bibechana: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called bibechana.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

Water; Properties; Surface; Temperature; Concentration; Activity; Nepal; Liquid; Values; Structure; Mixing; Materials; Extract; Model; Data; Band; Alloys; Potential; Analysis; System; Mass; Molecule; Dust; Plant; Samples; Presence; Region; Radiation; Value; Protein; Synthesis; Carbon; Zno; Species; Galaxies; Cm-1; Year; Time; Method; Current; Size; Plasma; Compounds; Color; Acid; Ions; Soil; Gap; Equation; Parameters; Correlation; Quality; Conductivity; Index; Viscosity; Space; Health; Phase; Waste; Lattice; Flow; Formation; Light; Cells; Hydrogen; Spectrum; Kathmandu; Food; Momentum; Seed; Oil; Beam; Circuit; Operator; Dft; Respondents; Manifold; Muon; Prof; Core; Solutions; Theorem; Block; Sewage; Ans; Americanum; Cake; Fushimi; Concept; C.c; Bending; Aluminium; Reviewers; Cos; Integral; Bottleneck; Department; 0.5y; .||

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• bibechana-10378 by None (None) - Keywords: CTC tea; Orthodox tea; Green tea; Brij 35; Water; UV-vis. 1. p.42 Figure 2: Absorption spectra for Orthodox tea in water (top graph), CTC tea (middle graph) and Green tea (bottom graph). 3.2. Keywords: brij; ctc; green; liter; tea; water
• Micellization behaviour of sodium dodecyl sulphate in presence and absence of sodium sulphate and zinc sulphate in distilled water by surface tension measurement by Limbu, Kuber; Shah, Sujit Kumar; Bhattarai, Ajaya (2014) - Solvent Concentration (mol/l-1) Surface tension (dyne/cm) ZnSO4 0.06017 0.05014 0.04179 0.03482 0.02902 0.02418 0.02015 0.01679 0.01399 0.01166 0.00972 0.00810 0.00675 0.00562 0.00469 0.00391 0.00325 0.00271 0.00226 0.00188 27.16200 27.37816 27.59907 28.06390 28.29980 28.79153 29.56571 30.10506 30.66502 30.95195 31.24480 31.54408 31.84879 34.89688 37.27535 40.00185 41.00095 41.51947 41.51852 41.51804 Figure 1: Variation of surface tension of SDS with log [SDS] in distilled water at room temperature. Distilled water 0.02402 0.01801 0.01351 0.01013 0.00760 0.00570 0.00428 0.00321 0.00241 0.00180 0.00135 0.00102 31.80359 32.11061 32.42408 32.74436 33.40919 35.97611 37.62764 38.96942 39.91825 40.40978 40.91390 41.43103 K. Limbu et al. / BIBECHANA 11(1) (2014) 79-85: (Online Publication: March, 2014) p.82 Table 1B: Surface tensions of SDS in the presence of Na2SO4. Solvent Concentration (mol/l-1) Surface tension (dyne/cm) Na2SO4 0.02400 0.02000 0.01667 0.01389 0.01157 0.00965 0.00804 0.00670 0.00558 0.00465 0.00388 0.00323 0.00269 0.00224 0.00187 0.00156 0.00130 29.83293 30.10266 30.66151 31.54318 32.15982 33.13277 33.81490 34.16566 40.99797 43.73001 44.92753 47.53145 50.45586 53.76411 56.54468 58.56345 59.62791 Our calculation of cmc of SDS in distilled water at room temperature found to be 8.29 mM which is almost matching with 9.00 mM by surface tension method [5]. Keywords: na2so4; sds; surface; tension; water; znso4; � �
• Investigation on solution properties of surfactants in mixed solvent media: Landmark towards Surface Chemistry in Eastern Nepal by Bhattarai, Ajaya (2014) - [4] studied the solution behavior of a surfactant in methanol water mixed solvent media by electrical conductivity methods. [4] measured the surface tension of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in methanol water mixed solvent media by Ring method. Keywords: bhattarai; concentration; media; methanol; solvent; water
• Conductometric study of nickel chloride in ethanol-water mixed solvent media at various temperatures by Basnet, Nabin; Bhattarai, Ajaya (2014) - Specific conductance of NiCl2 in various % (v/v) of Ethanol at 298.15 K (Mol/L) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 0.100 12.89 10.13 8.14 6.70 5.66 4.75 3.99 3.15 2.27 1.07 2 0.080 10.85 8.54 6.82 5.62 4.62 3.95 3.35 2.67 1.95 0.91 3 0.060 8.30 6.54 5.26 4.31 3.35 3.07 2.59 2.07 1.52 0.71 4 0.040 5.70 4.43 3.59 2.95 2.47 2.07 1.79 1.43 1.03 0.51 5 0.020 3.07 2.39 1.99 1.63 1.39 1.15 0.99 0.83 0.68 0.31 6 0.010 1.87 1.47 1.27 1.07 0.91 0.83 0.75 0.63 0.47 0.23 7 0.008 1.51 1.23 1.15 1.03 0.83 0.71 0.63 0.55 0.35 0.19 Table 2: Concentration and Sp. conductance (κ, mS/cm) of NiCl2 in various % (v/v) of Ethanol at 303.15 K S.N. Conc. Specific conductance of NiCl2 in various % (v/v) of Ethanol at 303.15 K (Mol/L) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 0.100 14.65 11.73 9.50 7.82 6.50 5.54 4.35 3.59 2.55 1.21 2 0.080 12.45 9.90 7.98 6.54 5.54 4.60 3.79 3.03 2.15 0.95 3 0.060 9.58 7.62 6.14 5.02 4.23 3.59 2.91 2.39 1.71 0.79 4 0.040 6.54 5.22 4.27 3.51 2.87 2.47 2.03 1.63 1.23 0.55 5 0.020 3.55 2.95 2.35 1.91 1.51 1.35 1.19 0.99 0.75 0.35 6 0.010 1.91 1.71 1.43 1.15 0.95 0.83 0.75 0.67 0.55 0.31 7 0.008 1.63 1.51 1.27 1.03 0.87 0.75 0.67 0.55 0.43 0.27 Table 3: Concentration and Sp. conductance (κ, mS/cm) of NiCl2 in various % (v/v) of Ethanol at 308.15 K S.N. Conc. Keywords: concentration; conductance; ethanol; solvent; water
• Micellization behavior of mixed surfactants in pure water and methanol-water mixed solvent media by density methods by Bhattarai, Ajaya; Pathak, Kavita; Dev, Bikash (2015) - While here, in our case new improvement has been done by measuring density in both higher and lower concentration range of mixed surfactants and the cmc has been calculated (fig 2) and the cmcs are found to be increased for both the anionic-rich and cationic-rich mixtures by the addition of methanol in pure water. It is evident that density exhibits almost increase with increasing concentration of anionic-rich (SDS-DTAB) and cationic-rich (DTAB-SDS) solutions as shown in Figs 1A and 1B. In fact, the variation of density with mixed surfactant concentrations is always found to be linear in higher concentration range and such trend was also observed previously [9] whereas in the lower concentration range, a break can be seen with the decreasing pattern in densities. Keywords: concentration; density; dtab; methanol; sds; water
• Micellization Behavior of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in Presence and Absence of Na2SO4 and MgSO4 in Aqueous media by Adhikari, Chom Nath; Shrivastav, G S; Bhattarai, Ajaya (2016) - The results showed an increase in viscosity with increase in concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in presence and absence of salts where as the decrease in surface tension with increase in concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in presence and absence of salts. The following equation is used to calculate the surface tension of required solution: solv solv lnso lnso solv lnso d d n n              (3) where, γ soln = surface tension of solution γ solv = surface tension of solvent nsoln = number of drops of solution nsolv = number of drops of solvent dsoln = density of solution dsolv = density of solvent If the surface tension of one of the liquids is known then that of the other can be easily calculated from the equation (3). Keywords: cmc; ctab; mgso4; na2so4; presence; surface; tension; water
• Primary Productivity of Phytoplankton of Mahakali River, Nepal by Mahasetha, Vinod Kumar (2016) - Abstract Present paper describes primary productivity of Mahakali river at four stations. The values of primary productivity of phytoplankton were observed during the whole study period (September 2003 – August 2005). Keywords: day; mgc; productivity; river; water
• Sources and causes of water pollution in Bangladesh: A technical overview by Arefin, Md. Arman; Mallik, Avijit (2017) - Sources and causes of water pollution in Bangladesh: A technical overview Md. Water pollution is surpassing the breaking point in the greater part of the water sources, and has turned into a tremendous risk to the survival of water species. Keywords: arefin; arman; bangladesh; bibechana; coal; dhaka; land; mallik; point; pollution; rcost; river; sources; waste; water; water pollution
• Solvation free energy of light alkanes in polar and amphiphilic environments by Pokharel, Sunil; Khanal, Shyam Prakash; Adhikari, N P (2018) - The chemical potential is given by μ = �������,� = �������,� (3) Two ensembles are particularly useful for the calculations of free energy: the canonical �NVT� ensemble and the isobaric-isothermal �NPT� ensemble. In order to calculate free energy difference, we define potential energy function which linearly depends on coupling parameters λ i.e. U� λ� such that, for λ = 0, U�� λ = 0� represents the potential energy of system A and U�� λ = 1�represents the potential energy of system B, then U�λ� = �1 − λ� U� + λU� = U� + λ� U� − U�� (8) Sunil Pokharel et al../ BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 92-105 RCOST p. 95 Keywords: alkanes; butane; energy; methane; methanol; potential; solvation; system; t �; u �; water; � �
• Density and partial molar volume of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in presence and absence of Sodium Sulfate and Zinc Sulfate in distilled water by Limbu, Kuber; Shah, Sujit Kumar; Bhattarai, Ajaya (2018) - Partial molar volume (pmv) of SDS has been found to be higher in distilled water and gradually decreased in other salts (Table 2 and Figure 2). Pure distilled water 0.100076 0.080061 0.060046 0.04003 0.024018 0.018014 0.012009 0.007205 0.005404 0.999567 0.997363 0.996733 0.996064 0.995749 0.995671 0.995395 0.995316 0.995238 Na2SO4 0.10008 0.080061 0.060046 0.04003 0.024018 0.018014 0.012009 0.007205 0.005404 1.000000 0.999685 0.999056 0.99819 0.997678 0.997599 0.997284 0.997166 0.997088 ZnSO4 0.100284 0.080227 0.060171 0.040114 0.024007 0.018051 0.012034 0.00722 0.005415 1.000788 0.999922 0.999213 0.998426 0.997757 0.997678 0.997481 0.997363 0.997206 Kuber Limbu et al. / BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 131-136: RCOST p.134 (Online Publication: Dec., 2018) Table2: Partial molar volume of SDS in distilled water, Na2SO4 and ZnSO4 at 30oC. Solvents Concentration (mol/Lt) pmv (cm3/mol) Keywords: density; na2so4; presence; sds; water
• Hydrophobicity of small alkane molecules (propane dimer) in solvents: a classical molecular dynamics study by Panthi, Bikash; Pantha, Nurapati (2020) - The propane dimer modeled by specifying the parameters was kept inside a cubic box along with solvents water, acetonitrile and methanol respectively. Results show that two minima (contact minima and solvent separated minima) characterize the PMF of propane dimer in all three solvent environments. Keywords: atom; carbon; minima; propane; rdf; reference; solvent; system; water
• Diffusion of oxytocin in water: a molecular dynamics study by Acharya, Khimananda; Koirala, Rajendra Prasad; Pantha, Nurapati (2021) - It is measured in terms of diffusion coefficient called binary or mutual diffusion coefficient [22]. Where, D is diffusion coefficient, Ea is activation energy, D0 is pre-exponential factor, R is universal gas constant and T is absolute temperature. Keywords: binary; coefficient; diffusion; energy; molecule; oxytocin; run; self; system; temperature; water
• Molecular dynamics study of structural properties of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Khanal, Shyam P; Koirala, Rajendra P; Mishra, Esha; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2021) - Solvation of GABA molecule in water resembles real body. 1: Snapshot of GABA molecule. Keywords: gaba; rdf; system; temperature; water
• Study of aerosol optical properties at different tourist places of Nepal by Jha, Rejeena; Adhikari, Binod; Singh, Dharmendra (2021) - https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D- 18-0024.1 [27] S. Oeder et al., Particulate matter from both heavy fuel oil and diesel fuel shipping emissions show strong biological effects on human lung cells at realistic and comparable in vitro exposure conditions, PLoS One. 10 (2015) 1–17. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Aerosol s [5] T.Takemura et al., Single-scattering albedo and radiative forcing of various aerosol species with a global three-dimensional model, J. Clim. Keywords: aerosol; aod; correlation; lumbini; nepal; pokhara; summer; variation; water; wavelength; year
• Surfactants, its applications and effects on environment by Shah, SK; Bhattarai, A; Chatterjee, SK (2010) - [26] R. Lagerman et al., JAOCS, 71 (1994)(1)97. [32] A. Zabielska, J. Matejuk, et al., Holzforschung, 58(2004)292. Keywords: chem; s.k; surfactants; tension; water
• Waste management by Pradhan, Devesh (2010) - These schemes are more advanced for metals and some other materials such as glass, paper and broken polythene and collection points for such solid wastes have become a familiar sight in many cities in recent years. The incineration process is considered when suitable site for land filling is not available within the economic distances from the sources of solid wastes. Keywords: management; process; recycling; sewage; solid; wastes; water
• Zirconium modified pomegranate peel for efficient removal of arsenite from water by Poudel, Bhoj Raj; Ale, Dhan Shree; Aryal, Ram Lochan; Ghimire, Kedar Nath; Gautam, Surendra Kumar; Paudyal, Hari; Pokhrel, Megh Raj (2022) - Adsorption isotherms The adsorption isotherm was described by evaluating the fluctuation of starting As(III) concentration for adsorption capacity. The equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe), adsorption capacity (qt) at a predetermined time (t), and % adsorption (%A) of As(III) ions were evaluated according to Eqs. Keywords: adsorbent; adsorption; arsenic; as(iii; biosorbent; biosorption; capacity; fig; ions; order; poudel; removal; solution; spp@zr; water
• Remediation of Bagmati River water using activated carbon from Macrotyloma uniflorum (gram horse) seed by Adhikari, Mandira Pradhananga; Bhatt, Janak Raj (2022) - [14] D. Liang et al., Mechanism of the evolution of pore structure during the preparation of activated carbon from Zhundong high-alkali coal based on gas-solid diffusion and activation reactions, RSC Adv. 10 (2020) 33566-33575 [15] O. Edokpayi et al., Batch adsorption study of methylene blue in aqueous solution using activated carbons from rice husk and coconut shell, J. Appl. BIBECHANA 19 (1-2) (2022) 170-183 170 Remediation of Bagmati River water using activated carbon from Macrotyloma uniflorum (gram horse) seed Mandira Pradhananga Adhikari! Keywords: adsorption; blue; carbon; carbonization; gram; horse; iodine; methylene; river; seed; surface; water
• Study of aerosol optical properties in Lumbini, Nepal by Sapkota, Santosh; Gautam, Sabin; Pokhrel, Santosh; Gautam, Aayush; Basnet, Kailash; Mishra, Roshan Kumar; Regmi, Jeevan (2023) - The real part of the refractive index reaches its maximum and minimum values during the post- monsoon and monsoon seasons, respectively, which agrees with the possible range of values as given by [27] for various types of aerosol particles and previous result for the Lumbini region Aerosols can absorb and scatter solar 1 http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA jsregmi28@gmail.com https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v20i1.48825 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Santosh Sapkota et al./ BIBECHANA 20 (2023) 1-9 2 energy, which has an impact on cloud formation by changing the microphysics and lifetime of the clouds [1]. Keywords: aerosol; aod; lumbini; monsoon; scattering; ssa; value; water
• A comparative study of Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) and Free Energy of Micellization of cationic surfactant and anionic surfactant in different composition of methanol-water mixed solvent media by conductometric method at 308.15 K by Shah, Sujit Kumar; Niraula, Tulsi Prasad; Bhattarai, Ajaya; Chattarjee, Sujit Kumar (2012) - Fig. 1: Variation of specific conductance with molar concentration of Sodiumdodecyl Sulphate (SDS) in methanol water mixed solvent media containing 0.1 volume fraction of methanol at 308.15 K 0 1 2 3 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 [ S D S ] / 3: Variation of specific conductance with molar concentration of Sodiumdodecyl Sulphate (SDS) in methanol water mixed solvent media containing 0.3 volume fraction of methanol at 308.15 K. 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Keywords: bromide; methanol; sodiumdodecyl; solvent; sulphate; volume; water
• A systematic study on material properties of water retted Sterculia and Bauhinia fiber by Kandel, Krishna Prasad; Aryal, Girja Mani; KC, Shishir Acharya; Joshi, Mahesh Kumar; Dahal, Bipeen; Neupane, Bhanu Bhakta (2023) - 2.2.3 Mechanical strength of fiber Water retted fiber samples were preconditioned for 24 hours at 23±1 0C and 65 % relative humid- ity 7–10 mg of fiber sample was heated in an alumina crucible in nitrogen atmosphere (flow rate 80 mL/min) at the rate of 10 oC/minute. Keywords: bauhinia; cellulose; change; content; data; days; fiber; figure; properties; retting; samples; sterculia; strength; water
• Overall migration of microplastics in mineral water and non-alcoholic beverages by Kour, Jagjit; Bhatt, Pratima; Basnet, Shobha (2023) - Though plastic packaging is abundant, consumers from developing nation are not aware of the risk associated with plastic food packaging. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate occurrence of microplastics in plastic food packaging and highlight the risks involved in consumption of microplastics. Keywords: beverages; bottles; food; microplastics; migration; mineral; packaging; plastic; simulant; water
• Biosorption of Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)) from contaminated water using charred tea waste by Homagai, Puspa Lal; Bardewa, Miksha; Subedee, Anup; Oli, Hari Bhakta; Shrestha, Ram Lal; Bhattarai, Deval Prasad (2023) - The absorbance of metal ion solution before and after adsorption was determined by using double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer. 10.1038/178587a0 [3] J. Gardea-Torresdey et al. Keywords: adsorbent; adsorption; chromium; cr(vi; ctw; ions; removal; solution; tea; waste; water
• Chemical and microbial evaluation of water of Rupa lake by Dhungana, Kamal Prasad; Mishra, Akkal Dev; Adhikari, Kalpana Gautam (2023) - Transparency of lake water was noted 91cm and electrical conductivity 41 µs/cm indicat- ing the presence of suspended particulate at moderately higher concentration. This study will help in creating public awareness to safeguard lake water, conserve the lake area and maintain local ecosystem. Keywords: concentration; lake; mg\l; nepal; quality; rupa; total; water
• Physico-chemical parameters of Seepage stream at Kushaha area by Chhetry, Damodar Thapa; Pal, Joydeb (2012) - Water temperature was maximum in summer and lowest in winter season. Air temperature, water temperature, free carbondioxide, biological oxygen demand showed positive and significant correlation with each other. Keywords: maximum; oxygen; period; season; study period; table; temperature; total; water; year; year study
• The Correlative study of Aerosol Optical Depth with Precipitable water over five AERONET station across the world by Sapkota, Santosh; Gautam, Sabin; Gautam, Aayush; Ale, Bhairab (2023) - The rain- fall likely suppressed the smoke emissions due to the high level of moisture in the air, but it also promoted the growth of vegetation, leading to an increase in smoke emissions during the subsequent dry seasons which lead to higher AOD. Canberra and UNC Gaitan had higher AOD values primarily due to biomass burning, household activities and dust. Keywords: aerosol; aod; beijing; canberra; college; correlation; precipitable; water; wavelengths
• Electronic and magnetic performance of MoS2 monolayer via Tc & Nb impurities defect and water adsorption by Neupane, Hari; Khatri, Prakash; Devkota, Arun; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2023) - The significant values of magnetic moment are given in materials due to the presence of unpaired spin state in the 4d orbitals of Mo atoms, 3p orbital of S atoms, and 4d orbitals of Tc Nb atoms. 3.1 Structural Analysis In this section, we have discussed the structural properties of pristine MoS2, Nb & Tc impurities defected MoS2, and water adsorbed on impurities defected MoS2 materials. Keywords: /cell; atoms; band; energy; materials; mos2; properties; spin; states; structure; water
• Time and Space Domain Prediction of Water Quality Parameters of Bagmati River Using Deep Learning Methods by Bashyal, Pujan; Adhikari, Mandira; Adhikari, Nanda Bikram (2023) - Ad- ditionally, machine learning models like long short- term memory (LSTM) networks and deep neural networks (DNN) have shown promise in effectively analyzing and predicting water quality data . The aim of this study was to predict water quality parameters of the Bagmati River using machine learning time series models, specifically ARIMA and LSTM. Keywords: arima; bagmati; data; learning; lstm; model; parameters; prediction; quality; river; time; water; water quality
• Potential removal of arsenite from contaminated water using a fixed bed column packed with TiO2-impregnated pomegranate peel powder by Poudel, Bhoj Raj; Aryal, Ram Lochan; Ghimire, Kedar Nath; Paudyal, Hari; Pokhrel, Megh Raj (2024) - This is attributed to the possibility of channeling and short contact between the As(III) ions and active sites of PP@TiO2 bed at a higher flow rate. Keywords Pomegranate peel; Removal; PP@TiO2; As(III); Fixed bed column. Keywords: adsorption; arsenic; as(iii; bed; biosorption; breakthrough; column; concentration; flow; model; pp@tio2; rate; removal; thomas; water
• Effects of open dumping site on surrounding air, soil, and water: a case study of Biratnagar metropolitan city by Gautam, Aastha; Malla, Diya; Khatiwada, Aadarsh; Kafley, Ghanashyam; Shah, Sujit Kr; Kafle, Sagar (2024) - The total hardness variation of water samples is minimum at upstream and highest at leachate. The amount of ammonia in water samples is in diminishing order form from SS-0 to SS-2 (Table 3). Keywords: dumping; leachate; limit; samples; site; soil; study; table; values; waste; water
• Adsorption of Water on Vacancy Defective h-BN Bilayer at B and N Sites: First-principles calculation by Nepal, Madhav; Paudel, Ganesh; Aryal, Santosh; Devkota, Arun; Neupane, Hari Krishna (2024) - Furthermore, we have created the B atom va- cancy defected h-BN (B-hBN), and N atom vacancy defected h-BN (N-hBN) materials by randomly re- moving single B atom, and single N atom from the upper surface of bilayer material respectively. It is found that pristine h-BN is a non-magnetic, and B-hBN, N-hBN, w-B-hBN & w-N-BN are magnetic materials. Keywords: atoms; band; bilayer; energy; hbn; hbn bilayer; magnetic; materials; pristine; properties; states; structure; supercell; vacancy; water
• Richards equation for the assessment of landslide hazards by Timsina, Ramesh Chandra (2025) - To solve unsaturated flow equation with Kirchhoff transformation Zhang et al. (2015) Keywords Richards equation; Moisture content; infinite sloe model; Landslide hazards; Factor of safety. . Keywords: equation; et al; flow; landslide; method; numerical; richards; richards equation; slope; soil; solution; water
• Dynamics of water pollution concentration with uniform and exponential increment of pollutants by Kafle, Jeevan; Chaudhary, Ranjan Kumar; Dangol, Bekha Ratna (2025) - 3.4 Dynamics of concentration P1 and P2 as flow velocity of the river varies The variation of pollution concentrations P1 and P2 with different water flow velocity v along Figure 5: Evolution of pollution concentration Distance (km) Analytical solution Numerical solution Error Error % 0 2.405330 2.427610 0.009260 0.926 5 1.089690 1.121450 0.029140 2.914 10 0.507550 0.477210 0.059770 5.977 15 0.182539 0.169762 0.069990 6.990 20 0.085641 0.092935 0.085160 8.516 Figure 8: Comparison of analytical and numeri- cal solutions for water pollution concentration with uniform (Left) and exponential (Right) increment of pollutants at origin. Keywords: concentration; pollutants; pollution; river; water
• Water quality assessment of mardi river by using water quality index by Shah, Shailendra Kumar (2013) - In the early 1970s, the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), in cooperation with over 100 water quality experts, devised a standard index for measuring water quality. This index is known as the Water Quality Index (WQI), consists of nine tests to determine water quality. Keywords: index; mardi; parameters; quality; river; turbidity; water; wqi
• bibechana-7176 by None (None) - Abstract The precise measurement of the specific conductivity of sodium deoxycholate in pure water and ethanol- water mixed solvent media containing 0.10 and 0.20 volume fraction of ethanol at 303.15 K are reported. The cmc of Sodium deoxycholate found at different volume fraction of ethanol –water mixed solvent media are listed in Table 1.The cmc of Sodium deoxycholate in pure water was found to be 2.04 mM by fluorescence measurements at 298.15 K[12] which is almost matching with static light scattering measurements[13]. Keywords: cmc; concentration; ethanol; sodium; solvent; water
• Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of surface water quality of Taudaha lake of Kathmandu and their comparison with other global published values by Pradhananga, Achut Ram; Shakya, Ramesh Kaji; Shakya, Pawan Raj (2012) - Abstract The aim of current study was to evaluate the status of Taudaha lake water with respect to different physico-chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) in monsoon season 2012. The concentrations of Cl - , SO4 2- and PO4 3- in Taudaha lake water did not exceed the WHO recommended values (Table 2). Keywords: chemical; lake; lake water; quality; study; table; taudaha; values; water
• Assessment of the Dhobikhola river water using real-time monitoring system by Adhikari, Mandira Pradhananga; Rawal, Narendra Bahadur; Yadav, Kabita (2025) - Till now, a few researchers have characterized the water quality of Dhobikhola using traditional methods, therefore, there is a lack of enough data to identify river water quality thoroughly. The physicochemical characterization of river water concluded that the Dhobikhola River water is not potable; the observed dissolved oxygen was about 4.4 ppm, and the conductivity was 450 µS/cm Keywords: conductivity; dhobikhola; fig; monsoon; orp; parameters; pollutants; quality; river; variation; water
• Comparative pH analysis of synthetic and natural cleaning agents: implications for eco-friendly and dermatological safety by Chaudhary, Narendra Kumar; Yadav, Mandip; Budhathoki, Sujan; Baral, Dipak; Adhikari, Janak; Bhattarai, Ajaya (2025) - Natural cleaning agents exhibited eco-friendly properties, with Aloe vera having a mildly acidic pH of 5.40–5.79, and Reetha being near neutral to slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7.36–7.74. Natural cleaning agents, on the other hand, are formulated with eco-friendly ingredients such as baking soda, citric acid, vinegar, and essential oils. Keywords: agents; cleaning; detergents; journal; products; skin; soaps; water

• NBO, chemical reactivity, thermodynamic properties and hyperpolarizability analysis of aristolochic acid II by Joshi, Bhawani Dutt (2016) - [10] M.J. Frisch, G.W. Trucks, H.B. Schlegel, G.E. Scuseria, M.A. Robb, J.R. Cheeseman, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G.A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Caricato, X. Li, H.P. Hratchian, A.F. Izmaylov, J. Bloino, G. Zheng, J. L. Sonnenberg, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, T. Vreven, J. A. Montgomery, Jr., J.E. Peralta, F. Ogliaro, M. Bearpark, J.J. Heyd, E. Brothers, K.N. Kudin, V.N. Staroverov, R. Kobayashi, J. Normand, K. Raghavachari, A. Rendell, J.C. Burant, S. S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, M. Cossi, N. Rega, J.M. Millam, M. Klene, J.E. Knox, J.B. Cross, V. Bakken, C. Adamo, J. Jaramillo, R. Gomperts, R.E. Stratmann, O. Yazyev, A.J. Austin, R. Cammi, C. Pomelli, J. W. Ochterski, R.L. Martin, K. Morokuma, V.G. Zakrzewski, G.A. Voth, P. Salvador, J.J. Dannenberg, S. Dapprich, A.D. Daniels, O. Farkas, J.B. Foresman, J. V. Ortiz, J. Cioslowski, and D.J. Fox, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, (2009). Higher the value of stabilization energy E(2) more is the intensity of the interaction between electron donors and electron acceptors, i.e. the more donating tendency from electron donors to electron acceptors. Keywords: bibechana; chemical; energy; joshi; molecule; nbo; properties
• NBO, nonlinear optical and thermodynamic properties of 10-Acetyl-10H-phenothiazine 5-oxide by Joshi, Bhawani Datt; Chaudhary, Manoj Kumar (2017) - E��� � �n� σ|F|σ�� E�∗ � E�⁄ � � �n��F��� ∆E⁄ � whereF��� is the Fock matrix element between i and j NBO orbital, E�and E�∗are the energies of �and �*NBO’s, and n� is the population of the donor orbital. The total static dipole moment (μ�), mean polarizability (∆α�, anisotropy of polarizability (|α�|� and first hyperpolarizability (β�� can be expressed as [20]: μ� � (μ$� + μ%� + μ&�*+ �⁄ |α�| � 13 (α$$ + α%% + α&&* ∆α � 12 -(α$$ � α%%*� + (α%% � α&&*� + �α&& � α$$�� + 6α$$� .+ �⁄ β� � -(β$$$ + β$%% + β$&&*� + (β%%% + β$$% + β%&&*� + (β&&& + β$$& + β%%&*�.+ �⁄ The dipole moment, mean polarizability, anisotropy of polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of the title compound have been calculated and listed in the Table 4. Keywords: analysis; c12; electron; energy; kcal; mol; nbo; orbital; properties; � �
• Modeling equations to predict the mixing behaviours of Al−Fe liquid alloy at different temperatures by Yadav, S K; Jha, L N; Adhikari, D (2017) - The computed values of σ as a function of concentration for Al−Fe liquid alloy at 1873 K are plotted in Figure 6. 5: The computed values of DM/Did) versus concentration of Al (x1) for Al−Fe liquid alloy at different temperatures. Keywords: alloy; liquid; properties; surface; temperatures
• Energetics of mixing and transport phenomena in Cd-X (X=Pb, Sn) melts by Koirala, R P; Koirala, I; Adhikari, D (2017) - In metallurgical science the determination of the mixing properties of liquid alloys is prerequisite for the preparation of desired materials for commercial use. Growing technological interest to the non- periodicity in the atomic arrangement of liquid alloys has led metallurgists to emphasize understanding of the high temperature dynamics of the alloys in the liquid state for the description of http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA mailto:rpphysics@gmail.com http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v15i0.183 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ R. P. Koirala et al. / BIBECHANA 15 (2018) 113-120: RCOST p.114 the behaviour and performance of the commercial alloys in the solid state. Keywords: alloys; diffusion; liquid; metals; mixing; properties; viscosity
• Electronic and structural study of hexagonal TiC nanowires: ab initio study by Adhikari, Puspa Raj; Upadhyay, Om Prakash; Kaphle, Gopi Chandra; Srivastava, Anurag (2018) - In this article, a qualitative first principle discussion of TiC nanowire is reported, indicating the impact of DFT based GGA relativistic corrections on its electronic properties. For the detail analysis of electric and optical property of TiC nanowire, all the calculation are performed using density functional theory with generalized gradient approximate(GGA). Keywords: band; bulk; density; diameter; energy; gap; material; nanowire; properties; property; structure; tic
• Investigation of the firing temperature effects on clay brick sample; Part-I: Mineralogical phase characterization by Bohara, Narendra Bahadur; Bhat, Lal Bahadur; Ghale, Dol Bahadur; Duwal, Nirjan; Bhattarai, Jagadeesh (2018) - Materials and Methods Nine pieces of sun-dried clay brick sample specimens and one piece of fired clay brick sample from factory of Shiddi Vinayak Chimney Vatta Udhyog of Lalitpur (Nepal) were collected in this study. Microsoft Word - Bohara et al (122-130)-corrected Narendra Bahadur Bohara et al./ BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 122-130: RCOST p.122 (Online Publication: Dec., 2018) BIBECHANA A Multidisciplinary Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics ISSN 2091-0762 (Print), 2382-5340 (0nline) Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher: Research Council of Science and Technology, Biratnagar, Nepal Investigation of the firing temperature effects on clay bricks of Kathmandu valley (Nepal); Part-I: Mineralogical phase characterization Narendra Bahadur Bohara1, Lal Bahadur Bhat1, Dol Bahadur Ghale1, Nirjan Duwal2, Jagadeesh Bhattarai1* 1Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, GPO Box 2040, Kathmandu 2St. Keywords: brick; clay; cm–1; firing; ftir; phase; properties; samples; sun; temperature; xrd
• Mechanical and thermal properties of triblock copolymer modified epoxy resins by Khatiwada, Shankar P; Thomas, Sabu; Saiter, Jean Marc; Lach, Ralf; Adhikari, Rameshwar (2018) - However, the structural effect of block copolymers on the formation of nanostructures in thermosets was occasionally investigated. 2.2 Epoxidation of block copolymer The epoxidation of the styrene/butadiene-based triblock copolymer was accomplished following the standard method by using m-CPBA [20-21]. Keywords: blends; block; chemical; copolymer; epln3; epoxy; fig; properties; resin; thermoset
• Reassessments of thermo-physical properties of Si-Ti melt at different temperatures by Yadav, S K; Mehta, U; Gohivar, R K; Dhungana, A; Koirala, R P; Adhikari, D (2020) - [22] S. Amore, J. Brillo, I. Egry, R. Novakovic, Surface tension of liquid Cu–Ti binary alloys measured by electromagnetic levitation and thermodynamic modeling, Applied Surf. Temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties of Si–Ti binary liquid alloys, Thermochem. Keywords: alloy; properties; surface; temperatures; values
• Phonon dynamics of Zr67Ni33 and Fe80B20 binary glassy alloys by Vora, Aditya M; Gandhi, Alkesh L (2021) - Therefore, the atomic disorderedness in the formation of metallic glasses is more which show a deviation in the magnitude of PDCs and their concerned properties. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.097 [12] C. H. Hausleitner, I. Turek, Structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of metallic glasses, J Non-Cryst Sol 156 (1993) 210-218. Keywords: bmgs; dynamics; functions; gandhi; model; pair; phonon; potential; properties; screening; vora; 𝑍𝑟67𝑁𝑖33
• Analysis of Aerosol Optical Depth and Angstrom Exponents over an AERONET site at Pokhara, Nepal by Regmi, Jeevan; Poudyal, Khem N; Pokhrel, Amod; Gyawali, Madhu; Barinelli, Anthony; Aryal, Rudra (2021) - Daily averaged aerosol optical depth at 0.50 μm, AOD0.50 and angstrom exponents based on wavelengths ranges, 0.40 μm to 0.87 μm are downloaded from AERONET Pokhara site and analyzed for different months. Aerosol Aerosol optical depth Angstrom exponent Monthly mariations ABSTRACT The monthly variability of Aerosol Optical Depth at 0.50 μm (AOD0.50) and Ångström exponents (AE) based on spectral AODs over an Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) site Pokhara, are analyzed by using aerosol data of the year 2017. Keywords: aerosol; aod; monsoon; properties; season
• Structural analysis of Cu substituted Ni\Zn in Ni-Zn Ferrite by Parajuli, Deependra; Samatha, K (2021) - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4866230 [12] J. Peng, M. Hojamberdiev, Y. Xu, B. Cao, J. Wang, H. Wu, Hydrotherm, Synthesis and Magnetic properties of gadolinium-doped CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, J. Magn. In the present study, it is planned to formulate NPs of Cu substituted Ni in Ni-ZN ferrites containing iron oxide as their main components using sol-gel method and compare their structure with Cu substituted Zn in Ni-ZN ferrites [8]. Keywords: concentration; crystallite; ferrites; lattice; nps; properties; size
• Investigation on thermo-physical properties of liquid In-Tl alloy by Bhandari, I B; Panthi, N; Koirala, I (2021) - The interaction energy parameters for In–Tl liquid alloys are found to be g = 0.755 RT, ω12 =0.476 RT, ω13=1.610 RT and ω23= 1.481 RT. The study of concentration fluctuation in long wavelength limit and CSRO show that there is tendency of phase separation in In –Tl liquid alloy. Keywords: alloys; concentration; indium; liquid; properties; surface
• Investigation of some basic thermodynamic properties of Na-K alloy by Malan, Rajesh C; Vora, Aditya M (2021) - [14] A.M.Vora, Study of thermodynamical properties of liquid binary alloys by a pseudopotential method, J. Theo. [13] I.H. Umar, A. Meyer,M. Watabe, and W.H. Young, Thermodynamic calculations for liquid alloys with an application to sodium-potassium, Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics 4(10) (1974)1691. Keywords: alloy; energy; potential; properties; results; table; vora; 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑡
• Table of Contents by Adhikari, Devendra (2020) - [173+014+0082]Astrophysics Janak Ratna Malla, Walter Saurer, B Aryal 26-32 • Phonon dynamics of Zr67Ni33 AND Fe80B20 binary glassy alloysPHONON DYNAMICS Aditya M Vora, Alkesh L Gandhi 33-47 • Simulated spectra (IR and Raman), NLO, AIM and molecular docking of carisoprodol from DFT approachPhysics Manoj Kumar Chaudhary, Tarun Chaudhary, Bhawani Datt Joshi 48-57 • Effect of electron temperature in a magnetized plasma sheath using kinetic trajectory simulation R Chalise, S K Pandit, G Thakur, R Khanal 58-66 • An overview on the non-destructive in-depth surface analysis of corrosion-resistant films: A case study of W-xCr deposits in 12 M HCl solution Jagadish Bhattarai 83-95 • Schiff base metal complex as a potential therapeutic drug in medical science: A critical review Narendra Kumar Chaudhary, Biswash Guragain, Siyanand Kumar Chaudhary, Parashuram Mishra 162-178 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29466 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29466 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29316 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29448 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29448 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29475 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29171 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29171 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29750 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29531 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29203 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29203 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29906 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/30546 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29689 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29689 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29222 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29222 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29841 iii • Pyrolyzed human hair: a review on synthesis, characterization and applications Tika Ram Bhandari, Bidit Lamsal, Rameshwar Adhikari 213-221 • Degradation of fundamental polymers/plastics used in daily life: a review Netra Lal Bhandari, Ganesh Bhandari, Sunita Bista, Basant Pokhrel, Kabita Bist, Kedar Nath Dhakal 222-235 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29601 https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA/article/view/29619 Keywords: adhikari; kumar; prasad; properties; study
• Morphological analysis of Cu substituted Ni\Zn in Ni-Zn ferrites by Parajuli, D.; Samatha, K. (2021) - 3. Results A. Morphological Study ` i. Morphological of Cu substituted Ni in Ni-Zn ferrite The microstructural images like grain size, pores, inclusions, grain boundaries, particle size, homogeneity, defects, etc. can be obtained with the help of a Scanning Electron microscope. The effect of grain size on the electric and magnetic properties will be discussed in the next paper. Keywords: ferrite; grain; magnetic; parajuli; properties; size
• Correlation between the Magnetic and DC resistivity studies of Cu substituted Ni and Zn in Ni-Zn ferrites by Parajuli, D.; Murali, N.; Samatha, K. (2022) - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jart.2017.01.009 [20] Kumar S, Kumar P, Singh V, Kumar Mandal U, Kumar Kotnala, Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of monodisperse Ni, Zn-ferrite nanocrystals, J. Magn. [6] Ji Hyun Min, Mi-Kyung Woo, Ha Young Yoon, Jin Woo Jang, Jun Hua Wu, Chae- Seung Lim, Young Keun Kim, Isolation of DNA using magnetic nanoparticles coated with dimercapto succinic acid, Anal. Keywords: ferrites; magnetic; nickel; properties; resistivity; temperature
• Energy Eigenvalue and Thermodynamic Properties of q-deformed Hulthen Potential by Karki, Bhishma; Dhobi, Saddam Husain; Nakarmi, Jeevan Jyoti; Yadav, Kishori (2022) - [1 + 2𝜇 − (2𝜇 − 2𝜙 − 2)𝑍]𝑓′(𝑍) − [(𝜇 + 𝜙)2 + (𝜇 + 𝜙) + 𝜁)]𝑓(𝑍) + [1 + 2𝜇 − (2𝜇 − 2𝜙 − 2)𝑍]𝑓′(𝑍) − [(𝜇 +𝜙 + 1 2 + √ 1 4 − 𝜁) × (𝜇 + 𝜙 + 1 2 − √ 1 4 − 𝜁)]𝑓(𝑍) = 0 (6) Keywords: energy; equation; properties
• Study on Electronic Properties of α-Uranium using Ab-initio Approach by Vora, Aditya M. (2022) - Mater. 5 (2) (2021) 116–125, https://doi.org/10.32523/ejpfm.2021050204 [19]V. B. Zala, A. M. Vora and P. N. Gajjar, Electronic properties of iron pnictide superconductor LiFeP, AIP Conf. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0202-6_30 [21]V. A. Dabhi, H. S. Patel, A. M. Vora, To investigate electronic properties of AlHO2 doped with trivalent impurities (Ga, In, Tl) by using density functional theory, AIP Conf. Keywords: density; phys; properties; structure; study; theory; uranium; vora
• A brief review on preparation and application of MWCNT-based polymer nanocomposites by Giri, Jyoti; Adhikari, Rameshwar (2023) - Therefore numerous researches are in the process throughout the world to achieve optimum best conducting polymer composites for different advance applications. Effects of nano- materials on polymer composites-an expatiate view. Keywords: carbon; composites; conducting; filler; materials; matrix; mwcnt; nanocomposites; nanotubes; pbat; polymer; properties; surface
• Mixing properties of liquid Al-Au alloys by Yadav, Shashit Kumar; Mehta, Upendra; Koirala, Ram Prasad; Gohivar, Ramesh Kumar (2023) - The system shows transformation from segregating to ordering in nature with increase in concentration of Au. Keywords R-K polynomial, Al–Au alloys, Thermodynamic, Structural and Surface properties. Au xb Au ) (8) where σAl and σAu are surface tension of pure com- ponents , and Gxs Al and Gxs Au are the partial excess free energy of component in the surface phase and bulk phase respectively, and xs Al, x s Au and xb Al, x b Au are the surface and bulk concentrations of Al and Au respectively. Keywords: alloy; energy; liquid; properties; surface; system
• Biochemical, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant activities of some wild Mushrooms from Nepal by Chaudhary, Pratiksha; Panth, Nabin; Raut, Bimal Kumar; Pokhrel, Nisma; Shrestha, Nita; Shakya, Sajan; Thapa, Bijaya; Mishra, Akkal Dev; Parajuli, Niranjan (2023) - Since, phenolic compounds in mush- rooms, which include free hydrogen, contribute to the antioxidant capacity of mushroom extracts, many species of wild mushrooms demonstrated an- tioxidant activity [49]. The variation in the outcomes of an- timicrobial activity could be attributed to several variables, such as the environmental and climatic conditions in which the mushroom was grown, the choice of mushroom extracts, the choice of extrac- tion techniques, the antimicrobial test method, and the test microorganisms. Keywords: activity; antioxidant; brine; citrinum; content; extracts; journal; mushrooms; phenolic; properties; punctatipes; sanguinea; shrimp; species; total
• Theoretical investigation on the structural and vibrational properties of some alkali liquid metals: A pseudopotential approach by Jani, Mayank H.; Vora, Aditya M. (2023) - Keywords Pseudopotential; Liquid metals, PYHS structure factor, OCP structure factor, phonon dispersion, structural properties, vibrational properties. Neutron scat- tering research has supplied some basic excitation in liquid metals. Keywords: factor; function; liquid; metals; ocp; phonon; properties; pyhs; structure
• Cr3+ substitution effect on Co-Cu and Cu-Co nano ferrites on structural and morphological properties by Parajuli, D.; Murali, N.; Samatha, K. (2023) - Their structural, DC electrical resistivity and magnetic properties were analyzed. Effect on structural, dc electrical resistivity, and magnetic properties by the substitution of zn2+ on co-cu nano ferrite. Keywords: cr3; ferrites; ions; magnetic; parajuli; properties
• Effects of calcination and sintering processes on structural profile parameters of modified BNKT-based ferroelectric ceramics by Aryal, Ram; Bhattarai, Binod; Pokhrel, Bhadra (2023) - Secondly, because of the volatile nature of Bi and Na at high sintering temperatures, non- stoichiometric structural defects resulted in the for- mation of a pyrochlore structure The analysis of X-ray diffraction peak profiles is a ro- bust technique for characterizing the microstruc- tural attributes of ultrafine-grained materials. Keywords: 10−3; ceramics; crystallite; density; dislocation; lattice; lead; materials; method; properties; samples; size; strain; temperature
• Photoluminescence properties of Tm3+/Ho3+/Cr3+-co-doped Y3AlGa4O12nano-garnet phosphors for visible-NIR LED applications by Nepal, Ramadevi; G. M., Jyothi Prasad; Ravipati, Praveena; Joshi, B. D.; Sujatha, D. (2024) - In the present work, Tm3+/Ho3+:Y3AlGa4O12 (YAGG) phosphors co-doped with Cr3+ ions were prepared in order to broaden and extend the spectral profile in to the NIR region for broadband source applica- tions. Cr3+ ion is the interesting ion to dope into the inorganic materials owing to its deep red colours (~ 700 nm) and narrow band emissions due to the spin-forbidden 2E →4A2 transition or broadband emission (650-1600 nm) due to the spin-allowed 4T2→4A2 transition, which strongly depends on the surrounding crystal-field strength given by the host lattices [15–17]. Keywords: cr3; emission; energy; ion; ions; luminescence; phosphors; properties; yagg
• Composition optimization of Ni-Zn ferrites for magnetic hyperthermia: structural, morphological and spectroscopic study by Parajuli, D.; Ramana, P. V.; Murali, N.; Bista, S.; Sharma, M.; Samatha, K. (2024) - Their effect on magnetic properties and hence in hyperthermia are under study. It is known that tailoring the chemical compo- sition allows control of magnetic properties [11–13]. Keywords: ferrite; hyperthermia; iron; magnetic; materials; properties; samples
• Thermodynamic, structural, surface and transport properties of Au-Cu melt by Yadav, S.K.; Mehta, U.; Gohivar, R.K. (2024) - x Au Ideal /k B T=-1 /k B T=-2 /k B T=-3 /k B T=-4 /k B T=-5 Figure 6: Effect of negative values of ω/kBT on SCC(0) for Au-Cu liquid alloy at 1550 K. Theoretical, experimental and ideal values of SCC(0) were estimated using Equations (14-17) with help of determined values of model parame- ter and experimental value of activity [5]. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 S M xs/R H M /RT G M xs/RT G M xs /R T ,  H M /R T ,  S M xs /R x Au This work Experimental Figure 3: Compositional dependence of ∆Gxs M/RT , ∆HM/RT and ∆Sxs M/R for Au–Cu liquid alloy at 1550 K. The value of ω/kBT was first obtained with the help of Equation (6) and experimental value of ∆Gxs M Keywords: liquid; properties; surface; system; values
• Computational evaluation on spectroscopic (FT-IR, Raman), electronic and biological, and NLO properties of cirsilineol by DFT, ADMET, and molecular docking method by Paneru, Tirth Raj; Tandon, Poonam; Joshi, Bhawani Datt (2025) - +µ2 z ) 1 2 |α0| = 1 3 (αxx + αyy + αzz) ∆α = 2− 1 2 [ (αxx − αyy) 2 + (αyy − αzz) 2 + (αzz − αxx) 2 + 6α2 xx ] 1 2 β0 = [ (βxxx + βxyy + βxzz) 2 + (βyyy + βxxy + βyzz) 2 +(βzzz + βxxz + βyyz) 2 ] 1 2 The components of static dipole moment, first order hyperpolarizability, mean polarizability and anisotropy of cirsilineol molecule are shown in Ta- ble 4. The experi- mental and theoretical spectroscopic elucida- tion of molecular structure, electronic prop- erties, thermal analysis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of isococculi- dine. Keywords: analysis; bibechana; chem; cirsilineol; cm-1; density; drug; molecule; paneru; potential; properties; raman; ring; solvent; spectra; stretching; theory; transition
• Thermodynamic, structural and surface properties of Cu–Zr liquid alloy at different temperatures: A theoretical approach by Yadav, Shashit Kumar; Yadav, Deepak Rohita; Gohivar, Ramesh Kumar; Mehta, Upendra (2025) - The activities of components Zr (aZr) and Cu (aCu) of liquid alloy have been calculated using Equations (4, 5 and 21) with the aid of parameters in Table 1. [ kJ m o l-1 ] x Zr Figure 2: Calculated values of aZr and aCu versus xZr for Cu–Zr liquid alloy at 1400 K. Activity is another important thermodynamic pa- rameter which is greatly influenced by the values of model parameters and is reflection of ∆Gxs M . Keywords: alloy; properties; surface; system; values
• Compressibility and Moelwyn-Hughes Parameter of NaI crystals under high pressure, as the function of thermal properties by Khan, Arun Kumar (2012) - Subsequently, many more prominent scientists devoted their effort towards these thermal properties of the crystals, among which the endeavour of Jha and Thakur cannot be overlooked, who proposed a new interionic function to observe the properties of ionic crystal under high pressure. Riding on the same momentum, Born model of ionic solids [1] provided a substantial method to calculate the elastic and thermal properties of ionic crystal under high pressure, whose calculations are based on an inter ionic potential function. Keywords: function; potential; pressure; properties
• Exploring the structural, mechanical, dynamical, thermal, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of monolayer WTe2 compound: First-principles study by Yadav, Sukrit Kumar; Neupane, Tejendra; Pokharel, Arpan; Khanal, Kamal; Deuba, Karan; Rijal, Om Shree; Neupane, Hari Krishna (2025) - Firstly, we have constructed the optimized and relaxed unit cell structure of WTe2 material by using the optimized values of lattice parameter 12 Bohr (6.35 Å), kinetic energy cutoff 45 The Pugh’s ratio (B/G) of WTe2 material is found to be 1.61, it suggests that the material is relatively ductile [31–33]. Keywords: absorption; axis; band; coefficient; compound; conductivity; dielectric; energy; material; modulus; photon; properties; states; structure; value; wte2
• A DFT based study of structural, electrical and vibrational properties of LiFeAs – A pnictide superconductor by Vora, Aditya M (2025) - [13] M. M. Qazilbash, J. J. Hamlin, R. E. Baum- bach, L. Zhang, D. J. Singh, M. B. Maple, and D. N. Basov. [25] V. B. Zala, A. M. Vora, and P. N. Gajjar. Keywords: cm-1; density; fermi; iron; lifeas; materials; phonon; properties; superconductivity
• First principles calculations of mechanical, electronic, thermoelectric and thermal properties of ZnCu by Yadav, Shashit Kumar; Dahal, Subash; Guragain, Bhupal (2025) - https://next-gen.materialsproject.org/materials/mp-987 https://next-gen.materialsproject.org/materials/mp-987 Introduction Computational Details Results and Discussion Structural properties Vibrational properties Elastic properties Electronic properties Thermoelectric properties Conclusions [4] Iwaoka H, Hirosawa S. First-principles calcula- tion of elastic properties of Cu-Zn intermetallic compounds for improving the stiffness of alu- minum alloys. Keywords: conductivity; figure; material; modulus; phonon; properties; thermoelectric; value; zncu
• Thermodynamic and surface properties of Al-Cu-Fe-Si-Ti liquid alloy by Dahal, Nilkantha; Mehta, Upendra; Gohivar, Ramesh Kumar; Koirala, Ram Prasad; Yadav, Shashit (2025) - These findings provide crucial insights into the thermodynamic stability and interfacial behavior of multi- component Al–Cu–Fe–Si–Ti liquid alloys, which are essential for optimizing their processing and applications. Struc- tural asymmetry in liquid Fe–Si alloys. Keywords: alloy; binary; concentration; properties; surface; system; ∆gxs

