Biodiversity Informatics, 17, 2022, pp. 1-9 1 ENM2020: A FREE ONLINE COURSE AND SET OF RESOURCES ON MODELING SPECIES NICHES AND DISTRIBUTIONS A. Townsend Peterson1, Matthew E. Aiello-Lammens2, Giuseppe Amatulli3, Robert P. Anderson4,5, Marlon E. Cobos1, José Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho6, Luis E. Escobar7, Xiao Feng8, Janet Franklin9, Luiz M. R. Gadelha Jr.10,11, D. Georges12, M. Guéguen12, Tomer Gueta13,14, Kate Ingenloff1,15, Scott Jarvie16,17,*, Laura Jiménez1,18, Dirk N. Karger19, Jamie M. Kass20, Michael R. Kearney21, Rafael Loyola6,22, Fernando Machado-Stredel1, Enrique Martínez-Meyer23, Cory Merow24, Maria Luiza Mondelli11, Sara Ribeiro Mortara25,26, Robert Muscarella27, Corinne E. Myers28, Babak Naimi29, Daniel Noesgaard30, Ian Ondo31, Luis Osorio-Olvera1,32, Hannah L. Owens33,34, Richard Pearson35, Gonzalo E. Pinilla-Buitrago4, Andrea Sánchez-Tapia26, Erin E. Saupe36, Wilfried Thuiller12, Sara Varela37,38, Dan L. Warren20, John Wieczorek39, Katherine Yates40, Gengping Zhu41, Gabriela Zuquim16,42, Damaris Zurell43 1Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA 2Department of Environmental Studies and Science, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA 3Yale University, School of the Environment, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA 4Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; Ph.D. Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA 5Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA 6Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil 7Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA 8Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA 9Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 10Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany 11National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Brazil 12Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France 13Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Technion – Israel Institute of Technolo- gy, Haifa 3200003, Israel 14Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel 15Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 16Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munke- gade 114, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark 17Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark *Otago Regional Council, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand 18School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 19Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland 20Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, Japan 21School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia 22Fundação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil A. Townsend Peterson et al. – Free Online Course and Set of Resources on Modeling Species Niches 2 23Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico 24Eversource Energy Center and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA 25International Institute for Sustainability IIS-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 26Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Núcleo de Computação Científica e Geoprocessamento, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 27Plant Ecology & Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 28Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA 29Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, 00014 PO Box 64, Helsinki, Finland 30Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Secretariat, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copen- hagen Ø, Denmark 31Department of Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis (BISA), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK 32Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico 33Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 34Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA 35Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, UK 36Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, S Parks Road, OX1 3AN, UK 37Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal. Universidade de Vigo, Spain 38Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany 39VertNet, Rauthiflor LLC 40School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK 41Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163 USA 42Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland 43Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany Abstract. The field of distributional ecology has seen considerable recent attention, particularly surrounding the theory, protocols, and tools for Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) or Species Distribution Modeling (SDM). Such analyses have grown steadily over the past two decades—including a maturation of relevant theory and key concepts—but methodological consensus has yet to be reached. In response, and following an online course taught in Spanish in 2018, we designed a comprehensive English-language course covering much of the under- lying theory and methods currently applied in this broad field. Here, we summarize that course, ENM2020, and provide links by which resources produced for it can be accessed into the future. ENM2020 lasted 43 weeks, with presentations from 52 instructors, who engaged with >2500 participants globally through >14,000 hours of viewing and >90,000 views of instructional video and question-and-answer sessions. Each major topic was introduced by an “Overview” talk, followed by more detailed lectures on subtopics. The hierarchical and mod- ular format of the course permits updates, corrections, or alternative viewpoints, and generally facilitates revi- sion and reuse, including the use of only the Overview lectures for introductory courses. All course materials are free and openly accessible (CC-BY license) to ensure these resources remain available to all interested in distributional ecology. Key words: Ecological niche model, Species distribution model, Course, Open access, Methods A. Townsend Peterson et al. – Free Online Course and Set of Resources on Modeling Species Niches 3 Distributional ecology is a branch of biogeogra- phy that focuses on the fundamental question of why species are found where they are and identifying where they could occur given changing environmen- tal, geographic, or biotic conditions. The modern re- naissance of the field began in the 1970s (MacArthur 1972, Austin 1987, Ferrier 2002), and has since led to many exciting insights (e.g., novel reflections on the frequency of ecological speciation) and useful prod- ucts (e.g., detailed range maps and potential distribu- tion maps) (Guisan and Zimmermann 2000, Araújo and Pearson 2005, Peterson and Navarro-Sigüenza 2017). Work in the field of distributional ecology in- cludes theory, protocols, and tools drawn from many areas of inquiry, including ecology, biogeography, evolutionary biology, geographic information sci- ence, meteorology, hydrology, remote sensing, sta- tistics, and computer science. Despite at least three book-length syntheses (Franklin 2010, Peterson et al. 2011, Guisan et al. 2017) and numerous synthetic pa- pers on the subject (e.g., Guisan and Thuiller 2005, Elith and Leathwick 2009, Anderson 2013, Araújo et al. 2019, Feng et al. 2019, Zurell et al. 2020), the field still lacks a clearly established set of methodol- ogies by which to guide future advances. This novelty and speed of development of the field, combined with intense interest, have led to a series of in-person and online training programs and courses, ranging from broad surveys of all biodiver- sity informatics (e.g., Peterson and Ingenloff 2015) to courses specifically on ecological niche modeling (e.g., Peterson et al. 2019; note, this particular course was in Spanish). However, given the somewhat dat- ed nature of many existing courses and the substan- tial fees often involved, a significant gap was noted: a free, online course in English spanning the entire suite of theory, protocols, and tools in the ecologi- cal niche modeling toolkit. A team of 52 instructors that represents a great breadth of expertise in this area worked to generate the instructional format and content of a new course. Instructors came from many countries and represented a variety of career stages. The Course The course was delivered during January– November 2020. It was divided into 18 overarching themes or topics: introduction, applications, key tools, environmental data, occurrence data, visualization, distributional