Microsoft Word - H.P. Aryal _34-43_.doc H.P. Aryal and U. Budhathoki / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 34-43 : BMHSS, p.34 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) BIBECHANA A Multidisciplinary Journal of Science, Technology and Mathematics ISSN 2091-0762 (online) Journal homepage: http://nepjol.info/index.php/BIBECHANA Some Wild Mushrooms of Rupandehi District, West Nepal H.P. Aryal 1* , U. Budhathoki 2 1 Bhairahawa Multiple Campus, SiddarthaNagar, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University. 2 Central Department of Botany, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Tribhuvan University, Nepal *E-mail: hahariprasadaryal06@gmail.com 2 Email: drushabudathoki@yahoo.com Article history: Received 25 October, 2012; Accepted 1 November, 2013 Abstract This mycological investigation carried out at natural as well as community managed forest, of Rupandehi district, western terai and siwaliks region of Nepal. Samples were collected in different area ranging between 90 and 1229 masl in tropical deciduous riverine forest, to subtropical deciduous hill forest. This paper highlights on common wild mushrooms Amanita chepangiana, Geastrum fimbriatum, Macrolepiota procera, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Schizophyllum commune, Scleroderma bovista and Sparassis crispa. The collected samples represented seven species of Basidiomycetes belongs to four order and seven families. The specimens were deposited in the Tribhuvan University Central Herbarium, (TUCH), Kathmandu, Nepal. Keywords: Basidiomycetes, Macrofungi, Mushroom diversity, Taxonomy. 1. Introduction Taxonomy of this genus has been based mainly on basidiocarp, macro morphology, basidiospore size & host plant type [1]. The species of mushrooms in Nepal is expected to reach more than 3000 due to the large variation in climatic condition and vegetation types [2]. The taxonomic approach has been made here along with distribution. 2. Study area The study area (Map 1) is the southern belt of west Nepal and lies in, Lumbini zone, Rupandehi district. This area is a tropical to subtropical zone embracing different types of soil and forests. The forest vegetation is dominated by members of the Dipterocarpaceae, Combretaceae, Fagaceae and Leguminosae. The study area included 19897 hectares of forested land [3] and Lies between 27o20’00’’- 27o47’25’’N latitude and 83o12’16’’- 83o38’07’’E longitude. Altitude varies between 90 and 1229 masl. The average annual rainfall is 1391 m [4]. 3. Materials and methods Surveys were under taken and specimens collected from 15 th to 31 st May and from 1 st June to 31 st October in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Mushroom samples were photographed in their natural habitat H.P. Aryal and U. Budhathoki / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 34-43 : BMHSS, p.35 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) and their morphological characters were noted. The samples were well dried and packed in wax-paper bags wrapped with aluminium foil to prevent external infection and intermixing of the spores and labeled. The habitats including ecological parameters viz. altitude (by altimeter, Model No. 7030, Japan), vegetation composition, soil type, soil pH (by digital pH meter, Model No.335, Systronics, Ahmedabad, India, Serial No. 2719), soil moisture (by nail pH meter, Model: Takemura, Japan), humidity, temperatures and time (by means of Thermo-Hygrometer-Clock, Model: TempTec, Hong Kong), with macroscopic and microscopic characters of the specimens were noted. The wax-paper bags were brought to Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, for further microscopic examination. Map 1: Sample Collection site. A number of the collected specimens were preserved in 25:5:70 ml rectified alcohol: formalin: distilled water [5]. For microscopic study the specimens were sectioned using a sharp razor blade. The cyanophility was observed by placing the parts of species in cotton blue and mounting in lactophenol reagent. Photographs were taken with a digital camera (Sony DSC S980 camera, China) and macro and micro characters studied under an Olympus microscope (Model No. CX 22). Latitude and longitude were recorded by means of GPS compass (Garmin, Eterex, Germany). The voucher specimens were identified [6-25] and are deposited in Tribhuvan University Central Herbarium, (TUCH), and Kathmandu, Nepal. H.P. Aryal and U. Budhathoki / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 34-43 : BMHSS, p.36 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) 4. Results and Discussion Fig. 1: Amanita chepangiana Tulloss & Bhandary [26] Common name: Chepang slender, Caesar (Eng.). Local name: Gobre musa (Chepang), Salleu (Magar), Vaam waam moo, Naagfum, Seto Kukhura phooey chyau (Nepali.) Taxonomic position: Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Plutaceae. Description: Pileus: 13-19cm wide, convex at first later umbrella like pure white, sometimes with a slight grayish to brownish or yellowish tint over the center. Gills: Lamellae free, close to sub crowded, white, and truncate. Stipe: 15-18cm X 2cm, cylindrical white, annulus skirt like, white found just below the cap, white. Volva: large, membranous, white, saccate. Spore: 9-12 X 8-10 µm, white, subglobose, inamyloid. Spore print: white. Edibility: edible, preferred by Chepang ethnic cast, excellent. Rs. 250 to 300/Kg NC, in the local market. Distribution: Mostly in Shorea robusta forest. Occurs in Fagaceous forest also-China, South East Asia and Nepal Habit: Sporophores growing solitary or scattered, sometimes in clusters. Habitat: On soil, mycorrhizal. Season: June to August. Specimen examined: On the litter of the soil, in Shorea robusta dominant forest of Karhiya, 223m, Paklihawa, 90m, Chiliya, 110m, Murgiya, 233m , Saljhandi, 262m, Simalpani,1225m (Rupandehi), (2011); Voucher No. 100772, Aryal, H.P.; New to area of collection. Previously reported: From Jugedi, Chitwan [2, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Fig. 2: Geastrum fimbriatum Fr. Butler, E.J. & Bisby, G.R. [18, 31]. H.P. Aryal and U. Budhathoki / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 34-43 : BMHSS, p.37 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) Common name: Earthstar, Sessile earthstar, Geastre fimbrie. Local name: Tare chyau Taxonomic position: Basidiomycetes, Phallales, Geastraceae. Description: Basidiocarp: Close globose, up to 7cm in diameter. Exoperidium: opening into 6-9 triangular fringes, turned downward, chamois-colored, thin, membranous, separable, whitish. Endoperidium: globose, sessile, same color as exoperidium, with fairly salient apical opening, edge fibrous. Gleba: powdery when mature, cocoa-brown. Flesh: leathery, Odor: not distinctive, Spores: 3-4 µm, cocoa- brown, rounds, finely warty. Edibility: Inedible. Distribution: Europe, Japan, North America and Nepal. Habit: On soil, in clusters or in colonies on moss or pine needles in sandy forest of conifers or in mixed woods. Habitat: in groups among leaf-litter, under conifers. Saprophyte. Season: June to September. Specimen examined: On soil, in clusters in mixed forest in Murgiya, 233m, Saljhandi, 262m, Simalpani,1225m, (Rupandehi), (2012); Voucher No. 1008167, Aryal, H.P. New to area of collection. Previously recorded: On Phoksundo Tal [32, 33]. Fig. 3: Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Sing [34]. Common name: Parasol mushroom. Local name: Gobbre chyau (Nepali.) Taxonomic position: Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Agaricaceae. Description: Usually 12-25 cm or more high, fruiting body pale colored. Pileus: 7-15 cm in diameter, at first ovate, then campanulate, finally becoming expanded with an umbo, grayish brown or reddish brown, surface cracking into large, brown scales which are concentrically arranged except at the umbo and small white scales scattered in between the large ones, adpressed scaly or with reflexed roughening, fibrillose edge. Gills: free, crowded but not forked ventricose, white when young and pinkish at maturity, broad in the middle and narrow near the stipe. Stipe: slender, cylindrical, broad, with markedly