ANTICANCER COMPOUNDS FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 2 (2)  December 2011: 00-00 Nahirnić A.  Supplements of butterfly fauna… 77 Original Article Phytogeographical analysis of the flora of Miljkovačka gorge in Eastern Serbia Milica Miljković, Novica Ranđelović, Vladimir Ranđelović University of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia * E-mail: milica.zeka@yahoo.com Abstract: Miljković, M. Ranđelović, N., Ranđelović, V.: Phytogeographical analysis of the flora of Miljovačka gorge in Eastern Serbia. Biologica Nyssana, 3 (2), December 2012: 77-90. As a result of two-year investigation of the Miljkovacka gorge flora, carried out during the 2010. and 2011., 331 plant taxa belonging to 245 genera and 70 families were recorded and sorted into 112 floristic elements, 15 area groups and 9 area types. Phytogeographical analysis showed that the species of Eurasian area type are the most abundant ones. Key words: area group, area type, floristic element, Miljkovačka gorge Introduction One of the major biodiversity hotspots is Balkan Peninsula (H o r v a t et al., 1974), and the Miljkovacka gorge is situated in Eastern Serbia, SE of Niš, bordered by Mt Kalafat (837 m), Mt Kamenički vis (813 m) from south and hillsides of Mt Devica (1187 m) from north and northeast, which belong to Carpathian-Balkan group of mountains (Fig. 1). Bela river that flows beneath Mt Devica and Kopaljkosarska river that flows beneath Mt Kalafat are flowing into each other near Popsica village making Popsica river. During its passage through the village Kravlje, it changes name to Kravljanska river. On its way to South Morava, it changes its name twice more: Miljkovačka river and Toponička river. As Toponička river, it finally flows into South Morava. The geological structure of the Miljkovačka gorge is represented by Mesozoic limestone. The pedological substrate is predominantly consisted of cambisoil and red soil. The climate of this area is humid continental with two extremely wet and cold periods (from January to May and from September to December) and one arid period during the summer. Miljkovačka gorge is not well explored area. The first data concerning this area were collected by Spas Sotirov in 1977, who found the new locality of endemic-relict plant species, Ramonda serbica in the valley of Kravljanska river. M a r t i n o v i ć et al. (1985) published paper which was the first phytogeographical investigation of Miljkovačka gorge. The more significant and widely extended breakthrough in the studies of the flora and vegetation of the Miljkovačka gorge was made during 2010. and 2011. (M i l j k o v i ć , 2011; M i l j k o v i ć et al., 2012). Materials and methods The study is based on literature data (S o t i r o v , S t a n o j e v i ć , 2012), herbarium collections (HMD), and continuous field observations carried out during the 2010 and 2011. Herbarium specimens are deposited at the Herbarium Moesiacum (HMN). Identification of the collected plants was performed according to Flora 3 (2) • December 2012: 77-90 mailto:%20branko_jotic@live.com BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 78 Europaea (T u t i n et al.., 1964-1980) and the regional Floras relevant for the investigated area (J o r d a n o v , 1963-1979, V e l c h e v 1982-1995, J o s i f o v i ć , 1970-1977, M i c e v s k i , 1985-1995, S a r i ć , 1986, 1992). The nomenclature follows Med-Checklist (G r e u t e r et al., 1984-1989), Flora Europaea (T u t i n et al., 1964-1980), and IOPI – International Organization for Plant Information (http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/iopi/iopihome.ht m). For the area types classification M e u s s e l et al. (1965, 1978), M e u s s e l and J ä g e r (1992) and S t e v a n o v i ć (1992) were used. Results As a result of floristic investigations of the Miljkovačka gorge in Eastern Serbia, region in the central part of the Balkan peninsula, 331 plant taxa belonging to 245 genera and 70 families were recorded (Tab. 1). Figure 1. Geographical position of investigated area Table 1. List of vascular flora with area types, area groups and floristic elements Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element EQUISETOPSIDA Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. Hol Circumcholarct. -(arct-merid) Equisetum maximum Lam. Hol Europ.