• Theoretical investigation on ordering nature of Cd-Bi alloys in the molten state by Koirala, I; Jha, IS; Singh, BP (2014) - A pair of equation for surface tension of the binary liquid alloys in terms of activity coefficient (γi) of the alloy components and interchange energy parameter (ω), at the given temperature T, proposed by Prasad et al., have been reduced in the simple form, using zeroth approximation as ( ) ( ) s 2 2sB A k T x ln p 1 x (q 1) 1 x x  ωτ = τ + + − + − − ξ ξ   (20a) s s 2 2B B B k T k T ln(1 x ) ln(1 x) {p(x ) (q 1)x } ωτ = τ + − − − + + − ξ ξ ξ (20b) where Aτ and τB are the surface tension values for the pure components A and B respectively; x and xs are the bulk and surface concentrations of the alloy component; p and q are the surface coordination I. Koirala / BIBECHANA 11(1) (2014) 70-78: (Online Publication: March, 2014) p.74 fractions, which are defined as the fraction of the total number of nearest neighbors made by atom within its own layer and that in the adjoining layer. The ideal free energy of mixing (ω = 0) is { }id MG RT xInx (1 x)In(1 x)= + − − (2) Keywords: alloys; concentration; liquid; surface
• Critical micelle concentration of sodium dodecyl sulphate in pure water and in methanol-water mixed solvent media in presence and absence of KCl by surface tension and viscosity methods by Niraula, Tulasi Prasad; Bhattarai, Ajaya; Chatterjee, Sujeet Kumar (2014) - It was found from our experiments that the cmc of SDS solution decreases in the presence of KCl and our data matched with Baloch et.al [15]. Abstract Careful measurements of surface tension and viscosity of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in presence and absence of KCl in pure water and methanol-water mixed solvent media containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 volume fractions of methanol at 308.15 K are reported. Keywords: cmc; log[c; methanol; surface; tension; viscosity
• Thermodynamic, structural, transport and surface properties of Pb-Tl liquid alloy by Yadav, SK; Jha, LN; Adhikari, D (2015) - These multidisciplinary uses of Tl have attracted considerable attentions of the modern day researchers to predict the thermodynamic and structural properties of Tl based alloys. The surface concentration of Tl atoms has been computed and it has been employed to calculate the surface tension of Pb-Tl liquid alloy. Keywords: alloy; concentration; mixing; surface; values
• Theoretical investigation of mixing properties of Sb-Sn binary liquid alloy at 905K by Limbu, H K; Mishra, K K; Sah, A K; Jha, I S; Adhikari, D (2017) - For ideal mixing, 𝐷𝑀/𝐷𝑖𝑑 approaches 1 Viscosity is one of the transport properties of binary liquid alloy. [2] V. Vassiliev, Y. Feutelais, M. Sghaier, B. Legendre, Thermodynamic investigation in In–Sb, Sb–Sn and In–Sb–Sn liquid systems, J. Alloys Compd. 314 (2001) 198–205. Keywords: alloy; concentration; energy; liquid; mixing; surface; values
• Improvement of hydrophilicity of polyamide using atmospheric pressure plasma jet by Baniya, H B; Guragain, R P; Baniya, B; Qin, G; Subedi, D P (2020) - [13] T. S. M. Mui, R. P. Mota, A. Quade, L. R. D Hein, K. G. Kostov, Uniform surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by atmospheric pressure plasma jet with a horn- like nozzle, Surface and Coating Technology 352 (2018) 338-347. Different pressure plasma sources have been used for polymer surface treatment Keywords: contact; electron; energy; jet; modification; plasma; pressure; surface; treatment
• Surface modification of polyamide by 50 Hz dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) produced in air at atmospheric pressure by Guragain, Rajesh Prakash; Baniya, Hom Bahadur; Dhungana, Santosh; Pandey, Bishnu Prasad; Joshi, Ujjwal Man; Subedi, Deepak Prasad (2021) - [5, 6] show the variation of water contact angle and surface free energy of PA surface as the function of treatment time. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.01.132 [17] Z. Gao, S. Peng, J. Sun, L. Yao, & Y. Qiu, Influence of processing parameters on atmospheric pressure plasma etching of polyamide 6 films, Applied Surface Science. Keywords: characterization; discharge; energy; plasma; pressure; surface; treatment; 𝑅1 𝑅2
• Fabrication of open type carbonizer for the preparation of activated carbon from rice husk by Dhami, A Kumari; Rajbhandari Nyachhyon, A (2021) - Determination of surface area Surface area of prepared activated carbon was obtained using Langmuir isotherm plot and calculated by using following in equation 9. Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher: Department of Physics, Mahendra Morang A.M. Campus, TU, Biratnagar, Nepal Fabrication of open type carbonizer for the preparation of activated carbon from rice husk A. Kumari Dhami, A. Rajbhandari (Nyachhyon)* Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal *Email: armila3@yahoo.com Article Information: Received: May 11, 2020 Accepted: June 9, 2020 Keywords: Keywords: adsorption; carbon; carh; husk; isotherm; langmuir; number; rice; rrh; surface
• Thermodynamic, structural, surface and transport properties of Au-Ni liquid alloy at 1150 K by Yadav, S K; Chaudhary, N; Adhikari, D (2021) - Following Budai-Benko-Kaptay [36], the expression for the viscosity of binary liquid alloy can be given as 𝜂 = 𝐴. (∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑀𝑖𝑖 )1/2 (∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑉𝑖+𝑉𝐸 𝑖 )2/3 𝑇1/2 exp The Warren-Cowley short range order parameter (𝛼1) for binary liquid alloys can be given as [37, 38] 𝛼1 = (𝑆−1) Keywords: liquid; surface; values; ∆𝐺𝑀; ∆𝐺𝑀 𝑥𝑠; ∆𝐻𝑀; 𝑆𝐶𝐶(0
• Surface modification of nylon 6 by 50 Hz dielectric barrier discharge Produced in air and argon at atmospheric pressure by Shrestha, Bikash; Guragain, Rajesh Prakash; Sedhai, Binita; Baniya, Hom Bahadur; Joshi, Ujjwal Man; Subedi, Deepak Prasad (2023) - Similarly, the average electron density in argon plasma was found to be higher in comparison to air plasma at the particular applied voltage, as the high number of argon atoms gets readily ionized, result- ing in a stream of secondary electrons due to the rel- atively lower breakdown voltage of argon plasma in comparison to air plasma. Air plasma consists of about 78% nitrogen. Keywords: air; argon; argon dbd; dbd; discharge; electron; energy; figure; nylon; plasma; sample; surface; treatment; voltage
• Experimental investigation on anisotropic surface properties of crystalline silicon by Lamichhane, Shobha Kanta (2012) - If we have answer of all these quires in hand, then there is no doubt of etching silicon in aqueous KOH is of both technological and fundamental importance. A modified RCA clean (i.e., dilute HF after SC1) is designed to eliminate the thin oxide layer grown on silicon surface. Keywords: activation; anisotropic; energy; etching; koh; rate; silicon; surface; temperature
• Porous activated carbon materials from Triphala seed stones for high-performance supercapacitor applications by Gnawali, Chhabi Lal; Shahi, Sabina; Manandhar, Sarita; Shrestha, Ganesh Kumar; Adhikari, Mandira Pradhannanga; Rajbhandari, Rinita; Pokharel, Bhadra P. (2023) - 4 Conclusion In conclusion, we have successfully synthesized nanoporous activated carbon materials from novel material, Triphala (Terminalia chebula, Termina- lia bellirica, and Phyllanthus emblica) by chemi- cal activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) at dif- ferent carbonization temperatures (400, 500, 600 and 700 0C). Z400 1137.7 1087.2 50.5 0.6 0.54 0.06 0.286 3.66 MxC- Z500 1233.3 1195.1 38.2 0.626 0.574 0.052 0.286 3.66 MxC- Z600 1143.8 1082.7 61.1 0.617 0.537 0.08 0.286 3.66 MxC- Z700 878.7 836.9 41.8 0.439 0.384 0.055 0.286 3.67 Chhabi Lal Gnawali et al./ BIBECHANA 20 (2023) 10-20 14 Figure 2: (a)Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the carbon samples, (b) pore size distributions calculated using the DFT method and (c) pore size distributions calculated from the BJH method The degree of graphitization of carbon materials is estimated by the help of ratio of the intensities of the G and D bands (IG/ID). Keywords: area; carbon; electrode; energy; figure; materials; mxc; nitrogen; performance; seed; shrestha; surface; triphala
• Thermodynamic, structural and surface properties of rare earth metallic alloys: Au-La liquid system by Yadav, Shashit Kumar (2023) - Table 1: Interaction energy parameters for ∆Gxs M of Au–La liquid alloy Parameters [J/mol] Reference L0 = −254446.24 + 6.00025 ∗ T L1 = −85046.07 + 2.89377 ∗ T [6] ∆ω = −264279.94476 + 8.97912 ∗ dT ∆ωAB = −3042.03606 + 0.083140 ∗ dT This work ∆ωAA = −345964.24650 + 1.66280 ∗ dT The determined values of model parameters ∆ω, ∆ωAB and ∆ωAA were found to have negative val- ues (Table 1). [6] This work Ideal Figure 7: Computed values of SCC(0) and α1 of Au–La liquid alloy at 1473 K. At a temperature and concentration, if SCC(0) 1, then complex formation tendency or hetero-coordinating tendency in the alloy is expected. Keywords: alloy; liquid; surface; temperature; values; ∆gxs
• Characterization of atmospheric circular dielectric barrier discharge via electrical and optical methods by Chalise, Roshan; Regmi, Krishna; Nepal, Sadip; Sharma, Sangat; Basnet, Suresh; Khanal, Raju (2024) - However, the fluctuation is less in the Lissajous’s plot method; hence, the energy calculation from the Lissajous plot method is more suitable for plasma discharge. Plasma discharge flows in the gap which was pro- duced by a high-voltage power supply (Chengdu Chuangyu Xinjie Technology Co. Ltd.) with an output voltage of 3-30 kV. To control the out volt- age of the power supply by changing the input voltage of the power supply (0-24.00 V) DC. Keywords: airflow; apcdbd; barrier; boltzmann; chalise; current; dbd; dielectric; discharge; doi; electron; energy; excitation; figure; input; lpm; method; physics; plasma; plot; power; pressure; roshan; surface; temperature; vibrational; voltage
• Biosorption sudy of Cr (VI) from the aqueous solution using chemically modified biomass of a newly isolated edible mushroom waste by Gautam Khatri, Gopal; Baskota, Manish; Chand, Anita; Bharati, Samjhana; Paudel, Dasu Ram (2024) - The high magnification image of MPSC in Figure 10C indicates the distinctive porosity, and awful rough surfaces with broken edges thus providing valuable sites for metal ion adsorption on the surface of adsorbent. 2.2.3 Batch adsorption study An Erlenmeyer flask is pipetted with a known con- centration of metal solution that has been pH- adjusted, and the predetermined quantity of ad- sorbent is then added. Keywords: adsorbent; adsorption; figure; isotherm; metal; mpsc; order; removal; rpsc; solution; surface; time
• Comparative study of machine learning based prediction of supercapacitance performance of activated carbon prepared from Bio-based Materials by Rajguru, Kirtibir; Bhandari, Sujan; Shrestha, Ganesh Kumar; Gnawali, Chhabi Lal; Pokharel, Bhadra Prasad (2024) - Machine learning models for the predic- tion of total yield and specific surface area of bio-char derived from agricultural biomass by pyrolysis. Machine learning prediction of the yield and bet area of activated carbon quantitatively re- lating to biomass compositions and operating conditions. Keywords: carbon; data; energy; learning; machine; machine learning; model; number; performance; prediction; regression; surface; values; volume
• Comparative study of UV index in the selected sites of Nepalse teritory by Mainali, Isman; Khadka, Prakash; Pantha, Nurapati (2024) - ditionally, UV index values increase with altitude. Additionally, it was ob- served that UV index values increase during the summer and in areas with low industrial activity, while they decrease in winter, indicating the influ- ence of seasonal changes and aerosol levels on UV index readings [30]. Keywords: altitude; birgunj; data; effects; index; ozone; radiation; solar; surface; ultraviolet; uv index; value
• Fabrication of Cu: ZnO thin film sensor for ethanol vapor detection by Simkhada, Robin; Gibbs, Dalton R.; Dhakal, Soma; Oli, Dipak; Ghimire, Rishi Ram; Mulmi, Deependra Das; Pradhan Joshi, Leela (2025) - The average crystallite sizes were of 28.17 nm, 26.09 nm, 26.06 nm, 26.47 nm, and 23.90 nm for undoped,1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of Cu doped ZnO, respectively. Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher:Dept. of Phys., Mahendra Morang A. M. Campus (Tribhuvan University)Biratnagar Fabrication of Cu: ZnO thin film sensor for ethanol vapor detection Rabin Simkhada1, Dalton R. Gibbs2, Soma Dhakal2, Dipak Oli1, Rishi Ram Ghimire3, Deependra Das Mulmi4,∗, Leela Pradhan Joshi1,∗ 1Dept. of Physics, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 2Virginia Commonwealth University, Dept. of Chemistry, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA 3Dept. of Physics, Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 4Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Nepal Academy of Science & Technology, Khumaltar, Nepal ∗Corresponding author. Keywords: band; ethanol; films; gas; sensitivity; surface; thin; undoped; zno
• bibechana-7143 by None (None) - Introduction Halide sensors are ion selective electrodes (ISEs) that provide a convenient and quick analytical procedure for the estimation of particular ions in solution. [9] A. M. James and A. Evans, Potentiometry and ion selective electrodes (Analytical Chemistry by open learning), John Willey and Sons Inc. (1987). Keywords: ag2s; electrode; ions; response; surface
• Surface tension of two weakly interacting liquid alloys by Koirala, RP; Adhikari, D; Singh, BP (2012) - The concentration dependence of surface tension is studied by computing surface tensions for the alloys from Eq. (11). The statistical formulations of Prasad et al. and Novakovic require order energy input, estimated from thermodynamic data, for the computation of surface concentration and surface tension. Keywords: alloy; bulk; concentration; surface; tension
• Thermodynamic properties of liquid InNa alloys by Mishra, AK; Milanarun, M (2012) - [35] R.N. Singh, Can. J. Phys., 65 (1987) 309. In this study, a statistical thermodynamic model based on complex formation is used to calculate the interdependence of various properties such as free energy of mixing, heat of mixing, entropy of mixing, concentration-concentration fluctuation at long wavelength limit, chemical short range order parameter and surface tension of InNa liquid alloy. Keywords: alloys; concentration; mishra; mixing; surface; values
• Advancement of plant-based inhibitor acquired from Elaeocarpus aungustifolius Blume leaves to control carbon steel corrosion in simulated concrete pore solution by Gautam, Madhab; Subedi, Dhruba Babu; Paudel, Yuvraj; Magar, Kamal T. Kunwar; Bhattarai, Nootan Prasad; Bhattarai, Jagadeesh (2025) - Phy- tochemicals as steel corrosion inhibitor: An insight into mechanism. The analysis of multiple adsorption sites indi- cates that the phytochemicals (PCs) obtained from the LEEA are suitable for forming a passive adsorp- tion layer on the surface of CS specimens, serving effectively as corrosion inhibitors. Keywords: adsorption; analysis; bhattarai; concrete; control; corrosion; elaeocarpus; extract; green; inhibitor; journal; leaf; leea; pcs; plant; ppm; scps; steel; surface
• Thermo-physical properties of molten Cd-Ga alloys by Koirala, RP; Singh, BP; Adhikari, D (2013) - [2,5]for the estimation of the thermodynamic properties such as free energy of mixing (GM), entropy of mixing (SM), heat of mixing (HM) and activity (ai)); structural properties (concentration fluctuation in the long wavelength limit (Scc(0)), the Warren–Cowley short-range order parameter ( 1α ) and transport properties (ratio of diffusion coefficients); and statistical formulations for the determination surface properties like surface concentration and surface tension of the Cd-Ga alloy at 700K. In QCA, a binary liquid A–B alloy is assumed to consist of homo-pairs (A–A and B–B) which are the clusters of like atoms formed by self-association having a short-range interaction. Butler’s approach To study the surface properties (surface concentration and surface tension) of the binary liquid alloys from Butler’s monolayer approach, we need experimental data of density, surface tension and partial R.P. Koirala et al / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 9-19 : BMHSS, p.18 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) excess free energies of mixing of the components at the working temperature. Keywords: alloys; concentration; liquid; mixing; surface
• Surface Tension Studies on the Micellization of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Presence and Absence of KCL and NaCl in Aqueous Media at Room Temperature by Jha, Kabita; Bhattarai, Ajaya; Chatterjee, Sujeet Kumar (2013) - The following are a few generalizations regarding surface tension and surfactants, followed by a discussion of surfactants and dynamic surface tension. The results showed a sharp decrease in surface tension with increase in concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and then almost constant value of surface tension was observed. Keywords: cmc; concentration; presence; surface; surfactant; tension

• Temperature dependence of entropy of mixing of liquid alkali alloys by Singh, B K; Singh, Sudhir; Mandal, Golak Kumar; Singh, Dhiraj Kumar (2016) - In the present work, a semi-empirical technique, without undergoing a rigorous first principle calculation attempt has B.K. Singh et al./ BIBECHANA 14 (2017) 16-29 : RCOST p.17 B.K. Singh et al./ BIBECHANA 14 (2017) 16-29 : RCOST p.19 (Online Publication: Dec., 2016) 3. Results and Discussion In Table 1. Keywords: alloys; entropy; singh; temperature
• A study of far infrared loop at -5o galactic latitude around pulsar J1627-5547 by Jha, A K; Aryal, B (2017) - The dust color temperature of the core region is found to lie in the range 25.26 ± 0.09 K to 27.91 ± 0.09 K, whereas the value of dust color temperature increased to 36.72 ± 0.18 K for the outer region. Keywords: ISM; Far infrared loops; Dust color temperature and Dust mass; inclination angle. Keywords: color; core; dust; loop; mass; region; temperature
• Theoretical investigations on temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties and concentration fluctuations of In-Tl binary liquid alloys by optimization method by Shrestha, G K; Jha, I S; Singh, B K (2017) - Further, the optimized value of partial excess free energy of mixing of the constituent X(≡ In) and Y(≡Tl) in In-Tl liquid alloys are respectively given by ���,44f (#, �� = (1 − #�> ∑ ��k� � v (��[2#(@ + 1� − 1] (2c − 1 ��,+ (24) and ���,24f (#, �� = #> ∑ ��k� � v (��[2c(@ + 1� − 2@ − 1] (2c − 1��,+ (25) Table-5: Optimized values of partial excess free energy of mixing, activity coefficients and activity of both the components involved in In-Tl liquid alloys at 1223K. #lm In- component Tl-component ���,lm4� ln ;lm = ���,lm4��� ;lm Blm ln Blm ���,N�4� ln ;N� = ���,N�4��� ; N� BN� ln BN� 0.1 1951.069 0.192 1.212 0.121 -2.111 20.903 0.002 1.002 0.902 -0.103 0.2 1583.705 0.156 1.169 0.234 -1.454 85.904 0.008 1.008 0.807 -0.215 0.3 1246.097 0.123 1.130 0.339 -1.081 198.645 0.020 1.020 0.714 -0.337 0.4 941.199 0.093 1.097 0.439 -0.824 363.071 0.036 1.036 0.622 -0.475 0.5 672.217 0.066 1.068 0.534 -0.627 583.459 0.057 1.059 0.530 -0.636 0.6 442.640 0.044 1.044 0.627 -0.467 864.457 0.085 1.089 0.435 -0.831 0.7 256.276 0.025 1.026 0.718 -0.331 1211.112 0.119 1.126 0.338 -1.085 0.8 117.283 0.012 1.012 0.809 -0.212 1628.907 0.160 1.174 0.235 -1.449 0.9 30.203 0.003 1.003 0.903 -0.102 2123.796 0.209 1.232 0.123 -2.094 Keywords: alloys; concentration; energy; liquid; mixing; temperature; values; � �
• Physical properties of dust particles around white dwarf in far infrared sky at 12.8o galactic latitude by Sapkota, B B; Aryal, B; Weinberger, R (2017) - doi.org/10.1086/339842. [4] S. L.Schnee, N. A. Ridge, N.A., Goodman, A.A, Jason, G. L. , A COMPLETE look at the use of IRAS emission maps to estimate extinction and dust temperature, Astrophysical Journal 634 (2005) 442- 450. The Gaussian parameter i.e. Gaussian centre is 2.37×1023 kg and offset mass is -0.11 kg. Fig. 8: Distribution of dust color temperature. Keywords: density; dust; flux; mass; region; temperature
• Far infrared cavity of a post C-rich AGB star under IRAS survey by Gautam, A K; Aryal, B (2017) - We studied the distribution of flux density, dust color temperature, dust mass in the cavity. We briefly describe a method for calculation of dust color temperature and dust mass of the dusty environment around carbon-rich post Asymptotic Giant Branch named PAGB06-02. Keywords: agb; cavity; dust; flux; mass; shell; stars; temperature
• Study of far infrared cavity around a post AGB star under IRAS survey at galactic latitude -3° by Gautam, A K; Aryal, B (2018) - According to Schnee et al. (2005)[8], dust color temperature of the emission at a wavelength λi is given by �� � ��� � ��.�����)� (1) where , R = F(60 μm)F(100 μm) Fig. 1: (a) & (b) IRAS 60 μm and 100 μm far infrared image of the core region of AGB 08-36 centered at R.A. (J2000)= 08h 04m 07.21s and Dec.(J2000) In this article, we have calculated dust color temperature, dust mass and size. Keywords: agb; cavity; dust; mass; temperature; � �
• Study of ambient environment around Asymptotic Giant Branch Carbon Star: IRAS 01142+6306 by Khanal, L; Upadhyay, D R; Jha, A K; Aryal, B (2018) - 4.2 Gaussian Plot of Temperature and Mass We have plotted the Gaussian plot of dust color temperature and dust mass. L. Khanal et al./ BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 31-40: RCOST p.39 (Online Publication: Dec., 2018) • Environment around IRAS 01142+6306 shows dust color temperature and dust mass of the structure which indicates a very good agreement with Gaussian distribution, and contour maps follows as expected trend slightly variation due to region affected by surrounding high pressure events. Keywords: agb; angle; color; dust; flux; iras; mass; star; temperature
• Study of electronic transport parameters on the heterojunction of AlGaN/GaN, grown on Sapphire: two layer model by Shrestha, Sanju; Shakya, Ambika; Sarkar, C K (2018) - This signifies that the consideration of dislocation layer as a separate layer which has thickness equal to that of the junction in the two layer model is more effective and the results obtained is convincing with the experimental data also. =10 14 m -2 n dis =7x10 14 m -2 dc M ob ili ty m 2 /V s Temperature K ii sr ac dis total pz Fig. 3: Variation of dc mobility with temperature in the heterojunction of AlGaN/GaN for various scattering mechanisms such as acoustic phonon (ac),piezoelectric (pz), surface roughness (sr), ionized impurity (ii): and only the dislocation (dis) scatterings for interfacial layer separately and also the resultant of above all scattering mechanisms(total) in the heterojunction layer considering it as a single layer. Keywords: dislocation; fig; gan; heterojunction; layer; mobility; scattering; temperature
• Comparative studies on the electronic transport in magnetically quantized low band gap semiconductor system by Shrestha, S; Sarkar, C K (2020) - The energy dispersion relation given by equation (1) for nonparabolic band structure reduces to parabolic relation and is given as below, ... S for hyperbolic band structure is found to be maximum and is followed by the nonparabolic and then the parabolic band structures. Keywords: band; conductivity; field; fig; mct; mechanisms; phonon; scattering; structure; temperature
• Study of dust color temperature and visual extinction distribution of a far infrared cavity at 60 and 100 µm IRAS map around the AGB star at galactic latitude 8.6⁰ by Gautam, A K; Aryal, B (2020) - Devendra Sir Cover Page copy.jpg BIBECHANA 17 (2020) 42-49 42 BIBECHANA ISSN 2091-0762 (Print), 2382-5340 (Online) Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher: Department of Physics, Mahendra Morang A.M. Campus, TU, Biratnagar, Nepal Study of dust color temperature and visual extinction distribution of a far infrared cavity at 60 and 100 µm IRAS map around the AGB star at galactic latitude 8.6⁰ A. K. Gautam * , B. Aryal ** Central Department of Physics, T.U., Kirtipur, Nepal Email: arjungautamnpj@gmail.com * , ** baryal@tucdp.edu.np Article Information Received: July 02, 2019 Accepted: September 14, 2019 Keywords: Far infrared cavity Far infrared loops AGB stars Dust color temperature Dust mass ABSTRACT The dust-grain structure in the far infrared region under IRAS (Infrared Astronomical Satellite) Survey was studied using sky view virtual observatory. Using the slope of best fitted plot, average dust color temperature has been found as 22.2 K which is used to calculate error in calculated dust color temperature. Keywords: agb; cavity; color; distribution; dust; mass; temperature
• Surface air temperature trends in Kathmandu Valley for 2011-2017 by Thapa, A.; Silwal, A; Gautam, S P; Nepal, C K.; Bhattarai, S.; Timsina, D (2021) - +++++++++ In particular, this study for air temperature trend during seven years period (2011-2017) has benefited from several early research work by DHM (2017) These graphs help to get a better understanding of air temperature trends for seven consecutive years. Keywords: air; average; change; climate; nepal; temperature; year
• Pyrolyzed human hair: a review on synthesis, characterization and applications by Bhandari, Tika Ram; Lamsal, Bidit; Adhikari, Rameshwar (2021) - This review highlights the major structural characteristics of human hair and its pyrolyzed form. Helical protein with 20 to 50 amino acids is found in human hair which includes amino acids such as; Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Lysine, Arginine, Ornithine, Histidine, Citruline, Glutamic acid, Threonine, Serine, Cystine, Methionine, Cystiene, Cysteic acid, Proline, and Tryptophan. Keywords: carbon; energy; hair; human; keratin; pyrolysis; sample; sem; structure; temperature
• Thermal properties of normal and sickled hemoglobin protein by Powrel, Jhulan; Adhikari, Narayan P (2021) - Sickle hemoglobin protein with valine in the 6th position of beta chain (right). RMSD plot of other system of hemoglobin protein were also plotted where Figure 4(a) and 4(b) indicates the root mean square deviations of oxygenated hemoglobin protein and sickle hemoglobin protein at temperature of 310 K. For which the RMSD found to be increased initially with small fluctuation and then remain constant for both at various values of 1.3 Å and 0.75 Å respectively, i.e. the RMSD of oxygenated hemoglobin is higher than of sickle hemoglobin protein. Keywords: cell; hemoglobin; hemoglobin protein; oxygenated; potential; protein; rmsd; sickle; temperature
• Wavelet and cross correlation analysis on some climatology parameters of Nepal by Tiwari, Babu Ram; Xu, Jiyao; Adhikari, Binod; Chapagain, Narayan Prasad (2021) - Another advantage of wavelet analysis is that this method, contrary to the other types of transformation providing time-frequency presentation, like the windowed Fourier transformation, solves the dilemma of resolution to a certain extent [18]. [1] J. O. Adepitan and E.O. Falayi, Variability changes of some climatology parameters of Nigeria using wavelet analysis Scientific African (2019). Keywords: analysis; change; climate; nepal; numbers; power; rainfall; series; spectrum; sunspot; temperature; time; wavelet; years
• Distribution of dust properties around carbon rich AGB star: IRAS 04427+4951 using  IRIS and  AKARI survey  by Upadhyay, Devendra Raj; Subedi, Trishna (2021) - Using the ratio of the flux density in the IRIS 60 µm to the flux density in the IRIS 100 µm in the expression given below [20, 21] , dust color temperature is calculated as, �� = −96 ln �×0.643+� ….… (1) where, � = � 60�� � 100�� Since, F (60µm) and F (100µm) are the flux densities at 60µm and 100µm respectively. Dust color temperature The contour map has been made in 100 m and 140 m FITS. Keywords: akari; color; dust; flux; iris; survey; temperature; � �
• A study of dust structure nearby white dwarf WD1334-678 by Joshi, Ishwor Nath; Jha, A. K.; Aryal, B. (2021) - [11], we use the equation, � = 1 (�+ ���) (4) to describe the observed inverse relationship between �� and �. According to Planck, the spectral radiance of a body at frequency � and temperature (T) is given by [15], � �, � = 2ℎ�3 �2 [ 1 � ℎ� ���−1 ] (8) This equation is called the expression for Planck's function where, �� = Boltzmann's constant � = Speed of light � = Frequency at which the emission is observed ℎ = Planck's constant and � = Dust color temperature of each pixel By using the formula given by equation (8), we can calculate the Planck's function of each pixels of the cavity. Keywords: cavity; color; dust; mass; planck; temperature; � �
• bibechana-4037 by None (None) - Evaporation by perspiration is an important mechanism for temperature control of warm blooded animals- evaporating cooling enables humans to maintain normal body temperature in hot, dry desert climates where the air temperature may reach 55 o C (about 130 o F). At higher temperature rates of sweating are nearly the same for fat and thin man. Keywords: evaporation; heat; temperature
• A mixed-mode ginger and turmeric solar dryer: design, simulation, biochemical and performance analysis by Gyawali, Manoj; Acharya, Ayusha; Adhikari, Tikaram; Dahal, Kiran; Kafle, Bhooshan; Kim, Dae Hyun; Kafle, Sagar (2022) - It was found that the sun drying curve and dried solar curve of turmeric were highly correlated with the Wang and Singh model because they had a high correlation coefficient with Wang and Singh model as R= 0.99459559 for sun drying and R= 0.990296 for solar dried turmeric. The essential oil of dried ginger was also extracted as per the equivalent of fresh ginger weight at various MC. Keywords: analysis; bibechana; collector; day; dryer; drying; energy; fig; ginger; gyawali; model; nepal; solar; sun; temperature; tray; turmeric
• Exponential Temperature-Dependent Parameters for Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Al-Ti Melt by Gohivar, R. K.; Yadav, S. K.; Koirala, R. P.; Adhikari, D. (2025) - 465 (2008)64-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.10.061 [8]V. S. Sudavtsova and N. V. Podoprigora, Thermodynamic properties of melts in Al-TI (Zr, Hf) binary systems, Powder Metall. [20]O. Redlich, A. T. Kister, Algebraic representation of thermodynamic properties and the classification, Ind.Eng.Chem.40(1948)345-348. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50458a036. Keywords: mixing; parameters; temperature
• Properties of dust in the North - East part of Perseus Cloud within the open cluster IC 348 using data from IRIS and AKARI by Bhattarai, Surakshya; Paudel, Madhu Sudan; Yadav, Shiv Narayan; Jha, Ajay Kumar (2023) - The infrared fluxes extracted using Aladin v11.0 are used to study the dust temperature and dust mass. The study background sources observed from the SIMBAD database explore the large number of stars, X-ray sources, YSOs, etc., embedded within the dust structure; some of them are responsible for dust heating and some for the contribution of dust mass. Keywords: akari; akari data; data; dust; dust mass; flux; infrared; iris; mass; region; structure; temperature
• Lattice thermal conductivity in half-Heusler compounds XNiSn (X=Ti, Zr, Hf) using Slack's model by Khatri, Prakash; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2024) - 390.00 1.53 37.40 HfNiSn Slopes 4900.15 2815.22 3126.77 348.65 1.51 29.85 thermo_pw 4674.76 2752.94 3049.43 339.99 1.43 31.59 Ref.[3] 4191.00 2503.00 2770.00 311.00 1.38 31.40 Figure 5: Variation of lattice thermal conductivity of XNiSn compounds with temperature using Slack’s model with velocity determined from phonon bands by DFPT and QHA model in thermo_pw suite. Email: narayan.adhikari@cdp.tu.edu.np Abstract Reducing lattice thermal conductivity (κl) that reflects the material’s heat-carrying capacity through lattice phonon vibrations is crucial for optimizing the figure of merit (zT). Keywords: compounds; conductivity; hfnisn; lattice; materials; model; phonon; temperature; tinisn; values; wm−1k−1; xnisn; zrnisn
• Comparative study of the dust color temperature and dust mass within the isolated dust in W51 giant molecular cloud in IRIS and AKARI data by Paudel, M.S.; Kushuwala, H.K.; Bhattarai, S. (2024) - 4.5 Contour Map The visualization of the infrared flux at two wave- lengths, dust color temperature, and dust mass is presented in Fig. 4.6 Flux-Temperature-Mass Relation The color map with contour is quite effective to understand the spatial distribution of the infrared flux, dust color temperature and dust mass. Keywords: akari; cloud; color; data; dust; flux; infrared; iris; mass; region; temperature
• Thermal properties and non-bonded interactions in human PMP2 variants: A molecular dynamics study by Aryal, Prabin; Powrel, Jhulan (2025) - Non-bonded interactions within protein structures dictate their integrity and function, with alterations leading to misfolding and aggregates linked to diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.. The structure of protein plays an important role in proper functioning. Keywords: distribution; figure; m114; mutant; myelin; pmp2; protein; rmsd; system; temperature
• Study of photovoltaic system performance across different geographical region of Nepal by Karna, Sanjay; Kumar Jha, Ajay; Yadav, Kishori (2025) - This improves the performance of solar PV system for energy ex- traction in specific region of Nepal. Similarly, in the region of the Himalayas, solar PV systems gen- erate significantly more power than terai and hilly region i.e. up to 250 W. Keywords: current; energy; investment; irradiance; kwh; nepal; photocurrent; power; region; solar; system; temperature

• bibechana-10379 by None (None) - To gain a deeper understanding into the microscopic structure regarding the degree of atomic ordering in Tl alloy, we have next calculated the Warren-Cowley short range ordering parameter, from Eq. The function Scc(0) in particular is useful in ascertaining the segregation in binary liquid alloys. Keywords: alloy; concentration; energy; mixing
• Determination of critical micelle concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in presence and absence of KCl and NaCl in aqueous media at room temperature by viscosity measurement by Jha, Kabita; Bhattarai, Ajaya; Chatterjee, Sujeet Kumar (2014) - The breaking point is known as critical micelle concentration, cmc (Fig. 1-3). Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Determination of critical micelle concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in presence and absence of KCl and NaCl in aqueous media at room temperature by viscosity measurement Kabita Jha, Ajaya Bhattarai*, Sujeet Kumar Chatterjee Department of Chemistry, M.M.A.M.C., Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Nepal *Corresponding Author: E-mail: bkajaya@yahoo.com Accepted for publication: February 16, 2014 Keywords: cmc; concentration; kcl; nacl; presence; viscosity
• Viscosity of liquid Na-K alloy by Koirala, R. P.; Singh, B. P.; Jha, I. S.; Adhikari, D. (2014) - Broadly, the properties of liquid alloys can be studied mainly under two distinct groups of theoretical models, the statistical mechanical model and electronic models. Over the past years, several theoretical models have been developed to assess the properties of liquid alloys and efforts have been on the move for future investigations. Keywords: alloy; atoms; concentration; energy; equation; liquid; mixing; viscosity
• Energetics and local order in In-based liquid alloys by Koirala, RP; Singh, BP; Jha, IS; Adhikari, D (2015) - On the basis of this assumption the expressions for thermodynamic and microscopic functions are derived for binary liquid alloy. The mixing behaviour of binary liquid alloys is described as ordering or segregating depending on the nature of arrangement of atoms of the constituent metals in the alloys. Keywords: alloys; concentration; liquid; mixing
• Thermodynamic and structural investigations on mixing behavior of hetero-coordinated Al-based alloys in the fusion state by Koirala, I; Singh, BP; Jha, IS (2015) - Theoretical formalism The excess free energy of mixing for binary alloys is obtained by solving the grand partition function in the framework of simple statistical model [16,17]. 3. Results and discussion For the computation of thermodynamic and structural functions of binary alloys, the basic input parameter is interchange energy (ω), which is concentration independent but dependent of temperature Keywords: alloys; concentration; energy; values
• Micellisation behavior on the dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide in the presence of Brij-35 in pure water by conductivity measurement by Shahi, Neelam; Bhattarai, Ajaya (2017) - Cationic surfactants are used as antifungal, antibacterial and antiseptic agents and have attracted recently more attention with reference to their DNA and lipids whereas non-ionic surfactants are useful as detergents, solubilizers and emulsifiers [8,9]. This study reveals for the determination of CMC value for cationic in the presence of non-ionic surfactants which is significant for commercial utilization and scientific interest. Keywords: brij-35; cationic; cmc; concentration; dtab; presence; surfactant
• Phytoconstituents and biological analysis of Acorus calamus rhizome of Sindhupalchowk District, Nepal by Pokhrel, Shanta; Chaulagain, Kalpana (2020) - The value obtained from plant extract was compared with ascorbic acid. The comparison of percentage radical scavenging at different concentration between plant extract and ascorbic acid as standard was shown in Table (3) and Figure (2). Keywords: acid; acorus; activity; ascorbic; calamus; concentration; extract; methanol; rhizome
• Anomaly in energetic and structural properties of MgSn liquid alloys by Kumar, A; Jha, IS; Singh, BP (2010) - The theoretical and experimental values of free energy of mixing for MgSn liquid alloy is shown in figure 1. Heat of mixing The heat of mixing for MgSn liquid alloy has been computed from Eq. Keywords: alloy; concentration; energy; mixing; theoretical
• Thermodynamic and structural properties of Mg-Tl liquid alloy by Singh, BP; Adhikari, D; Jha, IS; Kumar, BC; Chaudhary, SK; Jayaswal, SK; Koirala, RP (2012) - Keywords: Mg-Tl alloy; microscopic structure; pairwise interaction energy; chemical short range order 1. Introduction Physics and chemistry of liquid alloys, in which the atomic arrangement is not spatially periodic in contrast to the case of crystalline materials, is well-recognized as important and promising area for research. At a given composition, if Scc(0) < )0(Sid CC , ordering in liquid alloy is expected and if Scc(0) > )0(Sid CC , there is tendency of segregation. Keywords: apb; concentration
• Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Chemical Profiling of Berberis asiatica by Bhattarai, Keshab; Dhakal, Devendra; Pandey, Indira; Subba, Bimala; Sharma, Khaga Raj (2023) - The TPC was calculated using a stan- dard curve and expressed as milligrams of gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE) per gram of plant extract. The methano- lic extract of B. asiatica exhibited noteworthy rad- ical scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 205.7 ± 5.353 g/mL. This result was compared to the IC50 value of the standard quercetin, which was found to be 6.29 ± 1.02 g/mL. Table 1: Physical characteristics and percentage yield of plant extract. Keywords: activity; antioxidant; asiatica; berberis; berberis asiatica; chemical; compounds; concentration; content; extract; inhibition; methanolic; plant; study; total
• Chemical profiling, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Matricaria recutita (Chamomile) by Baral, Ram Prasad; Adhikari, Rameshwar; Adhikari, Achyut (2025) - This research focuses on extracting essential oil through hydro-distillation, followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) to identify its chemical con- stituents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi responsible for common skin infections. Keywords Matricaria recutita, essential oil, GC-MS analysis, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, MIC and MBC . Keywords: activity; antioxidant; chamomile; concentration; matricaria; oil; oxide; plant; recutita
• Estimation of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and brine shrimp lethality activities of Valeriana jatamansi Jones by Ojha, Indra; Sharma, Khaga (2025) - In triplicate, 96-well plates were prepared with 20 L of plant extract, 100 L of 10% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (diluted 1:10), and 80 L of 1M Na2CO3. In triplicate, 20 L of plant extract, 100 L of distilled water, and 60 L of ethanol were added to 96-well plates. Keywords: activity; antioxidant; concentration; content; extract; jatamansi; methanolic; phenolic; plant; total
• Assessing the antioxidant antibacterial and toxic potential of quercus floribunda lindl bark by Bhattarai, Govinda; Sharma, Khaga Raj; Raj Jaishi, Dipak (2025) - Plant extracts can be used in lotions and ointments to aid in the healing of wounds [14]. In triplicate, 96-well plates were loaded with 20 µL of plant extract, 100 µL of 10% FC reagent (1:10), and 80 µL of 1M Na2CO3. Keywords: acetate; activity; antioxidant; bark; concentration; content; control; ethyl; extract; figure; floribunda; lindl; plant; quercus; species; total

• Structure-activity relationship and MM2 energy minimized conformational analysis of quercetin and its derivatives in the DPPH• radical scavenging capacity by Bajracharya, Gan B; Paudel, Mohan; K. C., Rajendra; Shyaula, Sajan L. (2020) - [12], and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of flavonoids in antioxidant activity have been documented [13] A. Arora, M. G. Nair, G. M. Strasburg, Structure- activity relationships for antioxidant activities of a series of flavonoids in a liposomal system, Free Radic. Keywords: activity; antioxidant; derivatives; flavonoids; ic50; obn; ome; quercetin; radical; scavenging
• Schiff base metal complex as a potential therapeutic drug in medical science: A critical review by Chaudhary, Narendra Kumar; Guragain, Biswash; Chaudhary, Siyanand Kumar; Mishra, Parashuram (2021) - Metal complexes of Schiff base Many research papers have been published during the last few decades on the synthesis and pharmacology of Schiff base metal complexes. Schiff base metal complexes have important biological applications as antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. Keywords: activity; anticancer; base; cancer; cell; characterization; chem; chemistry; complexes; compounds; drugs; ligand; metal; metal complexes; research; schiff; schiff base; study; synthesis
• Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy of methanol and hexane extract of Centella asiatica by Pokhrel, Shanta; Neupane, Prabha (2021) - Antioxidant activity of methanol extract was evaluated by 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity showed potent antioxidant activities with IC50 value 2.57 μg/mL slightly higher than standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 3.74 μg/mL). The phytochemical screening of methanol extract of Centella asiatica leaves revealed that carbohydrate, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, and saponin were present but alkaloids, protein and xanthoprotein were absent. Keywords: acid; activity; antioxidant; asiatica; centella; extract; hexane; methanol
• Synthesis of antioxidative anthraquinones as potential anticancer agents by Gupta, Richa K.; Thakuri, Ganesh M. S.; Bajracharya, Gan B; Jha, Ram Narayan (2021) - 279–286. https://doi.org/10.3390/60300279 [17] B. R. Madje, M. B. Ubale, J. V. Bharad, M. S. Shingare, B(HSO4)3: an efficient solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of anthraquinone derivatives. [35] V. Mohanlall, P. Steenkamp, B. Odhav, Isolation and characterization of anthraquinone derivatives from Ceratotheca triloba (Bernh.) Keywords: activity; anthraquinones; antibacterial; antioxidant; chem; chrysophanol; reaction; synthesis
• Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic rhizome extract of Bergenia pacumbis: A valuable medicinal herb by Dangi, Subas; Parajuli, Niranjan (2022) - The solvent from plant extract was removed by evaporating with the help of a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 40 °C. Various concentrations (5, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 & 200 μg/mL) of plant extract and ascorbic acid were prepared in methanol on the clean and dry test tubes. Keywords: acid; activities; activity; bergenia; compounds; doi; et al; extract; flavonoids; pacumbis; plant; presence; screening; test
• Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities of Oxalis corniculata Leaves of Sindhupalchowk District, Nepal by Pandey, Kamala; Pokhrel, Shanta (2022) - 3.3 Antioxidant activity via DPPH assay The antioxidant activity of methanol plant extract was measured by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. 2.3 Antibacterial screening Agar well diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial activity of plant extract [10,11]. Keywords: acid; activity; antioxidant; corniculata; extract; methanol; oxalis; plant
• Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from the high-altitude medicinal plants Rhododendron anthopogen, Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora and Rheum australe of Nepal by Regmi, Rachana; Shrestha, Mitesh; Karki, Dilip; Poudel, Ram Chandra; Banjara, Megh Raj; Khadka, Deegendra (2022) - [1]A. A. Ashour et al, Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cranberry Powder Aqueous Extract: Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties. [5]M. M. Pandey et al, An Important Indian Traditional Drug of Ayurveda Jatamansi and Its Substitute Bhootkeshi: Chemical Profiling and Antioxidant Activity. Keywords: activity; agnps; antioxidant; australe; extract; fig; nanoparticles; plants; silver; synthesis
• Analysis of phytochemicals and biological activities of rhizome of Curcuma longa, aerial parts of Centella asiatica, and corn silk of Zea mays by Hyaunmikha, Ayusha; Subba, Bimala (2023) - Acarbose C. longa C. asiatica Z. mays (mg/mL) (rhizome)(in %) ( aerial part) inhibition ( corn silk) 1000 91.23 ± 0.31 80.62 ± 1.04 71.47 ± 0.55 64.94 ±0.26 640 85.69 ± 0.23 69.39 ± 0.02 63.12 ± 0.16 57.55 ± 0.21 320 76.89 ± 0.34 64.74 ± 1.35 50.3 ± 0.45 42.67 ± 0.09 160 69.43 ± 0.65 53.41 ± 0.50 36.63 ± 1.03 36 ± 0.25 80 63.69 ± 0.54 31.11 ± 0.84 23.30 ± 0.53 25.82 ± 0.40 40 56.60 ± 0.31 23.75 ± 0.50 19.49 ± 1.20 17.94 ± 0.16 (Each value is a mean of triplicate data) Ayusha Hyaunmikha and Bimala Subba/ BIBECHANA 20 (2023) 103-112 111 Figure 10: The ethanolic extract of C. asiatica stem extract showed greater free radical scavenging than leaves extract [19]. Keywords: activity; asiatica; c. longa; corn; extract; longa; mays; methanolic; silk
• Analysis of phytochemical, antioxidant, and α-amylase inhibition capacity of methanol extract of six plants from Kaski, Gulmi and Rupandehi districts of Nepal by Subba, Bimala; Subedi, Namrata; Parajuli, Sanju (2023) - Plant extracts were prepared in methanol through cold percolation. DPPH scavenging (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay is a popular method for screening in-vitro antioxidant of plant extract. Keywords: activity; amylase; antioxidant; articulatum; deltoidea; extract; plant; total; trichotomum
• Assessment of the antibacterial activity of lemongrass-extracted essential oil by Joshi, Prem Raj; Pant, Prakash Raj; Bist, Anup; Pant, Gunananda; Pant , Bishweshwar; Saud, Prem Singh (2023) - Keywords Lemongrass, Essential oil, Extraction of essential oil, Anti-bacterial activity. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the sensitivity of gram-positive bacteria to lemongrass essential oils. Keywords: activity; aureus; bacteria; cymbopogon; essential; leaves; lemongrass; oil
• Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial study of silver nanoparticles using methanolic fraction of Artemisia vulgaris leaf by Parajuli, Sandhya; Nepal, Pujan; Awasthi, Ganesh Prasad; Oli, Hari Bhakta; Shrestha, Ram Lal Swagat; Homagai, Puspa Lal; Bhattarai, Deval Prasad (2024) - Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher:Dept. of Phys., Mahendra Morang A. M. Campus (Tribhuvan University)Biratnagar Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial study of silver nanoparticles using methanolic fraction of Artemisia vulgaris leaf Sandhya Parajuli1, Pujan Nepal1, Ganesh Prasad Awasthi2, Hari Bhakta Oli1, Ram Lal (Swagat) Shrestha1,∗∗, Puspa Lal Homagai1,∗∗∗, Deval Prasad Bhattarai1,∗ 1Department of Chemistry, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University 44613, Kathmandu, Nepal 2Division of Convergence Technology Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea ∗Corresponding author. This work aimed at the synthesis of a cost-effective, ecofriendly, and a facile approach of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic leaf ex- tract of Artemisia vulgaris. Keywords: activity; agnps; artemisia; extract; green; nanoparticles; silver; synthesis; test; vulgaris
• Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Solvent Extracts of Two Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants by Pakka, Sangita; Magar, Akash Budha; Shrestha, Deepa; Sharma, Tinky; Sharma, Khaga Raj (2024) - The concentration of plant extract or fraction that scavenges 50% of available free radical (IC50) Sangita Pakka et al./ BIBECHANA 21 (2024) 113-123 118 Table 4: TPC, TFC, and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in DPPH assay of plant extracts and fractions Plant extracts and fractions TPC (mg GAE/g) TFC (mg QE/g) IC50 (/) ALC 383.72 ± 7.31a,b 43.33 ± 0.14a 51.91 ± 1.09 ALE 131.34 ± 3.82 207.33 ± 0.34 139.70 ± 2.30 ALD 93.6 ± 3.97 15.41 ± 0.44b,c 119.91 ± 0.41 ASC 295.57 ± 0.54c 42.48 ± 1.09a,d 71.86 ± 1.67 ASE 390.98 ± 5.32a,d 138.58 ± 0.53 36.17 ± 0.92a ASD 374.32 ± 5.72b,d 13.89 ± 0.32b,e 83.59 ± 1.57 PLC 39.5 ± 1.18e 40.58 ± 0.58d 374.7 ± 0.55 PLD 177.05 ± 7.91 13.44 ± 0.18c,e 177 ± 0.72 PLH 60.39 ± 3.48e 30.96 ± 0.18 315.3 ± 0.45 PSC 271.58 ± 5.83c 37.22 ± 0.19 35.65 ± 0.61a Quercetin # # 3.28 ± 0.89 ALE, B. asiatica ethyl acetate leaf fraction; ALD, B. asiatica dichloromethane leaf fraction; ASE, B. asiatica ethyl acetate stem fraction; ASD, B. asiatica dichloromethane stem fraction; PLD, B. paniculata dichloromethane leaf fraction; PLH, B. paniculata hexane stem fraction; * positive control; #, value not measured; Values are the mean ± SE (n=3); values marked by the same letter within the same column are not significantly different at p < 0.05. ranged from 35.65±0.61 in PSC to 315.30±0.45 µg/mL in PLC (Table 4). 20 µL each of different concentrations of standard (10 µg/mL to 100 µg/mL gallic acid solutions in methanol) and plant extracts (500 µg/mL in 50% DMSO) were loaded in separate bores of a 96 well plate in triplicates. Keywords: activity; antioxidant; asiatica; crude; extracts; fractions; leaf; paniculata; plant; solvent; stem
• Phytochemical analysis, digestive enzymes inhibition, and toxicity study of Beta vulgaris by Khatri, Sabina; Magar, Akash Budha; Sharma, Tinky; Sharma, Khaga Raj (2024) - 130 µL standard quercetin solution (10 to 80 µg/mL in methanol) and 20 µL of 500 µg/mL plant extracts and fractions in 50% DMSO were loaded in a 96-well plate. It was fol- lowed by adding 110 µL of deionized water to the bores containing plant extracts and fractions. Keywords: activities; activity; assay; extracts; food; fractions; leaf; plant; root; study; vulgaris
• The Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and lethality Activities of leaf and bark extract of alnus nepalensis D. Don by Jaishi, Dipak Raj; Ojha, Dinesh Raj; Ojha, Indra; Bhattarai, Govinda; Sharma, Khaga Raj (2025) - [26]. 20 µL of plant extract, 100 µL of dis- tilled water, and 60 µL ethanol followed by 10 µL of 10% AlCl3 solution and 10 µL (1M) CH3COOK solution were loaded in 96-well plates in triplicates. 96-well plates were filled with 10 µL of plant extract and different tannic acid concentrations (7.5-100 µg/mL). Keywords: activity; antioxidant; aureus; bark; bark extract; content; extract; klebsiella; leaf; leaf extract; methanolic; plant; pneumoniae; total
• Synthesis and medicinal use of Metal complexes of Schiff Bases by Chaudhary, Nrendra Kumar (2012) - Similarly, the cytotoxic study of Cu(II) Schiff base complex shows that it has best in-vitro anticancer activity against both MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HT-29 (colon carcinoma) [3] Bukhari I.H., Arif M., Akbar J. and Khan A.H.; Preparation, characterization and biological evaluation of Schiff base transition metal complexes with Cephadrine; Pakistan Journal of biological sciences, 8 (2005) 614-617. Keywords: activity; base; complexes; metal; schiff; solvent; synthesis
• Phytochemical analysis, total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Hypotrachyna cirrhata (Fr.) Divakar by Sharma, Nirmala; Karki, Deepa; Neupane, Bhanu Bhakta; Adhikari, Achyut (2025) - Nirmal Sharma et al./ BIBECHANA 22 (2025) 141-150 147 Figure 6: MIC of lichen extracts and antibiotics against Shigella sonnei : 5–7: (A–H: 12.5–0.098 mg/mL) for H. cirrahata, 8–10: Antibiotic (Neomycin A–H: 250–1.95 g/mL), 11: Positive control (AH: Media + bacteria), 12: Negative control (A–H: Media only), and b)MIC of lichen extracts and antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus 5–7: (A–H: 12.5–0.098 mg/mL) for H. cirrahata, 8–10: Antibiotic (Neomycin A–H: 250–1.95 g/mL), 11: Positive control (AH: Media + bacteria), 12: Negative control (A–H: Media only). Figure 7: MBC of lichen extracts and antibiotics against (a) Staphylococcus aureus and (b)Shigella sonnei Table 4: Zone of Inhibition of H. cirrhata Extract Against Bacterial Strains Serial No. Name of Bacteria Positive Control (mm) H. cirrhata Extract (mm) 1 Keywords: activity; cirrhata; content; extract; lichens; mic; total
• Physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial study in Nepalese honey by Adhikari, Amrita; Thapa, Nabin Kumar; Gurung, Anita; Parajuli, Niranjan (2025) - 2.2 Collection of honey samples Samples of honey were collected from multiple places, including Pokhara, Rukum, Lamjung, and Kathmandu (Table 1). Table 1: List of honey samples collected for the study from different regions of Nepal. Keywords: acid; activity; antioxidant; content; correlation; fructose; glucose; hmf; honey; samples; tfc; total; tpc
• Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Withania somnifera root extract: characterization, phytochemical profiling, and evaluation of antimicrobial activity by Thapa, Ratna Bahadur; Ojha, Shankar Datt; Dhungana, Sujan; Tiwari, Laxmi; Khadka, Devendra; Poudel, Milan Babu; Pokhrel, Megh Raj; Baral, Janaki; Poudel, Bhoj Raj (2025) - Keywords Antimicrobial activity, phytochemical analysis, root extract, Ag NPs, Withania somnifera. These compounds help reduce metal salts to nanoscale particles, such as converting Ag+ to Ag° in Ag NPs synthesis. Keywords: activity; agnps; analysis; applications; ashwagandha; extract; figure; nanoparticles; nps; root; silver; synthesis

• Empirical model based on meteorological parameters to estimate the global solar radiation in Nepal by Adhikari, Krishna R; Gurung, Shekhar; Bhattarai, Binod K (2014) - Figures from 1-5 of the plots of global solar radiations model estimated by the Angstrom-Prescott and new one also proved the higher performance of the new model in comparison to the value estimated in Ref. The resultant model may then be used to estimate the missing data of solar radiation for the respective sites and also can be used to estimate global solar radiation for the locations of similar geographic and meteorological characteristic. Keywords: data; energy; mean; model; nepal; new; radiation; regression
• Description on some rescued turtles and their translocation at Turtle Rescue and Conservation Centre (TRCC), Sanischare, Jhapa by Kharel, Milan; Chhetry, Damodar Thapa (2014) - In the future, the centre will serve as “living” laboratories for freshwater and terrestrial turtle and encourage young scientist to conduct research regarding biology of freshwater and terrestrial turtles and threats to their survival in order to develop and implement innovative methods in the conservation of turtles. p.142 Figure 1: Location map of study area (TRCC), Jhapa, Nepal to keep the records of rescued turtle scientifically, which are trans-located from various places to the centre; study the physico-chemical parameters of the Budhoholi lake and meteorological condition of study area. Keywords: area; centre; jhapa; nepal; punctata; species; study; turtles
• General survey on avifaunal composition of Betana wetland, Morang, Province number 1, Eastern Nepal by Kharel, Milan (2018) - Bhimraj chibe R C LC F2 28 Oriolidae Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus,1758) Gajale sunchari SV UC LC F2 29 Oriolidae Black- headed Oriole Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus, 1758) Kalotauke sunchari R UC LC F2 30 Sturnidae Common Myna Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766) Dangrerupi R FC LC F1 31 Sturnidae Asian Pied Starling Gracupica contra (Linnaeus, 1758) Gharkag R FC LC F1 25 Dicuridae Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817) Kalochibe R FC LC F2 26 Dicuridae Crow billed Drongo Dicrurus annectans (Hodgson,1838) Keywords: area; betana; birds; families; forest; nepal; number; species; study; visitor; wetland
• Factors intended to brain drain among nurses working at private hospitals of Biratnagar, Nepal by Kadel, Mamata; Bhandari, Menuka (2018) - Brain drain of Nepalese nurses is increasing day by day and shortage of health workforce is the burning issue of Nepal health care system. Discussion This study revealed that majority (96%) of respondents were not satisfied with their salary, whereas it compared by study conducted among migrated nurses from Nepal revealed that 55.22% of respondents were not satisfied with their salary and job in Nepal Keywords: drain; factors; health; migration; nepal; nurses; study
• Chaupadi during menstruation still a major community health challenge: perspective from Mid-Western Nepal by Parajuli, Surya B; KC, Heera; Mishra, A; Bhattarai, P; Shrestha, M; Srivastav, Kundan (2018) - Most (65.1%) of them did not dispose,16.5% bury in nearby ground and 18.4% burn. Regarding disposal of sanitary pad, 65.1% do not dispose,16.5% bury in nearby ground and 18.4% used to burn. Keywords: age; chaupadi; health; knowledge; menarche; menstruation; nepal; practice; study
• Effects of lightning as a disaster in Himalayan region by Adhikari, P B; Adhikari, A; Tiwari, A K (2021) - 13: The bar diagram of the data of number of injured and death of people due to lightning disaster since 2015. In the cloud to ground discharge, if the positive charge transfers from cloud to ground it is called positive lightning whereas if the negative charge of the cloud transfers to ground, it is called negative lightning. Keywords: cloud; fig; ground; himalayan; lightning; nepal; people; region
• Prediction of daily global solar radiation using different empirical models on the basis of meteorological parameters at Trans Himalaya Region, Nepal by Joshi, Usha; Karki, I B; Chapagain, N P; Poudyal, K N (2021) - Thus found empirical constants are used to predict global solar radiation. Above graph shows the value of global solar radiation received is maximum in the month of May, it is mainly due to less cloud, slow wind, less rainfall and less solar zenith angle. Keywords: day; energy; gsr; models; nepal; radiation; solar; year
• bibechana-3933 by None (None) - 2. Materials and methods The herpetofauna was studied from July, 2002 to June, 2004, once in every month at regular interval from Koshi Tappu Wildlife and its surroundings. The paper deals with the herpetofauna of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and its surroundings. Keywords: amphibians; herpetofauna; koshi; nepal; reptiles; species; wildlife
• Bio-Diversity Conservation in Nepal by Thapa, D (2010) - Protected Areas of Nepal Table 1 (National Parks) S.N. Category and Name (year of establishment)Area (km s. q.)Altitude (m) 1 Royal Chitwan National Park (1973) 932 150-815 2 Royal Bardia National Park (1976\1988) 968 152-1494 3 Shavipuri National Park (2002) 144 1366-2732 4 Khaptad National Park (1984) 225 1000-3276 5 Makalu Barun National Park (1991) 1500 435-8463 6 Sagarmatha National Park (1976) 1148 2800-8850 7 Langtang National Park (1976) 1710 792-7245 8 1 Royal Chitwan National Park 750 2 Royal Bardia National Park 328 3 Makalu Barun National Park 830 4 Langtang National Park 420 5 Keywords: area; biodiversity; conservation; national; nepal; park; species; wildlife
• Studies on molluscs of Betna wetlands and its surroundings, Nepal by Chhetry, Damodar Thapa (2010) - Table 2: Edible molluscs of Betna wetland and its surroundings S.N. Name of the species Tribes who eat molluscs. Parreysia caerulea (Lee,1831) Jhangad, Bantar, Sardar, Malaha, etc. Table 3: Harmful molluscs of Betna wetland and its surroundings S.N. Name of the species Harmful activities 1 Bellamya bengalensis (Lamarck,1882) Pest of seedlings of paddy 2 Lymnaea acuminata (Lamarck, 1822) Keywords: gastropoda; molluscs; nepal; species
• The fatalities and injuries due to avalanche effect in the Himalayan Region, Nepal by Adhikari, Pitri Bhakta; Dawadi, Sapana; Nepal, Shanta (2023) - Broad Peak located in Pakistan and Gasherbrum I located in Pakistan to China are Pitri Bhakta Adhikari et al./ BIBECHANA 20 (2023) 36-45 44 Figure 6: US, Colorado and European avalanche fatalities data in combination chart. On analyzing the statistics of avalanche fatality in the high mountain of Asia from 1895 to 2022, the fatality number was 59 at Annapurna and Dhaulagiri mountain peaks. Keywords: area; avalanche; data; fatalities; fatality; mountain; nepal; number; people; snow
• Seasonal variations of disasters in Nepal by Adhikari, Pitri Bhakta; Khanal, Nabraj (2024) - Different disasters occur frequently in different seasons and have a significant effect on humans, and animals, and result in huge property loss. Keywords Different disasters; seasonal variations; effects of disaster; awareness program. Keywords: deaths; disasters; incidents; loss; nepal; number
• Measurement of background radiation in Jhapa, Ilam, Panchthar, and Taplejung districts of Nepal by Shrestha, Arun Kumar; Nepal, Roshan; Shrestha, Kamala; Regmi, Dijan; Shrestha, Ganesh Kumar; Shah, Buddha Ram; Koirala, Ram Prasad (2023) - Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher:Dept. of Phys., Mahendra Morang A. M. Campus (Tribhuvan University)Biratnagar Measurement of background radiation in Jhapa, Ilam, Panchthar, and Taplejung districts of Nepal Arun Kumar Shrestha1,2, Roshan Nepal1, Kamala Shrestha1 Dijan Regmi1, Ganesh Kumar Shrestha3, Buddha Ram Shah4, Ram Prasad Koirala5,∗ 1Damak Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Jhapa, Nepal 2Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Nepal 3Pulchowk Engineering Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal 4Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal 5Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Nepal ∗Corresponding author. In this study, we investigated the levels of background radiation in different locations across the Eastern part of Koshi province, specifically in Taplejung, Panchthar, Ilam, and Jhapa. Keywords: altitude; background; district; dose; nepal; radiation
• bibechana-7184 by None (None) - The study revealed decreasing trend of bird species from previous period. Comparatively, the present study recorded less number of bird species. Keywords: birds; chhetry; nepal; river; species; study; sunsari
• Some Wild Mushrooms of Rupandehi District, West Nepal by Aryal, HP; Budhathoki, U (2013) - N. Pandey, Mushroom Diversity in central Nepal: An ethnomycological Approach. 2 Central Department of Botany, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Tribhuvan University, Nepal *E-mail: hahariprasadaryal06@gmail.com 2 Email: drushabudathoki@yahoo.com Article history: Received 25 October, 2012; Accepted 1 November, 2013 Keywords: adhikari; area; aryal; chyau; forest; fungi; h.p; mushrooms; nepal; soil; white; wood

