK�DUH�DOPRVW�VLPLODU��%XW�WKH� PHDQ�EDVDO� DUHD�RI�'�� ODWLIROLD DW� ����\HDUV�ZDV��������P� WUHH�� ��������P� WUHH�� \HDU���� �7KDSD�������� KLJKHU�LQ�7��JUDQGLV ��������P�WUHH��\HDU�����,W�LQGLFDWHG�WKDW�VLVVRR�DQG�WHDN�JURZ�DW�WKH�VDPH�UDWH�LQ�HDUO\� DJH�DQG�IDVWHU�WKDQ�'��ODWLIROLD�� 7DEOH����'EK��EDVDO�DUHD�DQG�SHULRGLF�DQQXDO�LQFUHPHQW�RI�EDVDO�DUHD�RI������\HDUV�7HFWRQD�JUDQGLV�DW 6DQNDUQDJDU 6WDQGLQJ�WUHHV3DUDPHWHU 7KLQQHG�WUHHV %HIRUH�WKLQQLQJ $IWHU�WKLQQLQJ 0HDQ�GEK��FP�� ��� ���� ���� 0HDQ�EDVDO�DUHD��P�� ������ ������ ������ 3HULRGLF�DQQXDO�LQFUHPHQW�RI�EDVDO�DUHD��P�KD��\HDU��� ������ ������ ������ %DVDO�DUHD��P� KD��� ��� ���� ���� 2YHU�EDUN�VWHP YROXPH��P� WUHH��� ������ ������ ������ 2YHU�EDUN�VWHP�YROXPH��P� KD��� �� ����� ���� 6WRFNLQJ��VWHPV�KD��� ��� ���� ��� 3HUFHQWDJH�RI�WKH�RULJLQDO�VWRFNLQJ ���� ���� ���� %DVDO�DUHD�UHPRYDO������� ������� 5HPRYDO�RI�WUHHV�LQ�ILUVW�WKLQQLQJ���������� %LRPDVV ,W�ZDV�IRXQG�WKDW�WKH�GU\�PDWWHU�FRQWHQWV�RI�ZRRG��DQG�IROLDJH�RI�����\HDUV�ROG�7��JUDQGLV DW6KDQNDUQDJDU� ZHUH�����DQG�����UHVSHFWLYHO\��3UHYLRXV�VWXG\�VKRZV�WKDW�WKH�GU\�PDWWHU�FRQWHQWV�RI�ZRRG�RI�����\HDUV� ROG�'��VLVVRR DW�7DUDKDUD�DQG�����\HDUV�ROG�'��ODWLIROLD DW�%HOEDUL�ZHUH��������7KDSD�������DQG������� �7KDSD� ������ UHVSHFWLYHO\�ZKHUHDV� WKH� GU\�PDWWHU� FRQWHQW� RI�ZRRG� RI� ���� \HDUV� ROG�&�� VLDPHD DQG�(�� FDPDOGXOHQVLV DW�7DUDKDUD��6XQVDUL�'LVWULFW�ZHUH������DQG�������UHVSHFWLYHO\��7KDSD�������� ,W� LQGLFDWHG� WKDW�PRLVWXUH�FRQWHQW�RI�ZRRG�LV�PRUH�LQ�7HFWRQD�JUDQGLV WKDQ�$��FDWHFKX��'��VLVVRR���&DVVLD�VLDPHD��(�� FDPDOGXOHQVLV DQG�'��ODWLIROLD��$V�D�UHVXOW��RYHQ�GULHG�ZRRG�ELRPDVV�RI�7��JUDQGLV�ZRXOG�EH�ORZHU�WKDQ�WKH� DERYH�ILYH�VSHFLHV�� $W�6DJDUQDWK��6DUODKL��DLU�GULHG�ZRRG�ZDV�IRXQG�WR�EH�DERXW�����RI�JUHHQ�ZRRG��-RVKL� �������7KH�FRQYHUVLRQ� IDFWRU������RI�6DJDUQDWK�FDQ�EH�XVHG� WR�FRQYHUW�JUHHQ�ZRRG� WR�DLU�GULHG�ZRRG�DW� 6KDQNDUQDJDU�DOVR�� $W� ���� \HDUV�� � �� WRQV� KD�� JUHHQ�ZRRG�ZDV� REWDLQHG� IURP� SUXQLQJ�VLQJOLQJ� RSHUDWLRQ�� %HIRUH� WKLQQLQJ�� HVWLPDWHG�DYHUDJH�IUHVK�ZRRG�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�����\HDUV�ROG�7��JUDQGLV ZDV��IRXQG�WR�EH������NJ�������WRQV�KD� ���DQG������NJ�������WRQV�KD����LQ�WKLQQHG�WUHHV�DQG������NJ�������WRQV�KD����IRU�WUHHV�DIWHU�WKLQQLQJ��VHH�WDEOH� ����:RRG�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�7��JUDQGLV ZDV�IRXQG�KLJKHU�WKDQ�'��ODWLIROLD��DV�LW�KDG�RQO\������NJ�WUHH�� DW����� \HDUV� �7KDSD��������6LPLODUO\�DQRWKHU�VWXG\��VKRZV�WKDW�DW�6DJDUQDWK�������\HDUV�ROG�WHDN�DWWDLQHG������� WRQV�JUHHQ�ZRRG��LQ�D�KHFWDUH��-RVKL�������� Parameter 9 that moisture content of wood is more in teak than Acacia catechu, D. sissoo, C. siamea, E. camaldulensis and D. latifolia.
    keywords: \hdu �; dqg �; dw �; lq �; wr �; yroxph �; zdv �; � \hduv; � gu\; � iru; � judqglv; � juhhq; � kd; � nj; � odwlirold; � p; � ri; � whdn; � wkh; � wklqqlqj; � wrqv; � wuhhv; � zrrg; � �
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        item: #185 of 339
          id: banko-345
      author: Rokaya, M.B.; Shrestha, M.R.; Ghimire, S.K.
       title: Ethnoecology of natural environment in trans-himalayan region of west Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 3818
      flesch: 61
     summary: The people generally identify plants on the basis of taste of different plant parts, types of the root structures and different life cycle stages. Nomenclature based on plant use: The use of the plant is also a basis of naming plant.
    keywords: basis; classification; flowers; knowledge; land; level; nepal; nomenclature; people; plants; sing; use
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        item: #186 of 339
          id: banko-346
      author: Barakoti, T. P.
       title: Monitoring growth of Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) at a plantation cite at Dhankuta, Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 7205
      flesch: 59
     summary: Wood production (in kg, average of 3 trees) ARS Pakhribas, Dhankuta Banko Janakari, Vol. 15, No. 2 Barakoti Data recorded in 2000 23 Banko Janakari, Vol. 15, No. 2Barakoti 8WWLV�3HUPDQHQW�6DPSOH�3ORW��$56�3DNKULEDV $QQH[��� '%+�DQG�+HLJKW�RI����)DWWHVW�7UHHV 0HDVXUHG�RQ��������������� %ORFN�,� 7UHH�1R� '%+� �FP� 7UHH� KHLJKW��P� %ORFN�,,� 7UHH�1R� '%+� �FP� 7UHH�KHLJKW�� �P� %ORFN�,,,� 7UHH�1R� '%+� �PP� 7UHH� KHLJKW��P� � �� ����� ��� �� ����� �� �� ����� � �� ����� ��� �� ����� �� �� ����� �� �� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� �� ����� �� �� ����� ��� �� ����� �� �� ����� �� �� ����� �� �� ����� � �� ����� �� �� ����� �� �� ����� �� �� ����� �� �� ����� �� �� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� �� ����� �� �� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� �� ����� ��� �� ����� $QQH[��� 'HVFULSWLRQ�RI�WKH�QXPEHUV�RI�WUHHV�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�EORFNV� %ORFN�1R�,� 2EVHUYDWLRQ�<HDUV�'HVFULSWLRQ ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� 7RWDO�WUHHV�IURP� SUHYLRXV�\HDU ��� ��� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� 1R��RI��WUHHV�IRU�UHPRYDO ��� �� �� � �� �� � � � � 1R��RI H[LVWLQJ�WUHHV� ��� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� 5HPRYHG�WUHHV��� ���� ���� ���� � ���� ���� ���� ��� � ��� $YJ��GLDPHWHU��FP� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� :RRG�H[WUDFWLRQ��NJ� ���� ���� ���� QRW�WKLQQHG ���� ���� ���� � � � %ORFN�1R�,, 2EVHUYDWLRQ�<HDUV�'HVFULSWLRQ �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� ���� 7RWDO�WUHHV�IURP� SUHYLRXV�\HDU ��� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� 1R��RI��WUHHV��IRU�UHPRYDO �� �� � � � � � � � � 1R��RI�H[LVWLQJ�WUHHV� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� 5HPRYHG�WUHHV��� ���� ���� ���� � ���� ���� ���� � ��� ��� $YJ��GLDPHWHU��FP� ��� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� :RRG�H[WUDFWLRQ��NJ� ���� ��� ���� QRW�WKLQQHG ���� ���� ���� � � � %ORFN�1R�,,, 2EVHUYDWLRQ�<HDUV�'HVFULSWLRQ �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ���� ���� 7RWDO�WUHHV�IURP� SUHYLRXV�\HDU ��� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� 1R��RI�WUHHV�IRU�UHPRYDO �� �� � � � � � � � � 1R��RI��H[LVWLQJ�WUHHV� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� 5HPRYHG�WUHHV��� ���� ���� ���� � ���� ���� ���� � � ��� $YJ��GLDPHWHU��FP� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� :RRG�H[WUDFWLRQ��NJ� ���� ���� ���� QRW�WKLQQHG ���� ���� ���� � � � The DBH of the trees varied from ODWHU�SHULRG�WKDQ�WKH�LQLWLDO�SHULRG��7KH�KHLJKWV�ZHUH�PHDVXUHG�LQ�WKH�VDPH����IDWWHVW�WUHHV��ZKHUH�WKH� '%+�ZHUH�PHDVXUHG��7KH�GHWDLO�RI�PHDVXUHPHQW�UHFRUG�LV�JLYHQ�LQ�$QQH[��� $FFRUGLQJ�WR������UHFRUGV��DYHUDJH�QXPEHU�RI�WUHHV�KD�� DIWHU�WKLQQLQJ�ZDV��������������DQG�������LQ� %ORFN� ,�� ,,� DQG� ,,,� UHVSHFWLYHO\��1RUPDO� VWDQG� LV�FRQVLGHUHG� WR����� WUHHV�KD�� DIWHU� WKLQQLQJ��$�FORVHU� VSDFLQJ�PLJKW�JLYH�D�KLJKHU�\LHOG�� 7DEOH����$YHUDJH�KHLJKW�LQFUHPHQW��LQ�P� RI����IDWWHVW�WUHHV�IURP������WR������ 1RUWK�)DUP��$56�3DNKULEDV��'KDQNXWD <HDU %ORFN�, %ORFN�,, %ORFN�,,, 0HDQ ,QFUHPHQW�UDWH ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� � ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� )LJXUH����$YHUDJH�DQQXDO�LQFUHPHQW�LQ�KHLJKW��FP� 7KH� ELRPDVV�ZDV� FDOFXODWHG� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� JLYHQ� WDEOH� �.KDUHO� DQG�0XOGHU�� �������%LRPDVV� RI� VWHP�� EUDQFK� DQG� OHDI� DUH� HVWLPDWHG� VHSDUDWHO\� �7DEOH� ���� 7KH� GDWD� UHYHDOHG� WKDW� VWHP� DQG� EUDQFKHV� FRXOG� SURGXFH� VLPLODU� \LHOG� �DURXQG� ��� NJ� WUHH�� HDFK� DW� �WK \HDU� DQG� DERYH� ���� NJ� WUHH�� LQ� ��WK \HDU� RI� SODQWLQJ���/HDYHV�KDG�VPDOOHU�TXDQWLW\�RI�GU\�ZHLJKW�������NJ�WUHH��DW�����PRLVWXUH��� 7DEOH����%LRPDVV�RI�8WWLV��NJ�WUHH��HVWLPDWHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�'%+�7DEOH� $56�3DNKULEDV��'KDQNXWD %LRPDVV<HDU '%+ 6WHP %UDQFK /HDI ���� ����� ���� ���� ��� ���� ����� ���� ���� ��� ���� ����� ���� ���� ��� ���� ����� ���� ���� ��� ���� ����� ���� ���� ��� ���� ����� ���� ���� ��� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ����� ����� ���� ,Q� ,ODP��ZRRG�\LHOG�RI�8WWLV�ZDV� HVWLPDWHG� WR�REWDLQ����� W�KD�\U� IURP�D����\HDU� URWDWLRQ�JURZQ�RQ�D� PRLVW�VLWH��,Q�.DVNLNRW�D���\HDU�ROG�SODQWDWLRQ�ZDV�HVWLPDWHG�WR�\LHOG�����W�KD�\U�RI�IXHO�ZRRG��.KDUHO� DQG�0XOGHU�������� ODWHU�SHULRG�WKDQ�WKH�LQLWLDO�SHULRG��7KH�KHLJKWV�ZHUH�PHDVXUHG�LQ�WKH�VDPH����IDWWHVW�WUHHV��ZKHUH�WKH� '%+�ZHUH�PHDVXUHG��7KH�GHWDLO�RI�PHDVXUHPHQW�UHFRUG�LV�JLYHQ�LQ�$QQH
    keywords: 7kh �; \hdu �; orfn �; � 7deoh; � dqg; � iurp; � khljkw; � lq; � p; � ri; � wkh; � wr; � wuhhv; � zdv; � zhuh; � �
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        item: #187 of 339
          id: banko-347
      author: Bhattacharya, A.K.; Basnyat, Bijendra
       title: Lok Vanaki - a recent innovative approach for managing private forestry in Madhya Pradesh, India
        date: 2007
       words: 3079
      flesch: 51
     summary: �3UDVDG�0DKRWR 5V������� �����KD 'HYDV 6KRGDUD�5DL 5V������� ��KD 'DPR .RGXODO�'XEH\ 5V������� ����KD &RQFOXVLRQV /RN� 9DQDNL LV� D� GHFHQWUDOL]HG� DSSURDFK� DGRSWHG� E\�0DGK\D� 3UDGHVK� )RUHVW� 'HSDUWPHQW� ZKHUH�WKH�UROH�RI�3DQFKD\DW�KDV�EHHQ�GXO\�DFNQRZOHGJHG��7KH�FRQFHSW�RI�FKDUWHU�IRUHVWHU�LV� QRW�RQO\�LQQRYDWLYH�EXW�FRXOG�DOVR�FRQWULEXWH�D�ORW�LQ�UHGXFLQJ�WKH�XQHPSOR\PHQW�UDWH�RI�WKH� FRXQWU\�� 7KH� IDUPHUV� FDQ� PDNH� WKLV� SURGXFWLYH� ZLWKRXW� PXFK� LQYHVWPHQW� �6DLJHO� HW�� DO�� �������7KLV�ZRXOG�QRW�RQO\�KHOS�IRU�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�RI SULYDWH�IRUHVWU\�EXW�DOVR� KHOS� LQ�VRFLR�HFRQRPLF�XSOLIWPHQW�RI�SHRSOH�� � ,Q�VSLWH�RI�JUHDWHU�SROLWLFDO�FRPPLWPHQWV�DQG� DGHTXDWH� OHJDO� DQG� SROLF\� IUDPHZRUN�� LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ� RI� WKH� /RN� 9DQDNL� VFKHPH� LV� QRW� HQFRXUDJLQJ� DV� LW� LV� EHLQJ� LPSOHPHQWHG� LQ� ��� GLVWULFWV� RXW� RI� ��� GLVWULFWV� RI� 6WDWH�� 7KH� SURFHVV�RI�KDQGLQJ�RYHU� LV�YHU\�VORZ�GXH� WR� ORQJ�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH�SURFHGXUHV��DV� LW� UHTXLUHV� DSSURYDO�IURP�&HQWUDO�JRYHUQPHQW�LI�WKH�DUHD�LV�PRUH�WKDQ����KD�RI�ODQG��+HQFH��/RN�9DQDNL LV� QRW� D� SDQDFHD� EXW� LW� FDQ� FRQWULEXWH� D� ORW� WRZDUGV� VXVWDLQDEOH� PDQDJHPHQW� RI� SULYDWH� IRUHVWV�LI�SURSHUO\�LPSOHPHQWHG�� 5HIHUHQFHV *203�� ������ 0DGK\D� 3UDGHVK� /RN� 9DQDNL� $FW� ����� 0DGK\D� 3UDGHVK� *RYHUQPHQW�� %KRSDO��03��,QGLD *203� ������0DGK\D� 3UDGHVK� /RN� 9DQDNL� 5XOH� � ������0DGK\D� 3UDGHVK� *RYHUQPHQW�� %KRSDO��03��,QGLD 03)'������ 0DGK\D�3UDGHVK�)RUHVWU\�$FWLRQ�3ODQ��0DGK\D�3UDGHVK�)RUHVW�'HSDUWPHQW�� %KRSDO�,QGLD 6DLJDO��6��$URUD��+�DQG�5L]YL��6�6��������7KH�QHZ�IRUHVWHUV��WKH�UROH�RI�SULYDWH�HQWHUSULVH�LQ� WKH�,QGLDQ�IRUHVWU\�VHFWRU��,QVWUXPHQWV�IRU�VXVWDLQDEOH�SULYDWH�VHFWRU�IRUHVWU\�VHULHV� (FRWHFK� 6HUYLFHV��1HZ�'HOKL�DQG�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�(QYLURQPHQW�DQG�'HYHORSPHQW��/RQGRQ 6LQJK��'�3� ������6RFLR�HFRQRPLF�'HYHORSPHQW� RI�0DGK\D�3UDGHVK� WKURXJK�)RUHVWU\�E\� WKH�SHRSOH��IRU�WKH�SHRSOH��*RYHUQPHQW�RI�0DGK\D�3UDGHVK��%KRSDO��,QGLD Table 2: Income from Lok Vanaki Banko Janakari, Vol. 15, No. 2 Final Added Vol 15-2.pmd 24 Lok Vanaki - a recent innovative approach for managing private forestry in Madhya Pradesh, India A K Bhattacharya1 and Bijendra Basnyat2 This paper highlights on Lok Vanaki (private forestry) scheme, an innovative and decentralized approach for managing private forestry of Madhya Pradesh (MP) and examines on policy provisions, implementation status and explore on issues associated with its implementation.