-North Amer.-(bor-merid) Aspleniaceae POLYPODIOPSIDA Asplenium ceterach EA Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Hol Asplenium trichomanes L. Cosm Cosm.-amfiatl. origin MAGNOLYOPSIDA Acanthaceae Acanthus balcanicus Heywood & I. B. K. Richardson Med-smed Balk http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/iopi/iopihome.htm http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/iopi/iopihome.htm BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 79 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Aceraceae Acer monspessulanum L. Med-smed Acer tataricum L. EA Ce-m-p-or Adoxaceae Adoxa moschatelina L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(temp-submer) Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria Scop. MSM Apiaceae Aegopodium podagraria L. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Berula erecta (Hudson) Coville Hol Circumcholarkct.-(bor-merid) Carum carvi L. EA Eurasian-(temp-submer) Danaa cornubiensis (L.) Burnat Med-smed Daucus carota L. Phol-ptrop Central Europ.-medit.-pont.- orient.-turan.-East African Eryngium campestre L. EA Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. EA Heracleum sphondylium L. CE Central European Pastinaca sativa L. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Pimpinella saxifraga L. EA Eurasian-(temp-mer) Seseli rigidum Waldst. & Kit. Med-smed SKarp-Balk Seseli varium Trev. EA Ce-med Torilis arvensis (Hudson) Link EA Ce-med Araliaceae Hedera helix L. EA EA(W) Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia clematitis L. Med-smed Asarum europaeum L. EA Eurasian Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Asteraceae Achillea crithmifolia Waldst. & Kit. MSM Med-pont Panon.-skard.-pind.-mac.-trak.- moes.-danub. Achillea millefolium L. EA Eurasian-(bor-submer) Achillea millefolium L. forma rubra EA Eurasian-(bor-submer) Arctium lappa L. EA Eurasian-(temp-submer) Artemisia absinthium L. EA Eurasian-(subbor-mer) Artemisia alba L. Med-smed Artemisia annua L. EA Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. EA Artemisia vulgaris L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(subbor-mer) Bellis perennis L. EA Ce-med Central European-medit.- submedit. Bidens tripartita L. EA Eurasian-(bor-temp) Bombyciealena erecta (L) Smolj. EA Ce-med-pont Carduus acanthoides L. CE Central European Carduus nutans L. EA Carthamus lanatus L. EA Ce-med-pont BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 80 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Centaurea solsticialis L. MSM Medit.-submedit.-pont.-South Sibir-orijent.-turan. Centaurea stoebe L. EA EA(W) Chrysanthemum parthenium L. EA EA(W) Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. Bor Eur.-West Asian-(bor-temp) Crepis pulchra L. EA Ce-m-p-or Crepis setosa Haller fil. Med-smed Medit.-submedit. Crupina vulgaris Cass. MSM Med-pont Echinops sphaerocephalus L. EA Erigeron canadensis L. Adv North American Eupatorium cannabium L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Adv South American Hieracium pilosella L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Inula conysa DC. EA Ce-m-p-or Sarm.-medit.-smed.-pont.-orijent. Inula germanica L. EA Ce-m-p-or Inula helenium L. EA Ce-m-p-or Inula oculus-christi L. EA Ce-med-pont Lactuca perennis L. EA Ce-med-pont Matricaria trichophylla (Boiss.) Boiss. EA Ce-med Herc.-panon.-East submedit. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertner, B. Meyer & Scherb. EA Eurasian-(bor-submer) Ptilestemon afer (Jacqu.) Greut. Med-smed South Carp.-moes-mac.-trac.- skard. pind. Senecio jacobaea L. EA Ce-med-pont Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Stenactis annua (L.) Less. EA Ce-med-pont Taraxacum officinale Weber EA Eurasian-(bor-temp) Tussilago farfara L. EA Central European-medit.- submedit.-pont.-South Sibir.- Central Asian Xeranthemum annuum L. Med-smed Submedit. Xeranthemum cylindraceum Szb. Et Sm. MSM Med-pont Berberidaceae Berberis vulgaris L. EA EA(W) Boraginaceae Anchusa officinalis L. EA Ce-med-pont Central European-East submedit.-West pont. Echium italicum L. Med-smed Echium vulgare L. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Symphytum officinale L. EA EA(W) Atlant-subatlant.-medit.- submedit.-pont.-south-sibir. Symphytum tuberosum L. MSM Med-pont Medit.-submedit.-pont. Brassicaceae Alliaria officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Alyssum alyssoides L. EA EA(W) Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit. MSM Med-pont Alyssum saxatile L. EA Ce-med-pont Arabis recta Will. EA Ce-med-pont BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 81 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. EA EA(W) Draba aizoides L. EA Ce-med Erysimum comatum Pancic Med-smed Balk Moesian-skard. pind. Erysimum diffusum Ehrh. EA Ce-m-p-or East Medit.-pont.-panon.-South Sibir.-turan. Hesperis matronalis L. EA EA(W) Campanulaceae Campanula bononiensis L. EA Campanula lingulata Waldst. & Kit. EA Ce-med Karp.-panon.-balk. Campanula rapunculoides L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Campanula trachelium L. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Cannabaceae Humulus lupulus L. EA Caprifoliaceae Sambucus ebulus L. EA Central European-medit.- submedit.-pont.-South Sibir- orijent.-turan. Caryophyllaceae Cerastium brachypetalum Pers. EA Ce-med Cerastium pumilum Curtis EA Ce-med Cucubalus baccifer L. EA Dianthus armeria L. EA Ce-med Dianthus petraeus Waldst. & Kit. EA Ce-med CKarp-Balk Dianthus pontederae A. Kerner EA Ce-med Herniaria hirsuta L. EA Ce-m-p-or Central European-submedit.-West Asian-(temp-merid) Holosteum umbellatum L. EA Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. EA Ce-m-p-or Central European-submedit.-kavk.- turan. Moehringia muscosa L. EAM CSEM Central-South-Europ.-Mont. Petrorhagia illyrica (L.) P. W. Ball & Heywood Med-smed Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Saponaria officinalis L. EA Eurasian-(temp-submer) Silene alba (Miller) W. Greuter & Burdet EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Silene flavescens Waldst. & Kit. EA Ce-med Silene viridiflora L. EA Ce-m-p-or Central European-Central Medit.- East Submedit.-orijent.-turan. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Stellaria holostea L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Cosm Cosm-Eurasian origin Celastraceae Euonymus europaeus L. EA Ce-med Europ.-submedit. Chenopodiaceae Polycnemum arvense L. EA Cistaceae Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. Cosm Cosm.-europ.-northamer. origin BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 82 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Convolvulus arvensis L. Cosm Cosm.- mediter. origin Convolvulus cantabricus L. EA Ce-med Cornaceae Cornus mas L. EA Ce-med Cornus sanguinea L. CE Corylaceae Carpinus orientalis Miller EA Ce-med Crassulaceae Ce-med Sedum acre L. CE Ce-med Atlant.-Central European- submedit. Sedum dasyphyllum L. Med-smed Sedum hispanicum L. Med-smed E smed Submedit. Sedum ochroleucum Chaix Med-smed E smed Sedum telephium L. ssp. maximum (L.) Krocker Med-smed E smed Sempervivum marmoreum Griseb. EA Med-pont Cucurbitaceae Bryonia alba L. EA Ce-m-p-or Cuscutaceae Cuscuta epithymum L. EA Eur.-med.-smed.-pont.-orijent.- turan.