BCP Education & Psychology ERHSS 2023 Volume 9 (2023) 424 Analyze on Why Freedom of Speech Should be Restricted from the Perspective of Language Game Xiaoneng Wang* Department of philosophy, Lingnan University, Hongkong, China *Corresponding author: xiaonengwang@ln.hk Abstract. As one of the most important modern western philosophers, Wittgenstein's language game theory laid the foundation for the study of pragmatics, and at the same time made the theory of "language game" widely studied in the field of linguistics. Linguistics is relatively active in the fields of mass media and social information dissemination, and the impact of language games on mass media and information dissemination has also achieved certain results in research. Combined with the current era, the rapid development of Internet technology has also led to the development of mass media and information dissemination effectiveness, opened up an unprecedented and convenient way for citizens to exercise their right to freedom of speech, and gave birth to the field of cyberspace that coexists with real space. The Internet platform allows more people to participate in the activities of expressing and disseminating speech, promoting the improvement of social norms, and solving social problems, but at the same time, online language violence and rumors, and defamation are also problems that cannot be underestimated, threatening national and social security. Based on Wittgenstein's "language game" theory, this article analyzes the spread and influence of language game theory, especially deeply derogatory words, on historical and contemporary social speech, and responds to why freedom of speech should be restricted. Keywords: Language game; Freedom of speech; Linguistics. 1. Introduction Freedom of speech has always been a worldwide topic. The construction and development of freedom of speech have played a huge historical role in promoting the progress of the entire human civilization. Freedom of speech is generally regarded as an indispensable concept in a modern democracy. With the development of the economy and society and the emancipation of human thought, it occupies an increasingly important position in political and social life. Mill said in "On Liberty": "The special evil of forcing an opinion to be unpublished is that it is a plunder to the whole human being." In his works, Mill discussed the value of freedom of speech, thinking that speech Freedom is an important way for human beings to discover and pursue the truth, and the important value of freedom of speech is to discover the truth [1]. The above shows the importance of speech in social life. It can guide the thinking and development direction of the whole society and even the whole country. From the perspective of language games, as a language activity, the spread of public opinion in society can be subtle It can seriously affect the development of a nation and a country, and determine its survival. From the perspective of deeply derogatory words in language games, it can explain why the spread of speech in society can greatly impact a race or even a country. It is precise because speech has such an important status and influence that countries and regions around the world have clarified the connotation of freedom of speech in different forms. For example, the attitude of the United States toward freedom of speech. The United States is one of the countries that attaches the most importance to the management of public opinion. The freedom of speech and the freedom of the press that the country emphasizes is entirely based on the premise of national social ideology security and stability. The government guides and controls public opinion through presidential election speeches, the establishment of state institutions, political activities, and education [2]. Freedom of speech, as the basic political right granted to every citizen by the Constitution, is the cornerstone of a democratic society ruled by law. However, this right and freedom are not absolute. Freedom of speech should be restricted because many historical and modern social events are enough to prove that speech has Powerful seditiousness and is an important weapon to control people's BCP Education & Psychology ERHSS 2023 Volume 9 (2023) 425 thoughts. People's language activities are easily affected by speech and are uncontrollable. With the rapid development of the Internet, more people participate in and post social speeches on different platforms. This is indeed people's power, but people have to realize that social speeches are becoming more and more uncontrollable in an overly complex network environment. Gustave Le Pen's "The Crowd" has a very classic point of view: "Crowds are bad at reasoning, but eager to act." Social networks just meet the conditions of groups, strong time limits, and low thresholds for action, so they provide a great convenience for the dissemination of extreme views: with the help of hot events, create some radical slogans and labels and other symbolic constructions to enhance the audience's sense of identity, it is easy to spread quickly on social networks. Users of social networks don't care whether the information they acquire and disseminate is the truth but care more about whether their emotions gain a sense of substitution in the event. Public opinion that is easy to spread is usually sentimental, emotional, and simplistic, with obvious irrational colors. People often make judgments and draw conclusions based on personal likes and dislikes and intuitive feelings, lack in-depth thinking and do