• Thermodynamic and structural behaviour of Tl-Na liquid alloy by Yadav, S. K.; Jha, L. N.; Adhikari, D. (2014) - The phase diagram of the Tl-Na alloys, [25] shows the existence of two phases, such as �, ���� (with fcc protopype structure and �, ����� (with end centered-orthorhombic structure). In this work we have assumed the presence of ���� complex as energetically favoured in the liquid state of Tl-Na alloy at 673 K and studied its thermodynamic and microscopic structural properties. Keywords: + �; liquid; values; � �
• Thermodynamic, structural, surface and transport properties of Zn-Cd liquid alloy at 800 K by Mishra, K K; Limbu, H K; Yadav, B; Khan, A K; Jha, I S; Adhikari, D (2016) - = 𝑅𝑇[𝑐𝑙𝑛(1 − 𝛽) − ln⁡(1 − 𝛽𝑐)] (3) 𝐺(𝜔) = 𝑐(1 − 𝑐)𝜔 (1 − 𝛽𝑐)⁄ (4) To study the atomic order of binary liquid alloy it is important to understand the behavior of the long wavelength limit of the concentration- concentration structure factor (Scc(0)) and is given as [10,17,18] 𝑆𝐶𝐶(0) Keywords: alloys; energy; liquid; mixing; values
• Mixing properties of Ni-Al liquid alloy at different temperatures by Yadav, S K; Sharma, P; Koirala, R P; Dhungana, A; Adhikari, D (2018) - The partial excess free energies of each monomers of the liquid system are expressed as G����x, T� = x'' ∑ kp�T�[�1 + 2l�x> − x']�x> − x'�p�>�p�� (23a) G ���x, T� = x>' ∑ kp�T�[x> − x'�1 + 2l�]�x> − x'�p�>�p�� (23b) The extremum values of G���/RT (=−2.0602, theoretical and = −2.0584, experimental [36]) at equiatomic concentration (x> = x' = 0.5) which corresponds that the system is strongly interacting and symmetric in nature at near to its melting temperature. Keywords: alloy; g �; liquid; s** �; temperatures; values; � p; � �
• bibechana-5693 by None (None) - c 1 c − = + − − + −β − −β +ω −β (1) where Cd Bi ( ) 1 0.385 ( ) Ω β = − = Ω The standard thermodynamic relation for activity of Cd in binary liquid is given by M Cd M G RT ln a G (1 c) c ∂ = + − ∂ (2) It is clear from the graph that theoretical values of Cd ln a are in a good agreement with experimental values. Keywords: liquid
• Theoretical exploration of thermodynamic characteristics in lead-free liquid alloys: Zn-Bi-In System by Sah, Sanjay Kumar; Jha, Indu Shekhar; Koirala, Ishwar (2024) - Over the past two decades, the precision and dependability of MIVM in predicting the properties of liquid alloys have been substan- tiated [20, 21]. In the con- text of liquid alloys, a positive deviation in the ac- tivity of a component like Zn suggests that the in- teractions between zinc atoms and the other com- ponents (Bi and In in this case) are weaker in the mixture than one would predict from assuming ideal behavior. Keywords: alloys; liquid; values; xbi; xin; xzn
• Temperature dependence of the Helmholtz free energy of liquid alkali metals by Singh, BK; Singh, Sudhir (2012) - Table 2: Contribution to Helmholtz free energy of liquid alkali metals as function of temperature Liquid Metals T(°K) -Feg F1 -F2 -Fm -Fhs 371.0 0.08162 0.07734 0.00479 0.21371 0.00656 473.0 0.08168 0.07530 0.00619 0.20968 0.00988 573.0 0.08175 0.07332 0.00761 0.20575 0.01333 673.0 0.08180 0.07136 0.00910 0.20181 0.01695 Keywords: Helmholtz free energy; Entropy; Specific heat; Boltzman constant; Perturbation energy; Madelung energy 1. Keywords: energy; helmholtz; liquid; metals; singh
• Mixing properties of Ni-Pd liquid alloy by Gurung, L; Koirala, RP; Adhikari, D (2013) - 1: Excess free energy of mixing ( XS MG∆ ) of Ni-Pd liquid alloy at 1873 K versus X1 (Concentration of Ni); solid lines for theoretical values and circles for experimental values. The theoretical maximum value of heat of mixing is almost equal to the experimental maximum value (Experimental value =1195.5 Jmol-1, Theoretical value = 1182 Jmol-1). Keywords: liquid; mixing

• Free energy of mixing and activity of indium-tin alloy by Jha, IS; Khan, Arun K; Kumar, BC (2010) - It is clear from the graph that the matching of theoretical values with experimental values is relatively better in lower concentration range of In, i.e.; in the region Alc < 0.5 than in higher concentration. The values of these thermodynamic parameters obtained from this model are compared with corresponding experimental values. Keywords: jha; mixing; values
• Study of lattice dynamics of silicon by Thapa, SRB (2012) - Si 5.4307 × 10 -8 cm 46.629 × 10 -24 gm Table-3:Evaluated values of Model parameters of Si Using the evaluated values of model parameters elastic constants C11, C12, C44 and Bulk modulus are evaluated using equations (2),(3)&(4). Phonon frequencies, elastic constants, specific heat and Debye temperature of diamond structure crystal Keywords: constants; model; phys; values
• Temperature dependence of Knight shift for the metals Zn and Al by Kumar, BC; Rafique, SM; Singh, BP (2012) - Similarly we have calculated Knight Shift using C-eigen values; the values of Knight shift are slightly different which are shown in Table 1. As the other computed values of Knight Shift opting α = 2/3 and β =1 & 5/8 do not lie in the vicinity of experimental value, hence they are discarded. Keywords: knight; shift; values

• Electronic structure and magnetic properties of bulk elements (Fe and Pd) and ordered binary alloys (FePd and Fe3Pd):TB-LMTO-ASA by Pandey, Suraj; Kaphle, Gopi Chandra; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2014) - We used TB-LMTO-ASA Approach for the study of band structure and density of states of the transitional elements Fe and Pd and their ordered alloys FePd and Fe3Pd. After the convergence of SCF we analyzed all the data required for band structure, total energy, DOS etc. Keywords: band; density; energy; fepd; fermi; states; structure
• First-principles study of solid methane at high pressure by Pantha, Nurapati; Acharya, Jagaran; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2014) - The calculations cover a wide range of pressure values (10 GPa to 900 GPa) and reveal the change in cell-dimensions/molecular-volume as well as the band structure of solid methane. This implies the high rate of hardening of the structure at low pressures values. Keywords: band; calculations; cell; gap; gpa; methane; phys; pressure; structure
• First-principles study of structural, electronic and magnetic properties of Co-based quaternary Heusler compounds: CoFeCrAl, CoFeTiAs, CoFeCrGa and CoMnVAs by Pandey, Bikram; Ray, Ram Babu; Kaphle, Gopi Chandra (2017) - The study of spin band structure in detail reveals that a small overlap of band around the fermi level although bands does not cross with each other as shown figure (4c), thus we can conclude that CoFeTiAs, is half-metal also possible candidate for SGS i.e. nearly spin-gap less semiconductor. From the calculation of electronic band structure and spin polarized total density of states (DOS), we found that CoFeCrAl and CoFeCrGa are spin-gapless semiconductors with half-metallic gap of 0.82eV and 0.25eV respectively. Keywords: band; cofecral; cofecrga; compounds; gap; half; heusler; spin; structure
• Electronic and magnetic properties of defected MoS2 monolayer by Neupane, Hari Krishna; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2021) - We found that MoS2, 1Sv-MoS2& 2Sv-MoS2 materials have non-magnetic properties, and Mov-MoS2& (Mo-S)v-MoS2 materials have magnetic properties because magnetic moment of MoS2, 1Sv-MoS2& 2Sv-MoS2 materials have 0.00 µB/cell value and Mov-MoS2& (Mo-S)v-MoS2 materials have 2.72 µB/cell & 0.99 µB/cell respectively. 3. Results and Discussion In this section, we reported first-principles calculations within the frame work of spin- polarized DFT method to study electronic and magnetic properties of Mo and S atoms vacancy defects in MoS2 material. Keywords: atoms; band; defects; magnetic; materials; monolayer; mos2; structure; vacancy
• Structural and Electronic Properties of Intercalated Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Compounds by Parmar, Vandana B.; Vora, Aditya M. (2022) - 4. Vidit B. Zala, A. M. Vora and P. N. Gajjar, AIP Conf. 5. H. S. Patel, V. A. Dabhi, A. M. Vora, in: D. Singh, S. Das, A. Materny (Eds.), Advances in spectroscopy-molecules to materials, Springer Proc. Keywords: band; fetis2; states; structure; tis2
• Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Double Perovskites Ca2MnIrO6 by Bhandari, Shalika Ram; Lawaju, Sarita; KC, Santosh; Kaphle, Gopi Chandra; Ghimire, Madhav Prasad (2022) - https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6786(93)90004-B [2] O. Bidault et al; Polaronic relaxation in perovskites, Phys. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA10775D [4] R. Viana et al; Dielectric spectroscopy in SrTiO , Phys. Keywords: ca2mniro6; metallic; perovskites; phys; rev; spin; state; structure
• Substitutional Sodium Doping on Tungsten Ditelluride: A First-principles Study by Subedi, Bibek; Adhikari, Narayan (2022) - Electronic band structure of pristine WTe2 1. Electronic band structure of Na doped WTe2 Keywords: atom; band; doping; energy; pristine; site; spin; structure; supercell; system; wte2
• Molecular characterization of yohimbine hydrochloride using vibrational spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations by Joshi, Bhawani Datt; Tandon, Poonam; Jain, Sudha (2012) - [10] G. Fini, J. Raman spectroscopy. As the literature survey reveals neither Raman and IR spectra nor quantum chemical calculations for YHCl molecule have been reported so far, hence the present work was undertaken to study the vibrational spectra with quantum chemical calculation with greater accuracy. Keywords: cm-1; dft; molecule; potential; raman; stretching; structure; vibrational; yhcl
• First principles investigation of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) monolayer embedded with transition metals (Ni, Pd, and Pt) as a NO sensor by Poudel, Guna Nidhi; Shrestha, Pitamber; Rijal, Narayan Prasad; Sharama, Shri Ram; Pradhan Joshi, Leela; Parajuli, Rajendra (2025) - The band lines corresponding to spin up and spin down of the pure and NO adsorbed pristine GCN, Ni, and Pd, Pt embedded GCN, are depicted in Fig. [12] studied the adsorption behavior and electronic states of poisonous gas molecules, like HCN, SO2, H2S, and NO, on GCN and Mo atom- embedded GCN. Keywords: adsorption; carbon; energy; gas; gcn; nitride; structure
• Structural characterization of HDAC2-MTA1 complex by Gautam, Narayan; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2025) - The MM/GBSA binding free energy of the HDAC2–MTA1 complex is -223.14 ± 17.71 kcal/mol, indicating a substantial binding free en- ergy for a stable protein–protein complex. In this work, we inves- tigated the molecular mechanism of complex for- mation of HDAC2 with MTA1 protein, using struc- ture predicting tool AlphaFold2 and performed MD simulations. Keywords: complex; hdac2; histone; hydrophobic; interactions; mta1; mta1 complex; protein; residues; structure

• Regular Associated Solution Model for the Estimation of Heat of Mixing of Binary Liquid Alloys by Adhikari, D; Singh, BP; Jha, IS (2010) - The observed asymmetries in the heat of mixing of binary liquid alloys with respect to the concentrations are well explained on the basis of regular associated solution models. In regular associated solution solutions, the gross chemical potentials of components 1 and 2 are equal to the chemical potentials of the monomeric species A and B Keywords: alloys; mixing; solution
• Free Energy of Mixing and Activity of HgK Liquid Alloy by Singh, BP; Jha, IS; Adhikari, D (2010) - Campus, Biratnagar, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Abstract The large asymmetry observed in free energy of mixing of HgK liquid alloy is discussed on basis of Flory’s model. Conclusion Flory’s, model has been considered to study the concentration dependence of free energy of mixing and activity of HgK liquid alloy. Keywords: energy; mixing
• Complex formation in liquid potassium-lead alloy by Singh, BP; Adhikari, D; Jha, IS; Singh, BK (2010) - Keywords: Compound forming alloy; Pairwise interaction energy; Equilibrium constant 1. [( )x21( 1 G BABABBAA23BAB13BAA12BA BA 2222 2 +++ω+ω+ω + =∆ ]klnxRT BA2 + (2) where 12ω , 13ω and 23ω are pairwise interaction energies for the species A, B ; A, A2B and B, A2B respectively, k is equilibrium constant, T the temperature and R stands for the universal gas constant. Keywords: alloy; mixing
• Thermodynamic and structural properties of K-Na liquid alloy by Koirala, I; Jha, IS; Singh, BP (2012) - Key words: liquid alloy; simple statistical model; thermodynamic properties; diffusion coefficient 1. At a given composition if )0(S)0(S id cccc < , ordering in liquid alloy is expected while )0(S)0(S id cccc > gives the indication of tendency of segregation. Keywords: alloy; mixing

• Study on the soil corrosivity towards the buried water supply pipelines in Madhyapur Thimi municipality, Bhaktapur by Dahal, Kumar P; KC, Dinesh; Bhattarai, Jagadeesh (2014) - Gravimetric method was used to estimate the amounts of sulfate content in soil sample. It is clearly observed that the soil resistivity is directly correlated with the moisture content in soil samples. Keywords: content; corrosion; corrosive; materials; moisture; pipelines; resistivity; samples; soil
• Structural and thermal characterization of different types of cellulosic fibers by Giri, Jyoti; Lach, Ralf; Sapkota, Janak; Susan, Md. Abu Bin Hasan; Saiter, Jean-Marc; Henning, Sven; Katiyar, Vimal; Adhikari, Rameshwar (2018) - [27] D. L. Vinayak, V. Guna, D. Madhavi, M. Arpitha, N. Reddy, Ricins communis plant residues as a source for natural cellulose fiber potentially exploitable in polymer composites. 4 (a) manifest that NCC fibers are in a bundle before nano-fibrillation out of the MCC, which are then exposed out on acid hydrolysis followed by the dissolution of amorphous region present between the nano-fibrils. Keywords: cellulose; cm–1; composites; fibers; fig; materials; mcc; ncc; peaks; polym
• Conventional to slow muon microscopy – a review by Pant, Amba Datt (2020) - For the study of nanoscience, slow muon (20 eV - 30 keV) muon with low energy spread are essential that leads to development of slow muon microscopy. On the other hand, slow muon are refereed as slowed- down surface muon to low energy (20 eV – 30 keV). Keywords: beam; doi; electron; energy; materials; muon; physics; spin; study
• Development of construction materials from the geopolymerization of red clay and coal fly ash by Pathak, Arvind; Ranjit, Arpana; Dhakal, Bijaya (2022) - Adrian et al., Pozzolanic Reactivity of Low Grade Kaolinitic Clays: Influence of Calcination Temperature and Impact of Calcination Products on OPC Hydration, Appl. [4] A.G.S. Azevedo et al., Effect of Curing Temperature, Activator Solution Composition and Particle Size in Brazilian Fly-Ash Based Geopolymer Production, Mater. Keywords: ash; clay; coal; fly; geopolymer; materials; products; strength
• Structural Analysis and material selection for biocompatible cantilever beam in soft robotic nanomanipulator by Uddin, Md. Shazib; Khan, Md. Imran; Shafiq, Sadman Bin; Sadik, Shahriar; Rana, Md. Sohel; Bhuiya, Khaled Mohammad Shifullah; Udoy, Sabbir Ahmed; Rafi, Md. Khalid Hasan (2023) - The analysis in- volves varying the applied force (0.001 µN to 0.004 µN), beam length (80 µm, 120 µm, and 160 µm), and beam thickness (0.4 µm, 0.6 µm, and 0.8 µm). Abstract This paper investigates the selection of appropriate materials for cantilever beams in sur- gical robotic nanomanipulators. Keywords: beam; cantilever; deflection; materials; pur; robotic
• Machine learning driven prediction of lattice constants in transition metal dichalcogenides by Sharma, Bhupendra; Chaudhary, Laxman; Adhikari, Rajendra; Ghimire, Madhav Prasad (2023) - The data cleaning steps are: • Data Sampling • Processing of abnormal value • Discretization of data • Data Normalization Data sampling allows us to create prediction model of high performance with less data. We specifically de- sign ML models to generate predictions based on the correlations of the database through statistical and probabilistic methods [2]. Keywords: constants; data; lattice; learning; machine; materials; model; prediction; regression; system
• Comprehensive review of LCA studies in Civil Engineering by Thapa, Ishwor; Baral, Nirmal Prasad; Adhikari, Krishna Raj (2023) - Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher:Dept. of Phys., Mahendra Morang A. M. Campus (Tribhuvan University)Biratnagar Comprehensive review of LCA studies in Civil Engineering Ishwor Thapa1, Nirmal Prasad Baral2, Krishna Raj Adhikari3,∗ 1Department of Civil Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India 2Department of Civil Engineering, IOE Pashchimanchal Campus, Pokhara, Nepal 3IOE Pashchimanchal Campus, Pokhara, Nepal ∗Corresponding author. Accessible databases are essential; their absence restricts LCA studies to experts us- ing licensed software, limiting its broad adoption. Keywords: aggregate; analysis; assessment; building; concrete; construction; cycle; cycle assessment; engineering; impact; journal; lca; life; life cycle; materials; research; studies; waste
• A Brief review on extraction of nanocellulose and its application by Giri, Jyoti; Adhikari, Rameshwar (2012) - Lignin is complex dendridic network of phenyl propene which acts as binder in cellulose fiber to give the exact morphology for plant cell wall Cellulose fibers being most abundant, constantly replenished in nature by photosynthesis [2,12] and being stronger than steel, glass fiber etc, has attracted new trends of development in material science Keywords: adhikari; applications; cellulose; chemical; fibers; journal; materials; nanocellulose; process
• Investigation on the soil corrosivity towards the buried water supply pipelines in Kamerotar town planning area of Bhaktapur, Nepal by Dhakal, Yub Raj; Dahal, Kumar P; Bhattarai, Jagadeesh (2013) - Gravimetric method was used to estimate the amounts of sulfate content in soil samples. Among thirty soil samples from Kamerotar area, two soil samples contained 10-20%, twenty samples contained 21-40%, five samples contained 41-60% and only three samples contained more than 60% moisture content as shown in Fig. 2(a). Keywords: chloride; content; corrosion; corrosive; materials; moisture; resistivity; samples; soil; sulfate

• Bio-Synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using Garlic extract to investigate antibacterial activity by Amatya, Sharmila Pradhan; Pradhan Joshi, Leela (2020) - Devendra Sir Cover Page copy.jpg BIBECHANA 17 (2020) 13-19 13 BIBECHANA ISSN 2091-0762 (Print), 2382-5340 (Online) Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher: Department of Physics, Mahendra Morang A.M. Campus, TU, Biratnagar, Nepal Bio-synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using garlic extract to investigate antibacterial activity Sharmila Pradhan Amatya1*, Leela Pradhan Joshi2 1Chemistry Department, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 2 Physics Department, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal * Email: The results of UV-Vis spectroscopy clearly showed presence of absorption peak at 595 nm which confirmed the formation of copper nanoparticles. Keywords: bacteria; copper; cunps; extract; garlic; gram; journal; nanoparticles; pradhan; synthesis
• The Physicochemical analysis and Phytochemical screening of some medicinal plants of Letang Municipality of Morang district, Nepal by Ojha, Rijan; Gautam, Tilak Prasad; Chaudhary, Narendra Kumar (2020) - Nepal has a varied ecosystem for the cultivation of medicinal plants which has been supported by climatic and geographical diversity In this investigation, we carried physicochemical and phytochemical screening of five species of medicinal plants collected from the forest of Letang Municipality situated in province 1 of Nepal. Keywords: caesia; chloroform; curcuma; extract; pharm; plants; plumbago; presence; speciosus; zeylanica
• Chemical analysis of fodder tree leaves found in Sunsari district, Nepal by Mandal, TN; Gautam, TP (2012) - Panday, Importance of fodder trees and tree fodder in Nepal, M. Sc. thesis, Institute of Plant Production, Federal Tech. Keywords: Tree fodders; Farmers’ assessment; Proximate analysis; Nutrient contents 1. Keywords: chemical; content; extract; ficus; fodder; leaves; matter; terminalia; trees

• Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Universe by Paul, BC (2014) - Emergent Universe model in a flat Universe is another interesting model of the Universe which can be obtained with a non-linear equation of state [38]. In the above k is the index which represents a closed Universe for +1, open Universe for – 1 and a flat Universe for 0. Keywords: b.c; energy; inflation; lett; matter; model; paul; phys; universe
• Effect of position of irregularity in concrete frame on response to seismic forces by Islam, Md. Tariqul; Azad, Md Samdani; Atif, Md. Fahim; Azad, Gazi Md. Sharfaraz Imam (2017) - [12] FEMA440, Improvement of nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures, 2005. Seismic response of building frames with vertical structural irregularities was discussed by Valmundsson and Nau [8]. Keywords: analysis; discontinuity; fig; frames; mass; model; overhanging; pushover; story
• Empirical model for estimation of global solar radiation at lowland region Biratnagar using satellite data by Shrestha, Ganesh Kumar; Pandey, Binod; Joshi, Usha; Poudyal, Khem N. (2021) - The input parameters used for the estimation of monthly average global solar radiation at lowland region, Biratnagar are given in Table-1. Ground measurement at site of interest by installing a thermopile sensor such as pyranometer or pyroheliometer is considered as most accurate and reliable way of obtaining global solar radiation data for solar energy system design. Keywords: average; data; energy; model; radiation; sunshine
• Analysis of SARSCOV-2 Cases in Nepal using Different Models by Dhakal, Oat Bahadur; Chalise, Roshan; Khanal, Raju (2022) - Model. 5 (2020) 502-509 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2020.07.003 [15] A. Ahmadi, et al., Modeling and forecasting trend of COVID-19 epidemic in Iran until May 13, 2020. Bhandary et al. Keywords: cases; covid-19; epidemic; et al; infected; model; number
• Estimation of Global Solar Radiation (GSR) From the Sunshine Hour of Guranshe, Surkhet, Nepal by Adhikari, Homchandra; Pantha, Nurapati (2022) - Our study shows that Gurashe (Surkhet) has similar average GSR value comparing to the other places of Nepal and better agreement is seen with Pokhara due to similar geological/metrological parameters. 3. Conclusions The measured GSR, calculated GSR and other meteorological parameters affecting GSR were studied by using the available data. Keywords: average; day; energy; gsr; model; radiation; sunshine
• Analysis and characterization of X-ray flare of Mkn 421 using XMM-Newton observation 0658801301 by Neupane, Rajendra; Dhital, Niraj (2023) - The highest peak in the light and spectrum curve indicated the presence of high energy X-ray flares. The study of the variabil- ity of X-ray sources can provide important infor- mation about the physical conditions in the source and help to distinguish between different models or theories [30]. Keywords: analysis; count; curve; data; energy; flares; light; model; rate; ray; source; spectrum; variability
• Factors associated with time to first birth after marriage: A systematic review by Shrestha, Ishwar Kumar; Khanal, Shankar Prasad (2024) - Evidence suggests a link between time to first birth after marriage with some major fac- tors, such as “education”, “place of residence”, “age at first marriage”, “contraceptive used” [4,27], “con- traceptive knowledge”, “wealth index”, “husband's education”, “women employment status”, “marriage cohort” and “type of marriage” [9, 12, 15], but few studies have been also explored the link to other factors dealing with personal behavioral and family characteristics. Age at first marriage, age at first childbirth and first birth interval (FBI) after mar- riage are some of the major determinants of fer- tility measures, influenced by a number of differ- ent co-factors of demographic, socio-economic and cultural things [1]. Keywords: articles; birth; childbirth; data; education; factors; interval; marriage; model; review; studies; study; time; women
• Machine learning for predicting earthquake magnitudes in the Central Himalaya by Tiwari, Ram Krishna; Poudel, Rudra Prasad; Paudyal , Harihar (2025) - The primary challenge is to design and train machine learning models that enhances our ability to predict earthquake magnitudes accurately, aid- ing in disaster preparedness and response efforts. The RFR model demonstrates superior perfor- mance in predicting earthquake magnitudes com- pared to the other two methods. Keywords: data; earthquake; layer; learning; machine; magnitude; model; neural; regressor; rfr; svr

• Variation of Total Electron Content (TEC) in the Quite and Disturbed days and their correlation with Geomagnetic Parameters of Lamjung Station in the year of 2015 by Ghimire, Basu Dev; Chapagain, Narayan Prasad; Basnet, Vardhan; Bhatta, Karan; Khadka, Balaram (2020) - [13] O. F. Jonah, E. R. de Paula, M. T. A. H. Muella, S. L. G. Dutra, E. A. Kherani, P. M. S. Negreti & Y. Otsuka, TEC variation during high and low solar activities over South American sector, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 135 (2015) 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.10.005 The above-mentioned GPS equipment provide slant TEC data at a sampling rate of 60 s. From this data, vertical TEC (VTEC) values are obtained at different ionospheric pierce point (IPP) locations by using a mapping function, i.e. 𝑆(𝐸) Keywords: average; data; days; gps; index; prn; value; variation; vtec
• Real-Time Traffic Prediction Using Monte Carlo Simulation: A Case Study of Kantipath Road, Kathmandu, Nepal by Shah, Niraj Kumar; Chaudhary, Prena; Kaphle, Gopi Chandra (2022) - In 2013, Shengda et al. formulated a way for intelligent traffic lights based on the sequence of traffic flow in a single intersections exploiting complex mathematics and MATLAB The peak point of traffic flow was found at 9:45:00 and at 18:30:00. Keywords: carlo; data; distribution; flow; monte; road; simulation; test; traffic; vehicles
• He2+ impact single ionization cross sections of Cu atom by Gupta, S. P.; Yadav, K.; Jha, L. K. (2022) - Energy transfer ionization cross section for this case has been given as [18]       += 1 3 2 2 12 1 2 2 2 1 4 3 41)(     E Em mZZe d dQ (2) These classical theories remained dormant for three decade till the pioneering work of Gryziniski BIBECHANA 19 (1-2) (2022) 111-118 111 He2+ impact single ionization cross sections of Cu atom 1S. Keywords: cross; data; electron; energy; impact; ionization; particle; phys; results; sections
• Evaluating and predicting losses from thunderbolt and fire events in Nepal: A regression analysis with moving averages approach by Adhikari, Pitri Bhakta; Ghimere, Rachana; Khanal, Nabaraj (2024) - 6980.602 Figure 1: Graph of average number of incidents due to thunderbolt. Figure 2: Graph of average number of total death due to thunderbolt. Keywords: average; data; fire; incidents; line; number; year

• Structural and electronic properties of perovskite hydrides ACaH3 (A=Cs and Rb) by Lamichhane, S; Aryal, B; Kaphle, GC; Adhikari, NP (2015) - 3. Results and discussion The new findings from the calculations of band structures, DOS, charge density and potential distributions are described as follows. Our estimated values of band gap suggest to both materials as better candidate for the high frequency ultra-violet devices. Keywords: band; cscah3; density; potential; rbcah3; states
• Effective action approach to the Leggett's mode in two-gap superconductors by Ghimire, Bal Ram; Chimouriya, Shanker P; Gyawali, Basant (2020) - The positive solution corresponds to Leggett’s mode whereas negative solution corresponds to BAG mode. The Josephson couplings between different bands will bring about attractive phenomena: they are time reversal symmetry breaking and existence of gapless modes. Keywords: band; gap; leggett; mode; superconductor
• Exploring topological phase transition in Pt2Hg1−xTlxSe3 by Shahi, Deergh Bahadur; Bhattarai, Dipak; Ghimire, Madhav Prasad (2023) - In materials belonging to topological materials, topological phase transition (TPT) can be achieved by chemical functionalization, applying magnetic and electric field, pressure and doping, etc. It is interest- ing to note that the intersection are odd numbers (say one crossing for Pt2Hge3 and three crossings for Pt2HgSe3 which confirms that the two jacutin- gaite are topological materials. Keywords: band; doping; jacutingaite; material; phase; pt2hgse3; quantum; transition
• Exploring the electronic and magnetic properties of half-heusler alloy CoMnSb: implications for spintronics by Limbu, Binay; Dahal, Prem Sagar (2025) - The presence of such spontaneous moments shows that electronic spins and magnetic moments are arranged in a predictable way. Table 1 contains the com- puted total spin magnetic moments. Keywords: band; comnsb; energy; gap; half; heusler; magnetic; moments; spin; states
• Multiscale study of interaction between SARS-CoV-2 protein and human receptor complex by Sigdel, Roshan; Powrel, Jhulan; Pantha, Nurapati; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2025) - The total number of hydrogen bonds between the hACE2 receptor and S protein amino acid residues for the isolated systems of S19 Q24 A475 and T500 R357 binding pockets are 6 and 5, respectively. However, small hydrogen bonds are observed in the system containing only the T500–R357 binding pocket, isolated from all other binding sites. Keywords: a475; band; binding; cov-2; hace2; protein; q24; r357; s19; sars; t500