-himal. Dipsacaceae Cephalaria flava (Sibth. & Sm.) Szabó Med-smed Balk Moesian-skard. pind. Dipsacus laciniatus L. EA EA(W) Knautia drymeia Heuffel EAM CSEM Alp.-balk. Scabiosa ochroleuca L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia amygdaloides L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Euphorbia cyparissias L. EA Eurosib.-(bor-merid) Euphorbia polychroma A. Kerner Med-smed Euphorbia salicifolia Host EA Ce-med-pont Euphorbia taurinensis All. Med-smed Mercurialis perennis L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Fabaceae Astragalus cicer L. EA Ce-med Galega officinalis L. EA Med-pont Pontsko-istočnosubmedit. Genista tinctoria L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. EA Ce-med-pont Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh. EA Ce-med Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Medicago arabica (L.) Hudson EA Ce-med-pont Medicago falcata L. EA Medicago prostrata Jacq. EA Ce-med-pont Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas EA Eurasian Ononis spinosa L. EA Ce-med Atlant.-Central European- submedit. Trifolium alpestre L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Trifolium arvense L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-southsib. Trifolium campestre Schreber EA Ce-m-p-or Central European-medit.- submedit.-pont.-orijent.-turan. BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 83 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Trifolium dalmaticum Vis. Med-smed E smed Trifolium pratense L. EA EA(W) Europ.-submedit.-pont.-south- sibir. Trifolium repens L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(arct-submer) Vicia lathyroides L. EA EA(W) Vicia villosa Roth EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Fagaceae Fagus moesiaca K.Maly CE Moesian Quercus cerris L. Med-smed Quercus frainetto Ten. EA Ce-med Quercus pubescens Willd. EA Ce-med Gentianaceae Ce-med Centaurium erythraea Rafin. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Geraniaceae Geranium lucidum L. EA Geranium molle L. EA Geranium robertianum L. Cosm Sec. cosm. -Eurasian. origin Gesneriaceae Ramonda serbica Panč. Med-smed Balk Moesian-skard. pind. Hypericaceae Hypericum boissieri Petrovic Med-smed Balk Hypericum perforatum L. EA Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. Med-smed SKarp-Balk Lamiaceae Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy EA Ce-med-pont Central European-submedit.- pont.-South Sibir. Acinos hungaricus (Simonkai) [ilic EA Ce-med-pont Herc.-panon.-South sarmat.- medit.-submedit.-pont. Ajuga reptans L. EA Ce-med Central European-submedit. Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. EA Ce-m-p-or Sublant.-Central European- submedit.-pont.-orijantal.-turan. Clinopodium vulgare L. EA Ce-med-pont Eurasian-(subbor-submer) Glechoma hederacea L. EA Eurasian-(subbor-submer) Glechoma hirsuta Waldst. & Kit. EA Ce-med-pont Subatl.-ce-medit.-pont. Hyssopus officinalis L. Med-smed Lamium amplexicaule L. Hol Phol-ptrop Eurasian-(temp-smer)-East-Afric. Lamium galeobdolon L. CE Central European Lamium garganicum L. EA(M) CSEM Lamium maculatum L. EA Ce-med-pont Central European-submedit.- pont. Leonurus cardiaca L. EA Ce-m-p-or Herc.-sarmat.-submedit.-pont.- South Sibir.-orijental.-turan. Lycopus europaeus L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Marrubium peregrinum L. EA Ce-med-pont Melissa officinalis L. MSM Medit.-East submed.-orijent.- turan. Melittis melissophyllum L. CE Mentha aquatica L. Hol Phol-ptrop Europ.-(subbor-mer)-East.-Afric.- (borsubtro)-afric-(austr) BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 84 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson Hol Phol-ptrop Europ.-West-Asian-(temp-mer)- East-Afric.-(borstro)-afric-(austr) Mentha pulegium L. EA Micromeria cristata (Hampe) Griseb. Med-smed Balk Moesian Origanum vulgare L. EA Eurasian-(temp-mer) Prunella laciniata L. EA EA(W) Atlant.-Central-Europ.-medit.- orijental Prunella vulgaris L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Salvia nemorosa L. EA Ce-m-p-or Central European-submedit.- pont.-orijent.-turan. Salvia sclarea L. EA Ce-m-p-or Satureja kitaibelii Wierzb. Med-smed Scutellaria columnae All. Med-smed Sideritis montana L. EA Ce-med Stachys germanica L. MSM Med-pont Medit.-submedit.-pont. Stachys palustris L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(bor-submer) Stachys recta L. EA EA(W) Stachys sylvatica L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Teucrium chamaedrys L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Teucrium montanum L. EA(M) CSEM Teucrium polium L. Med-smed Thymus marschalianus Willd. EA Ce-med Thymus pulegioides L. CE Central European Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria L. Cosm Eurasian disjunct-(subbor-mer)- southeastern Austr. (Austr.) Malvaceae Alcea rosea L. Med-smed Althaea officinalis L. EA Oenotheraceae Circaea lutetiana L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(bor-merid) Epilobium hirsutum L. Hol Phol-ptrop Euras.-(subbor-mer)-afric- (borsubtro-austrosubtro) Epilobium lanceolatum Sebastiani & Mauri EA EA(W) Epilobium montanum L. EA Eurasian Oenothera biennis L. Adv Oleaceae Fraxinus ornus L. EA Ce-med Ligustrum vulgare L. EA Ce-med-pont Syringa vulgaris L. EA Ce-med-pont Paeoniaceae Paeonia decora G. Anderson MSM Med-pont Papaveraceae Chelidonium majus L. EA EA(W) Amfiatlant.-Central-Europ.- medit.-west-Asian-(bor-merid) BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 85 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Corydalis bulbosa (L.) DC EA EA(W) European-West Asian Papaver rhoeas L. EA European-medit.-submedit.-pont.- South Sibir.-orijental. Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata L. EA Eurasian-(subbor-temp) Plantago major L. Cosm Cosm.-europ.-northamer. origin Plantago media L. EA Eurasian-(temp-submer) Polygonaceae Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Polygonum hydropiper L. EA Eurasian-(temp) Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Adv Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. Cosm Cosm.- mediter. origin Lysimachia nummularia L. CE Central European Lysimachia punctata L. EA Ce-pont Lysimachia vulgaris L. EA Eurasian-(temp-submer) Ranunculaceae Anemone ranunculoides L. CE Central European Clematis vitalba L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit. CE Central European (temp-submer) Hepatica nobilis Schreber CE Isopyrum thalictroides L. EA Ce-med-pont Herc.-sarmat.-pan.-medit.- submedit.-pont.-southsib. Nigella arvensis L. EA Ce-med Ranunculus millefoliatus Vahl Med-smed Ranunculus repens L. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Ranunculus serbicus Vis. EAM SEM Apen.-balk. Ranunculus stevenii Andrz. ex Besser MSM Med-pont Pont.-submedit. Thalictrum lucidum L. CE Central European Rosaceae Agrimonia eupatoria Ledeb. EA Evropsko-mediteransko-pontsko- orijentalno-južnosibirsko- turanski Aremonia agrimonioides (L.) DC. EAM EA(W)M SEM-south-west-Asian-mont. Filipendula hexapetala Gilib. EA Fragaria vesca L. Cosm Sekundarni kosmop. evroaz. porekla Geum urbanum L. Hol Europ.-West Asian-North Amer.- (bor-temp) Potentilla argentea L. CE Central European Potentilla cinerea Chaix ex Vill. EA Ce-med-pont Potentilla detommasii Ten. EAM CSEM Apen.-balk.-anatol. Potentilla recta var. sulfuraea Lam. EA EA(W) Potentilla reptans L. EA Prunus spinosa L. EA EA(W) Rubus caesius L. EA Eurasian-(temp-submer) Sanguisorba minor Scop. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Waldsteinia geoides Willd. EA Ce-med-pont BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 86 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Rubiaceae Asperula longiflora Waldst. & Kit. Med-smed Alp-balk Asperula purpurea (L.) Ehrend. Med-smed Asperula taurina L. EA Ce-med South Central Europ.-submedit. Galium album Miller CE Subatlant.-Central European Galium aparine L. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Sherardia arvensis L. Cosm Rutaceae Dictamnus albus L. EA Salicaceae Salix fragilis L. EA EA(W) Europ.-west-Asian-(temp- submer) Salix purpurea L. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Santalaceae Comandra elegans Roch. Med-smed Southkarp.-balk. Saxifragaceae Saxifraga rotundifolia L. EAM EA(W)M SEM-anatol.-kavk. Scrophulariaceae Digitalis lanata Ehrh. CE Panon.-balk. Lathraea squamaria L. EA Linaria concolor Gris. Med-smed Balk Moesian-macedon.-trac. Linaria genistifolia (L.) Miller EA Ce-med-pont Central European-Cmed.-pont.- south-sibir. Linaria vulgaris Miller EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Melampyrum arvense L. EA(W) Odontites rubra Besser EA Ce-med Central European-medit.- submedit. Verbascum phlomoides L. EA Ce-med Central European-medit.- submedit. Veronica beccabunga L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Veronica hederifolia L. EA Ce-med-pont Central European-submedit.- pont. Veronica polita Fries EA EA(W) Veronica serpyllifolia L. Cosm Cosm-Eurasian origin Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara L. EA Eur.-medit.-pont.-orijent.-turan. Urticaceae Parietaria officinalis L. EA Ce-med Central European-medit.- submedit. Parietaria serbica Pancic Med-smed Balk Moesian Urtica dioica L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(bor-temp) Valerianaceae Valeriana officinalis L. EA Eurasian-(subbor-temp) Valerianella carinata Loisel. EA Ce-m-p-or Valerianella turgida (Steven) Betcke Med-smed Verbenaceae Verbena officinalis L. Cosm Cosm-Eurasian origin BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 87 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Violaceae Viola canina L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(bor-submer) Viola kitaibeliana Schultes EA Ce-med Viola silvestris Lam. p.p. EA LILIOPSIDA Alysmataceae Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(bor-submer) Araceae Arum maculatum L. EA Ce-med-pont Ce-submedit.-West pont. Cyperaceae Carex bueckii Wimmer EA EA(W) Scirpus sylvaticus L. Adv Eurasian-(bor-temp) Dioscoreaceae Tamus communis L. EA EA(W) Atlant.-Central-Europ..-medit.- submedit.-orijental Iridaceae Iris pseudoacorus L. EA EA(W) Lemnaceae Lemna minor L. Cosm Cosm. Liliaceae Allium flavum L. MSM Med-pont Medit.-submedit.-pont. Allium rotundum L. EA Ce-m-p-or Sublant.-Central European- submedit.-orijantal. Allium saxatile Bieb. MSM Med-pont Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. MSM Med-pont Colchicum autumnale L. EA Ce-med Atlant.-Central European-medit. Erythronium dens-canis L. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Lilium martagon L. EA Subatlant.-Central European- submedit.-central Sibir. Polygonatum odoratum (Miller) Druce EA Eurasian-(bor-submer) Orchidaceae Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce EA Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Sprengel EA Ce-med Poaceae Aegilops triaristata Willd. nom. illegit. Med-smed Agrostis alba L. Hol Agrostis capillaris L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(bor-merid) Alopecurus pratensis L. EA Eurasian-disjunct.-(bor-submer) Anthoxanthum odoratum L. EA Eurasian-disjunct.-(bor-submer) Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. EA Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. MSM Med-pont Dasypirum villosum (L.) Cand. Med-smed Dichanthium ischaemum (L.) Roberty Cosm Cosm.- mediter. origin Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Cosm Hordeum leporinum (Linc) Arcangeli) Hol BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 88 Taxa Area type Area group Flostic element Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes Hol Circumcholarkct.-(bor-submer) Lolium perenne L. EA Eurasian-(bor-merid) Melica ciliata L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Orysopsis virescens (Trin.) G. Beck MSM Med-pont-or Poa bulbosa L. EA Eur.-medit.-submedit.-pont.- South Sibir.-orijent.-turan.- Central Asian Poa nemoralis L. Hol Circumcholarkct.-(temp) Poa pratensis L. Cosm Sesleria rigida Heuffel ex Reichenb. EA(M) CSEM Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. EA Eurasian-(temp-mer) Stipa capillata L. EA Eurasian-(temp-mer) Sparganiaceae Sparganium erectum L. EA EA(W) Europ.-medit.-west-Asian Typhaceae Typha latifolia L. Cosm Cosm.- circumcholarct. origin Typha laxmanii Lepechin EA EA(W) Table 2. Chorological spectrum of the Mijkovačka gorge flora Areal type (group) Species % Boreal (Bor) 2 0.60 Eurasian mountane (EAM) 0.00 Central South European mountane (EAM/CSEM) 6 1.81 West Eurasian mountainous (EAM/EA(W)M 2 0.60 South European mountainous (EAM/SEM) 1 0.30 Central European (CE) 16 4.83 Meditteranenan-submeditteranean (Med-smed)) 26 7.85 Alpine-Balkan (Med-smed/Alp-balk) 1 0.30 Balkan (Med-smed/Balk) 8 2.42 European-submeditteranean (Med-smed/E smed) 4 1.21 Meridional-Submeridional (MSM) 0.00 Mediterranean-Pontic (MSM/Med-pont) 12 3.63 Meditteranean-Pontic-Oriental (MSM/Med-pont-or) 1 0.30 Meditteranean-Pontic-Oriental-Carpathian (MSM/Med-pont-or-ca) 3 0.91 Eurasian (EA) 72 21.75 European-West Asian (EA/EA (W)) 53 16.01 Central European-Mediterranean (EA/Ce-med) 33 9.97 Mediterranean-Pontic (EA/Med-pont) 2 0.60 Central European-Mediterranean-Pontic (EA/Ce-med-pont) 27 8.16 Central European-Mediterranean-Pontian-Oriental-Turanian (EA/Ce-m-p-or) 17 5.14 Central European-Pontian (EA/Ce-pont) 1 0.30 Holarctic (Hol) 18 5.44 Paleoholarctic-paleotropic (Hol/Phol-ptrop) 5 1.51 Adventive (Adv) 4 1.21 Cosmopolitan (Cosm) 17 5.14 TOTAL 331 100.00 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 89 Figure 2. Area spectrum of the flora of the Miljkovacka gorge Disscusion For the phytogeographical analysis, all plant taxa were classified into 112 floristic elements, sorted in 15 area groups and 9 areal types (Tab.2). As shown in Fig.2, domination of Eurasian area type (EA) with 205 taxa (62%) indicates the accessibility of Miljkovačka gorge for colder influences coming from the northwest through the valley of the South Morava river. From the other side, Svrljiške mountain massif (Kalafat and Kamenički vis) prevent the penetration of warmer effects coming from the Mediterranean by the valleys of Nišava and South Morava rivers. European-West Asian areal group were represented with 53 taxa (16.01%), where 27 taxa belongs to European-Meditteranean-West-Asian floristic elements: Stellaria holostea, Veronica beccabunga, Prunella vilgaris, Cynanchum vincetoxicum, Campanula rapunculoides, etc. The high presence of plants which belong to Meditteranenan-submeditteranean area type (Med- smed (12%), or 39 plant taxa) and Meridional- Submeridional area type (MSM (5%), or 16 taxa), can be explained by the ground degradation, presence of limestone that heats easily and more easily colds, and small amount of soil covering. Almost all endemic taxa, Parietaria serbica, Hypericum boissieri, Linaria concolor, Erysimum comatum, Ramonda serbica, Acanthus balcanicus, Micromeria cristata, Cephalaria flava belong to Med-smed area type, while Parietaria serbica and Micromeria cristata represent edificatory species of ass. Micromerio-Pariterietum serbicae Miljković, M. 2012., and Ramonda serbica represents edificatory taxa of ass. Ceterachi-Ramondietum serbicae Jovanović, R. 1953 on limestones. Holarctic area type includes 23 taxa (7%) with 4 boreal- meridional and 4 boreal- submeridional floristic elements, while others have disjunctive distribution area. Percentage of 5% of species which belong to Central European area type is product of the presence of mesophilous beach forest communities (Fagetum moesiacae montanum Blečić et Lakušić 1970. above 700 m,, Carpinio-Querco-Fagetum mixtum, prov., located near the stream that flows next to the monastery St. Archangel Gabriel in Popsica) (Đorđević, V. et al. 2006). Low percentage of Eurasian-mountain (3%) and Boreal (0.6%) chorological types point to relatively low altitude of this gorge as well as to weak phytogeographical links with the high mountain region of the Balkan peninsula. The significant presence in the composition of the Miljkovačka gorge flora has Cosmopolitan (Cosm) area type with many ruderal species: Plantago major, Stellaria media, Convolvulus arvensis, Verbena officinalis, etc. Small number of Adventive area type taxa (4 (1%)) can be explained by the distance of the Miljkovačka gorge valley and the significant migratory routes of adventive flora, which coincides with the nearby road traffic. Bor 1% EAM 3% Med-smed 12% MSM 5% Eurasian (EA) 22% EA(W) 16% CE 5% Ce-med 10% Ce-med-pont 8% Ce-m-p-or 5% Hol 7% Adv 1% Cosm 5% BIOLOGICA NYSSANA 3 (2)  December 2012: 77-90 Miljković M. et al.  Phytogeographical analysis of the flora… 90 References Đorđević, V., Ranđelović, N., Avramović, D., Lilić, A., 2006: Prilog vegetaciji Leskovika. Ekološka istina 2006. Sokobanja. Greuter, W., Burdet, H.M., Long, G., eds., 1984- 1989: Med-Checklist, 1, 3, 4. Gèneve. Horvat, I., Glavač, V., Ellemberg, H., 1974: Vegetation Sudosteuropa. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart. Jordanov, D. (ed.). 1963–1979. Flora Republ. Popularis Bulgaricae. Vols. 1-7. In Aedibus Acad. Sci. Bulgaricae, Serdicae (in Bulgarian). Josifović, M. (ed)., 1970-1977: Flora SR SRbije I- IX. SANU. Beograd. Martinović, Ž., Sotirov., S., Ranđelović, N., 1985: Biljno-geografske karakteristike Miljkovačke klisure. Simpozijum Stogodišnjica flore okoline Niša. Niš, 51-56. Meussel, H., Jäger, E., Weinert, E., 1965: Vergleinchende Chorologie der Zentraleuropaischen flora. VEB. Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1. Jena. Meussel, H., Jäger, E., Raischert, S., Weinert, E.,1978: Vergleinchende Chorologie der Zentraleuropaischen flora. VEB. Gustav Fischer Verlag, 2. Jena. Meussel, H., Jäger, E., 1992: Vergleinchende Chorologie der Zentraleuropaischen flora. VEB.Gustav Fischer Verlag, 3. Jena. Micevski, K. 1985: Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1). Skopje. Micevski, K., 1993: Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2). Skopje. Micevski, K., 1995: Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3). Skopje. Miljković, M., 2011: Flora i vegetacija doline Miljkovačke reke. Diplomski rad. Miljković, M., Ranđelović, V. Ranđelović, N., 2012: The boulder vegetation of Miljkovacka gorge valley, Eco-Ist '12, 84-91. Sotirov, S., Stanojević, V., 2012: Treći Alen Kamen, Cerjanska pećina i Topilo, Bajka na domaku Niša. Niš. Sarić, M (ed)., 1986: Flora SR Srbije X. SANU. Beograd. Sarić, M. (ed)., 1992: Flora Srbije i (2.izd.) SANU. Beograd. Stevanović, V., 1992: Floristička podela teritorije Srbije sa pregledom viših horiona i odgovarajućih flornih elemenata. In Sarić, M. (ed.): Flora Srbije, I. (Drugo izdanje). SANU. Beograd. 49 – 70. The Euro+Med Plantbase - the information recourse for Euro-Meditteranean plant diversity (http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/). The International Organisation for plant Information (IOPI - ( http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/iopi/iopihome. htm)). Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., Webb, D.A., eds., 1964-1980: Flora Europaea, I-V. Cambridge, University Press. London. Velchev, V. (ed.). 1982–1989. Flora Republ. Popularis Bulgaricae, Vols 8-9. In Aedibus Acad. Sci. Bulgaricae, Serdicae (in Bulgarian). http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/ http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/iopi/iopihome.htm) http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/iopi/iopihome.htm)