Sarajli' et al., 2019, Biologica Nyssana 10(2) 10 (2) December 2019: 135-142 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3600191 Spontaneous flora of the Vraca Memorial Park (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) Original Article Nermina Sarajlić Ornithological Society „Naše ptice“, Semira Frašte 6, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina nermina.sarajlic@ptice.ba (corresponding author) Nejc Jogan University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, De- partment of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Jernej.Jogan@bf.uni-lj.si Senad Murtić Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agri- cultural and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina murticsenad@hotmail.com Vladimir Ranđelović University of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and Mathemat- ics, Department of Biology and Ecology, Niš, Serbia vladar@pmf.ni.ac.rs Received: October 12, 2019 Revised: November 19, 2019 Accepted: November 24, 2019 Abstract: The Vraca Memorial Park was built in 1980-1981 around the old Austro- Hungarian fortress located above the city of Sarajevo, on northwestern slopes of Trebević mountain slightly above 600 m asl. It covers an area of approximately 8 ha. The southwestern part of the park is mostly cov- ered by semi-natural forest, the central part is mostly paved, whereas the northeastern part is partly covered by ornamental forest and some grass- land patches. Despite being declared a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2005, the Park is neglected and ruined, which allowed di- verse subspontaneous vegetation to develop. The paper presents the results of systematic research and analysis of the spontaneous vascular flora of the Vraca Memorial Park. A total of 280 species of 182 genera and 67 families were recorded. With 37 species, Poaceae are the most abundant, followed by Compositae with 29, and Fabaceae and Rosaceae (23 species each). Nu- merous seedlings of shrubs and trees planted for ornamental purposes were observed, as well as the presence of two protected Orchidaceae species. Key words: Sarajevo, urban flora, urban habitats, alien flora, indicators of anthropogenic changes Apstract: Spontana flora Spomen-parka Vraca (Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina) Spomen-park Vraca izgrađen je u periodu 1980-1981. godine oko stare aus- trougarske tvrđave koja se nalazi iznad grada Sarajeva, na severozapadnim padinama planine Trebević, malo iznad 600 m nadmorske visine. Prostire se na površini od oko 8 ha. Jugozapadni deo parka obrastao je poluprirod- nom šumom, centralni deo je popločan, a severoistočni prekriven travnatum površinama i ukrasnim drvećem i grmljem. Iako je 2005. proglašen nacional- nim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine, park je u velikoj meri zapušten, što je omogućilo razvoj raznovrsne subspontane vegetacije. U radu su prikazani re- zultati sistematskog istraživanja i analize spontane vaskularne flore Spomen- parka Vraca, gde je zabeleženo ukupno 280 vrsta iz 182 roda i 67 porodica, od kojih su najbrojnije Poaceae sa 37 vrsta, a slede Compositae sa 29 i Fabaceae i Rosaceae (svaka sa 23 vrste). U parku je zabeležen veliki broj klijanaca ukrasnog drveća i grmlja, kao i dve zaštićene vrste iz porodice Orchidaceae. Ključne reči: Sarajevo, urbana flora, urbana staništa, strana flora, indikatori antropogenih promena Introduction Parks are open urban spaces generally reserved for public use. They are often larger than other urban green spaces and tend to consist of different habitats with a number of native and introduced plant species, combined to satisfy recreational and other requirements of urban green areas. Nielsen et al. (2014) reviewed 62 papers on biodiversity of parks, and concluded that the findings consistently showed that parks are among the most species rich types of urban green spaces. They also noted that most papers indicated large share of non-native species in parks. The same was noted for park of Lužnica manor © 2019 Sarajlić et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially under the same license as the original. 