BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 94 A Comparative Study of Abbreviations in Burmese and Chinese Yixun Zhang* School of Foreign Languages, Yunnan University, Kunming, China. sxybb1112@163.com Abstract. With the rapid development of politics, science, technology, economy, and culture, people generally seek more economical and concise language expressions, and concise and bright abbreviations that cover all aspects are produced. There are many abbreviations in modern Burmese and Chinese vocabulary systems, but there has been no comparative research on them. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the word formation and pronunciation characteristics of abbreviations in Burmese and Chinese, and then to derive the abbreviation law. On the one hand, it can improve the comparative research findings of Burmese and Chinese researchers. Language, on the other hand, is inextricably linked to social life. With increasing economic and cultural exchanges between China and Myanmar, strengthening comparative language studies promotes scholars' understanding of Myanmar's politics, economy, and culture, and has some practical implications for the friendly development of China-Myanmar relations. Keywords: Burmese Chinese, Burmese language. Chinese. 1. Introduction Lexical abbreviation is a very natural language phenomenon that appears gradually in the use and development of modern language, and it is also a method of forming new words. In Burmese and Chinese, there are numerous abbreviations. We can deepen our understanding of the history and meaning of words through comparative study, as well as improve our efficiency in learning and practical application. There has been little research on Burmese abbreviations both at home and abroad; only a few papers and books have some new words and abbreviations in Burmese, and there is no monograph on the subject. Burmese neologisms, the collation of Burmese abbreviations, the classification of Burmese abbreviations, word-building methods, reading and writing characteristics, and the characteristics of abbreviations in Myanmar news newspapers are currently the focus of existing research on Burmese abbreviations in Burmese academic circles. These studies primarily introduce the origins of the vocabulary, word-building methods, and the creators of Burmese neologisms and abbreviations. At the moment, research on Chinese abbreviations is primarily focused on two areas: lexicology and cognition. Most scholars, both at home and abroad, have conducted extensive lexicological research on Chinese abbreviations. Including abbreviation names, definitions, and classifications, abbreviation word formation and construction, abbreviation lexical properties, abbreviation structural relations, and abbreviation usage norms. This type of research thoroughly explains all types of abbreviation characteristics based on linguistic theories and summarizes clear usage norms. Furthermore, some scholars have studied abbreviations from a cognitive perspective, which primarily analyzes the subjective reasons for the formation and composition of abbreviations on the basis of cognitive linguistics, guides abbreviation analysis, and standardizes abbreviation use. According to statistics, the most recent Modern Chinese Abbreviations Dictionary contains over 8,000 modern Chinese abbreviations. The seventh edition of Modern Chinese Dictionary contains a large number of lexicalized abbreviations. Furthermore, there are many comparative studies on abbreviations of Vietnamese, Thai, Korean, Japanese, and Chinese at home and abroad, but they belong to the category of Asian and African languages, so this topic is of research value. This article will conduct a comparative study of the word- BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 95 formation and abbreviation characteristics of abbreviations in Burmese and Chinese, with the goal of educating readers and scholars about the similarities and differences. 2. Definition and Characteristics of Abbreviations 2.1 Definition of abbreviations In domestic academic circles, the definition of abbreviations is not clear enough, and scholars have different definitions based on different research purposes and needs. In general, they are divided into two types: broad abbreviations and narrow abbreviations. Abbreviation, in broad terms, refers to the abbreviation or collective name of more complex words. This definition contains numerous abbreviations, and there is no unified conclusion on the classification of many words. According to narrow abbreviation, new phrases must be intercepted from the original form, and the final form has actual fixed expressive meaning in the language flow. There are numerous types of abbreviations in the broad sense, which makes comparative language study difficult. As a result, this paper will use the narrow definition of abbreviations as the standard for data collection and analysis. 