not pay attention to the basic logic of thinking. Therefore, some media are often full of exaggerated and sensational content, and their expressions are also extreme and vulgar. tendency and there may even be content that blindly abuses and maliciously attacks. The formation of this feature is because some hateful and radical speeches provide a convenient channel for those who lack effective channels of expression in real life and have increasingly become a platform for venting negative emotions in society. Second, because online public opinion changes very quickly, from fermentation, heating up to large-scale diffusion can be completed in a short period, people hardly have time to calmly think and analyze in-depth before expressing opinions hastily. In addition, it is also related to the education level, age, and experience of the people involved in the dissemination of public opinion. At present, 77% of Chinese netizens are young people under the age of 35. Young people have a strong enthusiasm for participation and a strong willingness to express themselves, and they are the main body of active public opinion on the Internet. However, limited by their knowledge and experience, they often have more passion than rationality, and it is difficult for them to understand the complexity of the actual situation and comprehensively understand the problems. Opinions are inevitably biased. In recent years, there has been a phenomenon of using and abusing the right to freedom of speech in society. Therefore, making clear restrictions on freedom of speech is of great significance to human development and the construction of a harmonious society. In recent years, there has been a phenomenon of using and abusing the right to freedom of speech in society [3]. 2. Literature Review The concept of language games was proposed by the Austrian philosopher Wittgenstein. The connotation embodied in language games in pragmatics is to enhance the expressiveness of language through the creative use of language, so as to achieve the purpose of language users. This use is a creative use within language norms, which is evident in mass media and social information dissemination [4,5]. Why restrict speech, because the ability of language to shape society can be fully demonstrated in people's use of derogatory words. The large-scale use of derogatory words spreads negative energy in society. On a deeper level, language can affect and change social norms, letting new thoughts, even negative thoughts replace or join the mainstream thoughts of society. In general, public opinion is formed spontaneously, but it is also increasingly showing an organized aspect. Compared with traditional media, the Internet has the characteristics of convenience, high efficiency, and low operating costs. In theory, each individual can use a shorter time, lower cost, and higher efficiency to create hot spots of public opinion and set off a wave of public opinion. This has allowed many people who are eager to gain benefits to participating. If there are no restrictions on derogatory terms and information containing negative and extreme content, the public use and dissemination of derogatory content will increasingly target a certain group. When people gradually become accustomed to and accept this kind of widely spread speech in society, it will harm the targeted group or the entire society. It is easy to artificially create and manipulate public opinion. They are familiar BCP Education & Psychology ERHSS 2023 Volume 9 (2023) 426 with the rules of public opinion operation and the acceptance psychology of the public. By setting topics, they create hot spots and cause controversy. Not only has it changed the normal trajectory of the formation and evolution of public opinion, but it has also made it more possible and convenient to seek personal gain in the name of public opinion. 3. The Problem of Language Games and Social Public Opinion in History For example, during the massacre in Rwanda in 1994, in less than three months, the population of Rwanda disappeared by 800,000, accounting for 1/8 of the total population [6]. The massacre originated from the conflict between Tutsi and Hutu, and the colonists brought the racist theory to Rwanda to safeguard the interests of the ruling class. Colonists made racial distinctions based on Rwandan physical features. Because the Tutsis are tall and light-skinned, the Hutus are dark-skinned, short in stature, and tall in white and tall. They are considered to be closer to Europeans. Therefore, the Tutsis have become the masters of Rwandan politics, and they are also Germany's leader in Rwanda. "Spokesperson". This is the origin of racial discrimination and inter-ethnic conflicts in Rwanda. Since the number of Hutus is far greater than that of Tutsis, when the colonists returned the state power to Rwanda, the large number of Hutus overwhelmingly overwhelmed the Tutsi and elected the first Hutu president. Key positions in the department are also held by Hutus. Even though Rwanda has become independent, the conflicts between races still cannot be resolved. The civil war broke out in 1990, and the domestic conflicts in Rwanda further escalated. Many Hutus killed the Tutsis. Among them, the influence and dissemination of speech and ideology are important reasons for the escalation of racial conflicts. Language behavior is affected, which expands the contradictions between the two races. This massacre was a man-made genocide. Verbal behavior and language practice played a fundamental role in this brutal operation. At that time, Hutu