135 13th Symposium on the Flora of Southeastern Serbia and Neighboring Regions near Zaprešić (Hršak et al., 2015) and large public park in Tirana (Mesiti & Dinga, 2016). Changes in management of urban parks were found to have significant effect on changes in composition of flora (Bianco et al., 2003). Despite being declared a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2005 (Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika, 2005), the Vraca Memorial Park, which was built around the old Austro-Hungarian fortress located above the city of Sarajevo, and open to the public on 25. November 1981 (Sulejmanagić, 2017), is neglected and ruined, which allowed diverse subspontaneous vegetation to develop. The paper presents the results of systematic research and an analysis of the spontaneous vascular flora of the Vraca Memorial Park. Materials and Methods Study area The Vraca Memorial Park is located above the city of Sarajevo, on the top of a small range of northwestern slopes of Trebević mountain reaching slightly above 600 m asl. It covers an area of approximately 8 ha. The southwestern part is mostly covered by semi-natural forest, central part is mostly paved by various types of stones, and northeastern part is covered by partly ornamental forest and with some grassland patches. The area is under influence of mid-European continental climate from the North, and the Mediterranean from the South. Field investigation The field survey was performed from the summer of 2015 to the spring of 2019. A complete list of taxa developed in three “sub-habitat” types (walls/ pavements, grassland and forest) of the Vraca Memorial Park was made. Ornamental species were listed only if specimens developed in a site where there were obviously not deliberately planted (e.g. in cracks of the wall or pavement) were observed. Data analysis The nomenclature of plants follows Euro+Med PlantBase and The International Organization for Plant Information Database. The analyses of plant life forms (phanerophyte - Ph, chamaephyte - Ch, hemicryptophyte - H, geophyte - G, hydrophyte - Hy and therophyte - T), as well as origin of plants are given. Life forms were given according to Raunkiaer (1934), and degree of naturalization according to Pyšek et al. (2002), Mosyakin & Yavorska (2003) and Ignatieva & Konechnaya (2004). The indicators of anthropogenic changes in the flora of Vraca Memorial Park were calculated according to Jackowiak (1990, 2006), as stated by Witosławski & Bomanowska (2009) (Tab. 1). Results and discussion During this research, a total of 280 species of 182 genera and 67 families were recorded. The most abundant families were Poaceae (37 taxa, 13.21%), Compositae (29 taxa, 10.36%), Fabaceae and Rosaceae (23 taxa, 8.21% each) (Tab. 2). Poaceae and Compositae also were the dominant families in the “Grand Park of Tirana” in Albania (Mesiti & Dinga, 2016) and park of Lužnica manor in Croatia (Hršak et al., 2015). 136 Table 1. Indicators of anthropogenic changes Indicator of total anthropophytization IAnt = An/(Sp+An) ×100% Indicator of permanent anthropophytization IAnp = Mt/(Sp+Mt) ×100% Indicator of total archaeophytization IArt = Ar/(Sp+An) ×100% Indicator of permanent archaeophytization IArp = Ar/(Sp+Mt) ×100% Indicator of total kenophytization IKnt = Kn/(Sp+An) ×100% Indicator of permanent kenophytization IKnp = Kn/(Sp+Mt) ×100% Indicator of modernization IM = Kn/Mt ×100% Indicator of fluctuation changes IF = Df/(Sp+An) ×100% An – total number of alien species, Sp – number of native species, Mt – number of permanently established alien species (Ar + Kn - Df), Ar – number of archaeophytes, Kn – number of kenophytes (neophytes), Df – number of diaphytes (casual aliens). Table 2. The most abundant families in the flora of Vraca Memorial Park Family No. of taxa % of total park flora (280) Poaceae 37 13.21 Compositae 29 10.36 Rosaceae 23 8.21 Fabaceae 23 8.21 Lamiaceae 14 5 Caryophyllaceae 11 3.93 Brassicaceae 10 3.57 Table 3. Number of taxa in different habitats of Vraca Memorial Park Habitat No. of taxa % of total park flora (280) Walls/pavement 174 62.14 Forest 196 70 Grassland 116 41.43 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 10 (2) December 2019: 135-142 Sarajlić et al. ● Spontaneous flora of the Vraca Memorial Park (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) least numerous group (2.87%), in grassland it was the phanerophytes (2.59%) and in forested parts of the park, chamaephytes (4.59%) (Tab. 4). The alien flora of the Vraca Memorial Park consists of 24 taxa (8.57%), 7 of which (29.17%) are archaeophytes, and 17 (70.83%) neophytes. According to del Tredici (2010), the ratio of neophytes to archaeophytes