2.2 Characteristics of abbreviations The original form is closely related to abbreviations under the narrow definition, and the new forms of words and phrases obtained after abbreviation have the following characteristics. The new abbreviation means the same thing as the original. If the new word's meaning has changed or cannot represent the original word's meaning, it cannot become the original abbreviation. The semantic structure of the new abbreviation and the original abbreviation may differ. Because human subjective cognition influences the generation and use of abbreviations, the original structure can be destroyed and reorganized in the process of intercepting the original form. There are no elements in the abbreviation new style that do not exist in the original style. For example, "five in place" means "thinking, learning, publicity, work, and responsibility are in place," but because the original phrase lacks the morphemes "five" and "one," "five in place" cannot be considered an abbreviation. This style of writing inspired the new abbreviation. Chinese abbreviations, for example, should be new phrases based on the original forms composed of Chinese characters. As a result, alphabetic words like "u1s1" and "srds" should not be considered abbreviations of Chinese characters. It should be a new type for the Burmese language, consisting of a single consonant letter or morpheme, syllable, and phrase based on consonants and vowels. Abbreviations appear after the full form. Although the new abbreviation should, in theory, be more concise than the original, the original word cannot be called the abbreviation of the new word for explanation and expansion. For example, the word "wife" first appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, followed by variants like "loving wife," "wife," and "good wife." However, because "妻" appeared before such derivatives, it should not be considered an abbreviation. 3. Abbreviation word formation 3.1 Word formation of Burmese abbreviations Word-formation of local vocabulary abbreviations in Burmese Generally speaking, there are three word-formation ways of local vocabulary abbreviations in Burmese, namely, acronym, syllable abbreviation and morpheme abbreviation. Acronym Abbreviation refers to the use of consonants of the main morpheme syllables of the original word or phrase to form abbreviations to express the meaning of the original word or phrase. For BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 96 example,မလတ is an abbreviation ofအေြမာကလ်ံုြခံု ေရးတပ်，အေြမာကလ်ံုြခံု ေရးတပ်（Artillery Security Forces）A is composed of three words, အေြမာက（်Cannon, the main consonant letter isမ）， လံုြခံု ေရး（Safe, the main consonant letter isလ），တပ်（Army, the main consonant letter is Aတ）. This is an abbreviation of the consonant letter of the main grapheme taken from each word。 Table 1 Examples of word formation of acronyms in Burmese Primitive form Abbreviation Chinese interpretation ေကျးရွာေြမယာေကာမတ ီ ကယက 农村土地委员会 စစ်ဘက်ကနုစ်ညြ်ဖန ့ခ်ျီေရးဌာန စကဖ 军人服务社 အထးူစံစုမ်စစ်ေဆးေရးဦးစီးဌာန စသံးုလံုး 侦探局 ဆကသ်ယွေ်ရး�ငှ့ ်ေ�ကးနနး်ဌာန ဆကရ 通信与电报部 ရနက်နုတ်က� သိလု်ေကျာငး်သားသမဂ� တကသ 仰光大学学生联合会 �ိငုင်ေံတာ် �ငမ်ိဝပ်ပိြပားမ� တညေ်ဆာကေ်ရးအဖဲွ� နဝတ 国家治安委员会 ြပညသ်ူဘ့ဏ ် ပဘ 人民银行 အထကတ်နး်ေကျာငး် အထက 高级中学 3.2 Syllable abbreviation Syllable abbreviation refers to the use of syllables of the main morphemes of the original word or phrase to form abbreviations to express the meaning of the original word or phrase. 例如： ြပညခ်ိငု�်ဖိုးis a diminutive of ြပညေ်ထာငစ် ု�ကံ့ခိုငေ်ရး�ငှ့ ်ဖံွ� �ဖိုးေရးအသငး်. ြပညေ်ထာငစ် ု�ကခံိုငေ်ရး�ငှ့ ် ဖံွ� �ဖိုးေရးအသငး်（Federal Commission for Consolidation and Development）is composed of the words, ြပညေ်ထာငစ်（ုFederal, the main grapheme syllable is ြပည）်、�ကံ့ခိုငေ်ရး（Solid, consolidated, with the main grapheme syllables being A ခိငု）်、ဖံွ� �ဖိုးေရးအသငး်（Development Committee, the main grapheme syllables are A�ဖိုး）. Therefore, ြပညခ်ိငု�်ဖိုး was abbreviated by selecting the syllables of the main lexemes from the three words. Table 2 Examples of word formation of syllable abbreviations in Burmese Primitive form abbreviation Chinese interpretation ပါေမာက�ချုပ် ပါချုပ် 大学校长 တယသ်၏ူကကံိ ုစမ်းသညမဲ် ကစံမ်းမဲ 抽奖券 သတငး်စာ၊ ဂျာနယ်၊ မဂ�ဇငး် စာနယဇ်ငး် 报刊杂志 3.3 Morpheme abbreviation