







































 

 

 

 

 

A Study of College Students’ Foreign 

Language Anxiety in English Learning Based 

on the Teaching Model of Sheltered 

Instruction Observation Protocol

Chenhua Wei 

 
Guangxi University of Foreign Languages, Nanning 530222, 

Guangxi, China 

Abstract. Foreign language anxiety in English learning has always been 

a major focus of English teaching research. How to relieve English 

majors’ foreign language anxiety and improve their classroom 
participation becomes an imperative issue for English teachers. Based 

on the American teaching model of Sheltered Teaching and Observation 

Protocol (SIOP), this study explores whether the SIOP teaching model 
can help relieve English learning anxiety. The experiment on 60 

freshmen majoring in business English shows that the SIOP model can 

relieve students’ foreign language learning anxiety and improve their 
classroom participation. The SIOP teaching model is worth popularizing 

in business English teaching. 

Best Evidence in Chinese Education 2022; 10(1):1303-1313. 

Doi: 10.15354/bece.22.or010. 

How to Cite: Wei, C. (2022). A study of college students’ foreign language anxiety in 

English learning based on the teaching model of sheltered instruction observation 

protocol. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 10(1):1303-1313. 

Keywords: SIOP Teaching Model, Foreign Language Anxiety, College Students, 

English Learning, Business English

 

 

 

 

 

 



Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No.1, 2022 1304 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

Correspondence to: Chenhua Wei, Guangxi University of Foreign Languages, A-19 Wuhe Avenue, Nanning 

530222, Guangxi, China. E-mail: 649008927@qq.com  
 

© 2022 Insights Publisher. All rights reserved. 

Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the 

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License 

(http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of 

the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed by the Insights Publisher. 

mailto:649008927@qq.com


Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No. 1, 2022 1305 

Introduction 

N recent years, many language colleges and universities have set up business Eng-

lish major and business English teaching and research has been paid increasing at-

tention. The study of business English is different from that of other English majors, 

because business English students need to master not only the Basic English lan-

guage but also the relevant professional knowledge of business and trade, as well as the 

business culture of different countries. Business English majors who study in local ap-

plication-oriented universities are educated with more explicit objectives. The im-

portance of students’ practical abilities and English language competence as well as 

their business knowledge is emphasized so that students can serve the local economic 

and social development after graduation. However, at present, the teaching mode of 

business English is relatively simplified. Teachers are the dominators in the classroom 

while students’ role as the pro-active learners has not been highlighted, which is disad-

vantageous for students’ active learning and the internalization of subject knowledge. 

As a result, students are prone to lack of enthusiasm in English learning because of the 

long-term monotonous and rigid teaching mode, which compromises their participation 

in the classroom and confidence in foreign language learning. As English is not their 

mother tongue, once they lose interest in it which they have to learn, they will uncon-

sciously gain foreign language learning anxiety. This is an important issue that foreign 

language teachers should not dodge. Anxiety is a common phenomenon in foreign lan-

guage learning in China, and is one of the key psychological variables in language 

learning (Wang & Wan, 2001). 

The American Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) teaching 

model is based on the input hypothesis of Krashen’s language acquisition theory, 

Swain’s output hypothesis and Cummins’ Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) hy-

pothesis (August & Shanahan, 2006). According to August and Shanahan, the possibil-

ity of foreign language learning lies in the fact that the cognitive ability in native lan-

guage learning can be transferred to second language learning, resulting in the deep 

sharing of cognitive ability. They insist that the effect of classroom teaching depends on 

the deep sharing of input language content and on the comprehensibility and interest of 

input language content and there is a close relationship between language knowledge 

acquisition and skill acquisition. Other researchers confirmed that the SIOP model is of 

high reliability and validity (Echevarria, 2007). It focuses on the subject contents, and 

various sheltering teaching strategies are flexibly used in teaching to combine the learn-

ing of subject knowledge with the cultivation of language competence.  

One of the major functions of the SIOP model is to alleviate students’ anxiety 

caused by their incompetence in using English. The application of sheltered teaching 

strategies such as cooperative learning, group learning and peer guidance aims at creat-

ing a non-threatening participation classroom environment for students so that they can 

participate more confidently in English classroom. Students with different language 

proficiency and cultural background will help one another in group work or even across 

groups. And in such a friendly environment, they are definitely more confident and par-

ticipating in class activity (Yin, Wang, & Zhao, 2020). Business English majors aim for 

both business-related knowledge and English language proficiency in the courses of 

comprehensive business English, and the SIOP teaching model is aligned with such 

teaching requirements. This study explores effectiveness of SIOP model in business 

I 



Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No. 1, 2022 1306 

English teaching, focusing on whether SIOP model can help ease students’ foreign lan-

guage anxiety and improve their classroom participation. 