leaders and high-level social figures used radio broadcasting and other means to disseminate demeaning and discriminatory messages to the society, such as "cockroaches". The heavy use and repeated dissemination of deeply derogatory terms to describe the Tutsis, combined with the guidance of powerful top-down messages from Hutu leaders, led to a rapid change in social norms and public perceptions in Rwanda. As Tirrell Lynne puts it in her article, “As we shall see, this act of speech establishes and reinforces a system of permission and prohibition that fosters social hierarchy.”, in Hutu social cognition, Belittling and killing Tutsis soon became a social consensus, and the most oppressed class system of Tutsis was formed in society, and all violence and discrimination against Tutsis were considered reasonable. The Rwandan massacre fully demonstrates that social discourse can be easily guided and incited. If social media or people with important positions in society make extreme or wrong remarks, it will bring a devastating blow to the targeted race or country [7,8]. In the later stage of Wittgenstein's "language game" theory, he not only pursued the theoretical relationship between language and the world, but also closely linked the philosophy of language with practical philosophy, and studied language as a response and phenomenon in life. Let us realize more clearly the impact of some language behaviors in life on society and the world [9]. The key features of deep derogatory words in language games explained in Tirrell Lynne's article can be used to analyze and explain many phenomena in history and modern life. For example, the discrimination and massacre of Jews led by Hitler, through the use of large-scale and deeply derogatory terms for Jews, led and conquered the German masses from top to bottom, and published racism and political rhetoric, directly calling for attacks on the Jews, is inflammatory. The power of speech changes and influences the social norms that make murder and social chaos understandable and acceptable. Affected by the economic crisis under the social background at that time, most capitalist countries fell into economic collapse, and Germany was no exception at that time, with high unemployment and low exchange rates. In Germany, the economic activities of business-savvy Jews were quite successful. They are generally better educated and control many key industries in Germany. Therefore, to gain the support of the people, Hitler targeted the Jews with the most wealth on the grounds of safeguarding the well-being of the people. Due to economic reasons and religious conflicts, Hitler BCP Education & Psychology ERHSS 2023 Volume 9 (2023) 427 began to promote the excellent blood of the German nation and maliciously belittle the Jewish nation. In this negative atmosphere, a wave of anti-Semitism began to rise in German society. Hitler served his dictatorship through anti-Semitism for anti-Bolshevism and ultra-nationalist ends. Persistent, profound, and widespread devaluation of a group can be an important component of genocide, not just a prerequisite for it. Hitler directly or indirectly used a large number of deeply derogatory terms to describe the Jews in his speeches and broadcasts, such as "the Jews are the fermented product of national rot", "the Jews exploit other nations" and so on. This behavior of speech adjusts and promotes the social hierarchy, weakens the social existence of the Jewish people, and allows the view that "Jews are at the bottom of society" to be recognized in people's cognition. In Tirrell Lynne's article, the description of the key features of deep derogatory words in language games points out that, the idea that the persistent, profound, and widespread devaluation of a group may be an important part of genocide, not just a precondition for it. Hitler directly or indirectly used a large number of derogatory words to describe Jews in his speech, such as " The Jew is the ferment of decomposition in peoples", "Jews exploit other nations" and so on. Such speech acts adjusted and contributed to the social hierarchy, weakened the social existence of Jews, and allowed the view that "Jews are at the bottom of society" to be recognized in people's cognition. Using the key features of deeply derogatory words to prove that the description of Jews in Hitler's speech was a deeply derogatory word, which had an important social impact on inciting anti-Semitism in German society. First, deeply derogatory terms are not merely slanderous or casually derogatory but have to do with systems of oppression. In his speech, Hitler established an insider/outsider relationship, dividing the German people from the Jews, and assigning the Jews to the lowest social status, which has the meaning of oppression. Second, to be deeply derogatory, the term must meet the essentialism condition. The speech conveyed a negative message that Jews exploited the wealth of the people, were detrimental to community building and caused social hatred of Jews through socioeconomic issues. Third, derogatory terms can play a more effective role in linking historical and social issues. With serious socioeconomic problems and religious conflicts, in such a social context, Hitler's devaluation of Jews for the sake of the people was more inflammatory. Fourth is the functional variation feature. It's the integration of more people into the insider/outsider relationship, which is highly socially inflammatory. When a person accepts a derogatory view of Jews in a speech, people with whom he has social connections as a hearer will also actively or passively accept the view of "exclusion of Jews". Fifth, derogatory terms used in speech acts are action-engendering within a context. By using a lot of derogatory terms against Jews, "Jews" are consciously or unconsciously weakening their autonomy in people's hearts. "Jews" have gradually become synonymous with socially disadvantaged groups and low-ranking people in people's hearts. 