Abbreviation refers to the use of the main morphemes or some morphemes of the original word or phrase to form abbreviations to express the meaning of the original word or phrase. For example, BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 97 ကနုစ်ညြ်ပပွဲis a diminutive of ကနုပ်စ�ညး်များကိ ု မိတဆ်ကြ်ပသပွဲ. ကနုပ်စ�ညး်များကိ ု မိတဆ်ကြ်ပသပွဲ （Commodity Exhibition）is composed of the words, ကနုပ်စ�ညး်များ（Commodities）、မိတဆ်က် （Introduction）、ြပသပွဲ（Exhibition）. In this case, the main lexemes ကနုစ်ည ်(Commodities) and ြပပွဲ (Exhibition) are used to synthesize the acronym ကနုစ်ညြ်ပပွဲ. Table 3 Examples of word formation of morpheme abbreviations in Burmese Primitive form abbreviation Chinese interpretation ရနက်နုအ်ေဝးသငတ်က� သိလု ် အေဝးသင ် 仰光远程大学 ရနက်နုအ်ေ�ှ � ပိငုး်တက� သိလု ် အေ�ှ� ပိငုး် 仰光东方大学 ၈၈ မျိုးဆက်ေကျာငး်သားများ ၈၈ မျိုးဆက် 88年代学生 4. Word formation of English vocabulary abbreviations in Burmese Due to the openness of the vocabulary system, new English loanwords and abbreviations are also absorbed by Burmese. For English abbreviations, Burmese also has corresponding expressions. Therefore, in addition to the above-mentioned three abbreviations of local words, there are also word- building ways of English abbreviations in Burmese. The main acronym and the core acronym can also be regarded as direct transliteration. 4.1 Acronym Abbreviations formed by this kind of word-formation usually consist of the first letter of each word in a phrase (the first letter of a function word is omitted), and then phonetic transcription is carried out in Burmese. For example,ဘေီအ/bi ei/is the abbreviation of English word BA, and BA is the abbreviation of Bachelor of Arts. Table 4 Examples of word formation of English acronyms in Burmese English original form English abbreviations abbreviation East India Company EIC အအီိုငစီ် International Business Centre IBC အိုငပီ်စီ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS ေအအိုငဒ်အီကစီ် Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI အကဖ််ဘအီိုင ် 4.2 Core acronym This kind of word-formation usually combines the initials with affixes and stems and core words in phrases to form abbreviations, which are then transcribed in Burmese phonetic notation. For example,/ne 'hsa'/is the abbreviation of the English word NASA, and NASA is the abbreviation of national aeronautics and space administration. BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 98 Table 5 Examples of word-building methods of key abbreviations of English vocabulary in Burmese English original form English abbreviations abbreviation Identification Card ID card အိုငဒ်ကီပ် Electronic Book E-book အးီဘမ်ု Electronic Mail E-mail အးီမီလ ် 4.3 Word formation of Chinese abbreviations Word formation of abbreviations in Chinese native vocabulary Generally speaking, there are three word-formation ways of Chinese native vocabulary abbreviations, namely, condensed abbreviations, spelling abbreviations and abbreviated abbreviations. Condensation abbreviation Condensed abbreviations are the main body of Chinese abbreviations, which are recombined by intercepting the representative morphemes in the original words. For example, "高校 " is the abbreviation of "高等院校" and "科技" is the abbreviation of "科学技术". Table 6 Examples of word formation of condensed abbreviations in Chinese Primitive form Abbreviation 预防潮汛 防汛 简单介绍 简介 扫除文盲 扫盲 人民警察 民警 环境保护 环保 Spelling abbreviation This kind of word-formation is usually composed by selecting representative morphemes from several different sets of words which are temporarily pieced together and loosely structured, and some of them are even directly truncated, which is the same as the word-formation of English spelling words. Therefore, this kind of words can also be called spelling abbreviations. For example, "高大上 " is an abbreviation of "高端、大气、上档次". Table 7 Examples of word-building methods of spelling abbreviations in Chinese Primitive form abbreviation 青海和西藏 青藏 泰山和北斗 泰斗 香港和澳门 港澳 动画和漫画 动漫 教育和科学和文化 教科文 Abbreviation Compared with condensed abbreviations and patched abbreviations, abbreviated abbreviations are used. Abbreviated abbreviation refers to an abbreviation that directly cuts off the head or tail of the BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 99 original abbreviation, without any need to combine it. "Omit ending" means cutting off the tail of the original abbreviation, for example, "商务" is the abbreviation of "商务印书馆"; "Section head" means cutting off the original head. For example, "特区" is an abbreviation of "经济特区". Table 8 Examples of word formation of abbreviated forms in Chinese Abridged