brown- striped surface with a prominent bulbous base, 15-25 X 1.5-2 cm, broad, colour paler than the pileus, covered with minute darker scales, hollow, annulus large, band like, conspicuous thick tough, white, movable up and down Flesh: white, soft, in cap and fibrous in stipe, thick. H.P. Aryal and U. Budhathoki / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 34-43 : BMHSS, p.38 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) Hymenophoral trama: regular Basidia: 4-spored, clavate. Basidiospores: white, ovate to elliptical, apiculate, smooth, with germ-pore, dextrinoid, 13-16 X 8-10 µm, metachromatic. Spore print: white. Spore: 15-20 X 10-13 µm. elliptical, smooth, dextrinoid. Pleurocystidia: absent. Hyphae: thin walled. Clamp connections: present. Odor: Pleasant. Edibility: Edible, delicious. Distribution: Europe, Japan, China, N. America, India and Nepal. Habit: Sporophores growing solitary or scattered, sometimes in clusters. Habitat: on soil, in pastures, lawns, in woods, gardens. Saprophyte. Season: June to October Specimen examined: On soil, in Sal forest in Karhiya, 223m, Paklihawa, 90m, Chiliya, 110m, Murgiya,233m, Saljhandi,262m, Simalpani,1225m, (Rupandehi), (2011); Voucher No. 1008118, Aryal, H.P.; new to area of collection. Previously recorded: Previously recorded from Manichur [35], Phulchowki [36], Nagarjoon [37], Growing under Pine forest, Nagarkot, [38]. Fig. 4: Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.: Fr.) Karst. [23, 39] Local name: Rato Kathe chyau, Raktey chyau, Sindure chyau. Taxonomic position: Basidiomycetes, Polyporales, Polyporaceae. Description: Fruiting body: Semicircular to kidney-shaped; Plano convex. Carpophore: 3.9 x 1.5-5-7 x 0.5-2.2 cm, bracket-shaped, sessile to sub stipulate, deep orange red , tending to darken dimidiate, at first slightly pubescent then glabrous, fairly rugose, hard on dry in annual, with faint zonation towards margin, thinning from base to periphery, upper surface reddish to almost blackish red at maturity, finely hairy, under surface bright reddish orange with 2-4 round to angular pore; Stipe: absent, Hymeneal surface: waxy, deep red. Tube: 1 - 3mm long, orange-red; Pores: irregular, small, round, pubescent, vermilion 2-4 per mm. Flesh: red, leathery, first spongy then suberose. Spore print: White Spores: white, 5 - 6 X 2 - 2.5 µm, hyaline, oblong or short cylindric, smooth, and apiculate, Inamyloid, Hyphal system: trimitic. Cystidia: absent. Odor and Taste: not distinctive. Edibility: Inedible, (medicinally used for relief from ear pain and to cure cuts and burns). Distribution: Worldwide. In tropical to temperate belts. Habit: Clusters on the dead wood, annual. Habitat: On dead broadleaf branches and trunks. Saprophyte. Season: June to October. Specimen examined: On log on Syzygium cumini, Karhiya, 223m, Paklihawa, 90m, Chiliya, 110m, Murgiya, 233m, Saljhandi, 262m, Simalpani,1225m (Rupandehi), (2012); Voucher No. 100711, Aryal, H.P., New to area of collection. Previously recorded: On dead wood of Alnus nepalensis. Sundarijal, 1500m, [30], Chitwan 200m. [30], Ranipauwa 1600m. [30], Langtang 2200m. [30]. on dead wood, Place not mentioned [40]; Khand Bari [37]; on Betula sp., Chheti gaon, Darchula Dist. [41], Darchula Dist. [42] and Pokhara H.P. Aryal and U. Budhathoki / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 34-43 : BMHSS, p.39 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) (900m) [43, 44]. And Lamjung [45]. On bark of stump of Alnus nepalensis. Jhakrey, Lumle, 1645m, [46, 47]. Fig. 5: Schizophyllum commune (Fr.:Fr.) Grev. [27, 48], (Fig. 5) Local name: Mizu chyau, Kathe Bagale chyau, Kanchat Chyau, Pankhe Chyau. Taxonomic position: Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Schizophyllaceae. Description: Tiny fruiting bodies lack stems and they attached themselves like tiny bracket fungi on the dead wood of deciduous trees. Sporophores growing in groups on branches or trunks of trees, on old wood, sometimes on the branches of Shorea robusta, usually coriaceous, tough, pliant when fresh, attached laterally to the substratum