A Brief Introduction to Sheltered Instruction Obser-

vation Protocol (SIOP) 

Definition 

The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol was developed by researchers at the 

Center for Research on Education, Diversity & Excellence (Short, 2013). It is a validat-

ed model of sheltered instruction, which helps teachers plan and deliver lessons that 

enable learners to develop their English while acquiring academic knowledge. This 

model makes it easier for students to understand the professional contents in courses 

taught in English through various teaching strategies and improves students’ academic 

English at the same time (Echevarria & Graves, 2007). The model is called sheltered 

teaching because various strategies are constantly used to embellish the teaching. A 

non-threatening sheltered language environment are created for the students; Classroom 

teaching conforms to English learners’ language level, which makes the teaching con-

tents easier to be understood and accepted (August & Shanahan, 2006). 

The “decoration” in this teaching model includes providing students with vari-

ous diagrams, extensive supplementary materials and adapted course content suitable to 

students’ language ability. Meantime, students’ listening, speaking, reading and writing 

skills are honed in interactive and meaningful classroom activities based on scaffolding 

teaching. What’s more, student’s critical thinking is developed in discussion, question-

ing and argument in a non-threatening sheltered learning environment, thanks to coop-

erative learning, group study and peer guidance (Echevarria et al., 2004). 

Components 

Eight components are included in the SIOP Model, that is, lesson preparation, back-

ground building, comprehensible input, strategy implementation, class interaction, prac-

tice and application, lesson delivery, review, and assessment. Each part is equipped 

with corresponding teaching strategies with elaborations on concrete operation methods 

as well as teaching evaluation. At the stage of lesson preparation, teachers should ex-

plain learning objectives of the course to students clearly to stimulate students’ enthusi-

asm and initiative. It is emphasized that the contents of the course should be aligned 

with the students’ language ability and educational background, and various teaching 

aids can be used to help students better understand the contents. At the stage of back-

ground building, teachers can help students to connect the existing knowledge with the 

new knowledge, that is, to transfer the existing knowledge and skills in their mother 

tongue to English learning, to make them think coherently and critically. This process 

helps students form their own views and perspectives. At the stage of strategy imple-

mentation, students are provided with sufficient opportunities to implement a variety of 

learning strategies, such as cognitive, communicative, emotional learning strategies. 

With the help and guidance of scaffolding teaching, students’ ability of independent 

thinking and problem-solving can be gradually developed. At the stage of interaction 



Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No. 1, 2022 1307 

and application, students are given enough time to think, read, speak, and write. All 

students are encouraged to participate actively in discussion. Teachers also provide rel-

evant teaching materials or tools to enable students to use their language in group dis-

cussions and collaborative activities, to improve their critical thinking and verbal ex-

pression. At the stage of review and assessment, teachers evaluate students’ perfor-

mance by observing their classroom interaction and participation in class activities, and 

also provide timely feedback to individual students for self-reflection (Wu, 2014). SIOP 

teaching concepts are consistent with the trends of foreign language teaching in China, 

providing reference for teachers in improving their bilingual teaching skills and imple-

menting English teaching reform. Further efforts are required to localize SIOP teaching 

model.  

Foreign Language Anxiety 

According to Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope (1986), foreign language anxiety is not just a 

complex emotion derived from fear of foreign language learning, but rather a conceptu-

ally distinct variable in foreign language learning related to students’ self-concept, be-

liefs, emotions, and behaviors. Numerous empirical studies indicate that anxiety has a 

negative impact on language learning and is also a major factor affecting foreign lan-

guage learning initiative and achievement. Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope conducted a 

study and identified three major factors affecting students’ anxiety in foreign language 

classes, that is, communication anxiety, test anxiety and fear of negative evaluation 

from classmates and teachers. Based on their study, foreign language classroom anxiety 

scale (FLCAS) was developed to measure the breadth and depth of foreign language 

anxiety. FLCAS standardized the measurement of language learning anxiety (Guo & 

Xu, 2014). Since then, teachers worldwide have applied FLCAS to conduct research on 

foreign language learning anxiety. Many studies show that most foreign language learn-

ers have experienced significant foreign language anxiety (FLA), and foreign language 

learning anxiety has a negative impact on students’ foreign language performance 

(Dewaele & Thirtle, 2009; Dogan & Tuncer, 2016; Horwitz, 2001). Some studies focus 

on how foreign language anxiety affects students’ learning confidence and achieve-

ments. In a study of English learners at a London school, Dewaele and Thirtle (2009) 

gave students two options, either to continue or drop out of foreign language learning. 