    keywords: /rn �; d �; forestry; lok; lv �; � 0dgk\d; � dqg; � iru; � kd; � lq; � ri; � wkh; � �
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        item: #188 of 339
          id: banko-348
      author: Bishokarma, B.K.; Kinsey, C.K.; Dangol, D.R.; Chaudhary, P.
       title: Folk use of plant resource at Madi valley of Chitwan District, Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 4345
      flesch: 52
     summary: XHOZRRG 7LPEHU &KLUDXOL ���������� ��������� ������� ��������� 'KLNXUEDUL ���������� ��������� ������� ��������� )LJXUHV�LQ�WKH�SDUHQWKHVHV�UHSUHVHQW�SHUFHQWDJHV�RI�WKH�WRWDO�XVHG�VSHFLHV� 7DEOH����)LYH�WRSPRVW�LPSRUWDQW�VSHFLHV�IRU�HDFK�SXUSRVH�EDVHG�RQ�KRXVHKROG�VXUYH\� �QXPEHU�RI�KRXVH�KROG�UHSRUWHG��IURP�&KLUDXOL 6�1� 0HGLFLQDO )RGGHU�DQG�IRUDJH ) XHOZRRG 7LPEHU � 1HHP����� %DNDLQR����� 6DO����� 6DO����� � 'XGKNDUDL\D����� ,SHO�,SHO����� %DNDLQR����� %DNDLQR����� � -DPXQ����� 'XPUL����� %RWGKDLUR����� 6LVDX����� � %HO����� .KDQQXH����� 6LVDX����� 6DWLVDO ���� � 0HG����� 3DQDQ����� 3DQDQ����� 3DQDQ����� )LJXUHV�LQ�WKH�SDUHQWKHVHV�DUH�WKH�WRWDO�KRXVHKROGV�UHSRUWHG�WKH�VSHFLHV� 4 ��������� �Bridelia retusa ���� ������ � ������� ���� �������� ���� ������� ��������� ���� ������� ���� ��� ��� ��� � ������� ���� �������� ����� ��� ��� ��������� ������� �� ����� �Dalbergia latifolia ������������� ���������!����������������� �������������������� �� � ��� �������� ���#������������������� ����� �����������������$� �Terminalia alata ����������� %������ &����� ����������� ����#� ����� ���� � �������� ���� �������� � ��������� ����� ������ ��� ��� &����� �' � ���� � �( ��)�#���� �������� ��� �������� �*+, � ���� ����� ��� ����� �������������������� ����� ����� �� �������������� ����,- ��������.
    keywords: dndlqr �; dqg �; � &kludxol; � 6do; � gliihuhqw; � iru; � iurp; � lq; � ri; � uhsruwhg; � vshflhv; � wkh; � xvhg; � zhuh; � �
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        item: #189 of 339
          id: banko-349
      author: Oli, B.N.; Kandel, C.M.
       title: Biomass estimation of Bambusa nutans subspecies cupulata grown at Eastern Terai, Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 3843
      flesch: 74
     summary: However, bamboo culms are sold on a fresh weight basis in both the rural and urban areas of Nepal. However, bamboo culms are sold on a fresh weight basis in both the rural and urban areas of Nepal.
    keywords: basis; biomass; culm; foliage; table; weight
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        item: #190 of 339
          id: banko-350
      author: Kunwar, R.M.; Adhikari, N.; Devkota, M.P.
       title: Indigenous use of mistletoes in tropical and temperate region of Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 3073
      flesch: 69
     summary: The second author is thankful to University Grant Commission, Kathmandu Nepal. Ethnobotanical note on folk lore remedies of Baglung district Nepal.
    keywords: 2004; district; manandhar; mistletoes; nepal; plant; shrestha; species
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        item: #191 of 339
          id: banko-3501
      author: Editor, The
       title: Celebrating 2010 as International Year of Biodiversity
        date: 2010
       words: 840
      flesch: 40
     summary: Final Bankojanakari 20-1.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 20, No. 1 1 Banko Janakari A Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Celebrating 2010 as International Year of Biodiversity Biological diversity - or biodiversity - is the term given to the variety of life on earth and the natural patterns it forms. It aims to raise awareness of the importance of biodiversity through activities and events in many countries; to influence decision makers, and “to keep biodiversity issues on the top of the political Banko Janakari, Vol. 20, No. 1 2 agenda.
    keywords: biodiversity; nepal; year
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        item: #192 of 339
          id: banko-3502
      author: Mathema, P; Joshi, J
       title: Assessment of small-scale landslide treatment in Nepal
        date: 2010
       words: 3516
      flesch: 50
     summary: Landslide treatment is carried out to mitigate landslide disasters. Landslide treatment refers to the vegetative and structural measures applied to the landslide and its immediate catchment.
    keywords: conservation; landslide; management; nepal; sites; soil; study; treatment
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        item: #193 of 339
          id: banko-3503
      author: Urothody, AA; Larsen, HO
       title: Measuring climate change vulnerability: a comparison of two indexes
        date: 2010
       words: 4832
      flesch: 47
     summary: Key words: Climate change, livelihoods, Mustang, vulnerability The scientific community by now agrees that climate change is real, it will become worse, and the already poor and vulnerable will be affected the most (IPCC, 2007). Final Bankojanakari 20-1.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 20, No. 1 9 Measuring climate change vulnerability: a comparison of two indexes A.A. Urothody1 and H.O. Larsen2 Climate change is predicted and currently observed to especially affect the rural poor, and some sort of support for adaptation is relevant.
    keywords: change; climate; household; index; kunjo; lei; lete; livelihood; lvi; vdcs; vulnerability
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        item: #194 of 339
          id: banko-3504
      author: Singh, BK
       title: Assessment of the Upstream Churia Hills and Downstream Terai Plains Linkage: An Environmental Services Perspective
        date: 2010
       words: 5774
      flesch: 58
     summary: In a nutshell, Churia hills and the Terai should be interlinked along the perspective of environmental services. Table 1: Forest condition in the Churia hills of Jalad watershed area of the Jalad River SN Category No. /ha
    keywords: churia; churia hills; forest; hills; jalad; jalad river; land; river; services; terai
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        item: #195 of 339
          id: banko-3505
      author: Khanal, Y; Upadhyaya, CP; Sharma, RP
       title: Economic valuation of water supply service from two community forests in Palpa district
        date: 2010
       words: 4637
      flesch: 58
     summary: The major hydrological services of the forests include quantity and quality of water supply, flow regulation and aquatic productivity (Johnson, et al., 2001; Powell, Economic valuation of water supply service from two community forests in Palpa district Y. Khanal1, C.P. Upadhyaya2 and R.P. Sharma3 Apart from physical products, community forests (CF) in Nepal generate various ecosystem services that could be important not only to the stakeholders at local level, but also to the stakeholders at the regional and the global levels. Considering the economic importance of water supply service from CF, this study aims to assess the economic value of the water supply as a service from two CFs and also identify the factors affecting an individual’s willingness to pay (WTP).
    keywords: forest; lipindevi; mean; supply; users; value; water; wtp
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        item: #196 of 339
          id: banko-3506
      author: Kandel, CM; Caetano, M; Cabral, P
       title: Forest cover monitoring of Bara district (Nepal) using remote sensing and geographic information systems
        date: 2010
       words: 3451
      flesch: 58
     summary: The present case study analyses the spatial and temporal patterns of forest cover change in the Bara district during 1989– 2005 based on a time series Landsat satellite images. Forest cover change was analysed by post classification analysis, time series analysis of forest, and the spatial pattern of forest was quantified by calculating spatial metrics.
    keywords: analysis; area; change; cover; district; forest; land; nepal
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        item: #197 of 339
          id: banko-3507
      author: Nepali, SC
       title: Assessing the causes of conflict and its effect on livelihoods: a study from Bardia National Park and Khata Corridor, Nepal
        date: 2010
       words: 6222
      flesch: 56
     summary: Final Bankojanakari 20-1.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 20, No. 1 37 Assessing the causes of conflict and its effect on livelihoods: a study from Bardia National Park and Khata Corridor, Nepal. This study aimed to understand and assess the causes of conflict and their effects on livelihoods in and around Bardia National Park, Nepal.
    keywords: assets; cause; conflict; distribution; governance; instability; nepal; reasons; resource; respondents
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        item: #198 of 339
          id: banko-3508
      author: Pokharel, RK
       title: Development of community infrastructure through community forestry funds: what infrastructure gets priority?
        date: 2010
       words: 4850
      flesch: 61
     summary: Final Bankojanakari 20-1.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 20, No. 1 44 Development of community infrastructure through community forestry funds: what infrastructure gets priority? R.K. Pokharel1 Community forestry is a well established management form in Nepal. Income from community forests Income generation is one of the important activities of the CFUGs in Nepal.
    keywords: cfugs; community; development; forestry; income; infrastructures; nepal; study
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        item: #199 of 339
          id: banko-3509
      author: Bhatt, GD; Kurmi, PP; Baral, SR
       title: New addition of Barleria prionites L. (Acanthaceae) to the flora of Nepal
        date: 2010
       words: 514
      flesch: 65
     summary: Final Bankojanakari 20-1.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 20, No. 1 51 New addition of Barleria prionites L. (Acanthaceae) to the flora of Nepal G.D. Bhatt1, P.P. Kurmi2 and S.R. Baral1 Short note While carrying out identification of Barleria L. (family Acanthaceae) collected from various places of Nepal and preserved in National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Department of Plant Resources, Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal (KATH), we came across some specimens belonging to one interesting species. This species was collected from Nepalganj, Banke district, West Nepal at 181m. Description of the species Barleria prionites L., Sp.
    keywords: nepal; plant
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        item: #200 of 339
          id: banko-351
      author: Acharya, R.P.
       title: Socio-economic impacts of community based forest enterprises in mid hills of Nepal-Case Study from Dolakha district
        date: 2007
       words: 4924
      flesch: 52
     summary: Key words: Community based forest enterprises, Gender and equity, Benefit sharing, Decision making, Resource management, * Program Officer, ANSAB, Email:ramachary@ansab.org 1 BBPL is owned by Bhitteri FUG Boch VDC of Dolakha district. The table also indicates that benefits to rich households were very limited (2%), as the job opportunities in forest enterprises did not suit to their standard because of labor intensive in nature.
    keywords: decision; enterprises; female; fug; making; members; women
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        item: #201 of 339
          id: banko-352
      author: Joshi, O.
       title: Convention on Biological Diversity and access to genetic resources: International regime and our experiences
        date: 2007
       words: 3398
      flesch: 31
     summary: This international convention promotes services to the communities involved in creation and conservation of biological resources, in the form of adequate reward and compensation and as an incentive to continue conservation. This paper highlights legal system of access to benefit sharing in CBD and our efforts made so far to protect traditional knowledge by the legal documentation of biological resources and traditional knowledge associated with it.
    keywords: access; biodiversity; conservation; knowledge; nepal; resources; sharing
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        item: #202 of 339
          id: banko-353
      author: Mandal, R.A.; van Laake, P.
       title: Carbon sequestration in community forests: an eligible issue for CDM (A case study of Nainital, India)
        date: 2007
       words: 5357
      flesch: 53
     summary: It is expected that the assessment of forest carbon will be adopted as a regular process by the communities and will archive their records of forest carbon for monitoring. However, forest carbon monitoring is possible by the use of advanced technology such as Leaf Area Index (LAI) that is derived from hemispherical photographs using Gap Light Analyser by establishing the relation with the biophysical characteristics of the vegetation.
    keywords: biomass; canopy; carbon; cdm; community; forest; kyoto; lai; management; monitoring; sequestration; tree
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        item: #203 of 339
          id: banko-354
      author: Das, A.N.; Mitchell, C.P.
       title: Beliefs, superstitions and taboos associated with bamboos in Nepal and its implications
        date: 2007
       words: 7212
      flesch: 67
     summary: This has an important implication as bamboo planting is considered a difficult job because the culm offsets of a 2 year old with rhizomes should be dug out from the ground without damaging buds and the planting pits used for such bamboo planting are usually bigger than for tree species. Results and discussions It was found in the present study that there are a considerable number of taboos, superstitions and beliefs regarding bamboo planting and harvesting in Nepal.
    keywords: bamboo; bamboo planting; households; midhills; planting; superstitions; taboos; terai; women
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        item: #204 of 339
          id: banko-355
      author: Baral, Sushim Ranjan
       title: A Hand Book of Medicinal Plants of Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 617
      flesch: 56
     summary: After completion of his Ph.D in Pharmacy from Kitasato University, Tokyo, he continued to work in medicinal plants of Nepal. With the help of two sincere and renowned botanists of the Department, namely Dr. K.K. Rajbhandary and Mr. K.J. Malla, along with an experienced phyto-chemist-Dr. S. Yahara (Associate Professor of Kumamoto University), Dr. Watanabe might have found medicinal plants a better topic for writing a book.
    keywords: nepal; plants
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        item: #205 of 339
          id: banko-356
      author: Editor, The
       title: Desertification: A Global Concern
        date: 2007
       words: 796
      flesch: 49
     summary: The convention is considered as the internationally recognized and legally binding instrument that addresses the problem of land degradation in dry land and has universal memberships of 191 parties. In order to mitigate the problem of land degradation problem in Nepal, the Government has launched various preventive as well as remedial measures such as establishment of Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management in 1974 and formulation of the Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (1982) and its regulation (1985).
    keywords: land; nepal
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        item: #206 of 339
          id: banko-357
      author: Bhattarai, Khem Raj; Ghimire, Madhu
       title: Commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal and their distribution pattern and conservation measure along the elevation gradient of the Himalayas
        date: 2007
       words: 6355
      flesch: 58
     summary: The number of MAPs species and number of conservation sites present in each 100 m elevation band is estimated by interpolation. The number of MAPs species and conservation sites present in each 100 m elevation band are evaluated as a response variable where as elevation gradient is the predictor.
    keywords: bhattarai; conservation; diversity; elevation; elevation gradient; forest; gradient; life; maps; maps species; national; nepal; park; plants; richness; sites; species; species richness; trade; vetaas
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        item: #207 of 339
          id: banko-358
      author: Thapa, H.B.; Gautam, S.K.
       title: Augmentation of germination in Sapindus mukorossi due to acid scarification in Jhanjhatpur nursery
        date: 2007
       words: 4122
      flesch: 67
     summary: The four pre-treatments, 3 minutes in boiled water and 48 hours in cold water, 5-minutes in boiled water and 120 hours in cold water, 144 hours in cold water and 120 hours in cow dung slurry are suggested as an alternative to acid treatments, if acid is not readily available in the market and there is a problem of handling the acid. In case of unavailability of acid and problem in using acid properly, the four pre-treatments, 3 minutes in boiled water and 48 hours in cold water, 5-minutes in boiled water and 120 hours in cold water, 144 hours in cold water and 120 hours in cow dung slurry are suggested as an alternative to acid treatments.
    keywords: acid; hours; minutes; pre; water
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        item: #208 of 339
          id: banko-359
      author: Jha, Shree Gopal
       title: An overview of the Biosphere Reserve concept and its application to Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 1858
      flesch: 41
     summary: In Nepal Man and Biosphere Reserve is a new concept. Langtang National Park was unanimously chosen as the potential Biosphere Reserve in the country based on the general criteria for an area to be qualified for designation as a Biosphere Reserve and is under process in the Ministry for the declaration of Biosphere Reserve in Nepal.
    keywords: areas; biosphere; reserve; zone
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        item: #209 of 339
          id: banko-360
      author: Dhakal, Bhubaneswor
       title: The issues of oppressed groups’ access to collectively managed resources: an empirical analysis
        date: 2007
       words: 3958
      flesch: 54
     summary: In quality aspect Ghate (2003) found better institutions of forest user groups supported by Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs) than the government agency in India. The Kami with the charcoal based livelihood have become further marginalised in many forest user groups.
    keywords: access; charcoal; community; forest; groups; kami; property; resource; size; user
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        item: #210 of 339
          id: banko-361
      author: Thapa, Y.B.; Shaha, P.L.; Ghimire, B.; Arjun, K.C.; Karmacharya, S.
       title: Forest management planning in the Terai: sharing experiences from Sabaiya, Parsa
        date: 2007
       words: 1808
      flesch: 53
     summary: Key words: Forest management, stand parameters, volume table, Sabaiya DBH (cm) Species economic classification 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 >50 Total Sal – Shorea robusta 351 142 90 (70) 96 (72) 241 (176) 920 (318) The paper aims to present implementation experiences and provide analysis and insights for future management planning of Terai forests.
    keywords: forest; management; terai; trees; volume
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        item: #211 of 339
          id: banko-362
      author: Baniya, Ashok
       title: Household characteristics and perception of users towards the environmental changes within community forests in the Dhaulagiri hills of Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 3852
      flesch: 47
     summary: The purpose of this study is to document the influence of socio-economic characteristics on perception of forest users towards the environments as stated above. Perception on environment quality is important from two angles that is firstly, it indicates objective environment quality degradation; secondly, it pave the way for designing the programme aiming to change the environmental behavior of forest users within community forestry.
    keywords: community; environment; forest; land; perception; time; variables; water
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        item: #212 of 339
          id: banko-363
      author: Barakoti, T. P.
       title: Growth of Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) monitored in a trial plantation at Pakhribas, Dhankuta, Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 2825
      flesch: 75
     summary: The data showed that Uttis trees had gradual increase up to the final year of observation (2001), however the differences were found in decreasing trend. Measurements of diameter, and tree height in the trial blocks were carried out (once every year in January).
    keywords: height; nepal; trees; � banko; � �
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        item: #213 of 339
          id: banko-364
      author: Acharya, K.P.; Goutam, K.R.; Acharya, B.K.; Gautam, G.
       title: Participatory assessment of biodiversity conservation in community forestry in Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 5266
      flesch: 48
     summary: However, at the same time many believe that community forest management is protection-oriented where the main forest management activities are limited to the removal of dead, dying trees and leaf litter. Focus Group Discussion Focus group discussion was conducted to obtain the information on forest management and silvicultural activities carried out in the forests, species selection criteria and preferences, varying perceptions towards management and biodiversity conservation issues.
    keywords: acharya; activities; biodiversity; cfugs; community; conservation; forest; forestry; management; nepal; research; species; study; table; users
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        item: #214 of 339
          id: banko-365
      author: Paudel, Buddisagar
       title: Economics of Environment and Development
        date: 2007
       words: 470
      flesch: 37
     summary: Maichael Rauscher in chapter 11 reviews optimal environmental policy for an open economy. M. N. Murty in chapter 5 explains the use of economic instruments for pollution management and other spheres of environmental management including conserving biodiversity and ecosystem management.
    keywords: chapter; environment
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        item: #215 of 339
          id: banko-37312
      author: Pokharel, Kiran Kumar
       title: Banko Janakari: status and way forward
        date: 2021
       words: 663
      flesch: 45
     summary: Banko Janakari A Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Banko Janakari: status and way forward The Forest Research and Training Centre (FRTC) has a long history in forestry research in Nepal. The challenges exist to maintain its high reputation and upscale its visibility to international scientific community as well.
    keywords: forestry; journal
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        item: #216 of 339
          id: banko-37337
      author: Malla, R.; Aryal, R. R.; Ranabhat, S.
       title: Assessment of invasion of Ageratina adenophora in the plantation forest of Nepal
        date: 2021
       words: 4212
      flesch: 64
     summary: On the contrary, the opening of forest cover treatment was found to be conducive to this invasive species to invade the area. Silviculture of plantation forest in central Nepal to maximize community benefits.
    keywords: adenophora; block; clearance; floor; forest; nepal; plots; species; treatment
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        item: #217 of 339
          id: banko-37338
      author: Paudel, P.; Beckschäfer, P.; Kleinn, C.
       title: Impact of training on different observers in forest inventory
        date: 2021
       words: 5331
      flesch: 53
     summary: Among the measured variables, the major problem was, therefore, in tree height measurement of the broad-leaved trees, as no consistent improvements were found with successive levels of training. Assessment and measurement errors in slash pine research plots.
    keywords: differences; forest; group; height; inventory; mean; measurement; training; tree
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        item: #218 of 339
          id: banko-37341
      author: K.C., J. K.; Dhaubanjar, S.; Pandey, V. P.; Subedi, R.
       title: Water balance component analysis of a spring catchment of western Nepal
        date: 2021
       words: 4533
      flesch: 52
     summary: The best-fit model for Sikharpur micro-catchment was explored by conducting hundreds of manual optimization of variables (Figure 4). Table 4: Water balance components of Sikharpur micro-catchment Water balance component Values in period 2 yrs.
    keywords: area; catchment; change; discharge; model; nepal; precipitation; sikharpur; spring; study; water
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        item: #219 of 339
          id: banko-37343
      author: Koju, N. P.; Chalise, M. K.; Kyes, R. C.
       title: Acute cold stress: a potential threat to Royle's pika (Ochotona roylii) survival at Central Himalayas of Nepal
        date: 2021
       words: 4086
      flesch: 59
     summary: An iButtons Temperature Recorder was installed inside a pika-burrow for acquiring burrow temperature while the ambient temperature data were obtained from the nearby metrological station. The thin abdominal skin, high metabolic rate, poor heat dissipation and high body temperature of 40.1°C (MacArthur & Wang, 1973; Kawamichi, 1998) force them to adapt to cold and high altitude environments (Primack, 1998).
    keywords: burrow; climate; lnp; pika; study; temperature
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        item: #220 of 339
          id: banko-37344
      author: Dhakal, S.; Rai, S. K.; Pathak, M. L.
       title: Enumeration of freshwater algae in Godawari area, Lalitpur district, central Nepal
        date: 2021
       words: 4074
      flesch: 65
     summary: Cosmarium granatum Brebisson ex Ralfs (Figure 3: 11) Prescott et al. (1981): P. 146, Pl. 185, Figs. 1-3. Cells small, constriction deep, sinus closed; semi cell trapezoid with rounded basal angles and apex; cell wall punctuated; cells 30-37 μm long and 20-26 μm broad, isthmus 4-7 μm. No. 1, 2021 Pp 41‒50https://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v31i1.37344 Short note https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7024-5415 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-4632 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-9093 Banko Janakari, Vol 31 No. 1 42 Dhakal et al. situated between 28°11′25″-28°12′25″ N latitudes and between 83°55′56″-83°58′50″ E longitudes with the elevation ranging from 1515 m to 1521 m above mean sea level in the south- eastern corner of the Valley.
    keywords: algae; area; broad; cells; figure; nepal; rai; species
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        item: #221 of 339
          id: banko-41880
      author: Dhungana, Milan
       title: COP26: A glass half full
        date: 2021
       words: 842
      flesch: 45
     summary: Raising ambition on climate change mitigation, adaptation and finalization of the ‘Rulebook for Paris Agreement’ were some of the major objectives of the Conference. Developing countries had demanded to establish a finance facility to address the loss and damage due to the climate change, which has not been fulfilled so far; however, the parties have agreed to keep the finance discussion going.
    keywords: climate; cop26
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        item: #222 of 339
          id: banko-41885
      author: Ulak, S. ; Lama, B. ; Pradhan, D. K.; Bhattarai, S.
       title: Exploring agroforestry systems and practices in the Terai and hill regions of Nepal 
        date: 2021
       words: 4422
      flesch: 52
     summary: Agroforestry trees are the most important source of fodder for livestock (Avis, 2018) Farmers in the hills have responded to forest degradation and deforestation by increasing the number of agroforestry trees on their farmland to meet their immediate demand for fodder, fuelwood, and small-sized timber products.
    keywords: agroforestry; agroforestry systems; crops; farmers; hills; land; nepal; practices; regions; species; systems; terai; trees
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        item: #223 of 339
          id: banko-41897
      author: Chowdhary, C. L.; Dutta, I. C.
       title: Processing and marketing of rattan canes in Nepal
        date: 2021
       words: 5920
      flesch: 60
     summary: Our study revealed that over the last four decades, 17% rattan processing SMEs had been closed due to irregular supply of raw material. Despite C. tenuis including other large–size rattan have potential to scale up to meet the demand of rattan processing SMEs, the government's restriction on the harvesting, transportation and uses seems to be the main obstacle for the smooth operation of these enterprises, and so the prevailing restrictions need to be removed urgently so as to sustain them.
    keywords: cane; chowdhary; community; enterprises; market; nepal; nrs; processing; products; rattan; smes
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        item: #224 of 339
          id: banko-41898
      author: Aryal, B. ; Regmi, S.; Timilsina, S. 
       title: Regeneration status and species diversity of major tree species under scientific forest management in Kapilbastu district, Nepal
        date: 2021
       words: 6816
      flesch: 66
     summary: Changes in tree species diversity and dominance across a disturbance gradient in Nepalese Sal (ShorearobustaGaertn. f. ) forests. Dynamics of tree species diversity in unlogged and selectively logged Malaysian Forests.
    keywords: community; diversity; felling; felling series; forest; management; nepal; regeneration; seedlings; series; species
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        item: #225 of 339
          id: banko-41900
      author: Karki, G. ; Bhatta, B. ; Devkota, N. R. ; Kunwar, R. M. 
       title: Climate change adaptation governance in Nepal: a framework for sustainable generation of adaptation services
        date: 2021
       words: 4671
      flesch: 38
     summary: With the advent of LAPA, there are several community–level initiatives in generation and delivery of climate adaptation services. Resilience, Adaptive capacity Challenges Adaptation Strategies Climate change Primary impacts: change in temperature, precipitation Secondary impacts: Floods, droughts, heat Tertiary impacts: yield loss, diseases outbreak, human casualties Exposure Vulnerability Policy, plans and programs Research and projects Adaptation Figure 2: Climate change adaptation service approach (adapted from Goosen et al., 2013) Banko Janakari, Vol 31
    keywords: adaptation; adaptation services; areas; cca; change; climate; climate change; community; development; karki; management; national; nepal; policy; services
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        item: #226 of 339
          id: banko-41902
      author: Dhakal, S.; Pathak, M. L.; Dhakal, S.
       title: First generic record of aero-terrestrial algae Apatococcus lobatus (Chodat) J.B.Petersen for algal flora of Nepal
        date: 2021
       words: 1314
      flesch: 64
     summary: Discussion The finding of the genus Apatococcus as new record in National Botanical Garden area; one of the most familiar and important scientific research centers of department of Plant Resources reveals that we need to do more exploration regarding the algal flora of Nepal and young researchers are needed to be a focus for future algal survey. A. constipates Printz, A. fuscideae Beck & Zahradnikova, A. lobatus (Chodat)
    keywords: lobatus; nepal
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        item: #227 of 339
          id: banko-45429
      author: Aryal, Rajaram
       title: National Land Cover Monitoring System for Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 914
      flesch: 45
     summary: Mapping and monitoring land cover using satellite data is highly challenging, especially in high mountain areas, due to shadows and inaccessibility for field data collection. Nepal has a long history of preparing national land cover maps, especially forest cover map for national reporting and providing baseline information for decision making.
    keywords: cover; land; nepal
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        item: #228 of 339
          id: banko-45434
      author: Baral, Kedar; Aryal, Achyut; Morley, Craig; Kunwar, Ripu Mardhan; Bhandari, Shivish; Sharma, Hari Prasad; Thapa Magar, Khum; Adhikari, Binaya; Weihong, Ji
       title: Spatio–temporal pattern of human leopard conflict and mitigation strategy in Baitadi district, mid–hills of Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 6446
      flesch: 61
     summary: Of the 34 reported attacks, common leopard attacks accounted for 91% (n= 31), Himalayan black bear for 6% (n=2) and porcupine for 3% (n=1). The number of common leopard attacks are significantly higher than attacks by any other wildlife species (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.02).
    keywords: attacks; baitadi; conflict; district; forest; human; hwc; leopard; nepal; people; study; villages; wildlife
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        item: #229 of 339
          id: banko-45442
      author: Subedi, Bipana; Lamichhane, Prakash; Magar, Lilu Kumari; Subedi, Thakur
       title: Aboveground carbon stocks and sequestration rates of forests under different management regimes in Churia region of Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 4584
      flesch: 62
     summary: Reducing carbon emissions from forest degradation and deforestation in this region is one of the priorities of the program and it requires information on forest carbon stock and sequestration rates. Volume tables for forest trees of Nepal.
    keywords: biomass; carbon; churia; co2; forests; ha–1; management; nepal; regimes; region; sequestration; stem
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        item: #230 of 339
          id: banko-45443
      author: Thagunna, Roshan Singh; Chhetri, Sagar Godar; Gautam, Deepak; Bhattarai, Diwakar; Thapa, Prakash Singh
       title: Climate change, climatic disasters, and adaptation techniques: learnings from the lowlands of Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 8314
      flesch: 57
     summary: Climate change impacts are expected to exacerbate poverty in most of the developing countries and create new poverty pockets in countries with increasing inequality in both developed and developing countries (Joshi et al., 2017). Such tree plantations not only re–strengthen the embankments but also provide additional benefits such as carbon sequestration, greenery promotion, fuelwood production, and ecological balance (Pandey, 2016), which in turn helps local communities in recovering from climate change impacts (Udayashankara et al., 2016).