• Study the effect of sodium nitrite as a green corrosion inhibitor for the sputter-deposited tungsten-based ternary alloys in 0.5 M NaCl solution by Pokharel, Durga Bhakta; Subedi, Dhruba Babu; Bhattarai, Jagadeesh (2014) - Very low concentrations of chemical species with special characteristics, that can intervene the corrosion kinetics and thereby control the corrosion is generally term as corrosion inhibitor. Practical criteria for the selection of corrosion inhibitors from the variety of inorganic and organic compounds with inhibiting properties are not only their inhibition efficiency but also safety of use, economic constraints and compatibility with other chemicals in the system as well as the environmental concerns. Keywords: alloys; corrosion; inhibitor; nacl; nitrite; sodium; sodium nitrite; solution; w-42cr-5ni; w-80cr-10zr
• Study of size mismatches effect on transport properties in Cu-Sb and Cu-Sn liquid alloys by Singh, B. P.; Singh, B. K.; Jha, I. S.; Shrestha, G. K.; Koirala, I.; Adhikari, D. (2014) - 4. Conclusions Our studies of size mismatch effects on the transport properties of Cu-Sb at 1190K and Cu-Sn at 1400K have led to the following submissions: The size mismatch is either solely or at least majorly responsible for the asymmetry and shaping of the asymmetry in each of the two alloys. However, it has been observed that establishing an empirical model that will link thermodynamics and transport properties of binary liquid alloys was a difficult task. Keywords: alloys; c c; size
• An overview on the non-destructive in-depth surface analysis of corrosion-resistant films: A case study of W-xCr deposits in 12 M HCl solution by Bhattarai, Jagadish (2021) - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(97)00106-6 [45] J. Bhattarai, The role of tungsten in the passivation behavior of sputter-deposited Cr-9W alloy in 12 M HCl, J. Inst. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(97)00034-6 [19] K. Hashimoto, J. Bhattarai, X. Y. Li, P. Y. Park, E. Akiyama, H. Habazaki, A. Kawashima, K. Asami, Spontaneously passivated sputter-deposited binary alloys with higher corrosion resistance than alloy components. Keywords: alloys; behavior; bhattarai; corrosion; depth; films; hcl; sci; solution; sputter; tungsten
• bibechana-4784 by None (None) - [28] A. Sharmah, H. Jha and J. Bhattarai, J. Nepal Chem. [29] H. Jha and J. Bhattarai, J. Alloys Compd. 456 (2008) 474. Keywords: alloys; bhattarai; films; sci
• The effect of tantalum addition on the corrosion behavior of W-xTa alloys in 1 M NaOH solution by Baral, Susil; Bhattarai, Jagadeesh (2013) - 7. J. Bhattarai, Tailoring of corrosion resistance tungsten alloys by sputtering. J. Bhattarai, Nepal J. Sci. Keywords: alloys; bhattarai; corrosion; tantalum

• bibechana-4036 by None (None) - The Photo voltages and photocurrents in photo galvanic cell containing a dye Rose Bengal and Oxalic Acid as reducing agent have been determined. [7] reported use of toluidine blue nitroloacetic acid (TB-NTA) system in photo galvanic cell for solar energy conversion. Keywords: acid; bengal; cell; galvanic; oxalic; photo; potential; system
• bibechana-4045 by None (None) - A new interionic function proposed by Jha and Thakur to study the properties of ionic crystal under high pressure. To study the theory of solid the Born model of ionic solids [1] provides a method for calculating elastic and thermal properties of ionic crystal under high pressure. Keywords: function; potential; pressure
• An investigation of vibrational analysis, thermodynamics properties and electronic properties of Formaldehyde and its stretch by substituent acetone, acetyl chloride and methyl acetate using first principles analysis by Limbu, Susmita; Ojha, Tulsi; Ghimire, Rishi Ram; Rai, Krishna Bahadur (2024) - Property Energy (eV) values of different molecules Formaldehyde Acetone Acetyl Chloride Methyl Acetate Global Hardness (η) 2.972165 3.140605 2.806855 0.274002 Chemical potential (µ) -2.972165 Figures 10(a), (b), (c) and (d) show the three-dimensional plot of the HOMO–LUMO of Formaldehyde, Ace- tone, Acetyl Chloride and Methyl Acetate molecules using the DFT with B3LYP/6-311+G(d ′ ,p ′ ) basis set. Keywords: acetate; acetone; acetyl; chemical; chloride; energy; figure; formaldehyde; homo; lumo; methyl; molecule; potential; vibrational
• Experimental FTIR characterization of kidney stones, DFT analysis of CaC2O4 and its interactions with lysozyme by Acharya, Arjun; Khanal, Madan; Maharjan, Rajesh; Gyawali, Kalpana; Khanal, Kamal; Kshetri, Mohan Bahadur; Luitel, Bhoj Raj; Adhikari, Rameshwar; Mulmi, Deependra Das; Lamichhane, Tika Ram; Lamichhane, Hari Prasad (2024) - Among various proteins, lysozyme is one of the promoter proteins in nephrolithiasis of calcium oxalate type kidney stone. Role of or- ganic matrix in urinary stone formation: An ultrastructural study of crystal matrix inter- face of calcium oxalate monohydrate stones. Keywords: analysis; calcium; calcium oxalate; calculi; chemical; docking; figure; interactions; kidney; lysozyme; oxalate; potential; protein; stones; study
• Structure, MESP and HOMO-LUMO study of 10-Acetyl- 10H-phenothiazine 5-oxide using vibrational spectroscopy and quantum chemical methods by Joshi, Bhawani Datt; Tandon, Poonam; Jain, Sudha (2012) - [30] P. Politzer, M. E. Grice, J. S. Murray and J. M. Seminario, Can. J. S. Murray and K. D. Sen (1996) pp. Keywords: aptz; chem; cm-1; energy; homo; lumo; molecule; potential; raman; vibrational
• Hydrogen bonding, spectroscopic (FT-IR and FT-Raman), UV−Vis, and Mulliken charge analysis of Guanosine-5′ -Diphosphate: insight from DFT and molecular docking by Chaudhary, Manoj Kumar; Chaudhary, Tarun; Joshi, Bhawani Datt; Verma, Gulab Singh; Shukla, Rajesh Kumar; Paneru, Tirth Raj (2025) - [7] M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheese- man, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Cari- cato, X. Li, H. P. Hratchian, A. F. Iz- maylov, J. Bloino, G. Zheng, J. L. Son- nenberg, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, Manoj Kumar Chaudhary et al./ BIBECHANA 22 (2025) 205-214 213 R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Naka- jima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, T. Vreven, J. A. Montgomery, J. E. Peralta, F. Ogliaro, M. Bearpark, J. J. Heyd, E. Brothers, K. N. Kudin, V. N. Staroverov, R. Kobayashi, J. Nor- mand, K. Raghavachari, A. Rendell, J. C. Burant, S. S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, M. Cossi, N. Rega, J. M. Millam, M. Klene, J. E. Knox, J. B. Cross, V. Bakken, C. Adamo, J. Jaramillo, R. Gomperts, R. E. Strat- mann, O. Yazyev, A. J. Austin, R. Cammi, C. Pomelli, J. W. Ochterski, R. L. Martin, K. Morokuma, V. G. Zakrzewski, G. A. Voth, P. Salvador, J. J. Dannenberg, S. Dapprich, A. D. Daniels, Ö. Farkas, J. B. Foresman, J. V. Ortiz, J. Cioslowski, and D. J. Fox. 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Atoms in molecules (AIM) he intra-molecular hydrogen bonding of GDP has been explored by using QTAIM analysis [15]. Keywords: analysis; atoms; bond; bonding; chaudhary; docking; energy; functional; gdp; hydrogen; interaction; potential; protein; stretching; vibration
• Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of the phytochemicals of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. as potential modulators of the mineralocorticoid receptor against cardiovascular diseases by Shrestha, Ram Lal Swagat; Poudel, Manila; Dhital, Sujan; Parajuli, Nirmal; Tamang, Ashika; Adhikari, Safal; M.C., Shiva; Shrestha, Aakar; Shrestha, Timila; Bharati, Samjhana; Maharjan, Binita; Marasini, Bishnu P.; Adhikari Subin , Jhashanath (2025) - For this, the apo form of the protein, native ligand, and the test compounds were utilized in PDB form. It demonstrated favorable outcomes in molecular docking studies, justifying further explo- ration. Keywords: binding; class; compounds; docking; drug; journal; ligand; molecules; potential; protein; receptor; toxicity

• Spectral analysis of aerosol optical depth over aeronet sites of Nepal by Acharya, Aashma; Adhikari, Binod; Bhattarai, Pratik; Jha, Gopal; Acharya, Shambhu; Shah, Ritesh (2020) - It is quiet fair because rainwater washes out huge amount of aerosol particles from atmosphere. The study of the AOD over the AERONET-site Kathmandu-bode exhibits dominance of aerosol particle that are detected by channel with wavelength of 675nm which signifies sub-micron aerosol particles. Keywords: aerosol; analysis; aod; atmosphere; days; time; value; wavelet; year
• Visualization, formulation and intuitive explanation of iterative methods for transient analysis of series RLC circuit by Kafle, Jeevan; Thakur, Bhogendra Kumar; Bhandari, Indra Bahadur (2021) - One of such method is numerical method 3. Results and Discussion In the following sub section, we compare numerical solution of RLC circuits by above discussed numerical methods with exact solution and analyze the different characteristics of damping factor by using best superior iterative method. Keywords: analysis; circuit; method; numerical; order; rlc; solution
• Dwarf galaxy merger-induced star formation rate: A case study of Mrk 1481 by Chhatkuli, Daya Nidhi; Paudel, Sanjaya; Sedain, Amrit; Aryal, Binil (2024) - SFR plays a pivotal role in galaxy evolution, star distribution, and un- derstanding galaxy formation. The impact of dark energy on galaxy formation. Keywords: analysis; dwarf; formation; galaxies; galaxy; gas; journal; mergers; profile; rate; star
• Characterization of key ingredients of essential oil-loaded biopolymer-based transdermal patches by Panta, Prasamsha; Maharjan, Elina; Schönherr, Holger; Adhikari, Rameshwar; Adhikari, Achyut; Malla, Rajani (2025) - Keywords Core ingredients, transdermal patch, wintergreen essential oil, biopolymers Article information Manuscript received: January 27, 2025; Revised: March 8, 2025; Accepted: March 10, 2025 DOI https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v22i2.74648 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC License. [36] P. Severino, C. F. da Silva, M. A. da Silva, M. H. A. Santana, and E. B. Souto. Keywords: analysis; applications; biopolymers; cellulose; chitosan; cm-1; cmc; drug; figure; journal; oil; patch; patches

• Study of tunneling and oscillation in a GaAs/〖Al〗_(0.3) 〖Ga〗_(0.7) As superlattice: using transfer matrix method by Shrestha, S; Bhusal, N; Byahut, S.; Sarkar, C. K. (2021) - 4: Probability distribution of finding a charged particle in different spatial region within the SQW with height of barrier region V0= 228 meV, width of barrier region lb=5nm at time(t)=0, t= T/4 and t=T/2 shown by solid (black), dash (red) and dash-dot (blue) (color online) line respectively. All the coefficients in different regions can be related to the coefficient 𝐶𝑠or𝐶𝑎 in the central region (barrier region IV). Keywords: barrier; energy; sqw; symmetric; system; wave; 𝐴1 𝑠; 𝐵1 𝑠
• Efficiency enhancement of solar cell using mirror concentrator by Tawhid, Mohammad M.; Ali, Mohammad (2024) - Solar concentrators can also be used to melt materials and enforce heat engines. Earth receives an amount of solar energy which is 6000 times greater than hu- man energy needs [10]. Keywords: cell; concentrator; efficiency; energy; mirror; panel; power; solar; system

• Dark Matter in the Universe by Adhikari, Devendra; Adhikari, Krishna Raj (2010) - Microsoft Word - main.doc 27 BIBECHANA Vol. 6, March 2010 DARK MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE Devendra Adhikari1 and Krishna Raj Adhikari2 1M.M.A.M. Campus, Biratnagar, Tribhuvan University, Nepal 2Western Regional Campus, IOE, Tribhuvan Univesity, Nepal Abstract Different physical phenomena, techniques, and evidences which give the proof for the existence of dark matter have been discussed. Although it can not be seen, scientists have several reliable evidences that more than 90% of the total mass of the universe is composed of this undetected mass, called dark matter. Keywords: galaxies; mass; matter; universe
• bibechana-4806 by None (None) - Keywords: white dwarf; interstellar medium; flux density; interstellar dust; mass of the gas 1. In this work we present a detailed study of dust structures around white dwarf WD 0253+209 in order to understand the fossil records of its evolution during AGB phase. Keywords: dust; dwarf; flux; mass; micron; region; white
• An accurate theoretical formula for linear momentum, force and kinetic energy by Khadka, Chandra Bahadur (2023) - In the section 2, dynamical variables such linear momentum, force, kinetic en- ergy and de Broglie wavelength are expressed in terms of relativistic energy. Eo 2 dE dt (10) This result shows the expression of force in term of relativistic energy of system. Keywords: energy; equation; mass; momentum

• bibechana-10389 by None (None) - The band structure and density of states calculations of Pt adatom graphene predict changes in electronic/magnetic properties caused by the atom (Pt). The charge transfer is obtained by the integral of linear charge density difference in the substrate region, and the quantity in case of Pt adatom graphene has been found as 0.18e. Keywords: adatom; adsorption; charge; energy; graphene; hydrogen; molecule
• Molecular electrostatic potential, HOMO-LUMO and vibrational study of aristolochic acid II using density functional theory by Khadka, Jang Bahadur; Joshi, Bhawani Datt (2014) - [34] G.A. Guirgis, P. Klaboe, S. Shen, D.L. Powell, A. Gruodis, V. Aleksa, C.J. Nielsen, J. Tao, C. Zheng and J.R. Durig, J. Raman Spectrosc., 34 (2003) 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.989 [35] P.L. Polavarapu, J. Phys. The wagging, deformation and rocking of C=O are calculated at 800/889, 665/721 and 431/464 cm-1 in the DFT/HF showing good agreements with the observed wavenumbers at 791/797, 650/672 and 420/430 cm-1 in the IR/Raman spectra. Table 3. Keywords: cm-1; dft; joshi; molecule; raman; ring; spectra; spectrum; stretching; vibrations
• First-principles study of a molecular adsorption of fluorine on monolayer MoS2 by Paudyal, Hari; Pantha, Nurapati; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2015) - The section is followed by the discussion of adsorption properties of F2 on pure MoS2 monolayer. From the geometry and in- formation of adsorption energy of F2 molecule on the different occupation sites of MoS2 monolayer, it has been found that Fluorine prefers atomic adsorption above sulphur (S) atom. Keywords: adsorption; atom; energy; molecule; monolayer; mos2; plane
• General relativity, quantum behavior and Doppler factor basics in laser-driven light sailing and solar sailing by Tambunga, Gabriel James (2016) - That is, according to current viewpoints [2, 3], the http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA mailto:mexicanengineer911@gmail.com http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v14i0.15407 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Gabriel James Tambunga / BIBECHANA 14 (2017) 9-15 : RCOST p.10 (Online Publication: Dec., 2016) reflector should be in motion, a kinetic energy, after a reflection, but the paper indicated the reflector should not be in motion as kinetic energy cannot be gained per the conservation of energy. As there is no excess energy for the atom or molecule to be in motion after absorption, then the momentum of the photon must be changed to momentum within the atom or molecule, similar to the way a photons energy changes to an electrons excited energy state within an atom or molecule. Keywords: energy; molecule; momentum; photon
• Simulated spectra (IR and Raman), NLO, AIM and molecular docking of carisoprodol from DFT approach by Chaudhary, Manoj Kumar; Chaudhary, Tarun; Joshi, Bhawani Datt (2021) - The protein-ligand binding activity of the drug molecule has been analyzed theoretically from the molecular docking approach with the predicted targets in terms of binding energy and conventional H-bond with residue. Manoj Kumar Chaudhary et al. / BIBECHANA 18 (1) (2021) 48-57 54 Table 4: Bond length, and binding energy of carisoprodol against two protein targets. Keywords: binding; bond; carisoprodol; cm−1; density; docking; energy; molecule; raman; spectra
• Rotaxane: a switching element in molecular electronics by Chaudhary, NK (2010) - A Rotaxane molecule Firure: 1 External stimulus applied to affect in switching motion of rotaxane weakens the binding forces between the macrocycle and dumbbell shaped molecule. As a molecular transistor Another use of switchable rotaxanes is for the fabrication of molecular transistors. Keywords: molecule; rotaxane; switching; ttf

• Enhancing high-performance concrete properties through partial replacement of fine aggregate with crusher run dust: A comprehensive experimental investigation by Thapa, Ishwor; Baral, Nirmal Prasad; Adhikari, Krishna Raj (2024) - Figure 4: Compressive strength and Percentage increase in compressive strength in comparison to the control mix. Due to strong demand and limited availability in top nations, quarry dust is being investigated to replace river sand in M50-grade concrete. Keywords: aggregate; cement; concrete; crusher; dust; mix; sand; strength; study; tensile

• In-vitro Dissolution Study of Gallstone with Medicinal Plant Extracts by B.K., Bijaya; Adhikari, Achyut; Gyawali, Gobinda (2023) - Therefore, it can be inferred that the medicine ex- tracts were less effective than most of the plant extracts in dissolving gallstones. This fact could explain lesser efficacy of these com- mercial ayurvedic medicines over plant extracts in dissolving gallstones. Keywords: ccgs; dissolution; edta; etoh; extracts; gallstones; pgs; plant; samples; study

• Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of biofilm forming uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from UTI infected patients of Koshi Zonal Hospital in Biratnagar, Nepal by Chaudhary, S; Khatiwada, B; Chaudhary, N K (2018) - [20] E. Tajbakhsh, P. Ahmadi, E. Abedpour-Dehkordi, N. Arbab-Soleimani, F. Khamesipour, Biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility, serogroups and virulence genes of uropathogenic E. coli isolated from clinical samples in Iran, Antimicrob. Results: In the present study, 45% of the urine samples showed a predominant growth of E. coli, among which 70% of isolates exhibited positive biofilm formation. Keywords: antibiotic; biofilm; coli; pattern; resistance; samples; susceptibility; tract; upec
• Photo and electroluminescence of porous silicon layers by Haji-Ali, E (2012) - In this article, we report: (1) By shining intense light on the sample during the PSi preparation process, it is possible to form PSi layer on n-type silicon substrates as well; (2) Features of an efficient electrochemical cell for preparation of PSi samples, which is simple to make, but has various useful capabilities; (3) Obtaining PL and EL emissions ranging from dark red to light blue from PSi samples is possible by just changing the preparation parameters during PSi formation process (with no need for post-deposition heat-treatment of samples in boiling water). Table (1) gives the color of the PL emission of the prepared PSi samples under UV illumination. Table (1): Color of PL emission of PSi samples (under UV illumination) prepared on p-type Si and under different anodization times. Keywords: cell; current; emission; light; process; psi; samples; type

• bibechana-10390 by None (None) - Abstract The precise measurement of specific conductivity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in distilled water at reported and also the specific conductivity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide measured in the presence of magnesium sulphate and sodium sulphate using a conductivity meter. Solvent Concentration (mol/ltr) Conductance (ohm-1cm-1) MgSO4-Water 0.00671 0.00537 0.00429 0.00343 0.00275 0.00171 0.00140 0.00112 0.00091 0.00075 0.00057 0.00046 0.00036 1.867 1.829 1.790 1.758 1.739 1.704 1.691 1.684 1.677 1.672 1.661 1.651 1.646 Fig. 2 Fig.3 Figure 2: Specific conductivities of CTAB as a function of the concentration in distilled water at room temperature. Keywords: bromide; cmc; ctab; presence; sulphate
• Facile methods of preparing pure hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in ordinary laboratories by Pandey, Gokarna; Dhakal, Kedar Nath; Singh, Ajaya Kumar; Dhungel, Suresh Kumar; Adhikari, Rameshwar (2021) - 5 shows the XRD pattern of HAp samples obtained from bone powder calcined at two different temperatures, 700 °C and 1000 °C. 4 shows the XRD patterns of HAp powder synthesized by three different chemical methods: sol-gel method, precipitation method using eggshell and wet chemical precipitation method using CaO and H3PO4 as starting materials. Keywords: bone; cm-1; hap; hydroxyapatite; method; nano; powder; presence; synthesis
• Micellization of sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence and absence of potassium sulphate and nickel sulphate by Mitruka, Jay Narayan; Ojha, Keshab; Bhattarai, Arush; Nepal, Sadiksha; Bhattarai, Ajaya (2022) - No studies have been conducted on the effect of salts (K2SO4, NiSO4) on SDS surfactant. Conductivity measurements in aqueous and ethanol-water systems at 298.15 K, Niraula et al. investigated the influence of solvent permittivity and salt on sodium dodecyl sulphate micellization behavior [8]. Keywords: cmc; k2so4; micellization; presence; salts; sds
• Effects of concentration, relative permittivity on the transport properties of Sodium dodecyl sulphate in presence and in absence of potassium bromide and Sodium chloride in methanol-water mixed solvent media at 308. 15 K by Niraula, Tulasi Prasad; Bhattarai, Ajaya; Chatterjee, Sujeet Kumar (2012) - [23] J. E., Jr. Lind, J. J. Zwolenik and R.M. Fuoss, J. Am. Also, the conductivity of sodium dodecyl sulphate increases with addition of salts. Keywords: dodecyl; methanol; presence; sodium; solvent; sulphate

• Spatial orientations of angular momentum vectors of galaxies in Supercluster S [173+014+0082] by Malla, Janak Ratna; Saurer, Walter; Aryal, B (2021) - In order to use ORIGIN 5.0 to determine the all sky distribution of galaxies where as ORIGIN 8.0 used for the redshift distribution of galaxy. Thus they're collections of galaxy clusters, with 20-100h-1Mpc Keywords: angle; distribution; galaxies; galaxy; isotropic; momentum; region; supercluster
• Study preferred alignments of angular momentum vector of i – magnitude SDSS galaxies having redshift 0.54 – 0.60 by Sah, Shiv Shankar Prasad; Yadav, Shiv Narayan (2022) - In the study, we observed random orientation of spin vector of galaxies in all twenty samples and supported a strongly Hierarchy model of galaxy evolution. In the polar angle (θ) distribution a significant negative value of first-order Fourier coefficient suggests that the angular momentum vectors of galaxies tend to be oriented perpendicular with respect to a reference coordinate system and supports ‘Primordial Vorticity model’ of galaxy evolution [6-8]. Keywords: angle; distribution; galaxies; observed; region; sample; spin; spin vector; vector
• Fractal Approach: Quantification of Seismicity in South Central Tibet by Paudyal, Harihar; Roy, PNS (2012) - Harihar Paudyal and P.N.S. Roy / BIBECHANA 8 (2012) 116-126 : BMHSS, p.117 The spatial fractal correlation-dimensions (Dc) provide a quantitative measure of clustering of seismic events in space indicating the seismicity of a region. In the present paper, we use the fractal approach to study the seismic hazard of SCT region bounded by 29 o -31 o N, 85 o -90 o E to the north of Central Himalaya. Keywords: clustering; correlation; events; fractal; p.n.s; paudyal; region; roy; sct
• bibechana-7175 by None (None) - The compiled seismicity data indicates that Shillong plateau region has been mildly active during 1963- 2008. Shillong Plateau region is seismically active in Northeast India, where a great earthquake (1897) has occurred in the past. Keywords: earthquakes; plateau; region; shillong

• Study of natural background radiation in Kathmandu Valley by Pantha, Parkash; Bhusal, Tanka Prasad; Shah, Budha Ram; Koirala, Rajendra Prasad (2018) - The position of each location at which radiation dose rate measured was recorded with the help of GPS system. Due to extreme hazardous health problems that may be caused by exposure from radiation, acceptable levels of radiation exposure and radiation doses have been set by different bodies based on the research in this fields. Keywords: average; dose; dose rates; kathmandu; locations; msv; radiation; rates; value
• Application of absorption of infra-red radiation and reflection spectra to distinguish different inks of same color in alteration by Giri, Roshan; Chimouriya, Shanker Prasad; Ghimire, Bal Ram (2022) - Materials and Method We prepared some samples of alteration by ourselves using different black ink pen (black pilot pen, black cello techno tip pen, black maxriter pen and black cello pointec pen) found in our market now days in white photocopy paper. In our sample, digit one ‘1’ is altered to make digit four ‘4’ as shown in figure 3 and figure 6 by using different black ink pens. Keywords: alteration; cello; light; pen; radiation; reflection
• Radiation level over the Bishnumati River Bridges: A Study from Balaju to Teku in Kathmandu, Nepal by KC, Nirmal; Chalise, Roshan; Mishra, Anita; Kalakhety, Himali; Khanal, Raju (2024) - Figure 1: Sources of natural background radiation Table 1: Effective dose from natural background radiation on the 14 bridges over the Bishnumati River. Keywords: background; bridges; dose; msv; radiation
• Radiological assessment of the Bagh Bhairav temple in Kirtipur, Nepal using in-situ gamma ray spectrometry by Mishra, Anita; Khanal, Raju (2025) - Terrestrial gamma dose rate in Pahang state Malaysia. Rajasthan and Kerala in India have also reported higher dose rates [6, 7]. Keywords: 232th; 40k; average; concentrations; dose; gamma; radiation; rate

• Variability of the atmospheric ozone over Kathmandu using ground-based measurements by Chapagain, NP (2015) - The total ozone data obtained from Brewer instrument are analyzed to study the daily variations of total ozone over Kathmandu on different seasons. Keywords: Brewer spectrophotometer; Dobson unit; Ozone depletion; Stratosphere; Total ozone. Keywords: brewer; february; kathmandu; measurements; ozone; value
• Correlation of solar wind velocity with different parameters during geomagnetic disturbances by Dhakal, Sujan; Adhikari, Binod; Pudasainee, Kiran; Chapagain, Naryan Prasad; Pandit, Drabindra; Dahal, Subodh; Sapkota, Bhawani; Chhatkuli, Daya Nidhi (2018) - This disturbance may occur due to solar wind, coronal mass ejection (CME), solar flare, corotating interaction region (CIR) Solar wind is the continuous flow of plasma coming out from the sun [3]. Keywords: correlation; cross; curve; value; vsw; wind
• Variability of b-value before and after the Gorkha earthquake in the Central Himalaya and Vicinity by Tiwari, Ram Krishna; Paudyal, Harihar (2021) - A decreased in stress results in high b values whereas the increase in applied stress decreases b value [5-7] thus it decreases laterally with depth possibly because of increased stress [8], [9]. The fundamental seismic parameter used to describe the ensemble of earthquakes is b value of the Gutenberg-Richter distribution which is power law size distribution described in terms of magnitude [3]. Keywords: depth; earthquake; events; gorkha; magnitude; value

• Molecular dynamics approach to the I431V mutational impact on thyroid hormone receptor-beta by Lamichhane, Tika Ram; Paudel, Sharma; Yadav, Binod Kumar; Lamichhane, Hari Prasad (2018) - [13] M. D. Rosen, M. L. Privalsky, Thyroid hormone receptor mutations in cancer and resistance to thyroid hormone: perspective and prognosis, J. Thyroid Research, 2011 (2011) 20.doi.org/10.4061/2011/361304. [14] M. D. Rosen, M. L. Privalsky,Thyroid hormone receptor mutations found in renal clear cell Keywords: energy; fig; hormone; i431v; mutant; protein; residue; thrt3; thyroid; type
• Constant velocity pulling and unfolding of thyroid hormone receptor by steered molecular dynamics by Lamichhane, Tika Ram; Lamichhane, Hari Prasad (2020) - [15] A. D. MacKerell, M. Feig, C. L. Brooks, Extending the treatment of backbone energetics in protein force fields: Limitations of gas‐phase quantum mechanics in reproducing protein conformational distributions in molecular dynamics simulations, J. Comp. doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77188-2 [21] L. Martínez, P. Webb, I. Polikarpov, M. S. Skaf, Molecular dynamics simulations of ligand dissociation from thyroid hormone receptors: evidence of the likeliest escape pathway and its implications for the design of novel ligands, J. Med. Keywords: end; force; lamichhane; protein; smd; thrt3; unfolding
• Characterization of the molecular interactions between Kaiso and CTCF using AlphaFold2 and molecular dynamics simulations by Thapa, Bidhya; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2024) - Kaiso interacts with CTCF protein via the BTB/POZ domain and negatively regulates its en- hancer blocker function [25]. CTCF residues in the Kaiso-CTCF complex during simulation. Keywords: binding; complex; ctcf; ctcf complex; domain; energy; hydrogen; hydrophobic; interactions; kaiso; poz; protein; residues; simulation