The research showed that students who choose to give up foreign language learning 

were those who had severe foreign language learning anxiety. Similar results were 

found in the research by Doğan and Tuncer (2016). They carried out a correlational 

study to investigate the relationship between foreign language classroom anxiety and 

foreign language achievement. Participants were engineering students from Turkish 

universities studying English-required courses. FLCAS was adopted throughout the 

research and the results showed that there is a negative correlation between classroom 

anxiety and foreign language achievement. 

In China, current research focuses on whether students’ foreign language anx-

iety can be alleviated under different teaching models. Huang (2021) conducted a study 

on 210 English students in one semester by means of longitudinal case study, question-

naire survey, and interviews, and reached the results that the use of Flipped Classroom 

teaching model can significantly alleviate the overall classroom anxiety, expression 



Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No. 1, 2022 1308 

anxiety and classroom teaching anxiety, and increase students’ confidence in their use 

of language. Tao and He (2021) conducted a survey of foreign language anxiety among 

108 Chinese students and 72 Mexican students in English class from the perspective of 

language distance and the results showed that Chinese EFL learners have higher foreign 

language anxiety than Mexican EFL learners. It means that the higher cognitive decod-

ing effort is required for second language learners who have greater language distance. 

At present, research on the correlation between foreign language anxiety of college 

English majors and the SIOP teaching model is insufficient in China. It is hoped that 

this paper will inspire more research on this topic. 

Methodology 

Research Questions 

This study tries to answer the following two questions: i) whether the students’ foreign 

language anxiety can be relieved under the SIOP teaching model; ii) Whether business 

English majors’ classroom participation can be improved under this model. 

Participants 

Two classes of students, a total of sixty business English majors in Guangxi University 

of Foreign Languages participated in the study. One of the classes is the experimental 

class and the other is the control class. Each class has 30 students. 

Research Methods and Instruments 

Methods  

The method of quasi-experimental designs is used in this study. The independent varia-

ble is the teaching design and implementation of comprehensive courses for business 

English majors under the SIOP model; the corresponding dependent variables are busi-

ness English majors’ foreign language learning anxiety and students’ classroom partici-

pation. In this study, both experimental and control class were taught by the same 

teacher. In addition, the study tried to avoid the influence and interference of non-

experimental factors by ensuring that the two selected classes have the same teaching 

hours and the same teaching materials. And the only variable experimental factor was 

different teaching modes: The experimental class was taught with the SIOP teaching 

model while the control class with the conventional language teaching mode, to exam-

ine the effects of the experimental factor on business English majors’ English anxiety 

and classroom participation. The following measures were implemented to guarantee 

the reliability and validity of this experiment.  

Reliability  

After questionnaire A was finalized, the reliability was tested in a small scope by retest 

method. Questionnaire A was retested in 30 students, andαwas 0.87, which met the 

standard requirement. In the process of questionnaire design and implementation, the 



Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No. 1, 2022 1309 

following measures were taken to ensure the reliability of the questionnaire: (i) The 

number of questions should be as small as possible and limited to one page; (ii) The 

language should be as plain and concise as possible. The majority of questions are mul-

tiple-choice ones, with a few blank-filling ones; (iii) Anonymous filling in the question-

naires; (iv) Handing out and filling in the questionnaires without teachers’ presence.  

Validity  

After the design of questionnaire, experts were asked to decide whether the question-

naire can cover the research topic and whether it is suitable for the validity test, and the 

rate of expert identification is 91.72%.  

As for questionnaire B, FLCAS has been proved to be of high reliability and validity in 

many years of teaching and research. 

Instruments 

Questionnaire A: the Classroom Participation Questionnaire for Business English Ma-

jors (the questionnaire is designed to serve research purposes); Questionnaire B: 

FLCAS developed by E. K. Horwitz, M.B. Horwitz, and J. Cope. FLCAS was compiled 

in 1986 focusing on communication anxiety, test anxiety and negative evaluation anxie-

ty. 

Procedure  

This teaching experiment covers three stages. At the first stage, the students of selected 

classes (experimental class and control class) were asked to fill in the questionnaire A 

before the implementation of the SIOP teaching model. At the second stage, the two 

selected classes were taught in different teaching modes. In the experimental class, the 

SIOP teaching model was integrated with regular teaching so that the SIOP’s sheltering 

strategies were flexibly applied in the whole teaching process according to the teaching 

contents of specific units and students’ learning situation. At this stage, the construction 

of pre-class background knowledge and the input of comprehensible business 

knowledge were key tasks. Effective classroom activities were designed to stimulate 

students’ desire for exploration and autonomous learning, which ensure the acquisition 

of business knowledge and English language competence. In the control class, however, 

the teaching mode remained conventional. At the third stage, Questionnaire A and ques-

tionnaire B were distributed to two selected classes (experimental class and control 

class) for the second time, to verify the influence of experimental factor in this study: 

Whether the SIOP model can relieve the students’ foreign language anxiety and im-

prove the students’ classroom participation. 

Data Collection 

Questionnaire A and questionnaire B were distributed and collected in the classes of 

comprehensive business English and the key instructions were explained clearly to en-

sure the validity of data. 120 questionnaires were distributed, and 120 questionnaires 



Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No. 1, 2022 1310 

were collected, which was conducted from October 2020 to December 2020. All statis-

tics and analyses were treated by software SPSS17. 

Results and Discussion 

The SIOP Model can Relieve the Foreign Language Anxiety of Business Eng-

lish Students.  

According to the data collected after the first stage (Table1), there was no significant 

difference in students’ English learning anxiety between the two selected classes before 

adopting different teaching modes. As shown in table 1, differences in test anxiety (t = -

1.345) and negative evaluation anxiety (t = -1.321) between the experimental and the 

control classes were very slight, though the difference in communication anxiety (t = -

3.328, MD = 0. 35*) was noticeable. Overall, the foreign language anxiety levels of the 

two classes were roughly the same. However, the data and sequential analysis at the 

third stage (Table 2) showed great differences in the anxiety level. After the experiment, 

that is, after the SIOP teaching model implemented, there were significant differences 

between the two classes in the three factors related to foreign language learning anxiety: 

communication anxiety (t = 5.873), test anxiety (t = 7.021) and negative evaluation anx-

iety (t = 5.408). Meanwhile, foreign language anxiety of the experimental class was 

significantly alleviated: communication anxiety (MD = 0.61*), test anxiety (MD = 

0.89*) and negative evaluation anxiety (MD = 0.47*). 

The above data indicate that the application of the SIOP model can alleviate 

students’ foreign language learning anxiety in the comprehensive business English 

courses. The figures of the experimental class in terms of communication anxiety, test 

anxiety and negative evaluation anxiety were significantly smaller than those of the 

control class, indicating the experimental class experienced a significant decrease in 

foreign language anxiety after the SIOP teaching, while the control class underwent 

increased foreign language anxiety. 

Under the SIOP teaching model, thanks to the effective pre-class input, class 

activities and after-class review, the students’ language ability and communication 

skills in the experimental class were trained in a better way, and their business 

knowledge was more easily acquired. As a result, their self-confidence and self-

consciousness in learning were improved, and their foreign language anxiety in busi-

ness English learning decreased significantly. Therefore, the application of the SIOP 

teaching model in business English teaching can alleviate students’ foreign language 

anxiety. 

SIOP Model is Helpful to Improve Business English Students’ Classroom Par-

ticipation  

Comparative analysis of the data in Table 3 indicates that the experimental class had 

slightly higher participation than the control class (MD = 0.25*) before the application 

of the SIOP teaching model, yet the difference was not significant. 

There were significant differences in student’s classroom participation (T = -

4.789, DF = 96, p < 0.05) between the experimental class and control class after adapta-

tion. The experimental class (MD = 0.65*) had significantly higher participation than 



Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No. 1, 2022 1311 

Table 1. A Comparison of English Language Anxiety between Experimental 
and Control Classes at the First Stage. 