4. Public Opinion Issues and Practical Significance in Today's Society In modern society, language activities such as deeply derogatory words are also worth noting. The rise of the Internet has created a virtual space for people outside the real world. Due to the concealment of information such as names, images, and identities, the binding force of laws, regulations, and moral norms in real life is greatly weakened in cyberspace. Many people post untrue and extreme opinions online. At the same time, Internet public opinion has a remarkable feature, that is, when an event or issue occurs, public opinion will spread quickly among social groups, and its speed and scope of transmission are difficult to control. Internet public opinion often turns from a small-scale community discussion to a broader and deeper discussion, until it rises to the level of the entire society and the national system. The diffusion of this kind of online public opinion, on the one hand, enables this kind of public opinion to have a certain social mobilization ability, and it can make social members more united in important or urgent moments. This mobilization ability is particularly evident in sudden disasters and major events. But at the same time, the rapid dissemination and diffusion of public opinion will also harm social stability: First, as a kind of public opinion spreads rapidly and on a large scale, people seldom question the authenticity of the rapidly updated BCP Education & Psychology ERHSS 2023 Volume 9 (2023) 428 information, even if it is only People will also believe and spread rumors; second, some participants in online public opinion lack the necessary cultural accomplishment and thinking ability, and often have blind arrogance. They are accustomed to using paranoid, one-sided, and one-sided thinking patterns to analyze events and express opinions, and are unable or unwilling to fully and objectively understand the true nature of things; third, some organizations try to gain benefits or achieve political goals by using public opinion communication, to form a strong public opinion pressure on the real society and disrupt social order. Language act is easily influenced by public opinion [10]. Therefore, restricting freedom of speech is of great significance to the development of society and the country. Freedom of speech is protected by the Constitution as a human right, but the Constitution also restricts citizens' freedom of speech while protecting it. When the freedom of speech infringes on the legitimate interests of the state, society or citizens, legal persons, and other organizations, such freedom must bear corresponding responsibilities and be punished by law. The freedom of citizens to express their speech must also be established on a legal basis. A good space for social public opinion requires the joint efforts of the government, citizens, and society. U.S. Justice Holmes said, "The strictest protection for freedom of speech will not tolerate a single person blaming a fire in a theater and causing panic." Respect for the public interest and the interests of others has always been considered the boundary of freedom of speech. When citizens express their opinions in cyberspace, they must also abide by the boundaries of the law and cannot do so arbitrarily. 5. Conclusion National and national ideological security and a stable public opinion environment are the foundations of freedom of speech. This paper analyzes the significance of the social public opinion environment to national and national political security and social stability from the perspective of language games, especially in deeply derogatory terms. At the same time, combined with Internet- related hot topics in today's society, it analyzes the impact of Internet development on the dissemination of public opinion, discusses the reasons for the impact of public opinion from individual citizens to the national and social levels, and proposes solutions. [11]"Language game" theory has led Western philosophy to start research in the direction of language application, and it has achieved important development in the field of linguistics. Language games can enhance the expressiveness of language through the processing of language to achieve the user's purpose. This is a creative use of language and plays an important role in promoting the effect of information dissemination and influencing the audience's psychology. References [1] Nevin Chellappah. Mill, Free Speech & Social Media. Philosophy Now. 2022. [2] Du Chengbin. Research on Public Opinion Environment Governance from the Perspective of Ideological Security. PhD Dissertation, Hebei Normal University, 2020. [3] Tang Shili. On Freedom of Speech and Its Restrictions. Public Relations World, 2021, (04): 160-161. [4] Yan Haoran. How to play "language games" with "rules"-Rethinking Wittgenstein's philosophy of language. Journal of Beijing University of Chemical Technology (Social Science Edition), 2021, (02): 71-76. [5] Liu Longgen. An Analysis of Wittgenstein's "Language Game Theory". Guangxi Social Sciences, 2004, (07): 34-36. [6] Zhao Ziyu. 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