• Insight of precursor concentration, particle size and band gap of zirconia nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method by Bhujel, Arun; Sapkota, Bibek; Aryal, Ram Lochan; Poudel, Bhoj Raj; Bhattarai, Sitaram; Gautam, Surendra K. (2021) - Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher: Department of Physics, Mahendra Morang A.M. Campus, TU, Biratnagar, Nepal Insight of precursor concentration, particle size and band gap of zirconia nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method Arun Bhujel1, Bibek Sapkota1, Ram Lochan Aryal2, Bhoj Raj Poudel1, Sitaram Bhattarai1,3, Surendra K. Gautam1,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 2 Department of Chemistry, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 3 Center for Nanomaterials, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 F re q u e n c y Particle size(nm) (b) Fig. 6: (a) TEM image of zirconia nanoparticle using 0.05M ZrOCl2.8H2O (Z1) and (b) corresponding histogram. Keywords: monoclinic; nanoparticles; size; spectra; synthesis; zirconia; zro2; zrocl2.8h2o
• Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles by Chemical Method and its Structural and Optical Characterization by Ghimire, Rishi Ram; Parajuli, Ashutosh; Gupta, Suresh Kumar; Rai, Krishna Bahadur (2022) - The existence of water molecules results hard agglomeration of NPs in the formation of Zn-O-Zn bond which impedes the applications of ZnO NPs A number of efficient ways of research have been done in the application field of ZnO NPs and its synthesis. Keywords: equation; hall; method; nps; particle; size; synthesis; williamson; xrd; zinc; zno

• Composite of lampblack and printer toner powder as a low-cost counter electrode material for dye-sensitized solar cells by Joshi, Prakash; Lawaju, Umesh; B.K., Binod (2020) - 2 shows the SEM images of the lampblack powder, the printer toner powder, the film of printer toner powder and the film of lampblack/printer toner composite. 3 is the photographs of the adhesion test of the lampblack without and with printer toner powder. Keywords: carbon; cells; composite; fig; film; fto; lampblack; platinum; printer toner; toner
• Characterization of carbon derived from candle by flame-soot method for counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells by Joshi, Prakash; Lawaju, Umesh; K.C., Anupam; Nakarmi, Mim; Pradhan, Ramani (2023) - Figure 1: Preparation of carbon soot (a) experimental setup and (b) sample of candle soot. Moreover, the comparable value of Rct of the can- dle soot and platinum based cells indicate that the catalytic ability of candle soot based electrode for the reduction of tri-iodide ions was also comparable to that of the platinum based electrode. Keywords: candle; carbon; cells; counter; dye; electrodes; iodide; ions; platinum; soot

• Dye-sensitized solar cells sensitized with natural dye extracted from Indian Jamun by Karki, Indra B; Nakarmi, Jeevan J; Mandal, Pradeep K; Chatterjee, Suman (2014) - The physical parameters open conversion efficiency (η) values calculated from current voltage curve of natural dye DSSC cell. In our observation, an improvement in ideality factor (A) was observed 4.8 for Jamun dye based The physical parameters open-circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), fill factor (FF) and energy ) values calculated from current voltage curve of natural dye DSSC cell. Keywords: cell; circuit; current; curve; dssc; dye; energy; factor; zno; � �
• Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells from thin films of zinc oxide nanocrystalline particles and organic dye by Kafle, Bhim P; Pokhrel, Babu R; Gyawali, Rajendra; Lamichhane, Prakash; Adhikari, Ravi M (2014) - Then prototype solar cells from ZnO film with various thicknesses were constructed and were sensitized with the mixture of Green-VS and Black-ADLI dyes (with 1:1 ratio). The measured photo-voltage and photo-current from solar cell, from our modest ZnO film, after irradiation with 200 W commercial bulb (calibrated with Pyranometer) as a light source, were about 20 mV and 1 µA, respectively. Keywords: cells; current; dye; energy; film; layer; photo; thin; zno
• Prunus domestica dye extraction for fabrication of zinc oxide based dye-sensitized solar cells by Joshi, Leela Pradhan (2015) - 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Structural Properties Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern of ZnO film deposited on FTO substrate. We calculated the average crystallite size of ZnO film by measuring the full width half maximum of peaks using the Debye Leela Pradhan Joshi/ BIBECHANA 13 (2016) 23-28 : RCOST p.25 (Online Publication: Dec., 2015) Keywords: dye; films; fto; solution; zinc; zno
• Study on the effect of growth-time and seed-layers of Zinc Oxide nanostructured thin film prepared by the hydrothermal method for liquefied petroleum gas sensor application: Retracted from journal due to conflict of interest between the authors. by Gnawali, Guna Nidha; Shrestha, Shankar P; Poudyal, Khem N; Karki, Indra B; Koirala, Ishwar (2018) - Table.2: FWHM value (β), grain size (D), intensity measured for (hkl) plane (I(hkl)), intensity of (hkl) plane taken from the JCPDS card (I0(hkl)), dislocation density (𝛿), d- values and texture coefficient (Tc(hkl)) of ZnO nanostructured thin film. Fig.4 shows the transmittance and absorbance of ZnO nanostructured thin films fabricated at different growth time. Keywords: film; gas; growth; layers; resistance; seed; sheet; time; zno
• Natural dyes as photo-sensitizer in solar cells by Silwal, Surendra Bikram; Adhikari, Rameshwar; Lamichhane, Prakash; Bhandari, Netra Lal (2020) - [13] L. E. Mir, Z. B. Ayadi, M. Saadoun, K. Djessas, H. J. V. Bardeleben, and S. Alaya, Preparation and characterization of n-type conductive (Al, Co) co- doped ZnO thin films deposited by sputtering from aerogel nanopowders, Applied Surface Science 254 (2007) 570-573. On account of eco-friendly, renewable, and non-hazardous properties of natural dyes over silicon, a semiconductor, photo-sensitizer in conventional solar cells, cyclohexane extract of Terminalia alata, a natural dye, was employed as photo-sensitizer. Keywords: cell; dye; fto; spray; thin; zno
• Fabrication of UV sensing transistor based on transparent polycrystalline zinc oxide thin film using polymeric electrolyte gate dielectric by Ghimire, Rishi Ram; Dahal, Yam Prasad; Rai, Krishna Bahadur (2023) - Figure 1: The flow chart of the procedure for preparing ZnO thin films. 6 shows Tauc plot from UV-Vis analysis of ZnO thin film to evaluate the band-gap after taken the absorption spectra of the film. Keywords: channel; current; dark; effect; film; gate; illumination; thin; voltage; zno
• Sol-gel synthesis, characterization of ZnO thin films on different substrates, and bandgap calculation by the Tauc plot method by Parajuli, D.; Dangi, Sandip; Sharma, Bhumi Raj; Shah, Nunu Lal; KC, Devendra (2023) - This result can be applied in develop- ing and optimizing zinc oxide thin films for various D. Parajuli et al./ BIBECHANA 20 (2023) 113-125 123 purposes, such as in solar cells, sensors, and opto- electronics. Structural, optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide thin films deposited by a spray pyrolysis technique. Keywords: bandgap; energy; figure; film; glass; oxide; parajuli; slide; thin; wavelength; zinc; zinc oxide; zno

• Perception of fish farmers to wildlife predator attacks of fish ponds in Borgu Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria by Adelakun, KM; Adeola, AJ; Ayeni, SM; Bakare, K (2015) - Fish predators are attracted to farm ponds by abundant food supplies and specific habitats hence many generate human-wildlife conflicts by causing stock losses and physical destruction at aquaculture facilities No 10 31.25 No response 1 3.13 Respondent preference for predator attack Yes - - No 30 93.75 No response 2 6.26 Daily time of attack Morning 4 12.5 Afternoon - - Night 7 21.88 Both day and night 21 65.63 Frequency of the attack Occasionally 9 28.13 Weekly 2 6.25 Season of attack Dry season 16 50.0 Rainy season 9 28.13 All year round 7 21.88 Stage of fish predators mostly attack Fry 3 9.38 Fingerling 19 59.38 Juvenile 6 18.75 Grow-out 5 15.63 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Monitor lizard Bird Snake Wildcat Frog No of respondent Pr ed at or s a tt ac ki ng p on ds K.M. Keywords: area; fish; predation; predators; prey; respondents; species; study; wildlife

• A Study of co-existence between the Hubble flow and the random alignments of spin vectors of SDSS galaxies by Yadav, Shiv Narayan; Saurer, Walter; Aryal, Binil (2014) - Galaxies are not isolated objects in space; rather, galaxies are distributed in great cosmic waves of filaments throughout the universe [1]. ; %azimuthal angle delta1 = delta1.*180/pi; % changing to degrees delta2 = delta2.*180/pi; eta1 = eta1.*180/pi; eta2 = eta2.*180/pi; delta=[delta1; delta2]; %polar angle eta=[eta1; eta2]; %azimuthal angle vec=[-90:5:90]; %making 36 bins of 5_ interval (delta n, dx) = hist(delta, vec); %histogram showing polar angle distribution (eta n,dx) = hist(eta, vec); %histogram showing azimuthal angle distributiion delta n = delta n' %placing theta in column matrix eta n = eta n' %placing phi in column matrix sprintf('Calculation time: %f seconds ',cputime-t) Keywords: angle; angle distribution; distribution; error; fourier; galaxies; limit; solutions
• Spatial orientation of galaxies in supercluster S[227+006+0078] by Malla, Janak Ratna; Saurer, Walter; Aryal, Binil (2020) - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v17i0.26582 http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA mailto:janak_malla@yahoo.com mailto:aryalbinil@gmail.com https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v17i0.26582 Janak Ratna Malla / BIBECHANA 17 (2020) 117-122 118 100 Mpc, but on smaller scales we observe huge deviations from the mean density in the form of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and the cosmic web being made of sheets and filaments of galaxies. No preferred alignment of angular momentum vectors is noticed, supporting Hierarchy model of galaxy formation. Keywords: angle; coefficient; distribution; fourier; galaxies; order; spin
• A spectroscopic study of the low redshift dwarf galaxy SDSS J134326.99+431118.7 to calculate star formation rate by Chhatkuli, Daya Nidhi; Paudel, Sanjaya; Aryal, Binil (2021) - According to Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) cosmology, dwarf galaxies are the building blocks of the universe, and all large-scale structures are build up progressively later with the hierarchical coalescence of these building blocks. They dominate the number distribution at any epoch of the universe, and there should be a more frequent merger between dwarf galaxies than between massive galaxies. Keywords: dwarf; emission; galaxies; galaxy; gaussian; line; sdss; star
• Study of star formation rate and metallicity of the low redshift (z < 0.02) dwarf galaxies by Gautam, S. P.; Silwal, A.; Lamichhane, N.; Jha, A. K.; Aryal, B. (2021) - In addition, due to a simpler dynamic and morphological system than spiral galaxies, dwarf galaxies are considered the ideal laboratory for studying the formation of stars within the low gas surface density domain along with lower rotational shear rates [6]. While dwarf galaxies have received less attention than spiral galaxies and elliptical galaxies, they may have more cosmological importance. Keywords: dwarf; emission; formation; galaxies; lines; star
• A spectroscopic study of the merging dwarf galaxy PGC 007782 by Timalsina, Shankar; Chhatkuli, Daya Nidhi (2025) - Scientists use spectra of dwarf galaxies to know about them. Dwarf galaxies contain stars of dif- ferent gas and chemical compositions as studied by Lee et al. (2018) and Smith et al. (2020) Keywords: 007782; dwarf; emission; formation; galaxies; galaxy; gas; lines; pgc; star

• Effect of additional side groups on the vibrational frequencies of benzoquinone molecules by Raut, Nabin Kumar; Lamichhane, Hari Prasad (2016) - [5] M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, Jr., J. A. Montgomery, T. Vreven, K. N. Kudin, J. C. Burant, J. M. Millam, S. S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, M. Cossi, G. Scalmani, N. Rega, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, M. Klene, X. Li, J. E. Knox, H. P. Hratchian, J. B. Cross, V. Bakken, C. Adamo, J. Jaramillo, R. Gomperts, R. E. Stratmann, O. Yazyev, A. J. Austin, R. Cammi, C. Pomelli, J. W. Ochterski, P. Y. Ayala, K. Morokuma, G. A. Voth, P. Salvador, J. J. Dannenberg, V. G. Zakrzewski, S. Dapprich, A. D. Daniels, M. C. Strain, O. Farkas, D. K. Malick, A. D. Rabuck, K. Raghavachari, J. B. Foresman, J. V. Ortiz, Q. Cui, A. G. Baboul, S. Clifford, J. Cioslowski, B. B. Stefanov, G. Liu, A. Liashenko, P. Piskorz, I. Komaromi, R. L. Martin, D. J. Fox, T. Keith, M. A. Al-Laham, C. Y. Peng, A. Nanayakkara, M. Challacombe, P. M. W. Gill, B. Johnson, W. Chen, M. W. Wong, C. Gonzalez, and J. A. Pople, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, (2004). In the spectra of BQ, PQ, and DQ, we observed separate intense carbonyl (C=O) and C=C bands respectively around 1730 cm-1 (intense), 1645 cm-1 (weak). Keywords: cm-1; mqo; phase; spectra

• Food and feeding habit of Tor putitora of Mahakali River, Nepal by Mahasetha, Vinod Kumar (2015) - Quantitative analysis Quantitative study of fish food in each intestinal bulb was measured by Hynes Protozoa This group of food item was found during several months in the entire study period, but in little amount. Keywords: fish; food; group; gut; month; putitora; study; year
• Use of geometric Brownian motion to forecast stock market scenario using post covid-19 NEPSE index by Thapa, Prabin; Aryal, Binil (2021) - Mapping of Nepal stock market through GBM was found to be consistent with the standard forecasting accuracy making GBM one of the flexible and consistent to predict stock market scenario of Nepal accounting the random nature. So, for further discussions we infer best- fit analysis along with R-squared value as in Fig 3. Fig 3: Line plot of selected predicted index and actual index for market year 2004 along with best fit and R-squared value From the Fig 3 above, it is clear that our model of prediction is consistent and can be applied to other fiscal year of stock market as the R-squared value 0.921 is nearly equal to 1 and the best fit to two degree polynomial shows that the model is capable of including the varying nature of stock market. Keywords: april; index; market; nepse; stock; table; year

• Equatorial ionospheric plasma drifts velocities using radar observations by Chapagain, Narayan P (2016) - [12] reported the model results of zonal plasma drift velocity obtained from Jicamarca incoherent scatter (ISR) radar observations and they investigated that the zonal drifts velocities were westward during the day and eastward during the night-time period. [3] reported that Jicamarca plasma zonal drifts are westward during the day with typical values of about 40 m/s, and they do not change much with altitude, season, and solar activity. Keywords: drifts; plasma; radar; time; westward
• From linear to non-linear/chaotic pendulum: a computational study by Shrestha, Chhabi Kumar; Adhikari, Krishna Raj; Adhikari, Kapil; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2025) - The study of pendulum dynamics plays an important role in classical me- chanics, and simple harmonic motion (SHM) is well understood for small oscillations. The harmonic motion of the simplest type, having constant amplitude and single frequency, is called simple harmonic motion. Keywords: figure; linear; motion; pendulum; phase; space; time

• Analytical approximate solution of higher order boundary value problems via variational iteration method by Ahmad, Jamshad; Hamid, Zobia (2017) - Keywords: Nonlinear BVP; Variational iteration method; Approximate solution. [3] B. D. Yuliyanto, Variational iteration method for solving the population dynamics model of two species, IOP Conf. Keywords: method
• Caputo-Fabrizio approach to numerical fractional derivatives by Pariyar, Shankar; Kafle, Jeevan (2023) - Keywords Caputo fractional derivatives, Numerical solution, Lagrange interpolation, L1 formula, L1-2 formula. ≈ n−1∑ k=0 wkf(xn−k) (9) Such that where wk is the normalizing factor and k has a range of values between −1 and n. It is gen- erally acknowledged that the L2 approach for Ca- puto Fractional Derivative is the preferred method for approximating fractional Caputo derivatives of functions. Keywords: caputo; derivative; fabrizio; formula; fractional; function; method; numerical

• Acoustoelectric effect in semiconductor superlattice by Alok, Ujjwal; Kumar, Manoj; Singh, BK; Kumar, Praveen (2012) - Acoustoelectric effect is the transfer of momentum from acoustic waves to the conduction electrons as a result of which may give rise to a current usually called the acoustoelectric current J or in the case of an open circuit, a constant electric field E. Introduction The Propagation of acoustic wave through a semiconductor has been discussed from many angles. Keywords: acoustoelectric; current; effect; field

• Morphological study on particulate matter of Kathmandu valley by Rauniyaar, Jyoti; Aryal, Girja Mani; Neupane, Bhanu Bhakta (2018) - The lateral resolution of the optical microscope system used in this study was around 0.5μm, so limited resolution gives a small uncertainty in measurement in particle size. It is obvious form the figure that for all samples particle size is below 10μm with average particle size in the range of 3.5-4.8μm. Keywords: aspect; height; kathmandu; particles; ratio; sample; size

• Experimental set up for the study of plasma parameters in seeded arc plasma using Langmuir Probes inside low-cost vacuum chamber by Jha, Vijay Kumar; Mishra, Lekha Nath; Narayan, Bijoyendra (2018) - Keywords: Arc plasma; vacuum chamber; plasma parameters; operational constraints; Langmuir Probe; floating Potential; electron density. These have been used for the specific types of vacuum chambers such as the beam pipes, for the experiments installed in colliders [7]. Keywords: chamber; design; parameters; plasma; probe; vacuum
• Modulation frequency and velocity variation of ions in a magnetized plasma sheath for different obliqueness of the field by Adhikari, Bhesha Raj; Lamichhane, Hari Prasad; Khanal, Raju (2021) - Present work is useful in understanding the time evolution of the particles velocities, and hence, exact particle behavior in magnetized plasma sheath region which is important in diverse plasma applications: material processing, surface treatment, plasma etching, confinement of plasma in fusion devices, and many more. May 29, 2020 Accepted: August 1, 2020 Keywords: Bohm criterion Kinetic theory Sheath Presheath Modulation frequency Damping constant ABSTRACT The understanding of ion dynamics in magnetized plasma sheath is crucial for all applications of plasma. Keywords: field; frequency; plasma; sheath; velocity

• A Convenient route for the synthesis of antimicrobial 1, 3, 4- thiadiazole derivatives by Mishra, AD (2012) - 12.36(S,1H,NH) 4j 3421(N-H) 3036(C-H) 745(C-Cl) 7.05-7.89(m,7H,ArH) 13.0(S,1H,NH) A. D. Mishra / BIBECHANA 8 (2012) 17-22 : BMHSS, p. 21 Table 3: Antibacterial activity of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole derivatives (4a-j) [3] N.K. Wadoker and M.A. Dhiman, Indian J Chem. Keywords: chem; compounds; inhibition

• Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of resistant Escherichia Coli from poultry waste by Shrestha, S (2012) - These resistant microorganisms may act as possible source for the transfer of antimicrobial resistance to human pathogens. The increasing failure of therapeutic intervention pushed the World Health Organization (WHO) to publish the “Global strategy for containment of antimicrobial resistance” in 2001[9]. Keywords: antibiotics; bacteria; color; e.coli; poultry; resistance; test

• Degradation of fundamental polymers/plastics used in daily life: a review by Bhandari, Netra Lal; Bhandari, Ganesh; Bista, Sunita; Pokhrel, Basant; Bist, Kabita; Dhakal, Kedar Nath (2021) - Thermal degradation of PLA The mechanism of PLA degradation by pyrolysis is shown in Fig. Similarly, Sporotrichum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, paecilomyces, Phanerochaete, Ganoderma, Geotrichum, Cladosporium, Phlebia, Trametes, Candida, Penicillium, Chaetomium, Aerobasidium, etc. are the fungi identified so far taking part in polymer degradation [25,26]. Keywords: acid; biodegradation; degradation; fig; journal; microorganisms; pla; polyethylene; polymer degradation; polymers; pyrolysis; stability

• Study of damage profiles and energy calculation of arsenic ions during ion implantation on Germanium by Giri, K; Kandel, B (2020) - Devendra Sir Cover Page copy.jpg BIBECHANA 17 (2020) 96-103 96 BIBECHANA ISSN 2091-0762 (Print), 2382-5340 (Online) Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher: Department of Physics, Mahendra Morang A.M. Campus, TU, Biratnagar, Nepal Study of damage profiles and energy calculation of arsenic ions during ion implantation on Germanium K. Giri * , B. Kandel Department of Physics, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Kathmandu * Email: karangiri575@gmail.com Article Information Received: July 17, 2019 Accepted: December 2, 2019 Keywords: Implantation Doping Ionization Phonons ABSTRACT Computational calculation of energy loss and damage profiles when implanted by arsenic ions on amorphous germanium during ion implantation had been carried out. Comparatively, ions energy should be increased to energy above 1 MeV for both ions in order to obtain dominance of electronic stopping power over nuclear stopping power that eventually improve the surface hardening and electrical conductivity. Keywords: arsenic; energy; germanium; ion; ions; kev; loss; stopping; target

• Traction and drawbar performance characteristics of power tiller attached cage wheel by Pradhan, Piyush; Verma, Ajay; Naik, Rajesh; Guru, Prabhat (2015) - As increasing of draft up to 1166 N in cage wheel tractive efficiency increases maximum at 69.86% and then further decreases but draft increases continuous increases to 1192 N Fig (6&7). To evaluate drawbar and tractive power of 4.85kW of power tiller cultivator attached with two different types of cage wheel of half width (C1) and angle type wheels (C2) for a small power tiller operated in clay soil of wet land and flood condition. Keywords: cage; draft; drawbar; efficiency; power; soil; tractive; wheel

• Anomalous seismic activity associated with 1988 Udayapur earthquake by Paudyal, Harihar (2010) - Anomalous seismic activity associated with these earthquake in Eastern Nepal and its adjoining region in an area bounded by 26.0 o -29.0 o N and 84.6 o -88.4 o E have been studied using seismicity data from 1975-1988. [6] proposed a generalized precursory swarm hypothesis for the occurrence of multiple earthquake swarms, precursory gap and multiple mainshock events. Keywords: earthquake; gap; mainshock; seismicity; swarm

• Scientific Calculators and the Skill of Efficient Computation by Yasin, Mohd Yusuf (2012) - Keywords: scientific calculators; calculator techniques; efficient computation; efficient use of calculators, computation skills; numerical techniques 1. Scientific calculators are handy tools. Keywords: ans; calculators; equation

• bibechana-3932 by None (None) - Further, we have fitted the Redlich-kister equations for parameters E E E, V and Gη by using least square fit method. Excess parameters have been calculated using the following equation E measured i iP P X P .......................... Keywords: mole; parameters; systems

• GPS TEC Scintillations and TEC depletion as seen from Hetauda and NAST, Nepal for 2016 by Ghimire, Basu Dev; Chapagain, Narayan Prasad; Khadka, Balaram; Bidari, Gambhir; Bhatta, Karan; Thapa, Aditya Singh (2021) - ��� https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v18i2.33405 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Basu Dev Ghimire et al. / BIBECHANA 18 (2) (2021) 87-94 88 where, N is electron density. We chooses two stations data which are almost 40 km in distance and correlated the value of ROTI index with ROTI index and S4 index with S4 index and found that the ROTI index of Hetauda is well correlated with ROTI index of NAST with the highest being 94% for PRN 10 and the lowest being -13% for PRN 1. Keywords: correlation; hetauda; index; nast; prn; roti; tec; � �

• Quality of life of elderly people living with family and in old age home in Morang District, Nepal by Shrestha, Menuka; KC, Heera; Bhattarai, Prem; Mishra, Anjali; Parajuli, Surya B. (2018) - [6] O.F. Onunkwor, A.S. Radman, P.P. George, J. Arokiasamy, H.Y. A. Barua, Shuaibu H.O. A cross- sectional study on quality of life among the elderly in non-governmental organizations’ elderly homes in Kuala Lumpur, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 14 (2016) 6. Menuka Shrestha et al. / BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 221-227: RCOST p. 221 (Online Publication: Dec., 2018) BIBECHANA A Multidisciplinary Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics ISSN 2091-0762 (Print), 2382-5340 (0nline) Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher: Research Council of Science and Technology, Biratnagar, Nepal Quality of life of elderly people living with family and in old age home in Morang District, Nepal Menuka Shrestha1*, Heera KC2, Prem Bhattarai3, Anjali Mishra4, Surya B. Parajuli4,5 1Department of Nursing, Purbanchal University, College of Medical and Allied Health Sciences, Gothgaun, Nepal 2Department of Nursing, Purbanchal University, Birat Health College, Biratnagar, Nepal 3Department of Physiology, Kathmandu University, Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Tankisinuwari, Nepal 4Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University, Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Tankisinuwari, Nepal 5Nepal Medical Volunteer Society, Biratnagar, Nepal *E-mail: Keywords: age; family; home; life; living; mean; people; qol; quality

• Electrical conductivity and Knight shift of liquid alkali metals by Chakrabarti, SK; Jha, IS; Yadav, RN; Singh, BP (2012) - Keywords: Electrical conductivity; Knight shift; Pseudopotential; Alkali metals. Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Electrical conductivity and Knight shift of liquid alkali metals S. K. Chakrabarti1*, I. S. Jha1, R. N. Yadav2, B. P. Singh3 1Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, M. M. A. M. Campus, Biratnagar, Nepal 2Department of Mathematics, Tribhuvan University, M. M. A. M. Campus, Biratnagar, Nepal 3Department of Physics, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India *Corresponding author: skc_2007@yahoo.com Article history: Received 22 October, 2012; Accepted 12 November, 2012 Keywords: conductivity; knight; shift

• Dichotomization of quantitative variables in poverty analysis by Acharya, Krishna Prasad; Khanal, Shanker Prasad; Chhetry, Devendra (2022) - Association of each dichotomized variable with household level poverty status (poor/non-poor) was found highly significant. They were originated from a class of poverty measures P() introduced by - Foster-Greer-Thorbecke [8], and expressed as where  is index  0, q is the number of poor peoples, N is the total number of individuals, z is the poverty line, yi is the per capita consumption expenditure and sum of the expression within parentheses is total poverty gap expressed as a proportion of the poverty line. Keywords: children; group; households; index; land; number; poverty; variable

• Analysis of blood flow through stenosed artery with Einstein Viscosity by Bhandari, Bishnu Prasad; Kafle, Jeevan; Pokharel, Chudamani (2024) - This investigation concludes that the effective viscosity has a greater impact on blood flow velocity than plasma viscosity. Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher: Dept. of Phys., Mahendra Morang A. M. Campus (Tribhuvan University) Biratnagar Effect of blood flow through mild stenosed artery with effective viscosity Bishnu Prasad Bhandari1,2, Jeevan Kafle1, Chudamani Pokharel1,3,∗ 1Central Department of Mathematics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 2Nepal Engineering College, Pokhara University, Changunarayan, Bhaktapur, Nepal 3Dhawalagiri Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal ∗Corresponding author: Keywords: blood; flow; hematocrit; stenosis; s−1; viscosity

• Characterization of Frechet spaces with nuclear Kothe quotients by Sah, Satya Narayan (2014) - Keywords: Frechet spaces; Kothe spaces; Quotient. In this paper our result based on the characterization of Frechet spaces with nuclear Kothe quotients is in terms of the following condition which labeled as ⍟. Keywords: frechet; space
• Locally compact space and continuity by Choudhary, Shitanshu Shekhar; Thapa, Raju Ram (2010) - It has been also seen that most of the spaces turn out to be closed subspaces of products of compact spaces and such spaces are necessarily compact. Introduction It has been seen that any product of compact spaces is compact. Keywords: space
• Some results on asymptotically normable Frechet spaces by Palei, GK; Sah, NP (2010) - For comparison we recall that the class of quasi-normable Frechet spaces is the smallest class of Frechet spaces containing the nuclear Kothe spaces (or nuclear Kothe spaces with continuous norms, or Schwartz spaces, or countably normable Schwartz spaces) and the Banach spaces and is closed under π-tensor products and quotient spaces. Keywords: Asymptotically normable; Frechet space; Kothe space Introduction Let E be a Frechet space, || ||1 ≤ || ||2 ≤ ...... Keywords: space
• bibechana-7555 by None (None) - Keywords: Compactly invariant normed space, Uniformly invariant normed space, Unitary space, Positive operator. Then is a sometimes C-invariant closed subspace of X. The problem of the existence of invariant subspaces of a normed space is attractive for many authors, for example see [9-12]. Keywords: invariant; operator; space

