# bib

id: blsr-15047
author: Shan, Rebecca
title: Editor's Note: Volume XII of the Bellarmine Law Society Review
date: 2022
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 342
sentence: 12
flesch: 41
cache: cache/blsr-15047.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-15047.txt
summary:
  As always, many thanks are due to each of these accomplished and capable authors for their rigorous research and the insight that their articles provide on a diversity of legal issues. During the 2019-2020 academic year, Wieboldt joined the Review, and upon assuming the editor in-chief position during the 2020- 2021 academic year, successfully transitioned the Review to an online, open-access journal.


id: blsr-13433
author: Colangelo, Caitlin
title: Limits of Logic and Procedure
date: 2021
pages: 11
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 3105
sentence: 143
flesch: 47
cache: cache/blsr-13433.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-13433.txt
summary:
  Legal pragmatism secures procedural justice in a loose sense, but if perfectly implemented, with moral judges seeking the public good, it secures substantive justice without fail. Nearly anything can be construed to be a type of moral interpretation, but valid applications of the past public meaning of a law and modern circumstances are more constrained.


id: blsr-12247
author: Caroline Ring
title: Shackling Pregnant Prisoners: Cruel and Unusual or Justified and Necessary
date: 2020
pages: 10
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2933
sentence: 179
flesch: 56
cache: cache/blsr-12247.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12247.txt
summary:
  These caveats allow for the possibility of subjectivity and human error in determining the appropriate times, if there are any, to use shackles and chains on pregnant women. In September 2018, a bipartisan group of Congresswomen introduced a bill in the House of Representatives that codifies the current Federal Bureau of Prisons policy, outlawing the shackling of pregnant women in federal prisons and banning restraints during the pregnancy and in the weeks after birth.106 The First Step Act, introduced in the Senate in November 2018, also bans the shackling of pregnant inmates, forbidding restraints around the ankles, legs, or waist even if the circumstances warrant an exception in which restraints must be used for safety.107 Judges, lawmakers, and prison officials have a duty to respect and protect the unalienable constitutional rights of inmates.


id: blsr-13007
author: Klapes, Peter
title: The Oedipal Origins of The Law
date: 2021
pages: 9
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2703
sentence: 127
flesch: 60
cache: cache/blsr-13007.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-13007.txt
summary:
  The father’s law, as Lacan calls it, is one of such laws. Rather, it seems the formation of laws—always linguistic in nature—marks the birth of a civilization.


id: blsr-12993
author: Ratanjee, Taline
title: Affirmative Action in College Admissions: Successes and Failings
date: 2020
pages: 11
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 3236
sentence: 143
flesch: 45
cache: cache/blsr-12993.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12993.txt
summary:
  The plaintiff, Students for Fair Admissions, presented the Court with three primary arguments with respect to Harvard’s admissions practices: (1) the University engaged in intentional discrimination, (2) the University attempted to create racial-balancing, and (3) the University did not use race as a “plus factor” for the purpose of critical mass.1 The defendant, Harvard University, defended its case by: (1) rationalizing its admissions policies, (2) connecting its admissions policies to the creation of a diverse student body, and (3) asserting that its admissions policy was aimed at allowing all students to have a safe and welcoming environment at Harvard.2 ”11 Harvard then utilizes this notion in acknowledging its reaffirmance in the 2016 Fisher II case, ultimately arguing that it was simply exercising the right to determine admittance based on the University’s definition of diversity.12 As stated in Harvard’s Fisher II amicus brief, “individualized admissions programs 9 Chiu, Cynthia.


id: blsr-12243
author: Harry Shanmugam
date: 2020
pages: 15
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 4395
sentence: 209
flesch: 49
cache: cache/blsr-12243.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12243.txt
title:
  Pharmaceutical Price-Gouging: An Analysis of Maryland's Efforts to Regulate Unconscionable Increases in the Prices of Generic Drugs

summary:
  Over the last decade, drug companies and industry groups have poured $2.3 billion into lobbying efforts in Washington.12 As a result, according to a joint report by the Yale School of Public Health and the Yale Law School, “the federal government has failed to take—and many policymakers have not even considered—meaningful steps to curb drug prices.”13 16 in a generic drug market, drug prices decrease by 20%, and yet, pharmaceutical companies report consistent barriers to entry and inhibitors to competition.38 The largest such barrier is the bloated nature of the FDA approval process for generics.


id: blsr-16933
author: Hoefling, Simon
title: The Insanity Defense and Psychiatry: The Advantage of a Cognitive Approach
date: 2024
pages: 14
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 4724
sentence: 205
flesch: 44
cache: cache/blsr-16933.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-16933.txt
summary:
  The main point of dispute between psychiatrists and legal scholars is whether insanity defense rules should focus on cognition or volition. It has been shown that juries rarely, if ever, allow psychopaths and pedophiles insanity defenses under the volitional rules.


id: blsr-12251
author: Abigail Korrell
title: Potential Federal Regulation of Covenants to not Compete
date: 2020
pages: 12
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 3854
sentence: 233
flesch: 56
cache: cache/blsr-12251.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12251.txt
summary:
  One of the most significant problems in employment law is the diversity of state law on enforcing these covenants not to compete (non- competes).i Some states freely enforce these agreements; some states enforce them in narrow circumstances; and a few states, including California, prohibit them altogether. Due to the diversity of state law, choosing a litigation venue is vital to a litigant's strategy.