way Omit ending: Primitive form abbreviation 复旦大学 复旦 王府井大街 王府井 Section head: Primitive form abbreviation 农村人民公社 公社 中国人民解放军 解放军 在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话 讲话 5. Word formation of Chinese and English vocabulary abbreviations Similar to the Burmese language's absorption of English abbreviations, the increasingly frequent communication between China and foreign countries and the popularization of English education have caused a large number of English abbreviations to flood into the Chinese language. The word formation of English abbreviations in Chinese is transliteration. Chinese transliteration abbreviations refer to those loanwords that are translated into Chinese according to English pronunciation. For example, "巴士" is an abbreviation of the English word bus, and BUS is an abbreviation of omnibus. Table 9 Examples of word formation of English transliteration abbreviations in Chinese English original form English abbreviations abbreviation radio detection and ranging RADER 雷达 acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS 艾滋 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LASER 镭射 5.1 Pronunciation characteristics of abbreviations Pronunciation characteristics of Burmese abbreviations Consonant letters are no longer lightly pronounced. Burmese has the phenomenon of phonetic change. When the first syllable of a polysyllabic word is a syllable and has no independent meaning, it is generally lightly read. When lightly read, the vowel is weakened from the low vowel /a/ to the central vowel//. Such as: Table 10 Examples of phonetic changes of consonants in Burmese word Theoretical phonetic symbol Actual phonetic symbol အေဖ /a' phei/ /a- phei/ အကျငး်ချုပ် /a' kyin: gyout/ /a- kyin: gyout/ Since the first consonant/a'/is a zero consonant, there is no vowel to spell with it, so it needs to be read lightly as အ/a'/. The consonants in the form of acronyms will no longer be lightly read. For example: BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 100 Table 11 Examples of consonants of abbreviations in Burmese are not easily read. Primitive form International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) abbreviation International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) အထကတ်နး်ေကျာငး် /a- htet tan: kyaun:/ အထက /a' hta' ka'/ At this time, you don't need to pronounce အ/a'/ lightly, but pronounce the original pronunciation/a'/. Clear consonants are no longer turbid. According to the phonological phenomenon, the letters from the first line to the fifth line of the Burmese alphabet are arranged in unvoiced unvoiced sound, unvoiced unvoiced sound, voiced sound and nasal sound. The law of voiced consonants is that the unvoiced sounds in the first and second columns change to voiced sounds in the third and fourth columns. Table 12 Corresponding table of voiced consonants in Burmese voiceless consonant voiced consonant voiceless consonant voiced consonant က ၊ ခ ဂ စ ၊ ဆ ဇ တ ၊ ထ ဒ ပ ၊ ဖ ဗ For example, according to the law of voiced clear consonants, the second syllable/thaun/needs to be voiced into /daun/ and the third syllable/su'/needs to be voiced into/zu'/, that is, the pronunciation of /tha'/ should be changed into /da'/, and the pronunciation of /sa'/ should be changed into /za'/. Table 13 Examples of unvoiced consonants of abbreviations in Burmese Primitive form International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) abbreviation International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) ြပညေ်ထာငစ်ပုါတီ /pyi daun zu' pa ti / ပထစ /pa'tha'sa'/ However, in the abbreviated form of the letter, which is abbreviated toပထစ, it does not need to be clouded, but is pronounced in its original form /pa'tha'sa'/. Pronunciation of syllable and morpheme abbreviations The abbreviated word-building methods of syllables and morphemes are all new forms of extracting complete syllables or morphemes from the original words or phrases, so they can be spelled directly according to the original syllables and morphemes. Table 14 Examples of syllables, morphemes and pronunciations in Burmese Primitive form International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) abbreviation International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) စစ်သံးုစရိတ ် /sit thon: z-yeit/ စစ်စရိတ ် /sit z-yeit/ ေငရွငး်ေင�ွှးီ /ngwei yin: ngwei hni:/ ေငရွငး် / ngwei yin:/ ကျင့ေ်ယာငး်လမ်းစဉ် /kyin' haun: lan: zin/ ကျင့စ်ဉ် / kyin' zin / 5.2 Pronunciation Characteristics of Chinese Abbreviations Chinese abbreviations have no pronunciation changes before and after abbreviation. The word formation of Chinese abbreviations is in reverse order, that is, it is decomposed from the superior language unit down into the original words that exist independently, and then meaningfully combined again. As Chinese characters are ideographic characters, which are a writing system that records BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 101 information with symbolic writing symbols, the basic unit of Chinese abbreviations is also Chinese characters, which are consistent with the abbreviated Chinese characters in spelling and writing. 