Carpophore: Gregarious, 1-5 cm wide, fan or kidney shaped, dry, gray, hairy, whitish gray when dry to brownish gray when moist, margin lobed and hairy; sessile, dry, inclined downward or horizontal, sometimes zoned concentrically Gills: grayish white or pink-tinged, split lengthwise into two layers which tend to curve away from each other, converging radially toward base, where they are attached, edge split and revolute. Stipe: absent, Flesh: tough leathery, gray, becoming whitish and sometimes malodorous as it dries. Hymenophoral trama: not bilateral, hyphae: thick walled Basidia: 4-spored. Basidiospores: hyaline. Oblong with obtuse ends, smooth, non-amyloid, 5-7 x 2-3 µm Spore print: white. Cystidia: absent. Spore: 3-4 x 1- 1.5µm. White, straight or curved, smooth. Inamyloid Clamp connection: present. Edibility: Edible. It is used to eat mixing with other things e.g. cereals. Mostly used by the Newar cast during their marriage ceremony as Sagun (better happening). Used in soups, by Magar, Newar and Tharu (Bara district) ethnic casts. This fungus causes a disease known as basidioneuromycois in human being [25]. Better to avoid. Distribution: Worldwide. In tropical to temperate belts. Habit: in clusters on log. Habitat: On wood, stumps, dead trunks or living trees in poor health. Besides growing on wood, it has also been found on animal matter (saprophytic on whalebone or, in mycelia form with no fruit- body, on scar tissue in a human mouth). Ecology: Saprobic on dead wood or sometimes parasitic on living wood. Season: July to September. Specimen examined - On decay wood (Shorea robusta), in sal forest, Karhiya, 223m, Paklihawa, 90m, Chiliya, 110m, Murgiya, 233m, Saljhandi, 262m, Simalpani,1225m, (Rupandehi); (2012); Voucher No. 101002, Aryal, H.P., New to area of collection. Previously recorded: on dead wood, place not mentioned [40]; growing on decayed wood, Ranipauwa, Kaligandaki [33], Bagarchhap [49], Pokhara [43, 42]. Khand Bari [37]; on Betula sp., Chheti gaon, Darchula Dist. [41] and on the logs, stumps and sticks of Alnus nepalensis, Jhakrey, Lumle, 1645m, [47]. In tropical to temperate belts [43]. On the logs, stumps and sticks of Alnus H.P. Aryal and U. Budhathoki / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 34-43 : BMHSS, p.40 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) nepalensis, Sundarijal, 1440m, Sundhara (Kath) Swayambhu, Champadevi, Bishalnagar (Kath), Namobudha (Kavre), Nagarkot [30]. Fig. 6: Scleroderma texense Berk. [48, 50, 51], (Fig.6) Local name: Kudaki Chyau, Kutaki Chyau, Paduke Chyau. Bhundki, Dalle, Phutuki. Taxonomic position: Basidiomycetes, Boletales, Sclerodermataceae. Description: Basidiocarp: 1-2 cm, whitish, subterranean or superficial globose, sessile sometimes prolonged into a stem like base. Peridium: simple, rarely double smooth or rough with pale brown warts on the upper part outer layer composed of hyaline, loosely and irregularly arranged hyphae of 2- 2.5µm diameter, inner layer whitish, composed of hyaline, anastomosing hyphae of 5 µm diameter and irregular shaped hyaline cells of 7-7.5 µm diameter. Gleba: traversed by sterile veins, pale white when young, becoming sooty black with age. Dehiscence: irregular. Capillitium: rudimentary, consisting of only remnants of sterile hyphae. Spores: 6.25-10 µm diameters, globose, purplish brown to black, wall darker, echinulate. Edibility: Edible. Rs. 350 to 450/ per Kg, in the local market. Very common. Eaten raw as well as roasted in fire or cooked as vegetable. Distribution: Europe, India Thailand, Nepal. Habit: Growing buried or on soil in Shorea robusta forest. Mainly in tropical Dipterocarp forest. Nepal (East to West: tropical belt of Shorea robusta forest). Habitat: Ectomycorrhizal fungi. Specimen examined: On soil, in Sal forest, Karhiya, 223m, Paklihawa, 90m, Chiliya, 110m, Murgiya, 233m, Saljhandi, 262m, Simalpani,1225m, (Rupandehi), (2011); Voucher No. 1009152, Aryal, H.P., New to area of collection. Previously recorded on Chuche Khola, Hetauda, Makawanpur District, growing buried or on soil, [51]. Fig.7: Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. [6, 7, 9, 20, 23]. H.P. Aryal and U. Budhathoki / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 34-43 : BMHSS, p.41 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) Common name: Cauliflower fungus, wood cabbage, Coat of wood, Brain fungus. Local name: Cauli chyau, Thakre chyau, Fursey chyau, Chyapkey, Fyaleshymo (Tamang). Taxonomic position: Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Pluteaceae. Description: Sporophores growing usually at base of conifer, 15-40 cm high, Carpophore 10-60 cm, Fleshy, erect, densely branched from a short stout rooting stipe. Flattened and curled lobes resembling a cauliflower head from a distance, whitish or ochraceous when young, black with maturity, white to pale yellow in colour. Stipe: very short, stout, whitish at first, turning black when old. Flesh: firm, tough, elastic, whitish or faintly pale yellow, fragile, brittle. Odor: pleasant. Hymenium: smooth. Basidia: 4-spored Basidiospores: white, buff in mass, pip-shaped. Spore print: whitish. Spores: whitish to light ochre, ovoid, smooth, 6-7 x 3-5µm. inamyloid. Clamp connection: present Edibility: edible. Young fruit bodies are very good in taste. Distribution: North America, Europe, China, Japan, India and Nepal. Habit: on colonies in dead wood. Habitat: On coniferous wood, at the foot of trees or on roots. it grows on the ground near trees or on very rotten wood in broadleaf woodlands. Parasitic Season: July-October. Specimens examined: On log (Tectona grandis), Karhiya, 223m, Paklihawa, 90m, Chiliya, 110m, Murgiya, 233m, Saljhandi, 262m, Simalpani,1225m, (Rupandehi); (2011); Voucher No. 100748; New to area of collection. Previously recorded: At the base of Quercus lamellose,Pahiro,1660m, at the base of Quercus semecarpifolia, Dhunche, 1960m, Lama hotel, 2840m, Chandanbari, 3250, at the base of Tsuga demosa, Thulo syafru, 2120m, Ghoda Tabela, 3000m, Cholangpati, 3585m [52]. 5. Conclusion The gathering of mushrooms shows that there are plenty of species, which are said to be edible and of medicinal value. Many mushroom species are gathered by local people for their daily livelihood and trade. They are sacked in bags and carried to market even for sell. The tropical species like Amanita chepangiana seem to be widespread in the terai and siwaliks belt of Nepal. The medicinally important tropical polypore like Pycnoporus cinnabarinus has been gathered for the remedy of infectious disease (Mump), Ear pain etc. The cosmopolitan species like Schizophyllum commune the inedible fungi is sometimes used for culinary proposes in food deficit condition. This species has religious value also and is used as ‘Sagun’ for better happening in the marriage ceremony in Newar community. The Dipterocarp inhibiting mycoelements like Scleroderma texense has been used both for food and medicine. During surveys, it was found that the population of Amanita chepangiana, Macrolepiota fuliginosa Scleroderma bovista, and Sparasis crispa are declining since the last two decades due to deterioration of forest. So, it is visualized from the field survey that some of the important species need special attention to conserve against the threat to avoid their unmanaged and unscientific exploitation by the people. It is therefore necessary to conserve natural habitat of mushroom diversity for the sustainable development. The government should take special attention on these aspects. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Nepal Academy of Science and Technology for providing the Ph.D. research grant; thanks are due to the Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University for providing laboratories facilities. We are also grateful to the Institute of Science and Technology for granting study leave to one of them (Mr. H.P. Aryal). Sincere thanks are extended to local informants of the study area for providing information. H.P. Aryal and U. Budhathoki / BIBECHANA 10 (2014) 34-43 : BMHSS, p.42 (Online Publication: Dec., 2013) References 1. H.H. Burdsall and O.K. 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