id: blsr-12353
author: Vazquez Loriga, Daniela
title: LGBT Rights in Russia: The ‘Gay Propaganda’ Law and Its Consequences in Chechnya
date: 2020
pages: 14
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 4563
sentence: 209
flesch: 43
cache: cache/blsr-12353.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12353.txt
summary:
  Moreover, the European Court of Human Rights saw an increase in Russian LGBT litigation from 2.1% in 2002 to 22.5% in 2007.9 By 2017, the Levada Center, a Russian polling organization, also found that 81% of the Russian public disapproved of same-sex relationships.10 Furthermore, 63% of respondents in a 2018 government-run poll believed that the spread of “gay propaganda” was destroying the traditional Russian values.11 This apparent near-uniformity in public opinion is the Russian government’s typical defense of the gay propaganda law, thus claiming that the State protects the traditional values of Russia through its legal enforcement. “Chechnya LGBT:


id: blsr-13435
author: Sophia Carter
title: Janus v. AFSCME, Council 31: An Unprecedented Blow to Public Sector Unions?
date: 2021
pages: 20
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5814
sentence: 221
flesch: 46
cache: cache/blsr-13435.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-13435.txt
summary:
  Kagan is concerned that, “Public employee unions will lose a secure source of financial support. Background and Facts of the Case The primary question at issue in Janus v. AFSCME is whether it is unconstitutional under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to require non-members of public sector unions to pay agency fees as a condition of employment.


id: blsr-14475
author: Kiefer, Rose
title: Gender Quotas and Equity in Corporate Boardrooms: A Legal, Economic, and Social Analysis
date: 2022
pages: 16
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5712
sentence: 204
flesch: 41
cache: cache/blsr-14475.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-14475.txt
summary:
  Abstract: Adopted by countries like France, Norway, and Germany, gender quotas have been enacted as a measure to ensure equal opportunity for women in the corporate environment. Today, an increasing number of states in America have turned to gender quotas to remediate the inequity present in corporate boardrooms.


id: blsr-12229
author: Katrina Figueroa
title: The Implications of Voter Identification Laws: Voter Fraud or Voter Suppression
date: 2020
pages: 8
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 6381
sentence: 2
flesch: -3133
cache: cache/blsr-12229.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12229.txt
summary:
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id: blsr-12829
author: Lau, Ting Fang Tiffany
title: The Concept of Anomie in Explaining Crime
date: 2020
pages: 22
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5695
sentence: 244
flesch: 38
cache: cache/blsr-12829.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12829.txt
summary:
  The article concludes that anomie theories provide robust explanations for certain types of crime (specifically property crime, violent crime, organized crime, and white-collar crime) and notes the empirical challenges in assessing the validity of such theories. Extensions of anomie theory include Messner and Rosenfeld’s Institutional Anomie Theory, Vaughan’s “Organisational Deviance,” and Passas’s “Reference Group Analysis.”


id: blsr-12319
author: Farrell, Shavonne
title: Compliance in International Law: The Role of Legitimacy and Effect on States’ Material Power
date: 2020
pages: 15
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5008
sentence: 214
flesch: 46
cache: cache/blsr-12319.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12319.txt
summary:
  To explain variation in state compliance with international law, this Article explores under what conditions international legal institutions are most effective. Legal Institution Legitimacy No Legitimacy Positive/Neutral Effect on Material Power Geneva Protocol N/A Negative Effect on Material Power UNCLOS UN Security Council League of Nations The Geneva Protocol banning chemical weapons is an effective law because it is perceived as legitimate and it does not substantially affect state power.


id: blsr-12245
author: Charles Power
title: Drowning in Debt: A Legal Analysis of Pension Systems in the State of Illinois
date: 2020
pages: 17
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5964
sentence: 354
flesch: 55
cache: cache/blsr-12245.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12245.txt
summary:
  But while the three-part Contract Clause test is widely accepted, “the decisions of state courts applying this analysis to state pension contracts vary considerably. Up until 1981, Illinois simply paid the costs of pension benefits as they came due.


id: blsr-14669
author: Grace Mendes
title: Analyzing “Sunny” California: A Study of the Role of Solar Energy Subsidies in the Golden State
date: 2022
pages: 17
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 6335
sentence: 236
flesch: 48
cache: cache/blsr-14669.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-14669.txt
summary:
  The article then explores the logistics and statistics of California solar production, while raising questions about the efficacy, extent, and direction of state and federal involvement in the process. One of the most exciting solutions for western states, particularly California, is the prospect of solar energy.


id: blsr-19801
author: Calise, Isabella
title: Editor's Note Vol 15 No. 1
date: 2025
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 435
sentence: 22
flesch: 55
cache: cache/blsr-19801.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-19801.txt
summary:
  This past Monday, alongside many of our fellow authors and associate editors, we graduated from Boston College. As we turn the page on our time at Boston College, we do so with pride in this publication and confidence in the voices that will carry it forward.


id: blsr-12227
author: Lauren Abrams
date: 2020
pages: 10
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 8098
sentence: 4
flesch: -1947
cache: cache/blsr-12227.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12227.txt
title:
  Sex and Sexual Orientation Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Same, Similar, or Distinct?

