




































 

 

 

 

 

How Adolescents’ Family Socioeconom-

ic Status Affects their Career Prepara-

tion: The Mediating Effect of Social and 

Emotional Skills

Haili Cui 

 
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China 

 

Abstract: Drawing on data of 15-year-old Chinese students from 

the second round of the OECD Survey on Social and Emotional 
Skills in 2023, this study examines the relationship between family 

socioeconomic status and career preparation (including exploring 
the future, experiencing the future, and thinking about the future) in 

teenagers, as well as the mediating effect of social and emotional 

skills of the individual on this relationship. The results reveal that 
the adolescent’s family socioeconomic status not only directly in-

fluences their career preparation but also exerts an indirect effect 
via their social and emotional skills, particularly those in the do-

mains of open-mindedness, task performance, and collaboration. 

Best Evidence in Chinese Education 2025; 21(2):2039-2043 

DOI: 10.15354/bece.25.ar182 

How to Cite: Cui, H. (2025). How adolescents’ family socioeconomic status 

affects their career preparation: The mediating effect of social and emotional 

skills. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 2025, 21(2):2039-2043. 

Keywords: Career Preparation, Family Socioeconomic Status, Social and Emotion-

al Skills 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



Cui. (China) Family SES and Teen Career Prep: The Role of Social-Emotional Skills. 

BECE, Vol.21, No.2, 2025 2040 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

About the Author: Haili Cui, School of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. E-

mail: hlcui@sjtu.edu.cn  

Correspondence to: Haili Cui at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China. 

Conflict of Interests: None 

Funding: No funding sources declared. 

AI Declaration: The author affirms that artificial intelligence did not contribute to the process of preparing the 

work. 

 
 

© 2025 Insights Publisher. All rights reserved. 

Creative Commons NonCommercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Crea-
tive Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-

nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided 

the original work is attributed by the Insights Publisher. 

Introduction 

DOLESCENTS are at a critical stage of life, experiencing a transi-

tion from childhood to adulthood, and begin to develop the aware-

ness of career readiness. Identifying the factors that influence ado-

lescents’ career readiness is crucial for parents’ and educators’ efforts to 

A 

mailto:hlcui@sjtu.edu.cn
http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/


Cui. (China) Family SES and Teen Career Prep: The Role of Social-Emotional Skills. 

BECE, Vol.21, No.2, 2025 2041 

prepare them fully for the future work life. Using data of 15-year-old Chi-

nese students, from the second round of the OECD Survey on Social and 

Emotional Skills (SSES) in 2023, this study examines the influences of stu-

dents’ family socioeconomic status (SES) and social and emotional skills 

(across five major domains) on their career preparation and analyzes the role 

of social and emotional skills in mediating the relationship between family 

SES and career preparation in adolescents.  

Data and Methods 

Data and Variables 

The study’s research subjects include 3,283 students aged 15 from Jinan City, 

China, who participated in the SSES 2023. They were the third-year students 

at middle schools and the first-year students at high schools and vocational 

high schools, distributed across 42 junior secondary schools, 26 general sen-

ior secondary schools, and 7 secondary vocational schools.  

Classified into three thematic areas, namely, exploring the future, ex-

periencing the future, and thinking about the future, student career prepara-

tion activities are the dependent variables in the study. Student family SES is 

the independent variable. The OECD’s student questionnaire gathered in-

formation on the highest education level of the participant’s parents, their 

occupations, and family possessions (such as electronic devices, books, 

rooms, internet connection, and cars). Principal component analysis is used 

to synthesize these variables into a continuous variable, i.e., student family 

SES, with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Student social and emo-

tional skills are the mediating variable. The student questionnaire measured 

social and emotional skills in five domains, namely task performance (self-

control, responsibility, perseverance, achievement motivation), emotional 

regulation (stress resistance, optimism, emotional control), open-mindedness 

(curiosity, creativity, tolerance), collaboration (empathy, trust), and engaging 

with others (energy, sociability, assertiveness). In addition, personal charac-

teristics of the student, including gender, migration status, academic perfor-

mance, and the school attended, are the control variables. 

Analytical Methods 

First analyzed were the correlations between student family SES, social and 

emotional skills in five domains, and career preparation activities. After that, 

the statistical software Stata 17.0 was used to conduct stepwise regression 

analysis and Bootstrap mediation effect testing to estimate the mediating ef-

fects of social and emotional skills on the relationship between family SES 

and career preparation in the subjects.  



Cui. (China) Family SES and Teen Career Prep: The Role of Social-Emotional Skills. 

BECE, Vol.21, No.2, 2025 2042 

Research Findings 

There were statistically significant positive correlations between student 

family SES, social and emotional skills, and career preparation. First, the 

positive correlations between student family SES and career preparation in 

all three dimensions indicate that students with higher family SES tend to 

engage more in exploring and experiencing the future and have higher edu-

cational aspirations. Second, the positive correlations between student family 

SES and social and emotional skills in all five domains suggest students with 

higher family SES typically possess higher levels of social and emotional 

skills. Third, those between student social and emotional skills and career 

preparation demonstrate that students with higher average scores in social 

and emotional skills have more desirable performance in “exploring the fu-

ture,” “experiencing the future,” and “thinking about the future.” 

Students’ social and emotional skills significantly mediated the rela-

tionship between their SES and career preparation, with skills in the domains 

of open-mindedness, task performance, and engaging with others exerting 

partial mediation effects.  

Furthermore, the mediating effects identified varied across different 

domains of skills. For the relationship between student family SES and “ex-

ploring the future,” the mediating effects of open-mindedness, task perfor-

mance, emotional regulation, engaging with others, and collaboration made 

up 26.9%, 15.7%, 10.5%, 10.1%, and 2.8% of the total effect, respectively, 

in the order of strength. For the relationship between student family SES and 

“experiencing the future,” the figures were 22.1% (open-mindedness), 18.7% 

(social interaction), 10.6% (task performance), 7.4% (emotional regulation), 

and 2.6% (collaboration). On that between student family SES and “thinking 

about the future,” open-mindedness, engaging with others, and task perfor-

mance had relatively stronger mediating effects than the other two domains. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Chinese version of this article has been published in Journal of Research in Educational Devel-

opment, 2025; 45 (08): 76-84. The English version has been authorized for being publication in BECE 

by the author(s) and the Chinese journal. 



Cui. (China) Family SES and Teen Career Prep: The Role of Social-Emotional Skills. 

BECE, Vol.21, No.2, 2025 2043 

崔海丽. (2025). 家庭背景如何影响青少年的职业生涯准备—社会与情感能力的中介作用. 教育发
展研究, 45 (08): 76-84. 

 

 

Received: August 17, 2025 

Revised: September 30, 2025 

Accepted: October 03, 2025

 