5.3 Comparison of word formation and pronunciation of abbreviations Abbreviation word formation. 6. similarity 6.1 Word formation of local abbreviations There are three abbreviations in Burmese: acronym, syllable abbreviation and morpheme abbreviation, and three abbreviations in Chinese: condensed abbreviation, spelling abbreviation and abbreviated abbreviation. Because the two languages are quite different in expression, it is impossible to make a one-to-one comparison. However, through combing, it can be found that there are similarities between the two abbreviations. Except for the abbreviation in Burmese, other syllables, morphemes and three abbreviations in Chinese can find similarities. For example: Table 15 Comparison of word-formation of condensed abbreviations in Burmese and Chinese Burmese primitive form Burmese abbreviations ေဝဆာစညက်ား ေဝစည ် Chinese primitive form Chinese abbreviations 科学技术 科技 The abbreviation of "ေဝဆာစညက်ား" (lush and rich) is "ေဝစည"်，The abbreviation of "科学技 术" is "科技", both of which are made by regrouping the representative morphemes of the original words. It can be said that this kind of lexical abbreviation is similar to the contraction abbreviation in Chinese.Another example is: Table 16 Comparison of shortened word-formation between Burmese and Chinese. Burmese primitive form Burmese abbreviations ၈၈ မျိုးဆက်ေကျာငး်သားများ ၈၈ မျိုးဆက် Chinese primitive form Chinese abbreviations 复旦大学 复旦 The word "၈၈ မျိုးဆက်ေကျာ်းသားများ" (students in the 88s) omits the part "ေကျာငး်သားများ" (students), which is also very similar to the word "复旦大学" which omits the part "大学", and can be understood as the "omitted end" type of abbreviation in Chinese abridged abbreviation. BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 102 Table 17 Comparison of Word-formation Methods of Spelling Abbreviations in Burmese and Chinese Burmese primitive form Burmese abbreviations ပါေမာက�ချုပ် ပါချုပ် Chinese primitive form Chinese abbreviations 流通货币 通货 In the word formation of syllable abbreviation, the abbreviation of "ပါေမာက�ချုပ်”"(principal) "is similar to that of" 流通货币 ".Selecting representative morphemes from several different free sets of words with loose structure in the original form to combine them can be understood as the spelling abbreviation in Chinese. 6.2 Word formation of English abbreviations There are a large number of English loanwords in Burmese and Chinese. Through comparative analysis, it can be found that both of them have word-building ways of direct transliteration of English abbreviations. Table 18 Comparison of English word abbreviations in Burmese and Chinese English original form English abbreviations abbreviation Electronic Book E-book အးီဘမ်ု◌ ် radio detection and ranging RADER 雷达 7. Differentia 7.1 Morpheme extraction unit Because the Burmese language is phonography, it has consonants and vowels, so when extracting morphemes, syllables can be used as the extraction unit, as can a complete word or word. Chinese is an ideographic character that is expressed as morphemes by Chinese characters. As a result, only Chinese characters can be used as the unit when extracting morphemes. 7.2 Representative morpheme category In Burmese, each syllable is centered on consonant letters, which are joined with consonant symbols or vowel symbols to form syllables. As a result, consonant letters are especially important in Burmese. Basic Burmese (1)[M] [Zhong Zhixiang, Yin Xiangling. World Book Publishing Guangdong Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 2012:2.] As a result, consonants in key syllables are frequently chosen as the basis for new words in acronyms and morphemes. The Chinese abbreviation corpus, on the other hand, reveals that most abbreviations are nominal abbreviations and verb abbreviations, implying that the new ones are mostly nouns and verbs with practical significance, which are the original head words rather than the modified ones. 7.3 Word formation of English abbreviations As both Burmese and English are phonography, they can combine syllables through the combination of consonants and vowels. Therefore, there are a large number of English loanwords in Burmese, whose expressions are Burmese letters, and their pronunciations are similar to those of BCP Social Sciences & Humanities HASS 2022 Volume 18 (2022) 103 English words, which also conform to the definition of abbreviations. However, Chinese is an ideographic character, and Pinyin is only a process of spelling syllables, which plays an auxiliary role in recognizing the pronunciation of Chinese characters. It can't accurately express Chinese characters and meanings, so it can't communicate with English. English concepts in Chinese are mostly Chinese words translated according to their actual meanings, so there are no abbreviations directly related to English words in Chinese. 7.4 Abbreviation pronunciation similarity Except for the acronym, syllable and morpheme abbreviation in Burmese is a new type of word formation by extracting complete syllables or morphemes from the original words or phrases, so the pronunciation is the same as that of syllables or morphemes in the original form, and no phonetic change occurs. The three types of abbreviations in Chinese all use meaningful reorganization by extracting morphemes from the original form. Because the extracted morphemes are the inherent Chinese characters in their original form, the spelling remains consistent with the inherent Chinese characters in their original form. differentia There will be pronunciation changes in the spelling of common words due to phonetic variation in Burmese. However, the new abbreviation does not follow the phonetic variation law in acronym word formation, and the pronunciation will change correspondingly when compared to the original, that is, consonant letters are no longer lightly read, and clear consonants are no longer turbid. Chinese abbreviations, on the other hand, are always consistent with the pronunciation of Chinese characters in their original form, and the pronunciation will not change. tag With the advancement of technology, abbreviations have become an essential part of the modern Burmese and Chinese vocabulary systems. Although Burmese and Chinese belong to the Sino- Tibetan language family and are isolated languages in language type, there are differences in word formation and abbreviation pronunciation. It also demonstrates that China and Myanmar have distinct language characteristics, as well as language development and change characteristics in different social contexts. As a result, in language learning, we should conduct a rational analysis of abbreviations, learn more about their cultural significance, and standardize their use. References [1] Liu Beibei. Cognitive Analysis of Modern Chinese Abbreviations [D]. Qufu Normal University, 2010. [2] Li Hongxia. Classification and Rules of English Acronyms [J]. Modern Enterprise Education, 2007(14):133-134. [3] Yuan Hui, Ruan Xianzhong. Dictionary of Modern Chinese Abbreviations [M]. Beijing: Language Publishing House, 2002. [4] Jiang Xiangyong. A Cognitive Study of Modern Chinese Abbreviations [D]. Hunan Normal University, 2014. [5] Niu Yan. Research and Standardization of Modern Chinese Abbreviations [D]. Hebei Normal University, 2004. [6] Yang Hanpeng. On abbreviations in Burmese [J]. Journal of Baoshan University, 2015,34(04):94-99. [7] Yu Liming. Research on Chinese Abbreviation [D]. Sichuan University, 2002. [8] Zhao Wei. On the intrusion of English abbreviations into Chinese [J]. Journal of Foshan Institute of Science and Technology (Social Science Edition), 2004(01):64-66. [9] Zhong Zhixiang, Yin Xiangling. Basic Burmese (1)[M]. Guangzhou: World Book Publishing Guangdong Co., Ltd., 2012. 1. Introduction 2. Definition and Characteristics of Abbreviations 2.1 Definition of abbreviations 2.2 Characteristics of abbreviations 3. Abbreviation word formation 3.1 Word formation of Burmese abbreviations 3.2 Syllable abbreviation 3.3 Morpheme abbreviation 4. Word formation of English vocabulary abbreviations in Burmese 4.1 Acronym 4.2 Core acronym 4.3 Word formation of Chinese abbreviations 5. Word formation of Chinese and English vocabulary abbreviations 5.1 Pronunciation characteristics of abbreviations 5.2 Pronunciation Characteristics of Chinese Abbreviations 5.3 Comparison of word formation and pronunciation of abbreviations 6. similarity 6.1 Word formation of local abbreviations 6.2 Word formation of English abbreviations 7. Differentia 7.1 Morpheme extraction unit 7.2 Representative morpheme category 7.3 Word formation of English abbreviations 7.4 Abbreviation pronunciation References