summary:
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id: blsr-17341
author: Calise, Isabella
title: Editor's Note Volume 13 No. 2
date: 2024
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 394
sentence: 16
flesch: 39
cache: cache/blsr-17341.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-17341.txt
summary:
  First, high-school senior Alex Chen navigates the uncertainties surrounding stare decisis interpretation with a thematic approach that unveils the foundational aspects of the Court's opinions and anticipates their future applications. The release of this edition marks the inaugural venture of the BLSR under the guidance of Managing Editor Tommy Dee and myself.


id: blsr-16013
author: Ulziibold, Sunderya
title: Intellectual Property Rights on Covid-19 Vaccines in the U.S.
date: 2023
pages: 7
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 1963
sentence: 97
flesch: 45
cache: cache/blsr-16013.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-16013.txt
summary:
  | Issue I Article 1 Intellectual Property Rights on COVID-19 Vaccines in the U.S. Sunderya Ulziibold Boston College, ulziibol@bc.edu 4 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ON COVID-19 VACCINES IN THE U.S. SUNDERYA ULZIIBOLD * Abstract: The global development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines have raised concerns over intellectual property rights in the United States.


id: blsr-20975
author: Hoefling, Simon
title: Editor's Note Vol. 15 No. 2
date: 2025
pages: 2
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 455
sentence: 19
flesch: 47
cache: cache/blsr-20975.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-20975.txt
summary:
  Next, Joseph Murphy of Boston College, a second-time author for the Review, discusses how arbitration clauses in terms of service agreements can restrict legal action against companies, raising important questions about the scope and fairness of these clauses. We are excited to feature contributions from three authors at universities outside Boston College, reflecting our commitment to expanding the Review’s reach and promoting undergraduate legal writing nationwide.


id: blsr-12225
author: William Riherd
date: 2020
pages: 11
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 11602
sentence: 3
flesch: -3818
cache: cache/blsr-12225.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-12225.txt
title:
  The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Single-Director Structure: A Viable and Constitutional Regulatory Approach?

summary:
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id: blsr-13189
author: Ratanjee, Taline
title: The Role of Socioeconomic Status in the College Admissions Process
date: 2021
pages: 26
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 7692
sentence: 326
flesch: 42
cache: cache/blsr-13189.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-13189.txt
summary:
  Contrary to higher educational institutions’ goals to recruit and retain economically disadvantaged students, many schools implicitly dissuade these students from attending their institutions, allowing higher SES students to be admitted and pay full tuition. Therefore, by limiting admittance based on SES, college institutions are not only failing to maximize human and social capital among low SES students, but they are also diminishing human and social capital among high SES students who are unable to integrate themselves with this identified “cohort.” 30 Pruitt, “The False Choice Between Race and Class and Other Affirmative Action Myths,” pg. 3 31 Guinier, “Admissions Rituals as Political Acts: Guardians at the Gates of Our Democratic Ideals” 32 Guinier, “Admissions Rituals as Political Acts: Guardians at the Gates of Our Democratic Ideals” 12 Research 33 (Table 3.7) has shown that Americans associate disadvantage with income more than race — eighty-three percent of those surveyed viewed low- income status as a disadvantage, and seventy-one percent claim that being both white and from a low-income family is a disadvantage.


id: blsr-15999
author: Zarrella, Lila
title: Is the Equal Rights Amendment “Lost?”: A Contemporary Analysis of the ERA
date: 2023
pages: 17
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 6594
sentence: 228
flesch: 46
cache: cache/blsr-15999.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-15999.txt
summary:
  7 Jon O. Shimabukuro, “Equal Rights Amendment: Close to Adoption Note,” Equal Rights Amendment: Close to Adoption, 2 July 2018, 3. 13 already extended the deadline for ratification in 1978, Congress has the power to do so again in 2023.8 9 Shimabukuro, “Equal Rights Amendment: Close to Adoption Note,” 3. 10 Qtd.


id: blsr-17269
author: Darrish, Joshua
title: Establishment Along the Borderline: Supreme Court Jurisprudence on Ten Commandments Displays
date: 2024
pages: 9
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 3111
sentence: 116
flesch: 37
cache: cache/blsr-17269.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-17269.txt
summary:
  Justice Breyer’s concurrence in Van Orden further advanced the necessary vagueness of the Establishment Clause in religious display cases because he departed from the Lemon test. Legal precedent for religious display cases oscillates between separation and accommodation, justifying the opposing decisions from McCreary and Van Orden.


id: blsr-17159
author: Chen, Alex
date: 2024
pages: 20
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5718
sentence: 277
flesch: 50
cache: cache/blsr-17159.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-17159.txt
title:
  Finding Judicial Constellations: A Relational Thematic Content Analysis of Stare Decisis During the Roberts Court

summary:
  While some researchers may select a group of 100 songs or 30 news articles, I selected all of the cases that overturned other Supreme Court cases from September 29th, 2005, to the present. Third, because Supreme Court opinions are intrinsically related to other opinions, the relations between cases were considered.


id: blsr-14097
author: Christopher J. Siegert
date: 2022
pages: 18
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 7183
sentence: 239
flesch: 47
cache: cache/blsr-14097.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-14097.txt
title:
  From the Magna Carta to the MCA: The Development of the Right to Habeas Corpus for Enemy Combatants of the United States

summary:
  The progression of Supreme Court opinions throughout the Civil War, World War II, and the War on Terror reveals a variation in its jurisprudence. A week later on September 18, 2001, Congress passed the “Authorization for the Use of Military Force” (AUMF) with only one congresswoman voting nay to the joint resolution, which reads: The President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts 29 Scalia, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (Scalia, J., dissenting), 542 U.S. 507 (U.S. Supreme Court 2004).