• The socio economic effect of cancer on patients’ livelihoods in Kenyan house holds by Mutuma, J; Wakhungu, J; Mutai, C (2016) - The result revealed poverty, late and poor cancer diagnosis and lack of medical cover were found to be the top ranking serious challenges facing cancer patients in the country. Additionally, cancer patients experience psycho socio and economic issues including worry, social stigma, lowered self-esteem, employment factors, impact on family and relationships, an increased sense of vulnerability, uncertainty about the future, and fear of death [4]. Keywords: cancer; health; income; kenya; patients; respondents; study; treatment
• Inpatients nursing care provided in a tertiary hospital of Nepal by KC, Heera; Shrestha, Sharmila; Chaudhary, Ramananda; Shah, Tara; Parajuli, Surya B (2018) - Abstract Introduction: Nursing care is necessary for every client seeking any type of healthcare such as health promotion, diagnosis, treatment and recovery. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore nursing care provided to inpatients of medical ward at B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. Keywords: care; eng; epub; health; medical; nursing; patients; pmid; pubmed; study
• pH profile and acidity analysis of some Nepalese tea brands: effects of tea Type and temperature by Chaudhary, Narendra Kumar; Thakur, Sanjaya; Budhathoki, Sujan; Baral, Dipak (2024) - Keywords Tea, pH value, acidity, lemon tea, health benefits, flavor. Narendra Kumar Chaudhary et al./ BIBECHANA 21 (2024) 321-327 325 Table 3: pH of sugar added milk tea with varying milk-water ratios S.N. Different Brands of Tea Sugar Content pH Milk tea without water 75% Milk & 25% Water 50% Milk & 50% Water 1 Tokla 0.5 gm 6.86 ± 0.05 6.91 ± 0.01 6.94 ± 0.005 1.0 gm 6.70 ± 0.01 6.79 ± 0.005 6.86 ± 0.005 1.5 gm 6.56 ± 0.01 6.71 ± 0.005 6.77 ± 0.005 2.0 gm 6.44 ± 0.03 6.54 ± 0.005 6.62 ± 0.02 2 Ridhisidhi 0.5 gm 7.19 ± 0.01 7.16 ± 0.03 7.13 ± 0.06 1.0 gm 6.99 ± 0.005 6.97 ± 0.01 6.98 ± 0.005 1.5 gm 6.78 ± 0.01 6.84 ± 0.01 6.87 ± 0.01 2.0 gm 6.59 ± 0.005 6.69 ± 0.005 6.78 ± 0.005 3 Suman 0.5 gm 7.40 ± 0.01 7.30 ± 0.005 7.21 ± 0.01 1.0 gm 7.24 ± 0.01 7.17 ± 0.005 7.13 ± 0.02 1.5 gm 7.04 ± 0.005 7.03 ± 0.01 7.03 ± 0.01 2.0 gm 6.82 ± 0.01 6.85 ± 0.01 6.91 ± 0.01 4 Muna 0.5 gm 6.65 ± 0.01 6.75 ± 0.02 6.83 ± 0.005 1.0 gm 6.43 ± 0.01 6.58 ± 0.01 6.73 ± 0.02 1.5 gm 6.22 ± 0.01 6.40 ± 0.01 6.62 ± 0.01 2.0 gm 6.07 ± 0.02 6.29 ± 0.01 6.52 ± 0.005 Figure 5: pH of Tea with different % of milk-water ratio and sugar content. Keywords: brands; consumption; green; health; journal; lemon; milk; sugar; tea

• Ovarian Histomorphology and Gonadial Cycle of Freshwater Garfish Xenentodon cancila (Hemilton-Buchanan) (Beloniformes:Belonidae) by Subba, Bharat Raj; Meheta, Satya Narayan (2012) - showing stage lV x 50. 40 b. General observation of T.S. ovary of X.cancila showing stage 11 and IV,ooc l x 100. Keywords: nucleus; oocyte; oogonia; ovaries; ovary; phase; stage; yolk

• Household solid waste production and its management in Biratnagar sub-metropolitan city by Adhihari, Ram Chandra (2010) - The average of solid waste solid waste generation from semi urban region is tabulated in table 2. The average of solid waste solid waste generation from main bazaar region is furnished in table 3. Keywords: degradable; non; waste

• Structural and cation distribution analysis of Nickel-Copper/Nickel-Magnesium Substituted Lithium Ferrites by Parajuli, D.; Samatha, K. (2024) - This kind of transformation is more in the basic lithium ferrite, and quite less in substituted lithium ferrites. This shift is indicative of the change in lattice constant. Keywords: cations; crystal; ferrite; lattice; lithium; lnc; lnm; series

• Computational analysis of clot formation risk in diabetes: A mathematical modeling approach by Akbar, Shabab; Sharma, Rohit Kumar; Sadique, Mo; Jaiswal, Kshiteendra Mohan; Chaturvedi, Purnima; Kumar, Vivek; Shah, Sapna Ratan (2024) - As blood clots enlarge in blood vessels, they obstruct blood flow, increasing resistance. Ultimately, the growth of blood clots leads to an increase in local blood viscos- ity, impacting blood flow dynamics and potentially exacerbating thrombotic events. Keywords: artery; blood; clot; diabetes; flow; journal; r. shah; s. r.; shah

• Weak interactions-Strong effects: Key role of hydrophobic interaction in the formation of stimuli-responsive viscoelastic gel of worm-like micelles by Saha, Swapan K. (2014) - [4] S. J. Candau, E. Hirsch, R. Zana, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 105 (1985) 521. [11] S. Imai, T. Shikata, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 244 (2001) 399. Keywords: ctab; formation; micelles; naphthol; prof; shear; wlm; worm

• Relativity in cosmologically preferred frame and the UHECR paradox by Nepal, Saroj (2014) - Let us call them preferred frame theories. However if one is prepared to do away with the principle of relativity, or in other words if one believes in the existence of a preferred inertial frame, there is no point in holding on to the belief that standard rods and clocks of different inertial frames behave strictly according to Keywords: energy; frame; light; relativity; speed

• Polybrominated diphenyl ethers perturb axonal growth and actin distribution by Neupane, Bhanu B; Jin, Tao; Gu, Zhen; Ligler, Frances S; Wang, Gufeng (2018) - Cells treated under both long term and acute exposure conditions showed significantly perturbed cell growth and differentiation. Actin plays a vital role in plasma membrane morphology, cell growth, differentiation, locomotion, and transportation Keywords: actin; bde-209; bde-47; calcium; cells; concentrations; condition; differentiation; exposure; flame; growth; pbdes; pc12

• Flipping Back of Extrahelical Guanine after Methyl Repair by Koirala, Rajendra Prasad; Adhikari, Narayan Prasad (2022) - 3: Variation in (a) distance and (b) distribution, of hydrogen bonding pairs in GUA7 and CYT20 during 10 ns simulation. The result is analyzed from the aspect of distance variation and distribution of hydrogen bonding pair partners. Keywords: agt; bonding; dna; flipping; guanine; hydrogen; simulation

• The non-linear optical crystal growth and characterization of piperizantum p- aminobentzone by Vallikkodi, M; Sudhahar, S (2018) - After 2 successive recrystallization process the good quality PZPAB crystal was harvested with in the span of 60 days. Table 1: PZPAB crystal. Keywords: aminobenzoate; crystal; pzpab; spectrum

• Radon study around earthquake affected areas of Nepal by Rijal, Bipin; Silwal, Nigam S.; Chaudhary, Govinda; Shrestha, Pitamber; Shah, Buddha R. (2021) - For Gorkha it ranged from 18±7 Bq/m3 to 363±65 Bq /m3with an average of 104.64 Bq/m3while minimum, maximum and average radon concentrations for Sindhupalchowk were 14±6 Bq/m3, 397±71 Bq/m3and 78.46 Bq/m3 respectively. As Nepal is prone to earthquake, the assessment of radon concentration has become necessary as a baseline study for future investigation. Keywords: concentrations; dwellings; gorkha; kathmandu; radon; valley

• Food Additives by Chaudhary, Narendra Kumar (2010) - Chelating, or sequestering, agents protect food products from many enzymatic reactions that promote deterioration during processing and storage. Antioxidants The oxidation of food products involves the addition of an oxygen atom to or the removal of a hydrogen atom from the different chemical molecules found in food. Keywords: additives; agents; colorants; flavour; food; products; sweeteners

• Optimization of momentum of muon beam and thickness of cell-window for muon experiment in bio-sample: a simulation study by Pant, Amba Datt (2022) - BIBECHANA 19(1-2) (2022) 160-164 160 Optimization of momentum of muon beam and thickness of cell-window for muon experiment in bio-sample: a simulation study Amba Datt Pant Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Rather than several experimental trials, we used to perform simulation study to optimize the momentum of muon beam and thickness of window of the sample cell. Keywords: mev; momentum; muon; window

• Design and development of shovel type-spring steel furrow opener for cultivator mounted seed metering mechanism by Verma, Ajay; Shrivastava, Ankitesh (2017) - Introduction In the trend of growth of power operated machinery, cultivators and seed drill are the equipment mostly used by farmers. Conclusion The seed rate of cultivator-cum-seed drill was found to be 80.87 kg/ha when seed drill was half filled and flute exposure was 14.9 mm and that of conventional seed drill was found to be 80.26 kg/ha. Keywords: cultivator; drill; furrow; seed

• Chemical profiling and antioxidant activities of essential oil from rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. by Khanal, Sumnath; Bhandari, Devi Prasad; Bhandari, Laxman; Adhikari, Achyut (2020) - This implies that A. calamus oil has 0.231 times antioxidant potential than that of ascorbic acid. BIBECHANA 17 (2020) 89-95 BIBECHANA ISSN 2091-0762 (Print), 2382-5340 (Online) Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Publisher: Department of Physics, Mahendra Morang A.M. Campus, TU, Biratnagar, Nepal Chemical profiling and antioxidant activities of essential oil from the rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. Sumnath Khanal 1 , Devi Prasad Bhandari 2 , Laxman Bhandari 2 , Sabita Dangol 1 , Achyut Adhikari 1 1 Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Nepal 2 Natural Products Research Laboratory, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal * E-mail: achyutraj05@gmail.com Keywords: asarone; calamus; dpph; oil

• Modeling and parameter analysis of deflection of a beam by Pokhrel, Puskar Raj; Lamsal, Bhabani (2021) - We take the length of beam L = 10 m. Figure 1.2 shows that the maximum deflection is 4.404 mm at 5.45 m the length of beam when it is under the action of equal and opposite compressive forces P = 65 KN at its ends and it carries a load W = 100 Kg, Young’s modulus E = 100 GPa and the area moment of inertia If the applied forces at the ends are reduced by 5 KN, then the maximum deflection of the beam are reduced at the length of beam L = 5.45 m. Puskar R. Pokhrel, Bhabani Lamsal/ BIBECHANA 18 (1) (2021) 75-82 78 Figure 1.2: Deflection of beam with weight W = 100 Kg. Keywords: beam; deflection
• Study of two-photon absorption and optical limiting by Ghimire, Bal Ram (2021) - In this work experimental study of two photon absorption of fused silica, quartz crystal and metal halides and optical limiters based on the semiconductors are studied. Some Semiconductors with high nonlinearity are found to be useful materials for optical limiters to protect devices like sensors. Keywords: absorption; beam; damage; energy; irradiance; limiter; limiting; photon

• Design and development of low-range frequency modulated signal (F.M.) transmitter by Shrivastava, Abhishek (2017) - Furthermore, FM signals are less prone to interference as compared to AM signals due to higher bandwidth. Final Transmission of FM signal Now, the signal after amplification by BJT is further modulated with carrier signal generated by tank circuit. Keywords: capacitor; circuit; frequency; signal; transmitter

• Some special characterisations of Fredholm operators in Banach space by Shahi, Mahendra (2014) - Another operator T is obtained by defining Tx = y to mean M. Sahi / BIBECHANA 11(1) (2014) 169-174: (Online Publication: March, 2014) p.170 y�s� = x�s� − � k�s, t�x�t�dt �3� � Here k(s,t) is a continuous function on [a,b]×[a,b] and is called the kernel of the integral equation. p.169 BIBECHANA A Multidisciplinary Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics ISSN 2091-0762 (online) Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Some special characterisations of Fredholm operators in Banach space Mahendra Shahi Department. of Mathematics, M.M.A.M. Campus, Biratnagar Tribhuvan University, Nepal E-mail: mshahi11@hotmail.com Accepted for publication: February 06, 2014 Keywords: fredholm; operator
• About Riesz theory of compact operators by Sah, Nagendra Pd (2012) - If K is a compact map, then T = K- Iλ possesses a decomposition into an invertible operator R(λ ) and an operator S(λ ) of finite rank. If for a continuous operator T, there exists a continuous operator S with T.S.T. = T, then T is called relatively regular operator Keywords: chain; operator

• Simplified approach to DFT computation for nonprogrammable scientific calculators by Yasin, Mohd Yusuf (2014) - But in practical computations, a little manipulation can lead to simpler computations for the above analysis, which can be run on a simple non-programmable calculator. All common calculators do not permit complex computations like those advised in Equations (14) - (15) or Equations (18) - (19) for Yasin./ BIBECHANA 12 (2015) 13-19: Keywords: computation; dft; fourier

• Anxiety and depression among adolescent students at higher secondary school by Bhandari, M (2016) - Conclusion It can be concluded that Adolescent depression and anxiety are significant mental health problems. In the United States, prevalence studies of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders in the general population have yielded overall rates of between 17 and 21% as reported by Kashani & Orvaschel [5]. Keywords: adolescent; anxiety; depression; respondents; students; study

• On contact conformal curvature tensor in LP-Sasakian manifolds by Shah, Riddhi Jung (2017) -    ,,1 2  XXX  (2.2)       ,,, XYYXgYXR   (2.12)    Keywords: manifold; sasakian;  ;  12;  ;  
• Some curvature tensors in N(k)-contact metric manifold by Shah, Riddhi Jung (2018) - Keywords: Contact manifold; )(kN -contact metric manifold; η -Einstein manifold. From (2.13) and (2.15) it follows that a )(kN -contact metric manifold is a Sasakian manifold if and only if .1=k Keywords: -contact; manifold; metric
• On Ricci solitons in LP-Sasakian manifolds by Shah, Riddhi Jung (2020) -    ,,, XYYXgYXR   (2.8)       ,0,,, 313221  EEgEEgEEg (4.2)    Keywords: condition ; manifold; ricci;  ;  12;  ;  ,,vg;  ;  ;  

• Muonium behavior in N-acetylglycine-N-methylamide by Pant, Amba Datt (2021) - 3: HOMO-LUMO gap of two possible stopping sites of muonium in N- acetylglycine-N-methylamide. Theoretically, T. P. Das et al [5, 6] reported the unsaturated bond of carboxyl group in the amino acids passivated by H is possible stopping site of muon however in real bio-samples amino acids are connected/formed to peptide bonds rather than H passivation. Keywords: muon; muonium; pant; stopping

• Reviewers of BIBECHANA-2018 by Adhikari, Devendra (2017) - XUEFANG DAI PROF R.N. JORDAR PROF. GULSHAN SINGH PROF D. ADHIKARI DR. CUT TIAN PROF. Keywords: prof

• Significance of neutrino-neutrino interaction in neutrino oscillation in core-collapse supernova by Nakarmi, Prabandha; Nakarmi, Jeevan Jyoti (2014) - Formalism The � − � interaction Hamiltonian can be written as [10], ��� =��√�� � ��������� ! $�%( (1) where, we defined ��� = )1 − cos -��. Keywords: core; interaction; neutrino; − �; � �

• Study of the stability of the perturbed solutions of the restricted three body problem by Khan, MAA; Hassan, MR; Thapa, RR (2015) - Case I: ( )2/w,0o  (i) K-even, m-odd, S*= oC4 K M.A.A. Khan et al./ BIBECHANA 13 (2016) 18-22 : RCOST p.20 (Online Publication: Dec., 2015) m)1(A 2/)1mK(* 11   m)1(A 2/)1mK(* 44   o 2/)1mK(* 14 Cn2 m )1(A    0A* 41  Substituting these values in (3), we get 0m)1(ms2)1(S 221mK2/)1mK(2   m)1(S 2/)1mK(   m Let us change S by   1 1 . (iii) K- odd, m – odd, S* oC4 K 2/)mK( o * 41 2/)mK( C2 1* 14 2/)mK(* 44 * 11 )1(C2A )1(A,)1(n/2A,0A o     Substituting these values in equation (3), we get 0ns2ns2  Whose roots are real. Keywords: solutions

• Finite partially ordered set and some of its properties by Yadav, RN; Chakrabarti, SK; Jha, IS; Yadav, UP (2015) - Theorem 3 Let p1 p2 be the fall list of maximal elements in P. For example, the poset P in Fig. 1 has maximal elements e and f. Keywords: poset; theorem
• On the critical points of a polynomial by Rather, NA; Ahmad, Faroz (2012) - [10] M. J. Miller, J. Math. [9] A. Meir and A. Sharma, Pacific J. Math., 31 (1969) 459-467. Keywords: polynomial; theorem

• Synthesis and design of laboratory device from proton conducting block copolymer membrane by Khatiwada, Shankar P; Yadav, Amar P; Lebek, Werner; Saiter, Jean Marc; Adhikari, Rameshwar (2012) - The mass fraction of epoxy groups of epoxidized polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene (ESBS) block copolymer was determined by directly titrating the HCl-acetone (1:80 ratios by volume) solution of the polymer by standardized methanolic caustic soda solution The authors are thankful to Kraton Polymers, Houston, TX for the supply of block copolymer used in this work. Keywords: block; copolymer; esbs; fig; ionomer; membrane; polystyrene; sbs

• Effect of Sewage and industrial effluents on flowering behavior and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L. var. arkel) by Shrestha, Mohan Kumar (2010) - The rate of increase in number of flowering plants was initially high in Municipality Sewage effluent but was leaded by Dairy Farming effluent in final days. [10] reported that Municipality Sewage and Dairy Farming effluents are inhibitory for seed germination while Shah Udyog effluent stimulated this parameter. Keywords: dairy; effluents; municipality; sewage; shah; udyog

• Complex roots of polynomials and their computation with the help of Scientific Calculators by Yasin, Mohd Yusuf (2012) - Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Complex roots of polynomials and their computation with the help of Scientific Calculators Mohd Yusuf Yasin ECE Department, Integral University, Lucknow, UP, India Phone: (office)091-522-2890812, (mobile)091-9335924865, Email: mmyasin@rediffmail.com Article history: Received 10 March, 2012; Accepted 2 August, 2012 In this work, the use of scientific calculators (Casio brand) for efficient determination of complex roots of various types of equations is discussed. Keywords: ans; iterations; number; roots

• Chromogenomic changes after the use of methyl parathion on Ocimum Americanum L. in Eastern Zone of Nepal by Mishra, KK (2014) - The first progeny obtained by the seeds of treated host plants of Ocimum americanum L. were free from the fusarial disease but the colour of the leaves of the plant was mixed condition of red and green, though the parental leaves were red. [8] H. Kern, “Phytotoxins produced by Fusaria” in phytotoxins in plant diseases, 1972. Keywords: americanum; ocimum

• Management of collar rot of tomato caused by Sclerotium rolfsii by Bhagat, Indramani (2014) - Amendments (Neem cake, oil cake, cow dung, rabbit manure and chicken manure) were used in tomato seedlings to observe growth promotion and percentage increase in shoot length in healthy and treated tomato seedlings of two varieties, F1 Hybrid Arjuna and Pahuza S-22. Similarly, amendment with cow dung, rabbit manure and chicken manure it has been observed that the growth of tomato seedlings increased in treated uninoculated than treated inoculated tomato seedlings. Keywords: cake; increase; seedlings; tomato

• Signed graphs connected with the root lattice by Yadav, RN (2014) - Now suppose that the result is true for simple signed Fushimi trees with m blocks. Our main result is that s simple Fushimi tree with standard sign is contained in the cluster given by a line. Keywords: fushimi; fushimi tree; graph; tree

• Some remarks on the definition of numbers by Palei, GK; Karu, PK (2014) - Vaisesika definition of number The Vaisesikas have attempted to define and characterized numbers unity, duality, triplicity etc and that they have accepted numbers as objectively real quantities inhering in all substances. [3] gave the definition of number by abstraction, accepting that numbers are applicable essentially to classes (i.e collection) Keywords: concept; definition; number; similarity

• Quaternions, 2x2 complex matrices and Lorentz transformations by Carvajal-Gámez, B. E.; Guerrero-Moreno, I. J.; López-Bonilla, J. (2014) - p. 31 ( ) ( ) , 2 1 ,c.c. 2 **** 3 0** 2 0 δδγγββααδγβα −+−=++= L i L ( ) ( ) ,c.c. 2 1 ,c.c. 2 1 ** 1 1** 0 1 ++=++= βγδαδβγα LL ( ) ( ) c.c. 2 1 , 2 1 ** 1 0**** 0 0 ++=+++= δγβαδδγγββαα LL Carvajal-Gámez et al. / BIBECHANA (2015) 30-34: Keywords: c.c

• Implementation of designed jigs and fixtures for hand operated press in production of mainframe for paddy-weeder by Shrivastava, Ankitesh; Ganguly, S. K.; Verma, Ajay (2014) - Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Implementation of designed jigs and fixtures for hand operated press in production of mainframe for paddy-weeder Ankitesh Shrivastava 1* , S.K. Ganguly 2 , Ajay Verma 3 1 Production Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (C.G.), India. The reduction in operations to half, proved helpful in reducing the time consumed in manufacturing operation. Keywords: bending; fig; fixtures; jigs; production

• Impact of eigenvalues on the electron-phonon coupling strength of aluminium and its binary alloys by Kantha, B. K.; Chakrabarti, S. K.; Jha, I. S.; Singh, B. P. (2014) - I. S. Jha 2 , B. P. Singh 3 1 Department of Chemistry, M. M. A. M. Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Nepal 2Department of Physics, M. M. A. M. Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Nepal 3Department of Physics, T. M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India *E-mail: skc_2007@yahoo.com Accepted for publication: December 10, 2014 Keywords: Superconducting state parameter; orthogonalised plane wave parameter; eigenvalue; form factor. Keywords: aluminium; eigenvalues; form

• Thanks to reviewers by Adhikari, Devendra (2015) - Mandal B.P. Singh Robert Gardner M.S. Pukhta Martin Lopez Corredoira Yongde D. Meng Aditya M. Vora Y. Kimura Daniel S. Simson E. A. Salehpoor Binod Bhattarai M. Y. Ukirmizi Jagadish Bhattarai P. R. Vajeeston Nirajan Sharma A. Firoozabadi P.R. Reviewers for Volume 13 (2016) Shohail Murad Nicola Seriani Alev Doğan Subrata Kr. Keywords: reviewers

• bibechana-4046 by None (None) - = k 2 π , k∈N of the system of Eqs. (34) to (37) are given by [6, 7] as : q1 = ] 2 )( cos[) 2 sin( 0 ti −−Ω σ ρ q2 = ] 2 )( sin[) 2 sin( 0 ti −−Ω σ ρ (46) q3 = ] 2 )( sin[) 2 cos( 0 ti −+Ω σ ρ q4 = ] 2 )( cos[) 2 cos( 0 ti −+Ω − σ ρ and Q1 = ] 2 )( cos[) 2 sin( 0' ti −−Ω σ ρ Q2 = ] 2 )( sin[) 2 sin( 0' ti −−Ω σ ρ (47) Q3 = ] 2 )( sin[) 2 cos( 0' ti −+Ω σ ρ Q4 = ] 2 )( cos[) 2 cos( 0' ti −+Ω − σ ρ where 00 ' 2sin(22 ssc −−=ρ ) (48) In sidereal frame, the compact parametric representation of KS – Variables in terms of orbital elements i, σ,Ω in any plane curve having its orbital plane in general position, is given by [3] as : u1 = ] 2 )( sin[) 2 sin(] 2 )( cos[) 2 sin( 2 σσ −Ω = −Ω Keywords: cos; sin

• Riemann integral and its relation with Lebesgue integral by Bhattrai, Mani Raj (2010) - ∗ Corresponding author: Mani Raj Bhattrai, Dept. of Mathematics, Bhanu M.H.S. School, Biratnagar, Nepal, Email: manirb08@yahoo.co.in Mani Raj Bhattrai / BIBECHANA 7 (2011) 83-86: BMHSS 84 However, Riemann integration does not interact well with taking limits of sequences of functions, making such limiting processes difficult to analyze. This space is isomorphic to the space of Lebesgue integrable functions modulo the subspace of functions with integral zero. Keywords: integral; lebesgue; riemann

• Bottlenecks to product rate variation problem with batching by Khadka, Shree Ram (2012) - Proof: We consider the bottleneck 5 = (67(C m − C m�)): and assume that ([, \) be sequenced in the ideal position Om^_C mabE P. . , X. ⟹ Q(2\ − 1)2V07 − (2\ − 1)207R = Q(2t́ − 1)2V0h́ − (2t́ − 1)20h́R . ⟹ mú_C mv́ = Bẃ0� Bv́ Since both (2\ − 1) and (2t́ − 1) are odd, neither 27 divides (2\ − 1) nor 2h́ divides (2t́ − 1). Keywords: bottleneck; problem

• bibechana-5691 by None (None) - Dept. of Physics, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, India Dr. R. Novakovic, National Research Council, Institute of Energetics and Interphases, Via De Marini, 6-16149-Genoa, Italy Dr. B.C. Paul, Department of Physics, University of North Bengal, India Prof. L.N. Jha, Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Nepal Prof. Badiadka Narayana, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, India Dr. Bhausaheb K. Karale, P.G. & Research, Department of Chemistry, S. S. G. M. College, Kopargaon, Dist-Ahmednagar, India Dr. Ghanashyam Bez, Dept of Chemistry, North Easternn Hill University Shillong-793022, India Prof. Bijan Das, Department of Chemistry, North Bengal University India Prof. Ramazan Sever, Middle East Technical University , Physics Department, Turkey Prof. Pradeep Raj Pradhan, Post-Graduate Department of Physics, M.M.A.M. Campus (Tribhuvan University), Nepal Prof. Man Singh, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat Gujarat, India Dr. Yaseen Iqbal, CEng, MInstP, MSGT Foreign Professor Materials Research Laboratory Institute of Physics & Electronics University of Peshawar, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan Dr. Kambiz Shahroudi, Department of Industrial Management, Islamic Azad University- Rasht Branch,Rasht, Iran Dr. Archana Gupta, Department of Engineering and Technology, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India Dr. I.S. Jha, , Post-Graduate Department of Physics, M.M.A.M. Campus (Tribhuvan University), Nepal Prof. Mohan Siwakoti, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Nepal A. Prof. Md. Haider Ali Biswas, Mathematics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh Keywords: department; university

• The durability of Mn–Mo–Sn–W–Sb–O/Ir1–x–ySnxSbyO2+0.5y /Ti oxygen evolution anode for hydrogen production from seawater electrolysis by Bhattarai, Jagadeesh (2012) - Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA The durability of Mn–Mo–Sn–W–Sb–O/Ir1–x–ySnxSbyO2+0.5y /Ti oxygen evolution anode for hydrogen production from seawater electrolysis Jagadeesh Bhattarai Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. Abstract New types of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Mn–Mo–Sn–W–Sb–O/Ir1–x–ySnxSbyO2+0.5y/Ti anode is successfully tailored for hydrogen production from seawater electrolysis. Keywords: 0.5y; ir1; ysnxsbyo2

• On 2 - normed space valued paranormed null sequence space by Pahari, Narayan Prasad (2013) - For the sufficiency of the condition, assume that supk uk < ∞. Let ξ – , η– ∈ c0 ( S, α–, u– , ||. , .|| ) and γ, ρ ∈ C. Then for each η ∈ S, we have ||αk ξk‚ η|| uk → 0 and ||αk ηk‚ η|| uk →0, as k → ∞. We now setting S = max ( 1,2L-1 ), then we have ||αk (γξk + ρηk)‚ η || uk = (|| γαk ξk‚ η || S || γ αk ξk‚ η || uk + S || Keywords: .||

Epilogue

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Created: 2025-12-24