 Class N Mean SD t df Sig. MD 

Communication 
Anxiety 

Control 30 2.7473 0.53251 
-3.328 96 0.001 -0.35254 

Experimental 30 3.2167 0.50023 

Test  
Anxiety 

Control 30 2.4832 0.74864 
-1.345 96 0.149 -0.23021 

Experimental 30 2.7431 0.87256 

Negative 
Evaluation 
Anxiety   

Control 30 2.8715 0.40535 
-1.321 96 0.155 -0.12516 

Experimental 30 3.0206 0.45012 

 

 

 

 

Table 2. A Comparison of English Language Anxiety between Experimental 
and Control Classes at the Third Stage. 

 Class N Mean t df Sig. MD 

Communication 
Anxiety 

Control 30 3.5534 
5.873 96 0.000 0.61061 

Experimental 30 3.0316 

Test Anxiety 
Control 30 3.5353 

7.021 96 0.000 0.89897 
Experimental 30 2.6336 

Negative 
Feedback 
Anxiety 

Control 30 3.3020 
5.408 96 0.000 0.47816 

Experimental 30 2.8162 

 

 

 

 

Table 3. A Comparison of Classroom Participation between Experimental and 
Control Classes at the First Stage. 

Classroom 

Participation 

Class N Mean SD t df Sig. MD 

Contrast 30 2.6113 0.70521 
-2.076 81.306 0.0.30 -0.25134 

Experimental 30 2.8432 0.43103 

 

 

 

 

Table 4. A Comparison of Classroom Participation between Experimental and 
Control Classes at the Third Stage. 

Classroom 

Participation 

Class N Mean SD t df Sig. MD 

Contrast 30 2.6032 0.63564 
-4.789 96 0.000 -0.65138 

Experimental 30 3.2751 0.70663 

 

 

 



Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No. 1, 2022 1312 

the control class (Table 4). In addition, if we compare the data vertically, we can find 

that there are remarkable differences between the two classes before and after the re-

form of teaching modes. On the average, after a semester’s SIOP teaching, the students’ 

participation of the experimental class has increased significantly, whereas the control 

class did not show remarkable changes. Therefore, the results prove that the application 

of SIOP teaching model can effectively improve the classroom participation of business 

English majors. 

Conclusion 

Comparative analysis of the above data revealed that students’ foreign language anxiety 

in the experimental class has been alleviated in that semester because of the application 

of the SI0P teaching model, and those students have also made great progress in their 

classroom participation. In contrast, the foreign language anxiety of the control class 

was not relieved under the conventional teaching mode, and the students’ classroom 

participation also remained unchanged, though the two classes were taught by the same 

teacher, with the same teaching materials and the same teaching time. Thus, this teach-

ing experiment well answers the two questions we set at the beginning of this research. 

The SIOP teaching model helps relieve business English students’ foreign language 

anxiety and improve their classroom participation. Business English majors can better 

decode the course contents through relevant learning skills from the SIOP model. 

Moreover, the repetitive use of SIOP teaching strategies not only enables students to 

master the declarative knowledge of the subjects, but also develop their language learn-

ing skills, curriculum learning strategies and critical thinking (Wu, 2015). 

In the context of new liberal arts construction in China, the reform of foreign 

language education is constantly advancing. In the SIOP teaching model, foreign lan-

guage teaching can be integrated with knowledge of specialties. While facilitating stu-

dents’ acquisition of the specialized knowledge of the relevant subjects, it can also ex-

pand their horizon, and cultivate their cross-cultural competence and global vision. In 

this model, listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation are treated as a natural 

and holistic learning process to improve the students’ language proficiency (Yuan, 

2011). When the SI0P model is applied in business English teaching, it can effectively 

improve the business English majors’ confidence in foreign language learning, foreign 

language proficiency and comprehensive competence. 

There are several limitations to the current study. First, as the sample size is 

small, the statistical power of the analysis is limited. Second, after completion of this 

teaching experiment, the researcher did not follow up the 60 Business English majors, 

and the level of foreign language anxiety in the control class may change to some extent. 

Therefore, based on the results of this study, the curriculum design and implementation 

of the SIOP model in business English teaching will be further improved in the follow-

up experimental research. 

 

 

 

 

 



Wei. College Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety in English Learning. 

BECE, Vol.10, No. 1, 2022 1313 

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Received:  14 December 2021 

Revised: 21 December 2021 

Accepted: 04 January 2022 

 

 

 

https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802549656
http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i5.1337
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190501000071
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x
https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.770329
https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.770329

	OrignialArticle-ChenhuaWei-BECE_title_Jan2022
	OriginalArticle-ChenhuaWei--BECE_MaintextJan2022