id: blsr-20979
author: Murphy, Joseph
title: Disney’s Hidden Mouse Trap: The Arbitrariness of Arbitration Clauses
date: 2025
pages: 10
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 2986
sentence: 101
flesch: 45
cache: cache/blsr-20979.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-20979.txt
summary:
  Disney Springs, although utilizing the company name and being technically within Disney property, consists of many independent restaurants and stores that would seem to be outside of strict Disney management. It seems unconscionable that agreeing to terms and conditions 18 James Wilkins, “‘Second Class’ in Disney Springs: Restaurant Workers Push for Better Pay, Benefits,” Tampa Bay Times, September 19, 2024, https://www.tampabay.com/news/business/2024/09/19/second-class-disney-springs-restaurant-workers-push-better-p ay-benefits/. 17 Piccolo v. Great Irish Pubs Florida, Inc., et al. 45 of a free trial of a streaming service means waiving the ability to litigate for damages and death caused by a restaurant at a Disney property.


id: blsr-19285
author: Ward, Benjamin
title: Foreign Surveillance Turned Domestic: The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) on Trial
date: 2025
pages: 17
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 4952
sentence: 202
flesch: 44
cache: cache/blsr-19285.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-19285.txt
summary:
  In addition, this review considers the procedures used in FISA surveillance, with a focus on the practices of minimization and querying. Individual: The Role of Consumers Compared to courts and corporations, the individual holds relatively little power in the process of resisting government surveillance.


id: blsr-17249
author: Treanor, Darya
title: A Well-Regulated Militia: A Historical Reading of the Second Amendment
date: 2024
pages: 15
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 5853
sentence: 165
flesch: 32
cache: cache/blsr-17249.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-17249.txt
summary:
  While his specific assertion about Second Amendment relevance to weapons other than firearms would not be readily accepted today, the implication here is not only that “arms” are for use in a regulated militia but also that “[t]he carrying of concealed weapons may, therefore, be prohibited by law under the police power.”7 Summary To summarize the legal argument, based on the exact language of the Constitution and its author’s own interpretation, the Second Amendment establishes the right of States to maintain a militia and the right of citizens to join their state militia.


id: blsr-16809
author: Mahoney, Brendan
date: 2024
pages: 18
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 7206
sentence: 238
flesch: 53
cache: cache/blsr-16809.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-16809.txt
title:
  A Brief Legal History of RICO Charges and Artistic Freedom & Their Unconstitutional Applications in State of Georgia v. Kahlieff Adams, et al.

summary:
  “Everything We Know About YSL’s RICO Case.” 73 Sadler. 72 Armon Sadler, “Lawyer In YSL RICO Case Throws Out Slang Term ‘Cap’ In Court,” VIBE.Com (blog), April 18, 2023, https://www.vibe.com/news/entertainment/lawyer-ysl-rico-case-says-cap-court-1234749641/. 62 RICO to be clearly defined.77 This is the case that can set a precedent for loosely affiliated gangs like YSL to be excluded from RICO statutes as they do not affect interstate commerce.78 The people of Georgia have the power to make this case the beginning of the end for racial injustice within modern RICO charges.


id: blsr-19331
author: Hwang, Ines
title: Evaluating COVID-19 Eviction Crisis: Policy Responses in Prolonged Emergencies
date: 2025
pages: 23
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 6416
sentence: 248
flesch: 41
cache: cache/blsr-19331.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-19331.txt
summary:
  First and foremost, the federal government, particularly Congress, should collaborate with national agencies such as the CDC and FEMA to establish clearer statutory guidelines for eviction moratoriums during emergencies. While eviction moratoriums should not be indefinite or lacking in clear endpoints, there must be predefined guidelines enabling both individuals and governments to respond swiftly and effectively to emergencies.


id: blsr-19357
author: Emily Riccardi
date: 2025
pages: 24
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 6676
sentence: 287
flesch: 40
cache: cache/blsr-19357.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-19357.txt
title:
  A Legal, Ethical, and Public Policy Analysis of Airbnb: How Platform Design and Legal Loopholes Enable Discrimination in the Sharing Economy

summary:
  Wachsmuth’s report also expands on Airbnb being a “Racial Gentrification Tool,” stating that in March of 2017, “White Airbnb hosts in Black neighborhoods earned an estimated $160 million, compared to only $48 million for Black hosts—a 530% disparity. The tension between Airbnb hosts and the public sphere of the platform has created legal uncertainty that needs to be addressed by reforming these acts.