equilibrium, algorithms, uncertainty, evaluation, model selection, model transfers, model comparisons, reproducibility, abundances, frontiers, practicalities, and conclusions (Table 1). Each major topic was initiated by a talk designated as an “Overview.” Persons desiring deep knowledge could view all the talks in each set following the corresponding Overview lecture, whereas individuals aiming for a general summary of the field had the option to only watch Overview talks. Completion certificates for the full course required participation in question-and-answer sessions and adequate performance on a short examination at the end of the course. The modular format of the course and its materials also facilitates later addition of updates, corrections, or alternative viewpoints, leading to a set of resources that should be adaptable and easily updated into the future. The course followed a set weekly schedule. Lectures were pre-recorded to avoid technological and internet-related complications of live presen- tations, for both instructors and students. Presenta- tions were made available on Monday morning (in the Western Hemisphere, UTC-6) in various for- mats: YouTube videos, .mp4 video files, .mp3 audio files, and .pdf slide decks. YouTube videos had the advantage of automatically including the option of closed-captioning, which (though not perfect) can assist both deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals and persons for whom English is not a native language. Presentations were accompanied by ancillary materi- als such as readings from the primary literature, ex- ample datasets, and programming code. Participants’ questions were due by Wednesday each week, and a live question-and-answer session among instructors was held each Friday, with an archived version made available online directly upon conclusion. The course reached a large audience. In total, 2541 formal participants joined the course Facebook group1, but many more took advantage of the materi- als. The YouTube videos were viewed 90,938 times by participants from at least 72 countries worldwide (Figure 1), representing 14,172 hours of viewership (as of 15 November 2020). In total, 3159 questions were submitted by course participants (see Figure 2 for a word cloud summarizing the terms most fre- quently used in these questions; R code to produce this figure is provided via KU Scholarworks2. Our desire in developing this course was to facil- itate and motivate current and future scholars in the field worldwide to explore and innovate in distribu- tional ecology. We also hope that the open format— 1 https://www.facebook.com/groups/ENM2020/. 2 http://hdl.handle.net/1808/32540. https://www.facebook.com/groups/ENM2020/ http://hdl.handle.net/1808/32540 A. Townsend Peterson et al. – Free Online Course and Set of Resources on Modeling Species Niches 4 made available globally via the Internet without cost—will serve to increase the diversity of partici- pation in the field and improve educational equity by reducing barriers for all interested in these theories, protocols, and tools. Lessons Learned This course differs from the usual model for broad, extra-institutional courses in recent years. For ENM2020, we assembled a large proportion of the leading experts in the field and created an open, free-to-all learning platform that presents much of the current knowledge and practice for a complex area of inquiry. Many other courses in this and related areas are presented by one or a few researchers, and are often accompanied by substantial fees that constitute significant barriers to participation for many potentially-interested individuals. The key features of ENM2020 were (1) broad participation by many leaders in the area of distribu- tional ecology, as reflected in the long author list for this contribution, and (2) open access to the content. The hefty community participation in the instructor list gave the course an air of plurality towards differ- ent, and at times even opposing, ideas regarding par- ticular topics. These differences and debates, while conducted civilly, can be perceived in the ideas pre- sented in various talks in ENM2020, and particularly in the question-and-answer sessions, where differ- ences were at times debated more directly. Open ac- cess to the content, which was facilitated by posting course materials on YouTube and making materials available to participants on multiple platforms (e.g., videos for download or streaming, as well as .mp3 audio files and .pdf slide decks for those with poorer internet access), is also a key divergence from previ- ous courses. In the process of developing and presenting this course, however, we noted ways in which the pro- cess could have been improved. Specifically, even a modicum of direct funding might have permitted more sophisticated editing and preparation of the course videos before they were posted. Additionally, Figure 1. Summary of ENM2020 course video views by country, presented as orders of magnitude of viewership. Note that some countries do not allow access to YouTube, such that viewership from those countries shows as “no data”. Figure 2. Visualization showing representation of different words among 3159 questions submitted to the instructors by course par- ticipants during ENM2020 (developed in R with package word- cloud; code included in Supplemental Information). A. Townsend Peterson et al. – Free Online Course and Set of Resources on Modeling Species Niches 5 developing specific exercises could have supported the learning experience more directly, particularly if they had been presented on a single learning platform (e.g., Moodle) for more direct and easy access. No- tably, ENM2020 was developed and presented with no funding other than support from the authors’ in- stitutions and a few software-development grants in the form of the salaries and facilities for each of the instructors. Acknowledgments We thank the course participants for their enthu- siastic and inquisitive approach to such a large-scale and (at times) seemingly unending course. Although all instructors and their institutions and employers donated the time they spent preparing and deliver- ing the materials, many of them were supported by particular grants and fellowships that achieved wide- spread outreach through their participation: grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI- 1661510 for MAL, RPA, JMK, CM, and GEPB; IIA- 1920946 for MEC and ATP), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC18K0406 for MAL, RPA, JMK, and GEPB), and a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Postdoctoral Fellow- ship for Foreign Researchers (JMK). Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist. Literature Cited Anderson, R. P. 2013. A framework for using niche mod- els to estimate impacts of climate change on species distributions. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1297:8–28. Araújo, M. B., R. P. Anderson, A. M. Barbosa, C. M. Beale, C. F. Dormann, R. Early, R. A. Garcia, A. Gui- san, L. Maiorano, B. Naimi, R. B. O’Hara, N. E. Zim- mermann, and C. Rahbek. 2019. Standards for distri- bution models in biodiversity assessments. Science Adv. 5:eaat4858. Araújo, M. B., and R. G. Pearson. 2005. Equilibrium of species’ distributions with climate. Ecography 28:693-695. Austin, M. 1987. Models for the analysis of species’ re- sponse to environmental gradients. Vegetatio 69:35- 45. Elith, J., and J. R. Leathwick. 2009. Species distribution models: Ecological explanation and prediction across space and time. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40:677- 697. Feng, X., D. Park, C. Walker, A. T. Peterson, C. Merow, and M. Papes. 2019. A checklist for maximizing re- producibility of ecological niche models. Nature Ecol. Evol. 3:1382-1395. Ferrier, S. 2002. Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: Where to from here? Syst. Biol. 51:331-363. Franklin, J. 2010. Mapping Species Distributions: Spa- tial Inference and Prediction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Guisan, A., and W. Thuiller. 2005. Predicting species dis- tribution: Offering more than simple habitat models. Ecol. Lett. 8:993-1009. Guisan, A., W. Thuiller, and N. E. Zimmermann. 2017. Habitat Suitability and Distribution Models: with Applications in R. Cambridge University Press, Cam- bridge. Guisan, A., and N. Zimmermann. 2000. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecol. Mod. 135:147- 186. MacArthur, R. 1972. Geographical Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Peterson, A. T., R. P. Anderson, M. E. Cobos, M. Cuahutle, A. P. Cuervo-Robayo, L. E. Escobar, M. Fernández, D. Jiménez-García, A. Lira-Noriega, J. M. Lobo, F. Machado-Stredel, E. Martínez-Meyer, C. Nuñez- Penichet, J. Nori, L. Osorio-Olvera, M. T. Rodríguez, O. Rojas-Soto, D. Romero-Álvarez, J. Soberón, S. Varela, and C. Yañez-Arenas. 2019. Curso modelado de nicho ecológico, versión 1.0. Biodiv. Inf. 14:1-7. Peterson, A. T., and K. Ingenloff. 2015. Biodiversity Infor- matics Training Curriculum, version 1.2. Biodiv. Inf. 10:65-74. Peterson, A. T., and A. G. Navarro-Sigüenza. 2017. What bird specimens can reveal about species-level distri- butional ecology. Stud. Av. Biol. 50:111-125. Peterson, A. T., J. Soberón, R. G. Pearson, R. P. Anderson, E. Martínez-Meyer, M. Nakamura, and M. B. Araújo. 2011. Ecological Niches and Geographic Distribu- tions. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Zurell, D., J. Franklin, C. König, P. J. Bouchet, J. M. Serra- Diaz, C. F. Dormann, J. Elith, G. Fandos Guzman, X. Feng, G. Guillera-Arroita, A. Guisan, P. J. Leitão, J. J. Lahoz-Monfort, D. S. Park, A. T. Peterson, G. Rapacciuolo, D. R. Schmatz, B. Schröder, W. Thuiller, K. L. Yates, N. E. Zimmermann, and C. Merow. 2020. A standard protocol for reporting species distribution models. Ecography 43:1261-1277. A. Townsend Peterson et al. – Free Online Course and Set of Resources on Modeling Species Niches 6 Table 1. Summary of ENM2020 course curriculum. Note that the order of the talks has been rearranged somewhat to reflect better the flow of topics. Talks marked with a cross (†) are “overview” talks, which can be viewed in sequence (without the talks that are not so marked) to provide a much-briefer introductory “short course.” This table can also be found in the website of Biodiversity Informatics Training Curriculum1. 1 http://biodiversity-informatics-training.org/. Title YouTube Link Instructor(s)* PDF link Additional Mate- rials INTRODUCTION Course introduction Video ATP -- -- Introduction to ecological niche theory Video JS Pdf -- Introduction to distributional ecology† Video ATP Pdf -- Question and answer Video LOO, JS, ATP, HLO -- Materials APPLICATIONS Applications† Video RP Pdf -- Niche structure and limits Video JS Pdf -- Discovery of species and populations Video ATP Pdf Materials Question and answer Video JS, MC, ATP -- Materials Climate change Video EMM Pdf Materials Special discussion: Climate Change Video JS, EMM, MP, MC, ATP -- Materials Reconstructing past distributions Video CM1 Pdf -- Invasive species applications Video GZ1 Pdf Materials Question and answer Video EMM, JS, AST, SM, ATP Pdf Materials Systematic conservation planning Video RL1 Pdf Materials Large-scale conservation/recovery projects Video SJ Pdf Materials Public health Video LEE Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MP, ATP -- Materials KEY TOOLS What is the basic toolkit? Video ATP Pdf Materials Tools for biodiversity data cleaning Video SRM, AST Pdf Exercise, Readings Question and answer Video MP, TG, ATP -- -- Niche Toolbox Video LOO Pdf Readings, Tutorial. SDMToolbox Video JB Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MP, LOO, ATP -- Materials ENVIRONMENTAL DATA Environmental data / Relation to Theory† Video SV Pdf Materials Climate data Video DK Pdf -- Question and answer Video MP, SV, ATP -- Materials Remote-sensing data Video MP Pdf -- Soils databases Video GZ2 -- Materials Question and answer Video MP, ATP -- Materials Topographic data Video GA Pdf Materials Marine environments Video HLO Pdf -- Question and answer Video GA, HLO, MP, ATP -- Nakazawa, List. Paleoclimate data Video EES Pdf -- Question and answer Video MC, MP, ATP, EES -- Ribeiro, Virtu- al-world, Stigall, Saupe, Myers http://biodiversity-informatics-training.org/ https://youtu.be/vj8qTo56rPA https://youtu.be/ILbjjtWQnDE https://www.dropbox.com/s/k9nuhh4i66kx8x2/ENM2020_W1T2_EcologicalNicheTheory.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/GbclZKQiiMI https://www.dropbox.com/s/0jws2w7hyekv54n/ENM2020_W1T3_DistributionalEcology.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/mhaPZIcOKuM https://www.dropbox.com/s/07tv1a1uhh72b3c/W1_QA_materials.zip?dl=0 https://youtu.be/n5_UcYWLMNg https://www.dropbox.com/s/kdvd7xidadz5zg1/ENM2020_W2T1_Applications_OVERVIEW_final.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/QeRmoEOwSGg https://www.dropbox.com/s/d2kov9ocpkcfdpf/ENM2020_W2T2_NicheStructureLimits.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/SGwXHwfiCEc https://www.dropbox.com/s/1q672oibhu7wi3n/ENM2020_W2T3_DiscoverySpeciesPopulations.pdf?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/rnt8d2ljlirx6ou/ENM2020_W2T3_DiscoverySpeciesPopulations.zip?dl=0 https://youtu.be/RD7GhfAFlbU https://www.dropbox.com/s/2yjv0e9vmaa2ag4/ENM2020 - 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Townsend Peterson et al. – Free Online Course and Set of Resources on Modeling Species Niches 7 OCCURRENCE DATA Occurrence data† Video ATP Pdf Materials Relation to theory Video JS Pdf -- Sources Video JW Pdf -- Question and answer Video MP, JW, MC, ATP -- -- Georeferencing Video MP Pdf -- Occurrence data cleaning I (simple consistency checks) Video ATP Pdf Materials Occurrence data cleaning II (automating the process) Video TG Pdf -- Question and answer Video TG, MP, MC, ATP -- Materials Filtering and autocorrelation Video MAL Pdf R code Subsetting for evaluation Video JMK Pdf R code Data citation Video DN Pdf -- Question and answer Video MAL, JMK, DN, JS, MC, MP, ATP -- -- VISUALIZATION NicheA Video LEE, HQ Pdf -- Demo with NicheA - further visualization - 3D Video LEE Pdf -- Question and answer Video LEE, MC, MP, ATP -- GEODA, Reprints DISTRIBUTIONAL EQUILIBRIUM Distributional equilibrium / Relation to Theory† Video JS Pdf -- Estimating M Video FMS Pdf -- Question and answer Video MC, FMS, MP, JS, ATP -- Grinnell, Literature. BAM and M and model success - What you can and cannot model Video ATP Pdf BAM, Literature. BAM scenario exercises Video ATP Pdf -- Question and answer Video MC, FMS, MP, ATP -- Materials Special discussion: Extent and Resolution Video MC, JS, ATP -- EcoClimate ALGORITHMS Algorithms / Relation to Theory† Video JF Pdf Hastie, Elith, Elith06 Un Solo Díos Video ATP Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MC, ATP -- Paper on uses, Zhu. Maxent 1 Video CM2 Pdf Materials Maxent 2 Video CM2 Pdf -- Question and answer Video CM2, MP, MC, ATP -- -- ModleR platform demo Video AST, SRM Pdf -- Wallace Video JMK, GEPB Pdf -- Question and answer Video JMK, GEPB, SM, AST, MC, MP, ATP -- -- Sdm Video BN Pdf R code BioMod – Introduction Video WT Pdf -- BioMod - Single Species Video DG Pdf R code BioMod - Multiple Species Video DG Pdf R code BioMod – Specifics Video MG Pdf R code BioMod – Shiny Video IO -- -- Question and answer Video BN, MC, MP, ATP -- -- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dscGrynWeB4&feature=youtu.be https://www.dropbox.com/s/ltdrz3yz60nsm04/ENM2020_W11T1_Occurrence DataOverview.pdf?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/dnkbptcyn54a0s1/Petal_BDJ_2018.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/8X80F-E37UE https://www.dropbox.com/s/2vngyva20p18unj/ENM2020_W11T2_OccurrenceDataConcepts.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/rR9GQaXB06w https://www.dropbox.com/s/3mfszyjjfrcnbl7/ENM2020_W11T3_OccurrenceDataSources.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/lZihZof6xqE 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https://www.dropbox.com/s/dk0muucfal5ncse/biomod2_2_Single_species_modelling_DGeorges.R?dl=0 https://youtu.be/ChxIdJBLXE0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/i99im5kuhfiqihs/biomod2_3_Multi_species_modelling_DGeorges.pdf?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/5s3i256lz4hetki/biomod2_3_Multi_species_modelling_DGeorges.R?dl=0 https://youtu.be/hEjhdURRy3o https://www.dropbox.com/s/p1mv5ffcu21zb47/biomod2_4_Specificities_MGueguen.pdf?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/730h5epfjacqm1f/biomod2_4_Specificities_MGueguen.R?dl=0 https://youtu.be/nhWPYeLhxoA https://youtu.be/XA4Lx5XdDZc A. Townsend Peterson et al. – Free Online Course and Set of Resources on Modeling Species Niches 8 Special discussion: Algorithm Choice Video JS, MC, MP, ATP, EMM -- -- Bonus: Model Fit in E Video DW -- -- UNCERTAINTY Uncertainty in ENM Video ATP Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MC, MP, ATP -- -- EVALUATION Model evaluation / Relation to Theory† Video RPA Pdf Materials Prediction-based evaluations Video ATP Pdf Materials Question and answer Video RPA, JMK, MC, MP, ATP -- Materials Model evaluation not prediction-based Video ATP, SM Pdf -- Question and answer Video MC, MP, ATP -- -- MODEL SELECTION Relation to theory Video DW Pdf Materials ENMEval Video BM Pdf -- KUENM Video MC Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MC, MP, ATP -- Materials MODEL TRANSFERS Model transfers† Video KY -- -- Relation to theory Video HLO Pdf -- Question and answer Video HLO, MP, MC -- -- Past, present, future Video EMM Pdf Materials Extrapolation and measuring extrapolation Video HLO Pdf Materials Collinearity Video XF Pdf -- Question and answer Video -- Answers, Literature MODEL COMPARISONS Relation to theory: G or E spaces, Niche Overlap Video MC, JS Pdf Materials Niche comparisons in geographic space Video DW Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MC, MP, ATP -- -- Niche comparisons in environmental space 1 Video MC Pdf -- Niche comparisons in environmental space 2 Video MC Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MC, MP -- -- REPEATABILITY Introduction to repeatability in ENM† Video ATP Pdf -- Metadata standards Video XF Pdf Materials Quality standards Video DZ Pdf Materials Question and answer Video DZ, MLM, MP, MC, ATP -- -- ABUNDANCES Relation to theory Video JS Pdf -- Controversy Video LEE, ACR Pdf -- Methods and test results Video EMM Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MP, EMM, JS, MC, ATP -- Materials https://youtu.be/zLy9eTDhiGc https://youtu.be/ativrUHnHLQ https://youtu.be/CR0u7OjCGwM https://www.dropbox.com/s/0wy34vk2hr7es9x/ENM2020_W21T1_Uncertainty.pdf?dl=0 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Townsend Peterson et al. – Free Online Course and Set of Resources on Modeling Species Niches 9 FRONTIERS Frontiers† Video JADF Pdf Materials Fitting biologically realistic responses Video LJ, JS Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MP, MC, JS, LJ, ATP -- -- Mechanistic models. a. Mechanistic niche model concepts Video MK Pdf -- Mechanistic models. b. Heat budgets and microclimates Video MK Pdf -- Mechanistic models. c. Energy budgets and their integration Video MK Pdf -- Mechanistic models. d. Integration with correlative models Video MK Pdf -- Virtual species and virtual worlds Video ATP Pdf Materials Question and answer Video MK, JS, MP, MC, ATP -- Vespa Scientific workflows in ENM Video MLM, LG Pdf Materials Time-specific ecological niche modeling Video KRI Pdf -- Special discussion: Eltonian Noise Video MC, JS, EMM, ATP -- Co-occurrence debate Question and answer Video MLM, LG, MC, MP, JS, ATP -- IUCN paper Genetic basis of niches Video DD, ATP Pdf Materials Question and answer Video DD, ATP, MC, JS -- Materials PRACTICALITIES Publishing results from ENMs Video ATP, AA Pdf Publication course: Intro, Journal Choice, Technolo- gy, Words, Figures, Color, Tables, Proofing, Literature Cited, Cover Letter and Reviewers, Au- thorship, Response to Reviewers, Proofs, Presenta- tion for course. Open Access to Scientific Literature Video ATP Pdf Example Writing effective proposals for funding Video ATP Pdf Short course CONCLUSIONS Special feature: Interview with Sara Varela Video SV, ATP -- -- Course wrap-up Video RP, JS, CM1, EMM, GZ1, HLO, MC, MP, DZ, LEE, ATP, JW -- -- https://youtu.be/kwp8ZKjXuow https://www.dropbox.com/s/izin5u9fqz1164u/ENM2020_W32T1_FrontiersOverview.pdf?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/y2rhkd5u4xyorv7/ENM2020_W32T1_FrontiersOverview.zip?dl=0 https://youtu.be/TNXjF9a-2xg https://www.dropbox.com/s/u331bwqytib7xew/JimenezLaura_Fitting_biologically_realistic_responses.pdf?dl=0 https://www.dropbox.com/s/ye7ufivod5tpz79/ENM2020_W32T2_RealisticResponseTypes_reading.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/u10BDuOqpF8 https://youtu.be/HWcPzZ23p5s https://www.dropbox.com/s/jaorvbl3sth5lh0/ENM2020_W33T1a_MechanisticModels_1.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/nw5rKqXBe5M https://www.dropbox.com/s/4mx2mcrjo6mmlps/ENM2020_W33T1b_MechanisticModels_2.pdf?dl=0 https://youtu.be/dH7b_nhLJ1c 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