    keywords: adaptation; area; change; climate; climate change; disasters; drought; figure; nepal; rainfall; respondents; study; temperature; water
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        item: #231 of 339
          id: banko-45444
      author: Jha, Sanjay Kumar; Shrestha, Shashi
       title: Fungal diseases of economically important tree species in plantation forest of Arjam, Myagdi district, Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 3389
      flesch: 71
     summary: Forest diseases are causing significant losses in plantation forests Banko Janakari, Vol 32 No. 1, 2022 Pp 52‒59https://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v32i1.45444 Fungal diseases of economically important tree species in plantation forest of Arjam, Myagdi district, Nepal This paper deals with the fungal diseases of important tree species, which have enormous economic value, i.e. Melia azedarach, Celtis australis and Toona ciliata. Powdery mildew disease of rubber tree.
    keywords: blight; diseases; leaf; plant; species
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        item: #232 of 339
          id: banko-45445
      author: Subedi, Ramesh; Chikanbanjar, Roshan; Pun, Umed Kumar
       title: Research notes on vegetative propagation of Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J.Lam)
        date: 2022
       words: 2051
      flesch: 63
     summary: : Success status of Cleft Grafting Technique in Wayo type of Chiuri No. of plants grafted Success of grafted plants Percentage of success 40 21 52.5% Source: Chiuri plants, Shaktikhor, Chitwan, 2021 Figure 2: A successfully grafted Chiuri plant Length of scion The length of the scions ranged from 1.5 cm to 3.2cm after 145 days of grafting (Table 2). Conclusion Cleft grafting technique was found to be successful in propagating Chiuri plants (Wayo type) from their planting materials, such as scions and rootstocks.
    keywords: chiuri; grafting; plants; scions; success; tree
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        item: #233 of 339
          id: banko-45476
      author: Parajuli, Ashok; Gautam, Ambika P.; Sharma, Sundar; Lamichhane, Prakash; Sharma, Gagan; Bist, Bhuwan Singh; Aryal, Upendra; Basnet, Reecha
       title: A Strategy for involving community forest managers in effective forest fire management in Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 5777
      flesch: 56
     summary: The questionnaire was divided into three major sections, (i) forest fuel management and infrastructure, (ii) forest fire management strategies and actions, and (iii) public education and awareness on forest fire management. CFUGs are also playing a vital role in forest fire management but mainly in traditional ways.
    keywords: community; et al; fire; fire management; forest; forest fire; landscape; management; measures; nepal; risk
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        item: #234 of 339
          id: banko-4795
      author: Editor, The
       title: Forest Carbon Inventory
        date: 2011
       words: 687
      flesch: 42
     summary: For forest carbon inventory, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has identified five carbon pools that need to be monitored for deforestation and forest degradation: above- ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, deadwood and soil organic carbon. This project has been designed in such a way that national forest inventory and forest carbon inventory will go hand in hand.
    keywords: carbon; forest; inventory
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        item: #235 of 339
          id: banko-4796
      author: Koirala, PN; Pyakurel, D; Gurung, K
       title: Orchids in Rolpa district of Western Nepal: Documentation, stock, trade and conservation
        date: 2011
       words: 5352
      flesch: 59
     summary: But the enumeration of orchid species, their status, hotspot mapping and the species that are traded have not been assessed to date. Abundance × × = Fig 2: Dendrobium denudans Fig 3: Dendrobium eriiflorum Banko Janakari, Vol. 20, No. 2 6 Koirala et al. Table 1: Orchid species in the surveyed VDCs of Rolpa district SN Scientific Name Habitat Distribution (m) Flowering Remarks 1 Aerides multiflora E 800-1100 May-Jul 2 Aerides odorata E 800-1200 May-Jul 3 Bulbophyllum careyanum E 800-2100 Oct-Dec 4 Bulbophyllum viridiflorum E 1100-2300 Jul-Oct 5 Calanthe tricarinata T 1500-3200 Jun-Jul 6 Chiloschista usneoides E 1600-1700 Feb-Apr 7 Cleisostema sp. E 1700 Masina VDC 8 Coelogyne corymbosa E, T 1500-2900 Mar-May 9 Coelogyne cristata E, T 1400-2500 Feb-Apr 10 Coelogyne flaccida E 900-1400 Apr-June 11 Coelogyne ovalis E 1300-2100 Sept-Dec 12 Cymbidium elegans E 2100-2500 Sept-Nov 13 Cymbidium iridioides E 1300-2400 Sept-Dec 14 Cypripedium himalaicum T 3000-3600 Jun-Aug 15 Dactylorhiza hatagirea T 3000-4000 Jun-Jul 16 Dendrobium aphyllum E 800-1500 Apr-Jun 17 Dendrobium bicameratum E 1400-2400 Jul-Aug 18 Dendrobium chryseum E 1200-2100 Apr-Jun 19 Dendrobium denudans E, L 1000-2200 Apr-Sept Traded species
    keywords: c. corymbosa; c. cristata; c. ovalis; d. denudans; d. longicornu; nepal; orchids; species; stock
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        item: #236 of 339
          id: banko-4797
      author: Devkota, MP; Joshi, GP; Parajuli, P
       title: Diversity, distribution and host range of mistletoe in protected and unprotected areas of Central Nepal Himalayas
        date: 2011
       words: 3471
      flesch: 55
     summary: Occurrence of all mistletoe species with their respective hosts were recorded along with the ecological features of habitat such as altitude, slope direction, availability of light and moisture, forest type, and phenology during the inventory. Distribution patterns The distribution of mistletoe species did not demonstrate any uniformity because it was governed by multiple factors such as forest disturbance, climatic factors (light, temperature, and moisture), abundance and availability of dispersers and host species.
    keywords: area; devkota; distribution; diversity; forest; host; mistletoe; nepal; species
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        item: #237 of 339
          id: banko-4798
      author: Gautam, SK; Pokharel, YP; Goutam, KR; Khanal, S; Giri, RK
       title: Forest structure in the Far Western Terai of Nepal: Implications for management
        date: 2011
       words: 2809
      flesch: 72
     summary: Key words: Volume, biomass, carbon, Far Western Nepal, forest inventory and the average relative humidity is 74%. All the seedlings (<1.3 m height) of tree species falling within 2 m radius were counted and recorded, while all the stems ( > 1.3 m height) falling within the same radius were measured and recorded.
    keywords: 0.1±0.0; biomass; forest; species; total
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        item: #238 of 339
          id: banko-4799
      author: Parajuli, R; Pokharel, RK; Lamichhane, D
       title: Social discrimination in community forestry: Socio-economic and gender perspectives
        date: 2011
       words: 4231
      flesch: 59
     summary: Two CFUGs representing heterogeneous ethnic groups in Syangja district were selected to examine the participation of CFUG members in Community Forestry (CF) activities, benefit sharing and fund mobilization system. More than 65% CFUG members were unaware about CFUG fund.
    keywords: activities; cfug; community; dag; forest; forestry; fund; members; respondents
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        item: #239 of 339
          id: banko-4800
      author: Khanal, Y; Sharma, RP; Upadhyaya, CP
       title: Soil and vegetation carbon pools in two community forests of Palpa district, Nepal
        date: 2011
       words: 4285
      flesch: 65
     summary: Leaf litter and root litter inputs play major roles in forest soil carbon dynamics (Shrestha and Singh, 2008). Similarly, soil organic carbon pool in each depth of the soil profile of the two CFs were also different.
    keywords: biomass; carbon; forest; jarneldhara; lipindevi; pool; shrestha; soil; thulopakho
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        item: #240 of 339
          id: banko-4802
      author: Paudel, A; Weiss, G
       title: Implications of fiscal policy instruments in community forest management of Nepal: Issues and challenges
        date: 2011
       words: 4499
      flesch: 58
     summary: We have reviewed the legal provisions of fiscal policy related to community forest management of Nepal, and discussed in this paper the existing issues and challenges while implementing the fiscal policy instruments. Although LSGR has mentioned that concerned DDC gets 10% of revenue obtained by the government as royalty from forest products, it is not specific in terms of type of forests, and is also unclear whether it is from only the government managed forests (GMFs) or from community forests as well.
    keywords: cfugs; community; forest; forestry; government; hmgn; management; nepal; ntfps; policy; products
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        item: #241 of 339
          id: banko-4803
      author: Pandey, SS; Subedi, BP; Dhungana, H
       title: Economic potential of forest resources of Nepal
        date: 2011
       words: 2665
      flesch: 46
     summary: Results and discussion Current contribution of the forestry sector The following sections present the main uses of forest products and services and their respective economic contributions in the form of the generation of revenue and employment. Potential for forest based economic development The previous section presented the existing status of revenue generation from forest products and ecosystem services.
    keywords: forest; forestry; nepal; potential; services; timber; value
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        item: #242 of 339
          id: banko-4804
      author: Bhatt, GD; Kurmi, PP
       title: New addition of Sida spinosa L. (Malvaceae) to the flora of Nepal
        date: 2011
       words: 739
      flesch: 64
     summary: During the course of plant collection this herbarium specimen was collected by P. P. Kurmi from Udayapur VDC, Udayapur, Kapilbastu District, Central Nepal at 150 m asl. English Name: Prickly sida Specimen examined: Central Nepal: Kapilbastu District, Udayapur VDC, Udayapur, 150 m asl.
    keywords: nepal; plant; sida
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        item: #243 of 339
          id: banko-49013
      author: K.C., Nishan; Thapa Chhetri, Vivek; Bhattarai, Suruchi; Subedi, Sanskar; Karki, Manish; Bhandari, Bishal; Sharma, Bikash; Acharya, Suman
       title: Climate change knowledge among the community school students of Sindhuli district of central Nepal
        date: 2023
       words: 4696
      flesch: 58
     summary: Our research can shed light on community school students’ current understanding and knowledge regarding climate change, which could be useful for local and national education institutions to strengthen climate change education in school curricula. Hence, this study provides the current knowledge status on how students perceive climate change, its effects and impacts, the best medium to pursue climate change education and learn about their role in climate change mitigation.
    keywords: change; climate; climate change; education; impacts; knowledge; nepal; school; students; study
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        item: #244 of 339
          id: banko-50891
      author: Subedi, Thakur
       title: Allometric Volume and Biomass Equations for Nepalese Tree Species
        date: 2022
       words: 1213
      flesch: 43
     summary: Realizing its importance, Nepal planned to prepare tree level allometric equations for major tree species. Allometric equations use easily measurable variables to estimate the characteristics that are difficult to measure.
    keywords: biomass; equations; tree; volume
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        item: #245 of 339
          id: banko-50892
      author: Karmacharya, Neena; Upreti, Dalip K; Chettri, Mukesh K.
       title: Distribution pattern of corticolous lichens in different areas of Kathmandu valley, Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 6811
      flesch: 58
     summary: To enumerate the total number of lichen species found in Kathmandu valley, lichen specimens were collected from inside as well as outside the quadrats. A higher number of lichen species (70%) was recorded in undisturbed areas than in disturbed areas (50%).
    keywords: areas; crustose; diversity; et al; foliose; india; kathmandu; lichen species; lichens; nepal; species; study; valley
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        item: #246 of 339
          id: banko-50894
      author: Shrestha, Babita; Sharma, Bhuvan Keshar; Yadav, Ram Kailash Prasad
       title: Valuation of timber and firewood of trees outside forest along the urban–rural gradient in Kathmandu valley, Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 13616
      flesch: 66
     summary: Neem tree Tree Meliaceae 2.39 18 Bambusa nepalensis Stapleton Bansa Bamboo Grass Gramineae 3.83 19 Bauhinia variegata L. Koiralo Purple orchid tree Tree Leguminosae 2.87 20 Berberis asiatica Roxb. Rudrakshya Utrasum bead tree Tree Elaeocarpaceae 5.74 55 Eriobotrya japonica (Thumb.)
    keywords: area; average; banko; class b; et al; ficus; firewood; forest; ha-1; janakari; kathmandu; market; nepal; npr; quality class; rural; shrestha; shrub; species; strata; stratum; study; timber class; tof; total; total mv; tree; urban; value; wood
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        item: #247 of 339
          id: banko-50895
      author: Kandel, Smriti; Gyawali, Buddhi; Sandifer, Jeremy; Shrestha, Sandesh; Upadhaya, Suraj
       title: Assessment of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) Using SatelliteDerived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Three Metropolitan Cities of Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 5637
      flesch: 54
     summary: 37 Most of Nepal's population lives in rural areas, with less than half are living in urban areas (Bhattarai & Conway, 2021). Urban expansion is occurring mainly around metropolitan cities, district headquarters (the then administrative centers), inner Terai valleys, and the markets and towns located at highway junctures along the Banko Janakari, Vol 32 No. 2, 2022 Pp 37‒51https://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v32i2.50895 Assessment of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) Using Satellite- Derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Three Metropolitan Cities of Nepal Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) are urban areas that are relatively warmer than nearby rural areas due to the presence of infrastructures, such as buildings, roads, and associated development.
    keywords: areas; bharatpur; cities; land; lst; ndvi; nepal; nepalgunj; pokhara; surface; temperature; uhi; vegetation
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        item: #248 of 339
          id: banko-50896
      author: Gurung, Ranjan; Adhikari, Hari Sharan; Dani, Ram Sharan; Baniya, Chitra Bahadur
       title: Tree carbon stock in middle mountain forest types: A case study from Chandragiri hills, Kathmandu, Nepal
        date: 2022
       words: 6631
      flesch: 64
     summary: Furthermore, understanding the relationship between forest carbon stock and tree-species diversity and soil properties will be critical in maintaining carbon stocks of forests over the long term and improving our understandings of species-level management (Kaushal & Baishya, 2021). No. 2 69 Gurung et al. Variation in tree carbon stock with forest types The mean living tree carbon stock was found to be highest in Mixed Forest (87.13 t/ha) followed by Oak Forest (52.75 t/ha) and Pine Forest (22.50 t/ha).
    keywords: carbon; carbon stock; et al; forest; nepal; oak; pine; soil; species; stock; tree; tree carbon; types
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        item: #249 of 339
          id: banko-50897
      author: Ghimire, Prayash; Baral, Srijana; Khanal, Pragya; Bolakhe, Sandesh; Sharma, Gyan Bandhu
       title: Exploring the relevance of community forest operational plan: users’ perspective and implementation status
        date: 2022
       words: 5987
      flesch: 53
     summary: Discussion The study found that the users considered community forest operational plans as highly technical but legitimate documents allowing access to community forestry, users' had poor knowledge regarding the plan, the implementation status was of sub-standard, silvicultural operations prescribed were insufficiently carried out and users are adopting only the forest product harvest and utilization aspects of the plans. Directly involved key informant like FECOFUN also revealed that they found higher participation of the CFUGs member in forest management activities in Shorea dominated forest than compared to Schima wallichi and Castonopsis indica forest.
    keywords: community; et al; forest; forestry; implementation; management; nepal; plan; status; users
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        item: #250 of 339
          id: banko-50898
      author: Regmi, Milan; Shrestha, Aashish; Paudel, Hem Raj
       title: Documentation of wild and underutilized vegetables:potential for conservation and utilization
        date: 2022
       words: 4980
      flesch: 48
     summary: Wild vegetable species in Makawanpur District, Central Nepal: developing a priority setting approach for domestication to improve food security. A review study done byDangol et al. (2017) revealed that the highest number of wild edible plants were constituted by vegetable species (246 out of 349 species).
    keywords: banko; conservation; feed; food; june; leaf; medicinal; nepal; people; plant; species; study; vegetables; wild
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        item: #251 of 339
          id: banko-52473
      author: Bhatt, Man Dev; Joshi, Dirgha Raj; Bhandari, Gauri Shankar; Maharjan, Sujan; Guragain, Dipesh; Tamang, Pasang; Kunwar, Ripu Mardhan
       title: Documentation of flowering plants and ethnobotany in Jhilmil Lake area, Kanchanpur, Sudurpaschim Province
        date: 2023
       words: 14136
      flesch: 66
     summary: The data and information regarding the composition of plant species, habitat condition, indigenous uses of the plants, and local conservation measures were collected during the fieldwork. Human groups that live in species- rich habitats may broaden their repertoire by utilizing a large number of plant species (Salick et al., 1999).
    keywords: asthma; bark; bhatt; bhatt et; cough; diarrhea; diseases; dysentery; et al; fever; forest; herb; ivi; janakari; journal; juice; lake; leaves; nepal; plant; plant species; root; skin; species; study; treatment; tree; use; values; wounds
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        item: #252 of 339
          id: banko-55086
      author: Dhakal, Tilmaya; Thapa, Lal Bahadur; Pokhrel, Chandra Prasad; Yadav, Ram Kailash Prasad
       title: Plant communities in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, Central Nepal
        date: 2023
       words: 7049
      flesch: 65
     summary: Diversity indices, density, frequency, abundance and importance value index (IVI) were measured for tree species. The Panimuhan Site situated on the south-west aspect at lower elevation was rich in terms of number of tree species.
    keywords: bagdwar; cover; ivi; national; nepal; okhreni; panimuhan; plant; site; species; sundarijal; tree; tree species
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        item: #253 of 339
          id: banko-55463
      author: Thapa, Ram Singh; Subedi, Rajan; Desai, Jayesh; Rijal, Moti Lal; Tiwari, Krishna Raj; Kandel, Pem Narayan
       title: Identifying potential recharge areas of mountain springs through hydrogeological mapping
        date: 2023
       words: 5353
      flesch: 58
     summary: Since the source of spring water is mainly determined by aquifer characteristics rather than surface topography, spring-shed is the potential recharge area of a spring and hence it differs from watershed (Shrestha et al., 2018; Water source protection is one of the programs under watershed management to increase spring discharge (DSCWM, 2015).
    keywords: area; catchment; discharge; nepal; potential; rainfall; recharge; springs; study; water
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        item: #254 of 339
          id: banko-56497
      author: Acharya, Madan; Subedi, Bibek; Subedi, Sagar
       title: Assessment of urban forest species preference and nursery use practice in Pokhara Metropolitan City
        date: 2023
       words: 4102
      flesch: 61
     summary: There is little knowledge about the individual choice of urban tree species and how it shapes up the urban green spaces. The status and prospects of urban trees in Hong Kong.
    keywords: city; forestry; nepal; nurseries; plants; seedlings; species; tree; urban
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        item: #255 of 339
          id: banko-56503
      author: Paudel, Sneha; Yadav, Shailendra Kumar; Rokaya, Bishnu; Mandal, Manoj Kumar
       title: Status, distribution, and threats of Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus) in Sagarmatha National Park
        date: 2023
       words: 4303
      flesch: 55
     summary: Respondent’s perception All the respondents showed positive responses towards Himalayan Monal protection and conservation. No. 1, 2023 Pp 16‒26https://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v33i1.56503 Status, distribution, and threats of Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus) in Sagarmatha National Park This study was conducted to assess the population status, distribution, and threats of Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus) in Sagarmatha National Park from February to June 2022.
    keywords: area; block; distribution; habitat; himalayan; monal; national; park; species; study
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        item: #256 of 339
          id: banko-56507
      author: Regmi, Sandeep; Sharma, Hari Prasad
       title: Himalayan Snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis) in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal
        date: 2023
       words: 2125
      flesch: 55
     summary: Therefore, we aimed to identify the current distribution of Himalayan Snowcock in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve (DHR), Nepal. In the DHR, the monsoon season Figure 2: Map showing the locations of Himalayan Snowcock within DHR; location of DHR in the map of Nepal (top-left corner) Banko Janakari, Vol 33
    keywords: et al; himalayan; nepal; snowcock; species
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        item: #257 of 339
          id: banko-58047
      author: Acharya, Bimal Kumar
       title: Status of bamboo and rattan sub-sector in Nepal
        date: 2023
       words: 974
      flesch: 43
     summary: 1 Banko Janakari A Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Status of bamboo and rattan sub-sector in Nepal Belonging to the family Poaceae, bamboos are characterized as evergreen woody grasses. Furthermore, DFRS in collaboration with the International Bamboo and Rattan Organization (INBAR) had established bamboo research plots in the different year at different places of Nepal through the then Market Development of Bamboo and Rattan Products with Potential Project.
    keywords: bamboo; forest; nepal; research
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        item: #258 of 339
          id: banko-58054
      author: Ranabhat, Sunita; Malla, Rajesh
       title: Forest diversity and aboveground carbon linkage between the national park and community managed tropical forests of Nepal
        date: 2023
       words: 6757
      flesch: 58
     summary: Besides, the historical forest disturbance is also likely to have a significant impact on forest carbon and forest diversity (Day et al., 2014), and the community managed forest have been under severe disturbance before handing over to communities. The findings of the study are expected to contribute to the maintenance of species diversity and forest carbon.
    keywords: aboveground; carbon; community; diversity; et al; forest; forest diversity; management; national; park; species; stock; trees
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        item: #259 of 339
          id: banko-58280
      author: Ojha, Prakash; Acharya, Keshav Raj; Subedi, Aliza; Regmi, Siddhartha
       title: Impact of silviculture system on regeneration status and species diversity: reflection from far-western lowland, Nepal 
        date: 2023
       words: 7323
      flesch: 57
     summary: Similar type of result was observed by Barzin et al. (2018), with more plant density in managed forest. A study conducted by Luna-Bautista et al. (2015) also reported the higher plant diversity in the unmanaged forests where diversity in managed forest is lost due to Banko Janakari, Vol 33 No. 2 32 Ojha et al.
    keywords: blocks; diversity; et al; forest; forest blocks; forest management; index; management; nepal; plant; regeneration; species; study; sustainably
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        item: #260 of 339
          id: banko-58809
      author: Dhakal, Ranjita; Khadka, Ananda; Pokharel, Kiran Kumar; Subedi, Thakur; Acharya, Amul Kumar; Lamichhane, Prakash; Dhakal, Bishnu Prasad; Khanal, Shiva
       title: Developing stem taper of Shorea robusta in the far-western Terai of Nepal 
        date: 2023
       words: 3384
      flesch: 54
     summary: Keywords: B-Spline, DBH, destructive sampling, polynomial, stem taper model, taper R. Dhakal1 , A. Khadka2* , K. K. Pokharel2 , T. Subedi2 , A. K. Acharya2 , P. Lamichhane3 , B. P. Dhakal2 , and S. Khanal3 Received: 2, November 2023 Taper models play a crucial role in calculating timber volumes in forest inventories.
    keywords: data; dbh; forest; models; nepal; polynomial; spline; stem; taper; tree
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        item: #261 of 339
          id: banko-59094
      author: Regmi, Gyanendra; Thapa, Utsab
       title: Status, opportunities, and challenges of agroforestry practices: perspectives from Terhathum district, Nepal
        date: 2023
       words: 5998
      flesch: 55
     summary: Preference of agroforestry species Sixty agroforestry tree species were recorded from the farmer’s fields. Preference ranking of agroforestry tree species in the study area While choosing the preferred tree species for timber, fodder, and fruits, the respondents assigned the values of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 as per their choices of order: I, II, III, IV, and V in their agroforestry practices.
    keywords: agriculture; agroforestry; area; farmers; fodder; land; nepal; practices; preference; regmi; respondents; species; study; systems; thapa; trees
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        item: #262 of 339
          id: banko-61976
      author: Acharya, Ganesh Raj; Tiwari, Krishna Raj; Acharya, Sanjaya
       title: Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Community Forest User Groups of Dang District, Nepal
        date: 2025
       words: 9685
      flesch: 48
     summary: Primary data on climate change adaptation strategies were collected from both the household and group levels. Climate change adaptation strategy and its relation to variables The Chi-square test was used to explore the relation between CCA strategies and variables such as ethnicity, gender, and occupational status (Table 3).
    keywords: adaptation; adaptation strategies; change adaptation; climate; climate change; community; group; household; income; level; nepal; strategy; study; table; user; water
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        item: #263 of 339
          id: banko-62544
      author: Shah, Deep Narayan; Paudel, Jhalak; Tachamo-Shah, Ram Devi; Dixit, Kanchan Mani; Sada, Rajesh
       title: Wetland city accreditation in Nepal: an approach to wetland management for livable cities and urban resilience
        date: 2023
       words: 6909
      flesch: 42
     summary: Protection and management conditions Wetlands protection rate 3. Wetlands management plan Has mainstreamed wetland conservation in local development plan, developed a special plan on wetlands conservation that meets the needs for the investment in wetlands conservation and restoration. A city's commitment to wetland conservation, awareness, active engagement in sustainable practices, and integration of wetland conservation into planning makes it a strong candidate for this recognition.
    keywords: accreditation; area; cities; city; city accreditation; conservation; lake; management; municipality; national; nepal; plan; pokhara; ramsar; site; species; wetlands
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        item: #264 of 339
          id: banko-62716
      author: Gachhadar, Pramila Kumari; Baniya, Chitra Bahadur; Mandal, Tej Narayan
       title: Pattern of plant biomass and carbon stock along different elevational forests in eastern Nepal
        date: 2024
       words: 6510
      flesch: 66
     summary: Estimation of tropical forest aboveground biomass in Nepal using multiple remotely sensed data and deep learning. The comprehensive analysis of the stand biomass in the Bhaunne, Raja-Rani, Murchungi, Adheri, and Sagma forest sites were: 815.86 Mg ha-1, 414.19 Mg ha-1, 606.81 Mg ha-1, 519.20 Mg ha-1, and 299.96 Mg ha-1, respectively, with minimum at the Sagma site (high-altitude forest) and maximum at the Bhaunne site (low-altitude forest).
    keywords: biomass; carbon; et al; forest; nepal; root; sagma; stock; study
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        item: #265 of 339
          id: banko-62729
      author: Thapa, Chandra Bahadur; Pant, Krishna Kumar; Bhattarai, Hari Datta; Pant, Bijaya
       title: Indirect somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration through leaf and nodal cultures of Piper longum L.
        date: 2024
       words: 6482
      flesch: 53
     summary: Induction of somatic embryos for micropropagation through callus culture and other explants has been investigated in some medicinal plants including Piper nigrum (Joseph et al., 1996; Nair & Gupta, 2003, 2006; Sasi & Bhat, 2016), P. colubrinum (Yusuf et al., 2001), and P. aduncum (De Sousa et al., 2020). The callus is a homogeneous mass of undifferentiated cells that has the biological capacity to re-differentiate into somatic embryos, shoots, or roots under suitable conditions in a culture medium (Adhikari & Pant, 2013; Pant, 2014).
    keywords: callus; embryos; leaf; nodal; plant; segment; segment ms
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        item: #266 of 339
          id: banko-62934
      author: Sharma, Lila Nath
       title: Environmental conundrum: urgency of managing invasive alien species
        date: 2023
       words: 1121
      flesch: 45
     summary: Therefore, species and ecosystem specific action plans framed with long-term perspectives are required for efficient management of invasive species. According to the report, invasive species are solely responsible for the extinction of 16% of animal and plant species, globally.
    keywords: ias; management; nepal; species
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        item: #267 of 339
          id: banko-63355
      author: Dangi, Resham Bahadur
       title: Why is Nepal struggling to halt timber imports despite being rich in forest cover: A critical review from a theoretical lens?
        date: 2025
       words: 5902
      flesch: 48
     summary: There is a need to align domestic timber prices with imported prices and revise royalty fees to maintain competition. Relaxing export duties could escalate buyer competition raising timber prices in low-lands.
    keywords: buyers; cost; demand; figure; forest; forestry; market; nepal; price; producers; production; rent; stumpage; timber
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        item: #268 of 339
          id: banko-63566
      author: Kafle, Rashika; Magar, Madhu Shudan Thapa; Parmar, Gaurav
       title: Calanthe longipes Hook.f., a new record of Orchidaceae for the flora of Nepal
        date: 2024
       words: 1663
      flesch: 69
     summary: A distinct population of Calanthe species was collected from Sundarijal in Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park (SNNP) located at the northern fringe of the Kathmandu Valley, central Nepal in November 2023. Figure 1: Habit of Calanthe longipes (Photo: Rashika Kafle).
    keywords: calanthe; lip; nepal; species
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        item: #269 of 339
          id: banko-63668
      author: Basnet, Ramesh; Du, Anping; Tan, Li; Guo, Ling; Jin, Yanglin; Yi, Zhuolin; Huang, Tianfang; Fang, Yang; Hai, Zhao
       title: Duckweed (Lemna minor D0158): a promising protein source for food security
        date: 2024
       words: 6213
      flesch: 62
     summary: Duckweed protein exhibits higher concentration of EAAs and is more similar to animal protein (Skillicorn et al., 1993). Duckweed protein contains every amino acid that the human body needs.
    keywords: acid; amino; biomass; d0158; duckweed; et al; food; growth; minor; plant; protein; soybean
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        item: #270 of 339
          id: banko-64672
      author: Dhungana, Badri Prasad; Thapa Chhetri, Vivek
       title: Population structure and regeneration of Tsuga dumosa and Abies spectabilis across altitudinal gradient in Rasuwa district, central Nepal
        date: 2024
       words: 4904
      flesch: 48
     summary: An assessment of forest structure, regeneration status and the impact of human disturbance in Panchase Protected Forest, Nepal. A. spectabilis forests is commonly found between 3,000−4,200 m in the sub-alpine region (Miehe et al., 2015).
    keywords: dumosa; elevation; forest; nepal; population; regeneration; species; spectabilis; stratum; structure
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        item: #271 of 339
          id: banko-64913
      author: Awal, Rajeena; Pant, Deepak Raj; Joshi, Giri Prasad
       title: Impact of elevation and soil characteristics on phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of Berberis aristata and Berberis asiatica 
        date: 2025
       words: 9246
      flesch: 55
     summary: Figure 1: Standard curve of Gallic acid for calibration of total phenolic content y = 0.0016x + 0.1867 R² = 0.9791 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 A bs or ba nc e at 7 65 nm Concentration of gallic acid µg/mL Figure 2: Total phenolic content present in the methanolic extract of two species of Berberis in different elevation. Determination of total phenolic contents (TPC)
    keywords: aristata; berberine; berberis; content; elevation; et al; extracts; figure; plant; samples; soil; species; total
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        item: #272 of 339
          id: banko-652
      author: Editor, The
       title: Dwindling Rhino Population in Nepal: National Concern
        date: 2007
       words: 346
      flesch: 40
     summary: Recently, the Government of Nepal has approved Rhino Conservation Action Plan (2006-2011) which could be a significant step for conservation of rhino in Nepal. It has brought major conservation threat and greater concern among the conservationist, civil society and academia as well as general public of Nepal.
    keywords: conservation
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        item: #273 of 339
          id: banko-653
      author: Acharya, KP; Acharya, S
       title: Livelihoods and Forestry Program, Myagdi contribution to poverty reduction
        date: 2007
       words: 6297
      flesch: 52
     summary: Subedi et al (2002) argued that forest based enterprises have the potential to contribute to better management of natural resources, provide income and employment opportunities to poor and disadvantaged groups. Policy and management implications Policy issues include regulations that discriminate against harvesting of seven tree species on farm, transportation of products, location requirements for forest based enterprises, registration process that impede the development of FBSSEs.
    keywords: cfug; community; enterprise; entrepreneur; forest; forestry; furniture; households; income; management; nrs; products
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        item: #274 of 339
          id: banko-65366
      author: Dhakal, Sandesh; Kandel, Saroj; Subedi, Rajan
       title: A study on soil moisture under different land management practices across two rural municipalities in semi-arid region of Mustang, Nepal
        date: 2024
       words: 8291
      flesch: 61
     summary: 29 A study on soil moisture under different land management practices across two rural municipalities in semi-arid region of Mustang, Nepal Soil moisture refers to the water amount present in the soil, which is a critical factor influencing plant growth, nutrient cycling, and groundwater recharge. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data were processed in Google Earth Engine to derive soil moisture using the modified Dubois and Topp's models.
    keywords: area; band; cover; data; dubois; et al; land; model; remote; sar; sensing; sentinel-1; soil moisture; study; surface
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        item: #275 of 339
          id: banko-654
      author: Kandel, Pem N
       title: Effects of forest certification towards sustainable community forestry in Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 4376
      flesch: 51
     summary: However, forest certification is a market driven approach to prove sustainability. Thus, before deciding about forest certification, market system should be analyzed to determine whether green consumers demand certified forest products or not.
    keywords: certification; certified; cfs; community; district; forest; management; ntfps; study
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        item: #276 of 339
          id: banko-655
      author: Kunwar, Ripu M; Parajuli, Rudriksha Rai
       title: Good governance in natural resource management: a case study from Dolpa district, Nepal
        date: 2007
       words: 6523
      flesch: 43
     summary: The community based organizations: sister groups, eco clubs, buffer zone user groups/committees, community forest users groups, mother groups, sister groups, snow leopard conservation committees, medicinal plant management committees, traditional health care centers/Myongkhang management committees (THCCs), rangeland management committees, etc were developed and strengthened. Traditional health care centres/Myongkhang management committees with Amchis and local people were found to be effective to sustainably manage the medicinal plant resources (Lama et al 2001) whereas community forest user groups and eco-clubs were efficient in managing the forests and creating greater awareness level in lower Dolpa.
    keywords: 2004; committees; community; conservation; dolpa; forest; forestry; governance; groups; management; nepal; user; women
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        item: #277 of 339
          id: banko-656
      author: Pokharel, Anita; Chhetri, Madhu; Upadhyaya, Chiranjibi P
       title: Effects of grazing on plant species diversity and above ground biomass in a Trans- Himalayan Rangeland
        date: 2007
       words: 4021
      flesch: 61
     summary: Plant diversity increases with Effects of grazing on plant species diversity and above ground biomass in a Trans- Himalayan Rangeland Anita Pokharel1, Madhu Chhetri2, Chiranjibi P Upadhyaya3 Limited information is available on the species compositon, above ground biomass and its realations to grazing in a trans-himalayan rangeland. Plant species diversity in relation to grazing pressure in three alpine pastures, Shey Phoksumdo National Parks, Dolpa District Nepal.
    keywords: biomass; diversity; grazing; green; july; low; november; open; plots; species
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        item: #278 of 339
          id: banko-657
      author: Poudel, Mohan
       title: Evaluating collaborative management of forest from Rangapur CFM, Rautahat
        date: 2007
       words: 4079
      flesch: 55
     summary: • CFM has been found to have created strong awareness and ownership among all the partners and stakeholders. • CFM as a participatory and decentralized sustainable forest management model can be replicated in other districts of the Terai.
    keywords: activities; area; cfm; forest; management; rangapur; scheme; terai; users
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        item: #279 of 339
          id: banko-658
      author: Jha, Shree Gopal
       title: A brief appraisal of existing main environmental issues in Nepal and potential intervention to solve the perceived problems
        date: 2007
       words: 4428
      flesch: 45
     summary: Particularly, since the country’s high-level participation in the Rio Earth summit in 1992, the value of environmental management has been realized at different levels such as political, developmental and socio-economical. Economic Instruments Along with the policy and legal measures, environmental management could be possible through the introduction of economic instrument to attract different stakeholders to comply with the standards.
    keywords: air; areas; development; environmental; forest; kathmandu; management; nepal; percent; pollution; soil; water
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        item: #280 of 339
          id: banko-659
      author: Sharma, Anuja Raj
       title: Larger forests into fewer hands: how equitable is Community forestry in Nepal?
        date: 2007
       words: 1997
      flesch: 66
     summary: Hence, it is strongly recommended that the concerned authority should initiate the practice of calculating Gini coefficient of community forest distribution in Nepal and compare whether community forests are becoming more inequitable. Hence, it is strongly recommended that the concerned Sharma 48 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 1 authority should initiate the practice of calculating Gini coefficient of community forest distribution in Nepal and compare whether community forests are becoming more inequitable.
    keywords: community; forests; households
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        item: #281 of 339
          id: banko-660
      author: Khanal, Shiva
       title: Decentralisation and State-sponsored Community Forestry in Asia
        date: 2007
       words: 479
      flesch: 44
     summary: The individual country chapter analyses history of forest management, forest governance at present, decentralization and community forestry policies and their impacts. For instance, Chapter 3 on “Good Forest Governance in Nepal” by K.R. Kanel provides overview of good forest governance, political and socioeconomic situation, policies and institutions for forest management, decentralization of forest management with examples of different participatory forest management models and comprehensive description on community forestry.
    keywords: forest; governance
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        item: #282 of 339
          id: banko-66276
      author: Pokharel, Kiran Kumar
       title: Monitoring, reporting & verification of carbon emission and its trading
        date: 2024
       words: 1223
      flesch: 32
     summary: The Emission Reductions Payment Agreement aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 9 million tons, with USD 5 for every ton of emission successfully mitigated. CoP16 in Cancun (2010) and CoP19 in Warsaw (2013) installed shield concepts, including the requirement for REDD nations to establish Safeguard Information Systems.
    keywords: carbon; forest; national; nepal; redd
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        item: #283 of 339
          id: banko-66289
      author: Lama, Gauri; Shrestha, Bineeta; Limbu, Sunita; Gurung, Prithivi Raj; Pant, Krishna Kumar
       title: In vitro selection and characterization of cadmium-tolerant calli of Tagetes erecta and Gomphrena globosa
        date: 2024
       words: 4841
      flesch: 61
     summary: One of the many factors affecting the environment is related to some heavy metals 'HMs' (Khan et al., 2021). Consumption of food contaminated with Cd is hazardous to human health (Khan et al., 2017).
    keywords: calli; callus; cdcl2; erecta; et al; globosa; growth; medium
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        item: #284 of 339
          id: banko-67060
      author: Regmi, Suyog Raj; Ghimire, Balkrishna
       title: Evaluating the potentiality of naturally growing Ipomoea carnea Jacq. as an iron hyperaccumulator in Ramgram Municipality, Nawalparasi (west), Nepal
        date: 2024
       words: 4402
      flesch: 60
     summary: After sun-drying, the plant samples for four weeks and soil samples for three days, iron concentrations in roots, shoots, leaves, and soil were measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer using ashing and wet acid digestion. Keywords: Bioconcentration factor, heavy metals, iron concentration, soil pollution S. R. Regmi 1 and B. Ghimire 1* Received: 09, August 2024 Revised: 01, September 2024 Accepted: 15, September 2024
    keywords: concentration; iron; iron concentration; metal; plant; root; soil; stem; study
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        item: #285 of 339
          id: banko-67754
      author: Chalise, Pratikshya; Tiwari, Achyut
       title: Wood anatomical features of Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex. D. Don from high mountains of Trans-Himalayan Zone of central Nepal
        date: 2024
       words: 6088
      flesch: 61
     summary: Resin cells J. squamata wood was characterized by the presence of resin cells. Rays The rays of J. squamata wood were exclusively uniseriate and homogenous (as seen in Figure 2e, 2f).
    keywords: cells; correlation; et al; growth; latewood; nepal; ray; squamata; tracheid; width; wood
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        item: #286 of 339
          id: banko-68002
      author: Bhandari, Bishal; KC, Nishan; Chaudhary, Nirmal; Gautam, Shreejan; Dhami, Bijaya; GC, Aashish; Neupane, Bijaya
       title: Community Perspectives on Elephant Conservation in Eastern Nepal
        date: 2025
       words: 7984
      flesch: 52
     summary: And why is that? a) Yes b) No …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Comments:……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ————**Thank you for your kind participation! a) Yes b) No………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………….. iv) About how much of harvest did you lost during last year from elephant problem? a) less than 10% b) about 25% (one quarter) c) about 33% (about one third) d) about 50% (one half) e) more than 50% v) What types of crop does elephant damage most?.............................................................................. ............... vi) At what season of the year does elephant damage the crops most? a) Spring (March-May) b) Summer (June-August) c) Autumn d) (September-November)
    keywords: area; conflict; conservation; damage; elephant; et al; forest; hec; human; nepal; respondents; study; wildlife; willingness
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        item: #287 of 339
          id: banko-68661
      author: Kitikidou, Kyriaki; Milios, Elias; Radoglou, Kalliopi
       title: Allometry, biomass, and productivity of deciduous oak forests in Xanthi, northern Greece
        date: 2024
       words: 5308
      flesch: 57
     summary: Criteria for choosing biomass allometric models to test Selecting the right biomass allometric models is of paramount importance for the accurate assessment of forest biomass, especially when direct measurements are impractical or unfeasible. Accurately gauging forest biomass requires an understanding of both NPP and the forest’s structural dynamics, particularly when considering how the distribution of trees across DBH classes can reflect the growth phase and productivity of the forest.
    keywords: area; biomass; carbon; data; et al; forest; management; models; sampling; stands; study
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        item: #288 of 339
          id: banko-69691
      author: Pathak, Mitra; Kasaju, S. K.
       title: Short article Euphorbia umbellata, a newly recorded naturalized species from Nepal
        date: 2024
       words: 1233
      flesch: 53
     summary: The species was formerly known as Synadenium grantii Hook. f., and it has cyathia with glands that are arranged in a ring, while the glands of Euphorbia species are distinct from each other. This particular species stands out from other Euphorbia species due to its distinct leaves with visible venation and its green to yellowish-green flowers, which are mostly hidden by lance-shaped bracts that are purplish- green on top and reddish-purple underneath.
    keywords: euphorbia; nepal; species; umbellata
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        item: #289 of 339
          id: banko-70006
      author: Poudel, Animesh; Dahal, Krishna; Joshi, Mohit; Thapa Magar, Sakshi; Kharel, Ripesh
       title: A Comparative Study of Biomass and Carbon Stock in Tropical and Temperate Forests of Ilam District in Nepal
        date: 2025
       words: 6434
      flesch: 60
     summary: Forest biomass carbon stocks and variation in Tibet’s carbon-dense forests from 2001 to 2050. The REDD+ program aims to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by improving forest carbon stock assessment and monitoring, supporting reforestation projects, and helping developing countries meet global climate goals through reward-based systems (Muradian et al., 2013).
    keywords: biomass; biomass carbon; carbon; carbon stock; deumai; forest; ground; height; nepal; species; tropical
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        item: #290 of 339
          id: banko-70139
      author: Khanal, Keshav Prasad; Khatri, Top Bahadur; Nepal, Santosh Mani; Poudel, Buddi Sagar; Sapkota, Raju; Thapa, Binod; Dahal, Digambar Singh; Dhakal, Bhola
       title: Mitigation Co-benefits of Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Measures: Learnings from Catalyzing Ecosystem Restoration for Climate-Resilient Natural Capital and Rural Livelihoods in Degraded Forests and Rangelands of Nepal
        date: 2025
       words: 4647
      flesch: 50
     summary: To estimate forest carbon stock and annual carbon sequestration for plantation and sustainably managed forests, we reviewed studies from similar forest types and ecological zones. Carbon sequestration was estimated using secondary data from national sources and literature for two types of interventions: reforestation of 1,393 hectares and Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) over 10,000 hectares.
    keywords: carbon; carbon sequestration; climate; eba; forest; nepal; project; sequestration; study; tons; year
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        item: #291 of 339
          id: banko-70162
      author: Shrestha, Sandhya; Koju, Narayan Prasad; Thapa Magar, Ashim; Shrestha, Sudhan Bhakta; Ghimire , Shristi
       title: Winter diet analysis of leopard (Panthera pardus) in the Nagarjun Forest of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park
        date: 2025
       words: 5881
      flesch: 58
     summary: Tiger decline caused by the reduction of large ungulate prey: Evidence from a study of leopard diets in southern India. To differentiate leopard scats from those of other species, signs of leopard such as pugmark and scrape were observed along with shape, which is characterized by pointed ends and several lobes concerning the diameter (Edgaonkar & Chellam, 2002).
    keywords: diet; et al; forest; leopard; panthera; prey; prey species; species; study; wild
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        item: #292 of 339
          id: banko-71368
      author: Pokharel, Kiran Kumar; KC, Rajendra
       title: Enhancing the Effectiveness of Nepal’s Participation in Multilateral Environmental Agreements
        date: 2024
       words: 1565
      flesch: 29
     summary: Since then, Nepal has continued to sign, ratify, or accede to various international environmental agreements, including: (i) Plant Protection Agreement for the South East Asia and Pacific Region (1956), (ii) Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency (1957), (iii)Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) (1971), (iv) Convention for the Protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), (v) Convention on the World Meteorological Organization (1973), (vi) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973), (vii) International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983), (viii) Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985), (ix) Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) and its subsequent amendments, (x) Agreement on the Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia and the Pacific (1988), (xi) Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989), (xii) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), (xiii) To strengthen its role in international environmental treaties, Nepal should establish a permanent negotiation team, simplify access to climate and conservation financing, advocate for the unique needs of mountain ecosystems, and build domestic capacity.
    keywords: agreements; climate; convention; international; nepal
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        item: #293 of 339
          id: banko-72629
      author: Pant, Keshab Raj
       title: People’s Perceptions on Forest Management Sustainability in Far-Western Nepal
        date: 2025
       words: 6174
      flesch: 45
     summary: This study, based on descriptive and explanatory field research, examines community roles in forest management, perceptions of sustainability, and key challenges facing community forest management over the next decade. Perceptions of individual and community roles in CF management Public perception regarding individuals’ roles within community forest management revealed that most respondents see themselves as users rather than managers or both, with this trend being more pronounced among women (83%) compared to men (52%).
    keywords: community; community forest; forest; forest management; forestry; management; model; nepal; roles; study; sustainability
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        item: #294 of 339
          id: banko-73002
      author: Chataut, Archana; Maharjan, Jyoti; Poudel, Ram Chandra; Malla, Rajani; Khadka, Deegendra
       title: Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antidiabetic activities of plant extracts used in Triphala from western Nepal using different solvents
        date: 2025
       words: 6360
      flesch: 54
     summary: Inhibition = [1-(Abs2-Abs1/Abs4-Abs3)] ×100 where, Abs1 = Absorbance of a mixture incubated with plant extract, starch and amylase. Discussion The choice of solvent significantly influenced the yield percentage of Triphala plant extracts.
    keywords: chebula; emblica; extract; hexane; ic50; plants; solvents
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        item: #295 of 339
          id: banko-73301
      author: Shrestha, Uma; Rijal, Shila; Chettri, Mukesh Kumar; Acharya, Bipana Devi; Paudel, Mukti Ram; Shrestha, Anju; Adhikari, Preeti; Devkota, Anjana
       title: Effects of dust pollution on leaf morphology and chlorophyll content: A comparative study across two seasons in Biratnagar, Nepal
        date: 2025
       words: 13257
      flesch: 54
     summary: The percentage of leaf area reduction was lower in industrial areas compared to campus areas during Table 3: Dust load (mg/cm2) on leaves of different plant species comparing two seasons both seasons. In industrial areas, Ficus religiosa showed the highest SLA reduction (20.48%) during Figure 3: Percentage (%) reduction in leaf area of different plant species in two seasons Specific leaf area (SLA)
    keywords: areas; chlorophyll; dust; ficus; indica; leaf; leaf area; monsoon season; plant species; reduction; roadside; seasons; study areas; tectona; winter monsoon; winter season
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        item: #296 of 339
          id: banko-73366
      author: Tout, Faicel; Rebouh, Nouh; Benzid, Yacine; Zouak, Zakaria; Zeghmar, Amer; Bourecherouche, Meriem; Dinar, Haythem; Keblouti, Sara
       title: GIS-Based Analysis of Wildfire Distribution Across Slopes in the Wadi Safsaf Watershed, Northeastern Algeria
        date: 2025
       words: 4563
      flesch: 52
     summary: Spatial mapping and analysis of forest fire risk areas in Sri Lanka – Understanding environmental significance. Figure 1: Geographic location of the study area Methods The study primarily relies on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to understand the impact of slopes on the behaviour of forest fires in the study area.
    keywords: areas; dnbr; et al; figure; fires; forest; slope; study; values; vegetation
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        item: #297 of 339
          id: banko-74132
      author: Maharjan, Elina; Wong, Mui-Yun; Upadhyay , Sudeep Kumar; Prasai Joshi, Tista; Panta, Prasamsha; Adhikari, Rameshwar; Joshi, Dev Raj
       title: Insecticidal potential of seeds of Datura metel L., Abrus precatorius L., and Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J. Lam
        date: 2025
       words: 10193
      flesch: 46
     summary: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of selected plant seed extracts against the pest D. melanogaster, and to identify potential insecticidal compounds through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Table2: Phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of seeds of the three plant species SN Phytochemical compounds Method of testing A. precatorius L. D. metel L. D. butyraceae (Roxb.)
    keywords: analysis; butyracea; compounds; et al; extracts; h.j; insecticidal; lam; metel; metel l.; methanol; mortality; plant; precatorius; roxb; seeds
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        item: #298 of 339
          id: banko-74408
      author: Sigdel, Ekraj; Joshi, Khagendra Prasad; Regmi, Aayoush Raj; Jnawali, Shant Raj; Baral, Sony; Khanal Chhetri, Bir Bahadur
       title: Biodiversity Governance Outside Protected Areas in the Context of Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs): A Systematic Review
        date: 2025
       words: 6260
      flesch: 45
     summary: Results Increasing coverage of biodiversity conservation outside protected areas The spatial distribution of articles related to biodiversity governance in the context of OECMs reveals that most studies included in the review were conducted at the global (n=7) or regional scale (n=6). Inclusive decision-making was identified as the most important governance factor (63%, n = 17), followed by sustainable resource use (56%, n = 15), for effective biodiversity conservation.
    keywords: areas; articles; biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; biodiversity governance; conservation; et al; governance; nepal; oecms
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        item: #299 of 339
          id: banko-75312
      author: Thakur, Ram Bichari; Rai, Rajesh Kumar; Pokharel, Ridish Kumar; Neupane, Prem Raj
       title: Regeneration Patterns following Regeneration Felling in Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.) Forests Managed under the Shelterwood System
        date: 2025
       words: 6359
      flesch: 49
     summary: The evaluation focuses on key indicators of forest regeneration, including the composition of regenerating vegetation- particularly seedling density and species richness -and the origin of the regeneration (i.e., whether it arises from coppice (rootstock) or seed germination). This is mainly due to the dieback phenomenon in Sal forests.
    keywords: coppice; data; density; forests; management; nepal; plots; regeneration; sal; seedling; species; stands; trees
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        item: #300 of 339
          id: banko-75827
      author: Dangi, Resham Bahadur
       title: Demystifying the Forest Revenue and Policy Spillovers in the Utilization of Softwoods in Nepal
        date: 2025
       words: 5727
      flesch: 45
     summary: Keywords: Forest revenue, Softwoods, Spillover effects, Timber auctions, Trade policy Forest owners expect a return from two productive assets, physical land and biological resources. While searching relevant literature, the author used keywords such as forest revenue, forest royalty, stump value of forest, and forest rent, preferably from developing countries.
    keywords: auctions; author; dangi; forest; harvest; nepal; policy; products; revenue; royalty; standing; timber; trade; tree; value
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        item: #301 of 339
          id: banko-77886
      author: Shrestha, Santoshi; Khatri, Kumar; Shrestha, Nripesh; Poudel, Ram Chandra; Sapkota, Kumar
       title: Diversity and Distribution of Freshwater Fishes of the Dano, Banganga, and Arung Khola Rivers of Western Nepal
        date: 2025
       words: 6917
      flesch: 53
     summary: This study aimed to provide a checklist of fish species in the Dano River, Banganga River, and Arung Khola of western Nepal. In the Arung Khola system, the mean Shannon– Wiener index (H') was 2.25 ± 0.37, Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) was 0.85 ± 0.05, Pielou’s evenness Figure 2: Total number of catches and fish species recorded at different sites from the Dano River, Banganga River, and Arung Khola The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in species abundance among the three sites of the Dano River (H = 10.82, df = 2, P = 0.004).
    keywords: dano; diversity; fish; freshwater; nepal; post; river; shrestha; species; × ;  ×;  
       cache: banko-77886.pdf
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        item: #302 of 339
          id: banko-79332
      author: Maharjan, Seerjana; KC, Rajendra
       title: Development of the bamboo sector for enhancing local livelihoods and the national economy
        date: 2025
       words: 907
      flesch: 29
     summary: The country hosts over 12 genera and 53 species of bamboo, including seven endemic species, contributing significantly to global bamboo diversity. Three main types of bamboos are found in Nepal: Bans (over 4 cm in diameter), Nigalo and Malingo (under 4 cm).
    keywords: bamboo; development; nepal
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        item: #303 of 339
          id: banko-80407
      author: Paudel, Krishna C.
       title: Study of fodder production, leaf: twig ratio and palatability of Atrocarpus lakoocha in Nepal
        date: 1997
       words: 11
      flesch: -327
     summary: CamScanner 06-20-2025 11.07 https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download
    keywords: https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download
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        item: #304 of 339
          id: banko-80481
      author: Baral, Sushim Ranjan
       title: Enhancing rangers' role !
        date: 1997
       words: 7
      flesch: -138
     summary: CamScanner 06-20-2025 10.09 https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download
    keywords: https://v3.camscanner.com/user/download
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        item: #305 of 339
          id: banko-84927
      author: Maharjan, Seerjana; KC, Rajendra
       title: Nepal’s Biodiversity Vision 2050: “Biodiversity for Resilience and Prosperity”
        date: 2025
       words: 1402
      flesch: 29
     summary: 1 Banko Janakari, Vol 35 No. 2http://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v35i2.84927 BANKO JANAKARI A journal of forestry information for Nepal Editorial Nepal’s Biodiversity Vision 2050: “Biodiversity for Resilience and Prosperity” The 21st century is confronting a triple crisis worldwide: biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution. The NBSAP vision for 2050 is “Biodiversity for resilience and prosperity,” with a 2030 mission of “Collectivism for biodiversity and human well-being.”
    keywords: biodiversity; national; nbsap; nepal
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        item: #306 of 339
          id: banko-9057
      author: Editor, The
       title: Celebrating International Year of Forests 2011
        date: 2013
       words: 783
      flesch: 39
     summary: Over 23% of the country’s land area is conserved under protected area system, and forest conservation through participatory forest management regimes like community forestry and leasehold forestry is promising. Recognizing that the forests provide multiple economic, social and environmental benefits and there is no substitute for the goods and services provided by forests, increased efforts should be made, from all sides at all levels, for sustainable forest management which contributes significantly to sustainable development and poverty reduction.
    keywords: forests; nepal
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        item: #307 of 339
          id: banko-9058
      author: Poudel, BS; Gautam, SK; Bhandari, DN
       title: Above-ground tree biomass and allometric relationships of Cinnamomum tamala grown in the western hill regions of Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 5239
      flesch: 66
     summary: Tree biomass, which is used to denote the total quantity of materials in a tree, can best be measured in terms of weight (Poudel et al., 2003). Linear model resulted in the least error and was selected as the best-fit model for prediction of biomass of bark, foliage, branch, stem and total above ground tree biomass.
    keywords: bark; biomass; branch; dbh; foliage; forest; ground; model; nepal; tree; weight; wood
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        item: #308 of 339
          id: banko-9059
      author: Das, AN; Thapa, HB
       title: Distribution and utilization of bamboos in the midwestern and the far-western regions of Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 6023
      flesch: 66
     summary: Cover 20-1.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 21, No. 1 13 Distribution and utilization of bamboos in the mid- western and the far- western regions of Nepal A. N. Das1 and H. B. Thapa2 The distribution and utilization of bamboo species in the mid-western and the far-western regions were recorded using various methods including Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools, field visits and specimen collection. The natural range of bamboo species extends from the plains of the Terai to the High Mountains (4000 m).
    keywords: bamboo; bambusa; bans; dendrocalamus; hills; mid; nepal; nigalo; nutans; regions; species
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        item: #309 of 339
          id: banko-9060
      author: Karki, JB; Thapa, BB
       title: Status of blue sheep and Himalayan tahr in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 3653
      flesch: 69
     summary: Karki and Thapa Block Area(km2) No. of groups No. of blue Average group Average apparent of blue sheep sheep observed size density Sundaha 145 10 98 9.8 1.35 Seng 138 5 40 8 0.58 Dogadi 199 29 358 12.3 3.60 Gustung 167 11 128 11.6 1.53 Barse 201 11 167 15.1 1.66 Phagune 325 7 61 8.7 0.38 Total 1,175 73 852 11.7 1.45 Table 1: Sighted number of groups and individuals of blue sheep in each block of DHR Banko Janakari, Vol. 21, No. 1 27 Karki and Thapa et al. (1990) which showed Phagune and Dogadi as having the lowest and the highest apparent densities respectively. Blue sheep quota The Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) has allocated 26 blue sheep as an annual quota for hunting in DHR.
    keywords: blocks; hunting; quota; sheep; sundaha
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        item: #310 of 339
          id: banko-9061
      author: Khadka, CB; Balla, MK; Tiwari, KR
       title: Assessment of climate change and its impact on cashcrops in Lwang Ghalel of Kaski district
        date: 2013
       words: 2039
      flesch: 56
     summary: Cover 20-1.pmd Banko Janakari, Vol. 21, No. 1 31 Sapkota and Meilby Assessment of climate change and its impact on cash- crops in Lwang Ghalel of Kaski district C. B. Khadka1*, M. K. Balla1 and K. R. Tiwari1 This paper focuses on climate change, its impact on cash crop production, perception of local people and their adaptation measures against the impacts of climate change in Lwang Ghalel Village Development Commitee (VDC) of Kaski district. Therefore, the study was carried out to assess the climate change and its impacts on agricultural crops production and to document the perception of the local people towards climate change and possible adaptation measures.
    keywords: cash; change; climate; crops; rainfall; trend
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        item: #311 of 339
          id: banko-9062
      author: Bhattarai, S; Pant, B; Upadhyaya, CP
       title: Dependency of Tharu communities on wild plants: A case study of Shankarpur, Kanchanpur district
        date: 2013
       words: 3611
      flesch: 53
     summary: Wild food plants are basically considered as famine food, the consumption of which is linked to times of scarcity (Santayana et al., 2005). The majority of wild food plants were valued for their green leaves and young shoots and used as vegetable, which were gathered vigorously at the start of monsoon season.
    keywords: conservation; dependent; food; forest; majority; plants; resource; respondents; use
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        item: #312 of 339
          id: banko-9063
      author: Basnet, BK
       title: Documentation of flora of Rara lake and adjoining areas in mid-western region of Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 3345
      flesch: 65
     summary: Basnet, B.K. Arundo donax Linn. Basnet, B.K. Carex inanis Kunth Cyperaceae 66.
    keywords: b.k; basnet; compositae; cyperaceae; d.don; gramineae; labiatae; lake; linn; manadhar; n.p; nepal; rara; rosaceae; species; wall
       cache: banko-9063.pdf
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        item: #313 of 339
          id: banko-9064
      author: Kunwar, RM; Thapa, KP; Shrestha, R; Shrestha, PR; Bhattarai, NK; Tiwari, NN; Shrestha, KK
       title: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Network (MAPs-Net) Nepal: An open access digital database
        date: 2013
       words: 1488
      flesch: 47
     summary: Up to 50% of the Nepal’s rural household’s income is derived from collection and trade of medicinal plants (Edward, 1996). Medicinal plants from Nepal were traded across the borders to Tibet as early as 600 AD (Sung and Yiming, 1998).
    keywords: maps; nepal; net; plants; species
       cache: banko-9064.pdf
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        item: #314 of 339
          id: banko-9123
      author: Shrestha, S. M.
       title: Invasive Alien Species: A Menace to Biodiversity
        date: 2013
       words: 662
      flesch: 45
     summary: The fi rst phase of the Three -Year Action Plan includes activities like preparing IAS strategy, surveying distribution, intensity and impacts of IAS, and establishing national level network among the concerned stakeholders. From 2  management perspective, it is essential to prioritize IAS damages and identify the sensitive and vulnerable areas affected by IAS.
    keywords: ias; species
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        item: #315 of 339
          id: banko-9124
      author: Joshi, C.; Andel, J. van; Skidmore, A.; Leeuw, J. De; Duren, I. V.
       title: Morphological plasticity of corms in enhancing invasion of Chromolaena odorata
        date: 2013
       words: 5283
      flesch: 64
     summary: We used two way ANOVA to investigate to what extent the biomass of C. odorata corm was related to light intensity and its age. In April-May, 2005, we collected 237 corms of C. odorata plants.
    keywords: age; biomass; c. odorata; conditions; corm; forest; growth; intensity; light; odorata; plants; species
       cache: banko-9124.pdf
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        item: #316 of 339
          id: banko-9125
      author: Wagle, B. H.; Sharma, R. P.
       title: Modelling height-diameter relationship for Pinus wallichiana trees for Lete and Kunjo of Mustang district
        date: 2013
       words: 5071
      flesch: 70
     summary: i i Dbb DbH �� � � � � ��� 3 21 1 13.1 Näslund (1936) M5 � �� � i b i iDbbH ����� 3 21 exp13.1 Weibull (1951) cited in Zeide (1993) M6 � � i ii This study M13 � � i ii i i DbD DbH ����� 2 1 13.1 Batts and Watts (1980) cited in Calama and Montero (2004) M14 � � i ii i
    keywords: data; dbh; diameter; forest; height; models; pine; sharma; tree; � �
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        item: #317 of 339
          id: banko-9126
      author: Kharal, D. K.; Oli, B. N.; Poudel, I.
       title: Distribution and availability of raw materials for production of Nepali handmade paper from Daphne species in Darchula district, Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 3457
      flesch: 69
     summary: For the entire district of Darchula, the annual yield of Lokta bark for six years rotation amounted only to about two-third of the four years rotation. The study concludes that the stock of Lokta bark that prevails in the district can sustain promotion of Nepali paper production enterprises.
    keywords: bark; distribution; district; lokta; nepal; range
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        item: #318 of 339
          id: banko-9127
      author: Bhattarai, K. R.; Måren, I. E.; Chaudhary, R. P.
       title: Medicinal plant knowledge of the Panchase region in the Middle Hills of the Nepalese Himalayas
        date: 2013
       words: 8402
      flesch: 76
     summary: This study was conducted to document medicinal plant knowledge and plant use in the treatment of different ailments. However, documentation of traditional medicine and medicinal plants used by local communities is rather poor in Nepal.
    keywords: nepal; plant
       cache: banko-9127.pdf
  plain text: banko-9127.txt

        item: #319 of 339
          id: banko-9142
      author: Aryal, R. R.; Shrestha, H. L.; Khanal, S.
       title: Using Landsat data for assessing forest cover change and fragmentation in Laljhadi corridor of Kanchanpur district, Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 2182
      flesch: 57
     summary: A very clear trend toward forest fragmentation was observed with a continuous trend over time of decreasing forest cover as indicated by increase in the number of forest patches and ultimately decreasing following the conversion of smaller patches to other land use types. This study analyses the spatial and temporal pattern of forest cover change using multi-temporal Landsat Satellite imageries and uses FRAGSTATS, a spatial pattern analysis program to analyze characteristics of landscape fragmentation in Laljhadi Corridor forest of Terai Arc Landscape in western Nepal.
    keywords: change; classifi; cover; forest; landsat; landscape; nepal; patch
       cache: banko-9142.pdf
  plain text: banko-9142.txt

        item: #320 of 339
          id: banko-9143
      author: Sigdel, S. R.; Rokaya, M. B.
       title: Utilization of plant resources in Dang district, West Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 8448
      flesch: 81
     summary: Medicinal plants were also used for various other purposes such as food, fodder, fi ber, construction, religious and others (colouring, dyes). There are some plants, which are widely used as medicinal plants in various parts of Nepal but not in this study sites.
    keywords: eq ue; fr eq; nepal; plants; sin; sio
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        item: #321 of 339
          id: banko-9144
      author: Khatri, S.; Kurmi, P. P.; Bhatt, G. D.
       title: Carissa spinarum L. (Apocynaceae): A new addition to the fl ora of Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 618
      flesch: 72
     summary: Carissa spinarum L. has been so far not reported from Nepal. This herbarium specimens was collected by Puran P. Kurmi from Udayapur at Udayapur Village Development Committee (VDC) of Kapilvastu district at an altitude of 150m. It has been identifi ed as Carissa spinarum L. and therefore, it is found to be a new addition to the fl ora of Nepal.
    keywords: carissa; nepal; plant
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        item: #322 of 339
          id: banko-9192
      author: Shrestha, S. M.
       title: COP 18 on the UNFCCC and Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 693
      flesch: 40
     summary: Developed countries only repeated their commitment to continue long term climate finance support to developing countries as promised during the COP 17. The conference realized the approaches that address loss and damage associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to enhance adaptive capacity.
    keywords: climate; conference
       cache: banko-9192.pdf
  plain text: banko-9192.txt

        item: #323 of 339
          id: banko-9193
      author: KC, B; Stainback, G. A.
       title: Financial analysis of Chir pine plantations for carbon offsets, timber and resin in Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 4404
      flesch: 65
     summary: In addition, carbon payments increase big timber supply and resin production due to extending the rotation age. Impact of carbon value on the profitability of slash pine plantations in the southern United States: an integrated life cycle and Faustmann analysis.
    keywords: age; carbon; forest; nepal; offset; pine; rate; resin; rotation; timber; volume
       cache: banko-9193.pdf
  plain text: banko-9193.txt

        item: #324 of 339
          id: banko-9194
      author: Puri, L.; Meilby, H.; Rayamajhi, S.; Timilsina, Y. P.; Gautam, N. P.; Subedi, R.; Larsen, H. O.
       title: Growth and volume based on permanent sample plots in forests managed by communities
        date: 2013
       words: 4120
      flesch: 64
     summary: Furthermore, one extra plot was established in Tibrekot forest and measured for the first time in 2010. Key words: Community forestry, forest growth, stratified sample 1 Tribhuvan University, Institute of Forestry, Pokhara, Nepal. 2 Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark * Corresponding author: puri07878@alumni.itc.nl 11 Banko Janakari, Vol. 22, No. 2 12 stratum, plots were distributed spatially using a principle known as a ‘coffee-house’ design, which is a restricted random approach where the location of the first plot is totally random and each additional plot is located such that the minimum distance to neighbouring plots is maximized (Müller, 2001).
    keywords: diameter; forest; kankali; kunjo; lete; plots; species; trees; volume
       cache: banko-9194.pdf
  plain text: banko-9194.txt

        item: #325 of 339
          id: banko-9195
      author: Bajracharya, M. Shakya; Rajbhandary, S.; Das, A. N.
       title: Socio-economic impacts of bamboo enterprises in the Mid-hills of Nepal: A case study on Pahari community at Badikhel Village, Lalitpur
        date: 2013
       words: 3504
      flesch: 58
     summary: Selection of the areas was done on the basis of the high density of bamboo entrepreneurs as developed locally in a participatory way, which include bamboo craft makers, growers, traders and sellers (Table 1). The average size of landholding per bamboo entrepreneur in the study area was only 0.43 hectares, while some were landless.
    keywords: area; bamboo; das; entrepreneurs; nepal; species; study
       cache: banko-9195.pdf
  plain text: banko-9195.txt

        item: #326 of 339
          id: banko-9196
      author: Magraw, K. N. L.; Detling, J. K.
       title: Composition and structure of forest communities in a fragmented rural landscape: the Middle Hills of Eastern Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 5956
      flesch: 54
     summary: Although plant species in eastern Nepal’s Middle Hills have been documented since 1848 (Hara, 1966; Stainton, 1972; Rai, 1999) sampling has been patchy and incomplete, and there has been no quantitative assessment of plant community composition. These species persisted as islands of woody vegetation and appeared to provide refuge for plant species intolerant of exposure and herbivory.
    keywords: areas; cardamom; conifer; forests; nepal; plantations; primary; richness; species; stands; trees; types; vegetation
       cache: banko-9196.pdf
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        item: #327 of 339
          id: banko-9197
      author: Kharal, D. K.; Fujiwara, T.
       title: Growth and yield estimation of Chamaecyparis spp. through tree ring analysis
        date: 2013
       words: 3654
      flesch: 68
     summary: Dendrochronology, study of tree rings, has extensive applications now-a-days. The systematic studies of tree rings started before the turn off 1900s especially from Western North America, Eastern North America, Western and Eastern Europe.
    keywords: average; density; growth; height; ring; trees; width
       cache: banko-9197.pdf
  plain text: banko-9197.txt

        item: #328 of 339
          id: banko-9198
      author: Basnet, P.; Balla, M. K.; Pradhan, B. M.
       title: Landslide hazard zonation, mapping and investigation of triggering factors in Phewa lake watershed, Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 5715
      flesch: 59
     summary: Factors Class Area of the class % of LS covered area Weight by % of LS covered area (m) Factor Weight (w) Actual Weight (M) (Grid) (1 grid=4m*4m) Lithology 1 Residual soil 91158 0 0 0.33 0 2 Talkot formation 15168 0 0 0.33 0 3 Colluvial soil 15379 0.63 100 0.33 32.84 4 Non active alluvial fan deposit 47084 0 0 0.33 0 5 Ghachok formation 5189 0 0 0.33 0 6 Kuchha formation 2108170 0.06 10.27 0.33 3.37 Linement and fault 1 0 – 800 1232240 0.09 100 0.12 11.85 2 800 – 1500 434132 0.06 72.48 0.12 8.59 3 1500 – 2300 234019 0 0 0.12 0 4 2300 – 3000 289777 0 0 0.12 0 5 3000 – 3800 91980 0 0 0.12 0 River and stream 1 0 – 370 1727456 0.07 100 0.03 3.22 2 370 – 730 368101 0.02 21.5 0.03 0.69 3 730 – 1100 133668 0 0 0.03 0 4 1100 – 1470 48150 0 0 0.03 0 5 1470 – 1830 4773 0 0 0.03 0 Motorable road 1 0 – 700 1181755 0.1 100 0.03 2.81 2 700 – 1500 527182 0 3.92 0.03 0.11 3 1500 – 2200 296092 0.04 41.17 0.03 1.16 4 2200 – 3000 238193 0 0 0.03 0 5 3000 – 3700 38926 0 0 0.03 0 Slope 1 < 10 834770 0.04 17.72 0.08 1.45 2 10 – 30 1269824 0.04 18.69 0.08 1.53 3 30 < 177554 0.24 100 0.08 8.2 Aspect 1 North 152515 0 0 0.04 0 2 South 342351 0.13 100 0.04 3.98 3 East 1380999 0.04 28.84 0.04 1.15 4 West 406283 0.1 82.89 0.04 3.3 Land use 1 Swampy land 60370 0.03 34.46 0.16 5.35 2 Forest land 1036814 0.05 48.15 0.16 7.47 3 Sediment and Boulder 57950 0.02 17.09 0.16 2.65 4 Agriculture 689417 0.1 100 0.16 15.51 5 Settlement 422780 0.03 27.18 0.16 4.22 6 Water bodies 14817 0 0 0.16 0 Rainfall 1 Paudur Station 2282148 0.06 100 0.1 10.47 Banko Janakari, Vol. 22, No. 2 49 Triggering factors Kunchha formation soil class covered the highest percentage of landslide area i.e. approximately 98% of the total landslide area found in study area. After the number of the grids of landslide area in a particular class was determined, the percentage of area of the factor class covered by landslide area for each factor class of the different factors was computed by simple mathematical calculation.
    keywords: class; factor; hazard; landslide; landslide area; map; rainfall; slope; study area; values
       cache: banko-9198.pdf
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        item: #329 of 339
          id: banko-9199
      author: Karki, A.; Jnawali, S. R.; Adhikari, S.; Sharma, S. K.
       title: Abundance and distribution of tiger prey base at Bardia- Katarniyaghat corridor forest, Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 1765
      flesch: 60
     summary: Landscape analysis of tiger distribution and habitat quality in Nepal. Materials and methods In order to determine abundance, distribution and habitat preference of tiger prey base, this study was conducted at Bardia-Katarniyaghat forest corridor of western Nepal, which connects Bardiya National Park of Nepal and Katarniyaghat Wildlife Sanctuary of India.
    keywords: deer; distribution; forest; habitat; prey; tiger
       cache: banko-9199.pdf
  plain text: banko-9199.txt

        item: #330 of 339
          id: banko-9461
      author: Editor, The
       title: Water and Biodiversity
        date: 2013
       words: 548
      flesch: 56
     summary: Unfortunately, we are facing water crisis at the global scale. Hence, a strategy of ecosystem management that maintains all the ecosystem functions and services will reduce water crisis on the one hand, and support biodiversity conservation on the other hand.
    keywords: biodiversity; water
       cache: banko-9461.pdf
  plain text: banko-9461.txt

        item: #331 of 339
          id: banko-9462
      author: Baral, SK; Malla, R; Khanal, S; Shakya, R
       title: Trees on farms: diversity, carbon pool and contribution to rural livelihoods in Kanchanpur District of Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 4735
      flesch: 61
     summary: 5: Relative abundance of trees species on farmland Table 2: Species richness, tree diversity and biomass of trees planted on farms S. N. Agroforestry system Species richness Shannon Weiner index Average above and below ground biomass (dry wt. kgha-1) 1 An estimation of tree species diversity in rural farmland of Nepal.
    keywords: area; carbon; district; diversity; forest; income; land; nepal; soil; species; total; trees
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  plain text: banko-9462.txt

        item: #332 of 339
          id: banko-9463
      author: Kandel, PN
       title: Monitoring above-ground forest biomass: A comparison of cost and accuracy between LiDAR assisted multisource programme and field-based forest resource assessment in Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 6782
      flesch: 59
     summary: Analyzing forest monitoring costs and accuracy of forest carbon stock estimates are important criteria in the framework of Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), because Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system has been seen as an investment that aims to generate financial benefits to forest owners. Forest inventory methods have changed in the course of time due to the continuous technological advancement (Kandel, 2010; Gatziolis and Andersen, 2008).
    keywords: approach; area; cost; data; field; forest; fra; inventory; lamp; lidar; mean; nepal; study; usd
       cache: banko-9463.pdf
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        item: #333 of 339
          id: banko-9464
      author: Rajchal, R; Meilby, H
       title: Above-ground biomass models for Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) in Mustang District, Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 6271
      flesch: 64
     summary: The fresh weight of fruit and oven-dry weight of wood (stem and branches) and leaves were measured and used as a basis for developing biomass models. Biomass models A range of different biomass models including some of the models commonly encountered in the literature were tested.
    keywords: biomass; diameter; fruit; ground; height; leaves; models; seabuckthorn; tree; wood
       cache: banko-9464.pdf
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        item: #334 of 339
          id: banko-9465
      author: Silwal, T; Shrestha, BP; Bhatta, BP; Devkota, BP
       title: Revenue distribution pattern and park-people conflict in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 3271
      flesch: 55
     summary: Over the past one and half decades, very few researches have been conducted to assess contribution of allocated park revenue to minimize park-people conflict. The GoN has developed and implemented re-cycling 50% of park revenues for conservation and development activities,and 1 Institute of Forestry, Pokhara, Nepal 2 Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal * Corresponding author: thakur.silwal@gmail.com 35 Banko Janakari, Vol. 23, No. 1 36 disbursed approximately 42 million US$ in CNP till 2010 (DNPWC, 2012).
    keywords: cnp; community; human; national; nepal; park; relief; revenue; wildlife
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        item: #335 of 339
          id: banko-9466
      author: KC, B; Kandel, PN; Adhikari, S
       title: Economic valuation of ecosystem services in protected areas: A case study from Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 5199
      flesch: 55
     summary: Key words: Ecosystem services, payment for ecosystem services,willingness to pay, Nepal Economic valuation of ecosystem services in protected areas: A case study from Nepal B. KC1 , P. N. Kandel2 and S. Adhikari3 Ecosystem provides a wide range of goods and services to human-being which range from the relatively simple, such as reliable flow of clean water to complex such as carbon sequestration. The research examines the value of ecosystem services in Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest of Nepal determining willingness of local users and tourists for sustainable management and conservation of natural resources as well as recreational and aesthetic services, during September of 2010.
    keywords: bbzcf; conservation; ecosystem; environmental; management; nepal; services; tourists; us$; users; wtp
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        item: #336 of 339
          id: banko-9467
      author: Aryal, HP; Budathoki, U
       title: Ethnomycological studies on some macro-fungi in Rupandehi District, Nepal
        date: 2013
       words: 2509
      flesch: 55
     summary: Gobre Chyau Agaricales Agaricaceae Soil Saprophytic Used as vegetable 17 1008315 Nigroporus vinosa (Berk.) Kaile Chyau Agaricales Agaricaceae Soil Saprophytic Used as vegetable 5 1010524 Agaricus sylvi- cola (Vittad.)
    keywords: agaricales; area; aryal; chyau; forest; nepal; saprophytic; soil; species; study
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        item: #337 of 339
          id: banko-9468
      author: Aryal, KR; Das, AK; Timilsina, YP; Baral, SK
       title: Effects of fertilizer application on fruiting-yield of Jatropha curcas Linn.
        date: 2013
       words: 2439
      flesch: 63
     summary: Nutrients concentration in Jatropha curcas L. leaves and fruits and estimated extraction at harvest. Response of Jatropha curcas L. to water deficits: Yield, water uses efficiency and oilseed characteristics.
    keywords: chemical; curcas; fruiting; jatropha; plants; sajiwan; yield
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        item: #338 of 339
          id: banko-9469
      author: Editor, The
       title: Central Forest Library Acquisition List No. 60, May 2013
        date: 2013
       words: 684
      flesch: 62
     summary: Sage Publications, New Delhi, 331p. Tata McGraw Hill Eduction Private Limited, New Delhi, 562p.
    keywords: delhi; new
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        item: #339 of 339
          id: banko-9470
      author: Editor, The
       title: Key Word Index to Vol. 23, No. 1, May 2013
        date: 2013
       words: 95
      flesch: -18
     summary: Key word Page no. Above-ground biomass 12 accuracy 12 Allometric models 23 Basidiomycetes 51 Biomass 3 biomass functions 23 Buffer Zone 35 compensation 35 cost 12 Ecosystem services 42 foliage 23 Forest Resource Assessment 12 fruit 23 indigenous 51 Key word Page no. infrastructures 35 leaves 23 LiDAR 12 macrofungi 51 mushrooms 51 mushroom diversity 51 Nepal 35, 42 payment for environmental services 42 soil carbon 3 tree diversity 3 trees outside forest 3 Wildlife victims 35 willingness to pay 42 wood 23 Key Word Index to Vol. 23, No. 1, May 2013 63
    keywords: word
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