id: blsr-20981
author: Balamurugan, Kiruthiga
title: TikTok and the First Amendment: An Analysis of the Constitutional Debate Regarding a TikTok Ban
date: 2025
pages: 23
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 6555
sentence: 262
flesch: 45
cache: cache/blsr-20981.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-20981.txt
summary:
  To this point, Montana’s lawyers had asserted that TikTok had not been compliant with a multistate investigation into the security of the platform but Malloy claimed that it was “unclear how this single investigation into TikTok warrants a complete ban on the application. 3_Balamurugan.docx Bellarmine Law Society Review Volume XV | Issue II Article III TikTok and the First Amendment: An Analysis of the Constitutional Debate Regarding a TikTok Ban Kiruthiga Balamurugan Georgetown University, kb1359@georgetown.edu TIKTOK AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL DEBATE REGARDING A TIKTOK BAN KIRUTHIGA


id: blsr-13759
author: Gleason, Louis
title: Law in the Final Frontier: Ambiguities and Clarity in the Legal Regime of Outer Space
date: 2021
pages: 31
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 9831
sentence: 503
flesch: 49
cache: cache/blsr-13759.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-13759.txt
summary:
  The chief problem with extending Article 22 of the IGA to govern all of outer space, embedding it in the foundations of space law, is that it fails to effectively govern the interactions between nationals of different states. The Intergovernmental Agreement, or IGA (known officially as the Agreement Among the Government of Canada, Governments of Member States of the European Space Agency, the Government of Japan, the Government of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the United States of America Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station) is the treaty that governs space law specifically aboard the ISS.31 Article 22 of the IGA addresses legal jurisdiction, with Section 1 establishing active personality32 as the default jurisdiction in criminal matters, holding that all states with nationals aboard the ISS “may exercise criminal jurisdiction over personnel in or on any flight element who are their respective nationals.”33


id: blsr-19799
author: Villa, John
date: 2025
pages: 22
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 6840
sentence: 327
flesch: 48
cache: cache/blsr-19799.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-19799.txt
title:
  An Analysis of the Legal History and Economic Impact of Federal Minimum Wage Policy in the United States

summary:
  And despite the common belief that minimum wage workers are mostly teenagers from financially secure families, an analysis by Arin Dube, economist at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, revealed that only about 25% of those earning the federal minimum wage — and just 12% of those earning $10 an hour or less — are actually teenagers.3 That means that tens of millions of working adults will have more money to spend, returning it back into the economy, and to save, allowing them to eventually afford to buy a house and retire. Workers making just above federal or state minimum wage would likely see their wages increase with minimum wage increases due to a “ripple effect.


id: blsr-20983
author: Toh, Cindy
date: 2025
pages: 21
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 6072
sentence: 233
flesch: 45
cache: cache/blsr-20983.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-20983.txt
title:
  New Textualism in Constitutional Interpretation: Dobbs v. Jackson (2022) and Its Creation of a New Rule of Law

summary:
  These precedential applications in Dobbs denote a 28 substantial pivot from a reliable implementation of abortion precedents to one that draws upon a more fundamentalist constitutional interpretation. Such barriers render the implementation of abortion precedents less foreseeable and thus undercut a critical standard for promulgating the rule of law as it used to be conceived.


id: blsr-19367
author: Julia Kuhn
date: 2025
pages: 34
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 7532
sentence: 382
flesch: 47
cache: cache/blsr-19367.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-19367.txt
title:
  The Impact of Climate Shocks on Homeowners' Insurance: A Legal, Economic, and Public Policy Analysis

summary:
  As evidenced by the data, the results of this system are far from efficient.41 Aside from the fact that insurance companies pass on public intervenor fees to policyholders, the intervenor process has a “five-year average filing delay of 236 days for homeowners insurance. 27 Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and caused approximately $79.6 billion in damages, as well as Hurricane Milton, which made landfall on Florida and resulted in an estimated $34.3 billion in damages.52,58 Earlier this year, the Los Angeles Wildfires, which include the Palisades Fire and the Eaton Fire, devastated California.32 Damages are expected to cost between $28 billion and $53.8 billion.32 This can all be compared to the 1980s, where the United States only averaged three climate disasters that exceeded $1 billion throughout the entire decade.58 The Problem Indeed, one of the most notable effects of these climate shocks can be seen in the market for homeowners' insurance.


id: blsr-20977
author: Kandel, Valerie
title: Equal Access or Algorithmic Barriers? AI and the Fight for Disability-Inclusive Hiring
date: 2025
pages: 33
extension: .pdf
mime: application/pdf
words: 9844
sentence: 452
flesch: 42
cache: cache/blsr-20977.pdf
txt: txt/blsr-20977.txt
summary:
  Additionally, I will introduce an under-researched argument against AI hiring practices, which is that these tools create accessibility issues that are not being sufficiently accommodated. For the third recommendation, there should be stricter laws and policies surrounding privacy and informed consent created and implemented by companies and vendors, just as they have to comply with traditional hiring practices.111 Part of this involves private data being kept private by companies and not being included in AI hiring practices to evaluate or analyze candidates.


# url

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domain: www.csis.org
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id: blsr-13759
domain: foreignpolicy.com
url:
  https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/13/china-hong-kong-escalationtrump-national-security-law-extradition-treaty/


id: blsr-13759
domain: www.nyujlpp.org
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domain: www.bloomberg.com
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domain: www.deseret.com
url:
  https://www.deseret.com/indepth/2021/2/25/22297995/reagan-to-mitt-romney-a-brief-history-of-republican-thinking-on-the-minimum-wage-milton-friedman


id: blsr-19799
domain: www.epi.org
url:
  https://www.epi.org/blog/a-history-of-the-federal-minimum-wage-85-years-later-the-minimum-wage-is-far-from-equitable


id: blsr-19799
domain: www.epi.org
url:
  https://www.epi.org/publication/rtwa-2025-impact-fact-sheet/#:~:text=what%20does%20the%20raise%20the,%2417%20an%20hour%20by%202030


id: blsr-19367
domain: www.forbes.com
url:
  www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2024/09/26/81-of-new-renewables-produce-cheaperenergy-than-fossil-fuels/


id: blsr-19367
domain: www.cbsnews.com
url:
  www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/california-insurance-officials-receptive-state-farmemergency-rate-hike/


id: blsr-20977
domain: www.adl.org
url:
  https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/brief-history-disability-rights-movement#:~:text=in%20the%201800s


id: blsr-20977
domain: www.brookings.edu
url:
  https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-eeoc-wants-to-make-ai-hiring-fairer-for-people-with-disabilities/


# ent

id: blsr-20979
sid: 38
eid: 1
type: PERSON
entity:
  https://www.kxan.com/news/national-news/disney-no-longer-trying-to-dismiss-wrongful-death-lawsuit-after-claimin g-protections


id: blsr-12247
sid: 92
eid: 3
type: ORG
entity:
  https://www.illinoispolicy.org/reports/tax-hikes-vs-reform-why-illinois-must-amend-itsconstitution-to-fix-the-pension-crisis/. supreme court of


id: blsr-12243
sid: 147
eid: 1
type: ORG
entity:
  https://law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/ghjp/documents/curbing_unfair_drug_pricespolicy_paper-080717.pdf fcc


id: blsr-12243
sid: 200
eid: 4
type: GPE
entity:
  http://www.illinoispolicy.org/reports/203-billion-and-counting-total-debt-for-state-andlocal-retirement-benefits-in-illinois/.


id: blsr-16933
sid: 129
eid: 1
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1994/02/09/pedophile-seeks-insanity-ruling/3bf285ad-23e8-49e0-bc 0e-1509331191b2/. 21


id: blsr-12353
sid: 180
eid: 1
type: PERSON
entity:
  https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/04/russia-two-years-after-chechnyas-gaypurge-victims-still-seek-justice-as-lgbti-defender-receives-death-threats/ steinmetz


id: blsr-12245
sid: 274
eid: 4
type: ORG
entity:
  http://www.illinoispolicy.org/reports/203-billion-and-counting-total-debt-for-state-andlocal-retirement-benefits-in-illinois/. 54


id: blsr-12245
sid: 278
eid: 5
type: GPE
entity:
  http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/04/us/politics/illinois-legislature-approves-benefitcuts-in-troubled-pension-system.html?module=inline.


id: blsr-14097
sid: 57
eid: 6
type: DATE
entity:
  april 16, 2021, https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/order-president-abraham-lincoln-general-winfield-scottsuspending-writ-habeas


id: blsr-16809
sid: 97
eid: 2
type: PERSON
entity:
  https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2020/title-16/chapter-14/section-16-14-4/#:~:text=it%20shall%20be%20unlawf ul%20for


id: blsr-19357
sid: 54
eid: 7
type: DATE
entity:
  april 9, 2025, https://caretaker.com/learn/fair-housing/fair-housing-laws-in-massachusetts#:~:text=murphy%e2%80%9d%20exe


id: blsr-19799
sid: 170
eid: 1
type: DATE
entity:
  94 https://history.princeton.edu/undergraduate/princeton-historical-review/2021%e2%80%9322-issue/constitutionality-minimum-wage#f23


id: blsr-19367
sid: 172
eid: 1
type: QUANTITY
entity:
  51 https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/financial-services/bridging-the-gap-bet ween-homeowners-insurance-companies-climate-change.html


id: blsr-19367
sid: 259
eid: 2
type: PERSON
entity:
  www.insurance.ca.gov/0250-insurers/0500-legal-info/0700-commissioners-orders/upload /order-no-2025-1


id: blsr-19367
sid: 300
eid: 3
type: PERSON
entity:
  www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/california-insurance-officials-receptive-state-farmemergency-rate-hike/.


id: blsr-13759
sid: 363
eid: 1
type: PERSON
entity:
  https://www.spacelegalissues.com/is-2019-the-year-whenthe-first-crime-in-space-was-committed/. morris


# pos

id: blsr-20979
sid: 10
tid: 1
pos: SYM
token:
  https://deadline.com/2020/03/half-of-us-families-young-children-subscribe-disney-report-1202885339/.

lemma:
  https://deadline.com/2020/03/half-of-us-families-young-children-subscribe-disney-report-1202885339/.


id: blsr-12247
sid: 92
tid: 8
pos: PROPN
token:
  https://www.illinoispolicy.org/reports/tax-hikes-vs-reform-why-illinois-must-amend-itsconstitution-to-fix-the-pension-crisis/.

lemma:
  https://www.illinoispolicy.org/reports/tax-hikes-vs-reform-why-illinois-must-amend-itsconstitution-to-fix-the-pension-crisis/.


id: blsr-12243
sid: 192
tid: 10
pos: PROPN
token:
  https://www.illinoispolicy.org/reports/pensions-101-understanding-illinois-massivegovernment-worker-pension-crisis/.

lemma:
  https://www.illinoispolicy.org/reports/pensions-101-understanding-illinois-massivegovernment-worker-pension-crisis/.