rises in direct relation to the intensity of human disturbance. This is due to the fact that archaeophytes are typically associated with traditional rural environments or intermediate levels of anthropogenic activities (Preston et al., 2004), and neophytes are more common in highly disturbed anthropogenous habitats, which provide distinctive environmental conditions that favor the establishment of species from warmer and drier areas (Pyšek, 1998; Pyšek et al., 2002; Godefroid & Koedam, 2007; La Sorte et al., 2007). Of three habitats in the Vraca Memorial Park, most alien plant species were registered in cracks of walls and pavements, followed by forested parts of the park and only 6 alien species were recorded in grasslands (Tab. 5). Indicators of anthropogenic changes values in the flora of Vraca Memorial Park are presented in Tab. 6. The indicators of anthropophy- tization (IAnt = 8.57%; IAnp = 7.25%) showed the considerable anthropogenic influence on the to- tal flora of Vraca Memorial Park, but were not as high as in Savica park area near Zagreb (IAnt = 28.78%; IAnp = 26.76%) calculat- Most taxa (196, or 70% of the total number of taxa of the park) were recorded in forested part of the Vraca Memorial Park, and the least (116, or 41.43%) in the grassland patches in the northeast (Tab. 3). The analysis of life forms in the entire park showed the domination of hemicryptophytes with 130 taxa (46.43%), followed by therophytes (68 taxa, 24.28%), phanerophytes (47 taxa, 16.78%) geophytes (20 taxa, 7.14%), and chamaephytes (15 taxa, 5.36%). Hemicryptophytes also represented the major part of taxa in all three habitats of the park (44.83% in walls/pavements, 46.94% in forested part of the park and 65.52% in grassland). Therophytes were the second most numerous group in walls/ pavements (27.01%) and grasslands (20.69%). The domination of therophytes and hemicryptopytes in the wall flora was also observed by Altay et al. (2010). In forested part of the park, phanerophytes were the second most numerous group (21.43%). In walls/pavement habitats, the geophytes were the 137 Table 4. Distribution of life forms in Vraca Memorial Park, per habitat types Life form Habitat Ch G H Ph T No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Walls/pavement 10 5.75 5 2.87 78 44.83 31 17.82 47 27.01 Forest 9 4.59 15 7.65 92 46.94 42 21.43 38 19.39 Grassland 4 3.45 9 7.76 76 65.52 3 2.59 24 20.69 Entire park 15 5.36 20 7.14 130 46.43 47 16.78 68 24.28 Table 5. Alien flora of Vraca Memorial Park, per habitat types Alien (Total) Naturalized Invasive Archaeophytes Neophytes Walls/pavement 17 13 10 4 13 Forest 15 7 4 7 8 Grassland 6 4 3 3 3 Entire park 24 16 11 7 17 Table 6. Indicators of anthropogenic changes in the Vraca Memorial Park Indicator (%) Walls/pavement Forest Grassland Entire park Iant 9.77 7.65 5.17 8.57 Ianp 8.72 6.22 5.17 7.25 Iart 2.3 3.06 2.59 2.14 Iarp 2.33 3.11 2.59 2.17 Iknt 6.32 3.06 2.59 5 Iknp 6.39 3.11 2.59 5.07 IM 73.33 50 50 70 IF 1.15 1.53 0 1.43 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 10 (2) December 2019: 135-142 Sarajlić et al. ● Spontaneous flora of the Vraca Memorial Park (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) ed by Alegro et al. (2013) or Rzeszów Foothills in Poland (IAnt = 21.3%) by Jaźwa & Stadnicka-Futo- ma (2015). This is probably due to the fact that very small number of aliens in comparison to the native plants was registered in forested area and grassland. Higher indicator values of kenophytization (IKnt = 5%; IKnp = 5.07%) showed that the flora of the park is more influenced by neophytes than by archaeo- phytes (IArt = 2.14%; IArp = 2.17%). In both ar- chaeophytes and neophytes, the values of total and permanent indicators were similar, showing that al- ien flora is well established, which was confirmed by the low value of the indicator of fluctuating changes (IF = 4.45%). The forested part of the Vraca Memorial Park is characterized by numerous seedlings of shrubs and trees planted for ornamental purposes, notably Aesculus hippocastanum L., Catalpa bignonioides Walter, Quercus rubra L., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon, and Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh.) Nutt. were observed, as well as the presence of two Orchidaceae species included in the Red List of Flora of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce (NT) and Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch (VU) (Đug et al., 2013). The flora developing in the vertical parts of walls was characterized by the presence of widespread and ruderal plants typical for rocky places and uncultivated lands, heliophilous, drought- resistant taxa with shallow root system, capable of growing on a thin soil layer. In pavements, tops and bottoms of the walls, where the soil layer is thicker, shade-tolerant species, some of which require higher humidity are developed. The same was noted by Pavlova & Tonkov (2005) and Nedelcheva (2011). Numerous seedlings of Spiraea japonica L. were observed in cracks of the pavement in Vraca Memorial Park. The vegetation of the park is similar to the vegetation of trampled and paved habitat types in Sarajevo, and developed partly as a result of early naturalization of planted ornamental species. Conclusion Current neglected state of the Vraca Memorial Park led to the development of diverse subspontaneous vegetation, similar to the vegetation of trampled and paved habitat types in Sarajevo. The field survey performed in an area of 8 km2, in three “sub-habitat” types (walls/pavements, grassland and forest) of the Vraca Memorial Park. A total of 280 species of 182 genera and 67 families were recorded. Most taxa were recorded in forested part of the Memorial Park, and the least in the grassland patches in the northeast. The park’s flora is dominated by hemicryptophytes and native plants are more numerous in relation to 138 alien taxa, but the indicators of anthropophytization still showed the considerable anthropogenic influ- ence on the total flora of Vraca Memorial Park. The presence of two Orchidaceae species included in the Red List of Flora of Federation of Bosnia and Herze- govina indicates the potential importance of this area for conservation of native species. References Alegro, A., Bogdanović, S., Rešetnik, I., Boršić, I., Cigić, P., Nikolić, T. 2013: Flora of the seminatural marshland Savica, part of the (sub)urban flora of the city of Zagreb (Croatia). 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The International Organization for Plant Information 1996-2007 http://ww2.bgbm.org/IOPI/gpc/default. asp [accessed September 2019] Witosławski, P., Bomanowska, A. 2009: Southern European species in the flora of towns in the central Poland. Botanica Serbica 33 (2): 115-129. BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 10 (2) December 2019: 135-142 Sarajlić et al. ● Spontaneous flora of the Vraca Memorial Park (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) N o. Taxon W al ls /p av em en t G ra ss la nd Fo re st 1 Acer campestre L. + + 2 Acer negundo L. + 3 Acer platanoides L. + + 4 Acer pseudoplatanus L. + + 5 Acer tataricum L. + + 6 Achillea millefolium L. + + + 7 Aegopodium podagraria L. + 8 Aesculus hippocastanum L. + + 9 Agrimonia eupatoria L. + 10 Agrostis gigantea Roth + 11 Agrostis stolonifera L. + + + 12 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle + 13 Ajuga genevensis L. + + + 14 Ajuga reptans L. + + + 15 Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara et Grande + + + 16 Allium scorodoprasum L. + 17 Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. + 18 Amelanchier ovalis Medik. + 19 Anisantha sterilis (L.) Nevski + + + 20 Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. + + 21 Apera spica-venti (L.) P.Beauv. + + 22 Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. + 23 Arctium lappa L. + + 24 Arctium tomentosum Mill. + 25 Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. + + 26 Arenaria serpyllifolia L. + + 27 Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P.Beauv. ex J.Presl et C.Presl + + + 28 Artemisia vulgaris L. + + + 29 Arum maculatum L. + 30 Asplenium ruta-muraria L. + 31 Asplenium trichomanes L. + 32 Atriplex patula L. + Annex 1. Overview of flora of Vraca Monumental Park 140 33 Ballota nigra L. + 34 Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. + 35 Bellis perennis L. + + + 36 Betula pendula Roth + + 37 Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. + + 38 Bromopsis benekenii (Lange) Holub + 39 Bromopsis erecta (Huds.) Fourr. + + 40 Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub + 41 Bromus commutatus Schrad. + + + 42 Bromus hordeaceus L. + + + 43 Bromus squarrosus L. + 44 Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. + + + 45 Calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. + 46 Campanula patula L. + + 47 