id: blsr-12353
sid: 104
tid: 1
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/04/russiatwo-years-after-chechnyas-gay-purge-victims-still-seek-justice-as-lgbti-defender-receives-death-threats/

lemma:
  https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/04/russiatwo-years-after-chechnyas-gay-purge-victims-still-seek-justice-as-lgbti-defender-receives-death-threats/


id: blsr-12353
sid: 179
tid: 24
pos: VERB
token:
  https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/07/russian-authorities-must-investigatenew-allegations-of-extrajudicial-executions-in-chechnya/

lemma:
  https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/07/russian-authorities-must-investigatenew-allegations-of-extrajudicial-executions-in-chechnya/


id: blsr-12353
sid: 180
tid: 1
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/04/russia-two-years-after-chechnyas-gaypurge-victims-still-seek-justice-as-lgbti-defender-receives-death-threats/

lemma:
  https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/04/russia-two-years-after-chechnyas-gaypurge-victims-still-seek-justice-as-lgbti-defender-receives-death-threats/


id: blsr-16933
sid: 126
tid: 1
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1994/07/07/kowalski-found-responsible-in-molestation-of-four-boys

lemma:
  https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1994/07/07/kowalski-found-responsible-in-molestation-of-four-boy


id: blsr-17159
sid: 38
tid: 1
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.asc.upenn.edu/news-events/news/over-half-americans-disapprove-supreme-courttrust-plummets

lemma:
  https://www.asc.upenn.edu/news-events/news/over-half-americans-disapprove-supreme-courttrust-plummet


id: blsr-14475
sid: 44
tid: 8
pos: X
token:
  https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/publications/insights-on-law-andsociety/volume-20/issue-1/did-women-vote-once-they-had-the-opportunity-/.

lemma:
  https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/publications/insights-on-law-andsociety/volume-20/issue-1/did-women-vote-once-they-had-the-opportunity-/.


id: blsr-14475
sid: 104
tid: 10
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/diversity-wins-how-inclusion-matters

lemma:
  https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/diversity-wins-how-inclusion-matter


id: blsr-14475
sid: 108
tid: 18
pos: X
token:
  https://union.wisc.edu/getinvolved/wud/alternative-breaks/active-citizen-blog/performative-activism/.

lemma:
  https://union.wisc.edu/getinvolved/wud/alternative-breaks/active-citizen-blog/performative-activism/.


id: blsr-12245
sid: 289
tid: 15
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://illinoiscomptroller.gov/financial-data/find-a-report/special-fiscal/consequences-ofillinois-2015-2017-budget-impasse-and-fiscal-outlook/.

lemma:
  https://illinoiscomptroller.gov/financial-data/find-a-report/special-fiscal/consequences-ofillinois-2015-2017-budget-impasse-and-fiscal-outlook/.


id: blsr-12245
sid: 293
tid: 13
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20180504/issue11/180509910/progressiveincome-tax-plan-won-t-fix-illinois-finances

lemma:
  https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20180504/issue11/180509910/progressiveincome-tax-plan-won-t-fix-illinois-finance


id: blsr-15999
sid: 30
tid: 49
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/07/07/a-century-after-women-gained-the-rightto-vote-majority-of-americans-see-work-to-do-on-gender-equality/.

lemma:
  https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/07/07/a-century-after-women-gained-the-rightto-vote-majority-of-americans-see-work-to-do-on-gender-equality/.


id: blsr-14097
sid: 57
tid: 42
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/order-president-abraham-lincoln-general-winfield-scottsuspending-writ-habeas

lemma:
  https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/order-president-abraham-lincoln-general-winfield-scottsuspending-writ-habea


id: blsr-13189
sid: 254
tid: 1
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://cepa.stanford.edu/conference-papers/traditional-college-studentsmaller-and-smaller-minority-and-its-implications

lemma:
  https://cepa.stanford.edu/conference-papers/traditional-college-studentsmaller-and-smaller-minority-and-its-implication


id: blsr-13189
sid: 289
tid: 1
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.usnews.com/education/bestcolleges/articles/what-to-know-about-early-action-early-decision-in-college-admissions

lemma:
  https://www.usnews.com/education/bestcolleges/articles/what-to-know-about-early-action-early-decision-in-college-admission


id: blsr-17249
sid: 118
tid: 65
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.militaryonesource.mil/military-life-cycle/friends-extended-family/lgbtq-in-the-military/.

lemma:
  https://www.militaryonesource.mil/military-life-cycle/friends-extended-family/lgbtq-in-the-military/.


id: blsr-17249
sid: 118
tid: 101
pos: VERB
token:
  https://www.defense.gov/news/news-stories/article/article/1783822/5-things-to-know-about-dods-new-policy-onmilitary-service-by-transgender-perso/.

lemma:
  https://www.defense.gov/news/news-stories/article/article/1783822/5-things-to-know-about-dods-new-policy-onmilitary-service-by-transgender-perso/.


id: blsr-17249
sid: 118
tid: 137
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.npr.org/2021/09/20/1039071130/veterans-discharged-under-dont-ask-dont-tell-are-now-eligible-for-vabenefits

lemma:
  https://www.npr.org/2021/09/20/1039071130/veterans-discharged-under-dont-ask-dont-tell-are-now-eligible-for-vabenefit


id: blsr-17249
sid: 119
tid: 3
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.defense.gov/news/news-stories/article/article/1783822/5-things-to-know-about-dods-new-policy-on-military-service-by-transgender-perso/

lemma:
  https://www.defense.gov/news/news-stories/article/article/1783822/5-things-to-know-about-dods-new-policy-on-military-service-by-transgender-perso/


id: blsr-17249
sid: 119
tid: 5
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.npr.org/2021/09/20/1039071130/veterans-discharged-under-dont-ask-dont-tell-are-now-eligible-for-va-benefits

lemma:
  https://www.npr.org/2021/09/20/1039071130/veterans-discharged-under-dont-ask-dont-tell-are-now-eligible-for-va-benefit


id: blsr-19331
sid: 129
tid: 26
pos: PROPN
token:
  https://whyy.org/articles/thousands-of-households-set-to-lose-protections-as-n-j-eviction-moratorium-ends-jan-1/.

lemma:
  https://whyy.org/articles/thousands-of-households-set-to-lose-protections-as-n-j-eviction-moratorium-ends-jan-1/.


id: blsr-19331
sid: 205
tid: 40
pos: VERB
token:
  https://tobin.yale.edu/research/eviction-and-poverty-american-cities#:~:text=evictions%20increase%20homelessnes

lemma:
  https://tobin.yale.edu/research/eviction-and-poverty-american-cities#:~:text=evictions%20increase%20homelessne


id: blsr-16809
sid: 107
tid: 25
pos: PROPN
token:
  https://www.courthousenews.com/maryland-appeals-court-allows-rap-lyrics-to-be-used-in-murder-trial/.

lemma:
  https://www.courthousenews.com/maryland-appeals-court-allows-rap-lyrics-to-be-used-in-murder-trial/.


id: blsr-19799
sid: 36
tid: 1
pos: PROPN
token:
  https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-ripple-effect-of-a-minimum-wage-increase-on-american-workers/.

lemma:
  https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-ripple-effect-of-a-minimum-wage-increase-on-american-workers/.


id: blsr-19799
sid: 36
tid: 3
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.epi.org/blog/the-minimum-wage-has-lost-21-of-its-value-since-congress-last-raised-the-wage/

lemma:
  https://www.epi.org/blog/the-minimum-wage-has-lost-21-of-its-value-since-congress-last-raised-the-wage/


id: blsr-19799
sid: 51
tid: 3
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/why-raising-the-minimum-wage-has-short-term-benefits-but-long-term-costs/

lemma:
  https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/why-raising-the-minimum-wage-has-short-term-benefits-but-long-term-costs/


id: blsr-19799
sid: 228
tid: 19
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.deseret.com/indepth/2021/2/25/22297995/reagan-to-mitt-romney-a-brief-history-of-republican-thinking-on-the-minimum-wage-milton-friedman/

lemma:
  https://www.deseret.com/indepth/2021/2/25/22297995/reagan-to-mitt-romney-a-brief-history-of-republican-thinking-on-the-minimum-wage-milton-friedman/


id: blsr-19799
sid: 242
tid: 2
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.epi.org/blog/a-history-of-the-federal-minimum-wage-85-years-later-the-minimum-wage-is-far-from-equitable/

lemma:
  https://www.epi.org/blog/a-history-of-the-federal-minimum-wage-85-years-later-the-minimum-wage-is-far-from-equitable/


id: blsr-19357
sid: 174
tid: 19
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2016cv00933/179136/19/.

lemma:
  https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2016cv00933/179136/19/.


id: blsr-19367
sid: 268
tid: 1
pos: NOUN
token:
  www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2024/09/26/81-of-new-renewables-produce-cheaperenergy-than-fossil-fuels/.

lemma:
  www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2024/09/26/81-of-new-renewables-produce-cheaperenergy-than-fossil-fuels/.


id: blsr-19367
sid: 271
tid: 1
pos: PROPN
token:
  consumerwatchdog.org/in-the-courtroom/consumer-watchdog-sues-to-stop-hundreds-ofmillions-of-dollars-in-unjustified-surcharges-from-being-imposed-on-california-homeow

lemma:
  consumerwatchdog.org/in-the-courtroom/consumer-watchdog-sues-to-stop-hundreds-ofmillions-of-dollars-in-unjustified-surcharges-from-being-imposed-on-california-homeow


id: blsr-13759
sid: 161
tid: 37
pos: PROPN
token:
  https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/13/china-hong-kong-escalation-trump-national-security-law-extradition-treaty/.

lemma:
  https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/13/china-hong-kong-escalation-trump-national-security-law-extradition-treaty/.


id: blsr-13759
sid: 313
tid: 1
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/13/china-hong-kong-escalationtrump-national-security-law-extradition-treaty/.

lemma:
  https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/13/china-hong-kong-escalationtrump-national-security-law-extradition-treaty/.


id: blsr-13759
sid: 341
tid: 3
pos: PROPN
token:
  axios.com/international-arrests-poland-china-hostage-diplomacy-e1f249f0-6a45-430d88e2-aed7ce4ecfc3.html

lemma:
  axios.com/international-arrests-poland-china-hostage-diplomacy-e1f249f0-6a45-430d88e2-aed7ce4ecfc3.html


id: blsr-13759
sid: 378
tid: 3
pos: PROPN
token:
  nbcnews.com/mach/science/jeff-bezos-foresees-trillion-people-living-millions-spacecolonies-here-ncna1006036#anchor-gerardoneillsfrontiervision

lemma:
  nbcnews.com/mach/science/jeff-bezos-foresees-trillion-people-living-millions-spacecolonies-here-ncna1006036#anchor-gerardoneillsfrontiervision


id: blsr-20977
sid: 282
tid: 1
pos: NOUN
token:
  https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-eeoc-wants-to-make-ai-hiring-fairer-for-people-with-disabilities/.

lemma:
  https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-eeoc-wants-to-make-ai-hiring-fairer-for-people-with-disabilities/.