Campanula rapunculus L. + 48 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. + + + 49 Cardamine hirsuta L. + + 50 Carex hirta L. + + 51 Carex spicata Huds. + + 52 Carex sylvatica Huds. + 53 Carpinus betulus L. + 54 Catalpa bignonioides Walter + + 55 Centaurea jacea L. + 56 Centaurea scabiosa L. + 57 Centaurea stoebe L. + 58 Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce + 59 Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce + 60 Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch + 61 Cerastium arvense L. + 62 Cerastium fontanum Baumg. + + + 63 Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. + + + 64 Chelidonium majus L. + + 65 Cichorium intybus L. + + + 66 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. + 67 Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. + + 68 Clematis vitalba L. + + + 69 Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze + + 70 Clinopodium vulgare L. + + + 71 Convolvulus arvensis L. + + + 72 Cornus sanguinea L. + + 73 Corylus avellana L. + 74 Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. + 75 Crataegus monogyna Jacq. + 76 Crepis biennis L. + 77 Cruciata laevipes Opiz + + 78 Cymbalaria muralis P.Gaertn., B.Mey. et Scherb. + 79 Cynosurus cristatus L. + + 80 Dactylis glomerata L. + + + 81 Daucus carota L. + + + 82 Dianthus barbatus L. + 83 Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin + 84 Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC + 85 Dipsacus fullonum L. + 86 Dipsacus laciniatus L. + + + 87 Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. + 88 Echium vulgare L. + 89 Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski + + + 90 Epilobium roseum Schreber + 91 Equisetum arvense L. + 92 Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. + 93 Eragrostis minor Host + 94 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. + + + 95 Erigeron canadensis L. + 96 Erodium cicutarium (L.) Ľ Hér. + + 97 Euphorbia amygdaloides L. + 98 Euphorbia cyparissias L. + + 99 Euphorbia esula L. + 100 Euphorbia helioscopia L. + 101 Euphorbia platyphyllos L. + 102 Festuca heterophylla Lam. + 103 Festuca rubra L. + + 104 Festulolium loliaceum (Huds.) P.Fourn + 105 Ficaria verna Huds. + 106 Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. + 107 Filipendula vulgaris Moench + + 108 Fragaria vesca L. + + 109 Fraxinus excelsior L. + + 110 Fraxinus ornus L. + + + 111 Galium aparine L. + + + 112 Galium mollugo L. + + + 113 Galium verum L. + + + 114 Geranium columbinum L. + 115 Geranium molle L. + + 116 Geranium pusillum Burm. f. + + 117 Geranium robertianum L. + + + 118 Geum urbanum L. + + + 119 Glechoma hederacea L. + + + 120 Hedera helix L. + + 121 Heracleum sphondylium L. + + 122 Holcus lanatus L. + + + 123 Hordeum murinum L. + + + 124 Hypericum perforatum L. + + + 125 Juglans regia L. + + 126 Juncus articulatus L. + 127 Juncus bufonius L. + 128 Juncus compressus Jacq. + 129 Juncus tenuis Willd. + 130 Knautia arvensis (L.) DC. + 131 Lactuca muralis (L.) Gaertn. + + 132 Lactuca serriola L. + + BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 10 (2) December 2019: 135-142 Sarajlić et al. ● Spontaneous flora of the Vraca Memorial Park (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 141 133 Lamium maculatum L. + 134 Lamium purpureum L. + 135 Lapsana communis L. + + 136 Lathyrus latifolius L. + + 137 Lathyrus nissolia L. + + 138 Lathyrus pratensis L. + 139 Lathyrus tuberosus L. + + 140 Leontodon hispidus L. + 141 Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. + + 142 Lepidium draba L. + 143 Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. + 144 Ligustrum vulgare L. + 145 Linaria vulgaris Mill. + + 146 Lolium perenne L. + + + 147 Lonicera caprifolium L. + + 148 Lonicera nitida Wilson + 149 Lotus corniculatus L. + + + 150 Lysimachia nummularia L. + + 151 Lythrum salicaria L. + + + 152 Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh.) Nutt. + 153 Malva moschata L. + 154 Matricaria discoidea DC. + 155 Medicago falcata L. + + + 156 Medicago lupulina L. + + + 157 Medicago sativa L. + + 158 Melica ciliata L. + + 159 Melilotus albus Medik. + 160 Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. + + 161 Mentha longifolia (L.) L. + + + 162 Microrrhinum minus (L.) Fourr. + 163 Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill + + + 164 Myosotis ramosissima Rochel + 165 Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. + 166 Ochlopoa annua (L.) H. Scholz + + + 167 Origanum vulgare L. + 168 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum L. + 169 Oxalis corniculata L. + + 170 Oxalis fontana Bunge + 171 Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon + + 172 Pastinaca sativa L. + 173 Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre + 174 Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link + 175 Phleum pratense L. + 176 Physalis alkekengi L. + + 177 Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. + 178 Picris hieracioides L. + + 179 Pimpinella saxifraga L. + 180 Plantago lanceolata L. + + + 181 Plantago major L. + + + 182 Plantago media L. + + + 183 Poa angustifolia L. + 184 Poa bulbosa L. + 185 Poa compressa L. + + 186 Poa nemoralis L. + + 187 Poa pratensis L. + 188 Poa trivialis L. + + + 189 Polygonum aviculare L. + 190 Populus nigra L. + 191 Potentilla argentea L. + 192 Potentilla micrantha Ramond ex DC. + 193 Potentilla reptans L. + + + 194 Primula acaulis (L.) L. + 195 Prunella vulgaris L. + + + 196 Prunus avium L. + 197 Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. + + + 198 Prunus spinosa L. + 199 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn + 200 Quercus robur L. + + 201 Quercus rubra L. + 202 Ranunculus acris L. + + 203 Reseda lutea L. + 204 Rhinanthus rumelicus Velen. + 205 Robinia pseudoacacia L. + + 206 Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser + + 207 Rosa arvensis Huds. + + 208 Rosa canina L. + + 209 Rubus caesius L. + + 210 Rubus plicatus Weihe et Nees + + 211 Rumex acetosa L. + 212 Rumex crispus L. + + + 213 Rumex obtusifolius L. + 214 Rumex patientia L. + + 215 Rumex sanguineus L. + 216 Sagina apetala Ard. + 217 Sagina procumbens L. + 218 Salix alba L. + 219 Salix caprea L. + 220 Sambucus ebulus L. + + 221 Sambucus nigra L. + + 222 Sanguisorba minor Scop. + + + 223 Sanguisorba minor subsp. balearica (Nyman) Muñoz Garm. & C. Navarro + 224 Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. + + + 225 Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. + + 226 Sedum album L. + 227 Sedum rupestre L. + 228 Sedum sexangulare L. + 229 Senecio vulgaris L. + 230 Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. + 231 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke + 232 Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. + 233 Smyrnium perfoliatum L. + BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 10 (2) December 2019: 135-142 Sarajlić et al. ● Spontaneous flora of the Vraca Memorial Park (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) 142 234 Solanum nigrum L. + 235 Solidago gigantea Aiton + + 236 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill + 237 Sonchus oleraceus L. + + 238 Sorbus aucuparia L. + 239 Spiraea japonica L. f. + 240 Stachys sylvatica L. + 241 Stellaria graminea L. 242 Stellaria media (L.) Vill. + 243 Syringa vulgaris L. + 244 Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum F. H. Wigg. + + + 245 Taxus baccata L. + 246 Teucrium chamaedrys L. + 247 Thymus pulegioides L. + + + 248 Tilia cordata Mill. + 249 Tilia platyphyllos Scop. + + 250 Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link + 251 Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. + + 252 Trifolium aureum Pollich + + 253 Trifolium campestre Schreber + + 254 Trifolium dubium Sibth. + 255 Trifolium hybridum L. + 256 Trifolium medium L. + 257 Trifolium pratense L. + + + 258 Trifolium repens L. + + + 259 Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip. + + 260 Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv. + + + 261 Tropaeolum majus L. + 262 Tussilago farfara L. + + 263 Ulmus minor Mill. + + 264 Urtica dioica L. + + + 265 Verbascum thapsus L. + 266 Verbena officinalis L. + + + 267 Veronica arvensis L. + + + 268 Veronica chamaedrys L. + 269 Veronica hederifolia L. + 270 Veronica persica Poir. + + 271 Viburnum lantana L. + 272 Viburnum opulus L. + 273 Vicia cracca L. + + 274 Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray + 275 Vicia sativa L. + + 276 Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreber + + 277 Vicia villosa Roth ssp. varia (Host) Corb. + 278 Vinca minor L. + 279 Viscum album L. + 280 Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. + + BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 10 (2) December 2019: 135-142 Sarajlić et al. ● Spontaneous flora of the Vraca Memorial Park (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina)