Karaman et al. 2023, Biologica Nyssana 14(2) 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10203557 Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Original Article Maja Karaman University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia maja.karaman@dbe.uns.ac.rs (corresponding author) Ivan Dudaš University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Eleonora Čapelja University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Milana Rakić University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Stevan Baluban Mycological Society „Novi Sad”, Bulevar Mihajla Pupina 26 I/3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Miroslav Marković University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, Antona Čehova 13 D, Novi Sad, Serbia Ivana Jovanović Institute for Nature Conservation, Japanska 35, 11070 New Belgrade, Serbia Received: January 13, 2023 Revised: May 29, 2023 Accepted: September 22, 2023 Abstract: The Republic of Serbia is one of the few European countries without a national database of recorded fungal species, so documenting and publishing data on fungal diversity is of outmost importance for our country. The presence of fungal specimens of Tara Mountain was examined in the following localities: Mitrovac, Predov Krst, Kaludjerske Bare and Zaovine at each site in summer and autumn during 2021 and 2022. A total of 320 taxa of fungi were recorded during this period, 10 of them are included in the Serbian List of Protected Wild Species of Fungi: Boletus edulis, B. reticulatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius deliciosus, L. deterrimus, L. salmonicolor, Marasmius oreades and Russula cyanoxantha, while three species: Hericium flagellum, H. coralloides and Psilocybe serbica are listed in the Serbian List of Strictly Protected Wild Specis of Fungi. Also, 38 species are indentified as an indicator species of old and preserved forests. The highest species diversity was founded in Mitrovac. Key words: mycological diversity, National Park Tara, fungi, indicator species Apstrakt: Biodiverzitet gljiva planine Tare (Srbija) Republika Srbija je jedna od retkih evropskih zemalja koja nema nacionalnu bazu podataka o evidentiranim vrstama gljiva, pa je dokumentovanje i objavljivanje podataka o raznovrsnosti gljiva od izuzetnog značaja za našu zemlju. Istraživano je prisustvo plodnih tela gljiva planine Tare u leto i jesen tokom 2021. i 2022. godine na sledećim lokalitetima: Mitrovac, Predov Krst, Kaluđerske Bare i Zaovine. U ovom periodu evidentirano je ukupno 320 taksona gljiva, od kojih je 10 na listi zaštićenih divljih vrsta gljiva u Srbiji: Boletus edulis, B. reticulatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Hydnum repandum, Lactarius deliciosus, L. deterrimus, L. salmonicolor, Marasmius oreades, dok su vrste: Hericium flagellum, H. coralloides i Psilocybe serbica navedene u listi strogo zaštićenih divljih vrsta gljiva Srbije. Takođe, 38 vrsta je identifikovano kao indikatorske vrste starih i očuvanih šuma. Najveći diverzitet vrsta zabeležen je na lokalitetu Mitrovac. Ključne reči: mikološki diverzitet, Nacionalni park Tara, gljive, indikatorske vrste Introduction Forests are among the most important terrestrial ecosystems, considering that they are the species- richest and are vital for sustaining life on Earth (Nilsson, 1992; Rydin et al., 1997; Gardenfors, 2000; Bravo-Oviedo et al., 2014). At the same time forests are one of the most endangered ecosystems on Earth due to various human activities like unsustainable use of wood, pollution, poor management, climate factors, etc. (Marchetti, 2004). Fungi are a remarkably heterogeneous and diverse group of organisms present in nearly all ecosystems on our planet (Hood, 2006). They are of special significance in forest ecosystems, where they fulfill an array of vital functions and constitute an important part of their total biodiversity (Hawksworth, 2004). In forests, fungi are mainly present in soil where their mycelium makes up 89% of the total microbial biomass (Frankland, 1982). However, one of the most important groups of forest fungi are decomposers of dead and decaying organic matter - saprotrophs. This group of fungi is crucial for the functioning of forest ecosystems, as wood decomposition is decisive for nutrient cycling, carbon balance, and soil formation (Lonsdale et al., 2008). A particularly significant group of fungi that decompose dead wood are lignicolous fungi that decompose lignocellulosic matter as an underutilized natural resource (Karaman et al., 2012). Mycorrhizal © 2023 Karaman et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially under the same license as the original. 75 fungi are another important group of forest fungi. They provide plants with easier absorption of mineral substances, which increases their resistance to different abiotic and biotic stresses (drought, pollutants, pathogens, etc.) (Deacon, 2006). Also, fungi occur on living organisms as pathogens, and regulate population dynamics of different species (Fang et al., 2021; Bahram & Netherway, 2022). Due to their sensitivity to human activities that reduce the naturalness and functionality of forest ecosystems, certain fungal species are used as indicators of old-growth forests, i.e. preserved, undisturbed, conservation-worthy forest habitats (Christensen et al., 2004). From a conservation point of view, old-growth forests are crucial for the survival of valuable, rare, and endangered species (Runnel & Lõhmus, 2017). Based on the presence of old-growth indicator fungal species, it is possible to prioritize protection and specific management of forest areas of high conservation value and at the same time to emphasize their importance and the importance of their protection and preservation (Christensen et al., 2004). Considering the importance of forest ecosystems and the lack of biodiversity data on fungal species in Serbia, our research was focused on deepening the knowledge about the fungal diversity of Mountain Tara, which is located in western Serbia and represents a part of the Dinaric Alps, especially in the area of National Park Tara. Mt. So far, only a few papers related to the research on the diversity of macrofungal species in forest ecosystems of Mt. Tara have been published (Čolić, 1967; Karađić, 2006; Rakić, 2019; Jovanović et al., 2021; Rakić et al., 2022). In addition to this, several lignicolous and mycorrhizal fungal taxa from Tara Mt. have been examined for accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides (Rakić et al., 2014). In our monitoring survey of fungal diversity of Mt. Tara, special four localities were selected. Furthermore, the diversity of old-growth indicator species such as Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers, Ischnoderma benzoinum (Wahlenb.) P. Karst., Mucidula mucida (Schrad.) Pat., Pycnoporellus fulgens (Fr.) Donk, Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr., etc. have been detected. Materials and Methods Study area The research was conducted in the National Park Tara, in four localities: Mitrovac, Kaludjerske Bare, Predov Krst, and Zaovine (Fig. 1). Site Kaludjerske Bare (43°54’22.4”N 19°31’30.8”E) is located in the southeastern part of Tara and represents one of the most famous tourist hot spots on the mountain. In this locality, forests of black and white pine, fir, 76 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Fig. 1. Map of four investigated sites on Tara Mt. BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) 77 The nomenclature of the species names is in accordance with the database of Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org), and MycoBank (https:// www.mycobank.org/). Representative specimens of fungal species were dried at 50 °C (Scholtes FP 955.3, Germany) and deposited within Fungarium of the ProFungi laboratory (BUNS Herbarium, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad) (https://www.pmf. uns.ac.rs/en/research/groups/profungi/). All specimens were recorded using the iNaturalist application (https://www.inaturalist.org/). Results and discussion A total of 320 fungal taxa were observed in four localities on Mt. Tara. Phylum Ascomycota is represented by 13 species that belong to 9 genera and 8 families with Xylaria as the most abundant genus represented by 3 species (Tab. 1). Phylum Basidiomycota is represented by 329 taxa, belonging to 136 genera and 69 families. The most diverse family in phylum Basidiomycota is Russulaceae with 37 taxa. Other representative families were: Tricholomataceae (25), Mycenaceae (21), Agaricaceae (19), Polyporaceae (17) and Boletaceae (15) (Fig. 2). The genus with the highest number of species is Russula with 20 taxa determined. One specimen from Phylum Mucoromycotina was recorded - Spinellus fusiger (Link) Tiegh. (Tab. 1). Table 1. List of recorded fungal taxa and spruce grow on the limestone base. Predov Krst (43°56’28.4”N 19°18’34.3”E) is located in the most remote part of Tara, in the northwest. It is represented by the ridges surrounded by the Drina river. This is one of the best-preserved mountain areas in Serbia, with nature reserves which are refugees and one of the last habitats of the tertiary relic plant species - Serbian spuce (Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk). Mitrovac (43°55’16.4”N 19°25’25.9”E) is located in the central part of Mt. Tara, with specific geological, climate, and hydrological characteristics. It has preserved numerous sinkholes, a unique post-glacial peat bog, and primeval-type vegetation with one of the few remaining habitats of Serbian spuce. Site Zaovine (43°53’11.4”N 19°21’50.4”E) is located in the southern part of Tara Mountain, and represents area with mountainous character that includes the Zaovine village, the Zaovine lake and the canyon of river Beli Rzav „Sklopovi”. Data collection Fungal diversity research was conducted during summer and autumn of 2021 and 2022. The fungal specimens were identified based on morphological (macroscopic and microscopic) descriptions on the Microscope Unit (Kern, OBN135). The identification of the species has been done according to specialized identification keys (Breitenbach & Kranzlin, 1984; Knudsen & Vesterholt, 2008; Uzelac, 2009; Aronsen & Læssøe, 2016; Læssøe & Petersen, 2019) by using standard reagents (KOH, FeSO4). Taxa Locality* Indicator** Functional group Ascomycota Discinaceae Gyromitra infula (Schaeff.) Quél. KB, Z Sap Gelatinodiscaceae Ascocoryne cylichnium (Tul.) Korf M Italy Sap Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq.) J.W. Groves & D.E. Wilson M Sap Neobulgaria pura (Pers.) Petr. M, PK Sap Helvellaceae Helvella atra J. König M Myc Helvella crispa Sowerby M, PK Myc Pezizaceae Peziza saniosa Schrad. PK Myc Pezizellaceae Calycina citrina (Hedw.) Gray M Sap Xylariaceae 78 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev. M, PK Sap Xylaria longipes Nitschke M Sap Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. M, PK Lithuania; Italy; Estonia Sap Basidiomycota Agaricaceae Agaricus essettei Bon M, PK Sap Agaricus langei (F.H. Møller) F.H. Møller M, PK Sap Agaricus sylvicola (Vittad.) Peck KB, PK Sap Agaricus urinascens (Jul. Schäff. & F.H. Møller) Singer KB Sap Chlorophyllum olivieri (Barla) Vellinga M Sap Chlorophyllum rhacodes (Vittad.) Vellinga M Sap Crucibulum laeve (Huds.) Kambly KB Sap Cyathus striatus Willd. PK Sap Cystodermella cinnabarina (Alb. & Schwein.) Harmaja KB Sap Cystolepiota seminuda (Lasch) Bon KB Sap Echinoderma asperum (Pers.) Bon PK Sap Lepiota castanea Quél. PK Sap Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull.) P. Kumm. KB, M, PK Sap Lepiota cristata (Bolton) P. Kumm. KB, M, PK Sap Lepiota ignivolvata Bousset & Joss. ex Joss. PK, Z Sap Lepiota magnispora Murrill KB Sap Macrolepiota mastoidea (Fr.) Singer KB, Z Sap Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer KB, PK Sap Melanophyllum haematospermum (Bull.) Kreisel Z Sap Amanitaceae Amanita battarrae (Boud.) Bon KB Myc Amanita citrine Pers. KB, M, PK Myc Amanita fulvoides Neville & Poumarat KB Myc Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Bertill. M Myc Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. KB, M, PK, Z Myc Amanita pantherina (DC.) Krombh. KB, M, PK, Z Myc Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Link M Myc Amanita rubescens Pers. KB, M, Z Myc Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam. KB Myc Auriculariaceae Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quél. PK Sap BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) 79 Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers. M EU Sap Auriscalpiaceae Lentinellus flabelliformis (Bolton) S. Ito M, PK Par/Sap Bankeraceae Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. M, PK Estonia Myc Boletaceae Boletus edulis Bull. KB, M, PK Myc Boletus reticulates Schaeff. M Myc Caloboletus calopus (Pers.) Vizzini KB, M, PK Myc Chalciporus piperatus (Bull.) Bataille Z Par Imleria badia (Fr.) Vizzini KB, M Myc Leccinum albostipitatum den Bakker & Noordel. KB Myc Leccinum aurantiacum (Bull.) Gray KB, PK Myc Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray Z Myc Neoboletus luridiformis (Rostk.) Gelardi, Simonini &Vizzini KB, M, PK Myc Suillellus luridus (Schaeff.) Murrill PK Myc Suillellus queletii (Schulzer) Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi PK Myc Xerocomellus chrysenteron (Bull.) Šutara KB, M, PK Myc Xerocomellus porosporus (Imler ex Watling) Šutara M, PK Myc Xerocomellus pruinatus (Fr.) Šutara KB, M Myc Xerocomus subtomentosus (L.) Quél. M Myc Clavariadelphaceae Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk Z Estonia Myc Cortinariaceae Cortinarius atrovirens Kalchbr. KB, M Myc Cortinarius elegantior (Fr.) Fr. PK Myc Cortinarius flexipes (Pers.) Fr. KB, M Myc Cortinarius hercynicus (Pers.) M.M. Moser Z Myc Cortinarius infractus (Pers.) Fr. M Myc Cortinarius ohlone Bojantchev KB Myc Cortinarius olivaceofuscus Kühner M, PK Myc Cortinarius pseudodaulnoyae Rob. Henry & Ramm M Myc Cortinarius salor Fr. M Myc Cortinarius sanguineus (Wulfen) Gray M Myc Cortinarius semisanguineus (Fr.) Gillet M Myc Cortinarius trivialis J.E. Lange KB, Z Myc 80 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Cortinarius violaceus (L.) Gray M Myc Crepidotaceae Crepidotus applanatus (Pers.) P. Kumm. M, PK Sap Cyphellaceae Baeospora myosura (Fr.) Singer Z Sap Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar M Par/Sap Dacrymycetaceae Calocera cornea (Batsch) Fr. M, Z Par/Sap Calocera furcata (Fr.) Fr. M Par/Sap Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr. M, PK Par/Sap Dacryobolaceae Postia ptychogaster (F. Ludw.) Vesterh. KB Par/Sap Echinodontiaceae Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin M Par/Sap Entolomataceae Clitopilus prunulus(Scop.) P. Kumm. KB, M, PK, Z Myc Entocybe nitida (Quél.) T.J. Baroni, Largent & V. Hofst. M Sap Entoloma hebes (Romagn.) Trimbach KB Sap Entoloma lampropus (Fr.) Hesler PK Sap Exidiaceae Guepinia helvelloides (DC.) Fr. PK Estonia Sap Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.) P. Karst. KB, M, PK Sap Fomitopsidaceae Climacocystis borealis (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar KB Latvia Par/Sap Fomitopsis betulina (Bull.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han & Y.C. Dai M Par/Sap Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. KB, M, PK Yugoslavia Par/Sap Geastraceae Geastrum fimbriatum Fr. PK Lithuania; Estonia Sap Geastrum rufescens Pers. KB Lithuania; Estonia Sap Geastrum striatum DC. PK Lithuania; Estonia Sap Geastrum triplex Jungh. KB, M Lithuania; Estonia Sap Gloeophyllaceae Gloeophyllum abietinum (Bull.) P. Karst. M Par/Sap Gloeophyllum odoratum (Wulfen) Imazeki KB, M Par/Sap Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst. M Par/Sap 81 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Gomphaceae Phaeoclavulina flaccida (Fr.) Giachini KB Sap Ramaria aurea (Schaeff.) Quél. M, PK Myc Ramaria stricta (Pers.) Quél. PK Sap Gomphidiaceae Chroogomphus rutilus (Schaeff.) O.K. Mill. KB, Z Par Hericiaceae Hericium clathroides (Pall.) Pers. M Par/Sap Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers. M Great Britain; Lithuania; Central Europe; Europe; Latvia; Denmark; Estonia; Germany; Yugoslavia; Benelux Par/Sap Hericium flagellum (Scop.) Pers. M Central Europe; Yugoslavia Par/Sap Hydnaceae Cantharellus cibarius Fr. M, PK Myc Clavulina coralloides (L.) J. Schröt. M, Z Myc Clavulina rugosa (Bull.) J. Schröt. M, Z Myc Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. M Myc Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quél. M Myc Hydnum repandum L. KB Myc Hydnum rufescens Pers. M Myc Hydnangiaceae Laccaria amethystine Cooke KB, M, PK, Z Myc Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton KB, Z Myc Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke KB, M, PK, Z Myc Hygrophoraceae Arrhenia spathulata (Fr.) Redhead KB Sap Chrysomphalina grossula (Pers.) Norvell, Redhead & Ammirati M Czech Republic Sap Cuphophyllus pratensis (Pers.) Bon KB Sap Hygrocybe chlorophana (Fr.) Wünsche KB Myc Hygrocybe coccinea (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. KB, M, Z Myc Hygrophorus agathosmus (Fr.) Fr. KB Myc Hygrophorus capreolarius (Kalchbr.) Sacc. M Myc Hygrophorus chrysodon (Batsch) Fr. M Myc Hygrophorus cossus (Sowerby) Fr. PK Myc Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull.) Fr. KB, M, Z Myc Hygrophorus latitabundus Britzelm. KB Myc 82 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Hygrophorus persoonii Arnolds KB Myc Hygrophorus pudorinus (Fr.) Fr. M Myc Hygrophoropsidaceae Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulfen) Maire KB, M, PK Sap Hymenochaetaceae Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire KB, M, Z Par/Sap Hymenogastraceae Galerina badipes (Pers.) Kühner M Sap Galerina graminea (Velen.) Kühner KB Sap Galerina hypnorum (Schrank) Kühner M Sap Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner KB, M Sap Gymnopilus penetrans (Fr.) Murrill KB, M, PK, Z Sap Gymnopilus picreus (Pers.) P. Karst. M Sap Gymnopilus sapineus(Fr.) Murrill M Sap Hebeloma birrus (Fr.) Gillet M Myc Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél. KB, M Myc Hebeloma sinapizans (Paulet) Gillet KB Myc Psilocybe coronilla (Bull.) Noordel. KB Sap Psilocybe serbica M.M. Moser & E. Horak KB, M Sap Incrustoporiaceae Tyromyces chioneus (Fr.) P. Karst. M Par/Sap Inocybaceae Inocybe geophylla P. Kumm. M Myc Inocybe griseolilacina J.E. Lange Z Myc Ischnodermataceae Ischnoderma benzoinum (Wahlenb.) P. Karst. M, PK Czech Republic; Yugoslavia Par/Sap Laetiporaceae Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill M Par/Sap Lycoperdaceae Apioperdon pyriforme (Schaeff.) Vizzini KB, M, PK Italy Sap Bovista plumbea Pers. KB Sap Bovistella utriformis (Bull.) Demoulin & Rebriev KB Sap Lycoperdon echinatum Pers. PK Lithuania; Estonia Sap Lycoperdon excipuliforme (Scop.) Pers. KB, PK, Z Sap Lycoperdon molle Pers. M Sap Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. KB, M, PK Sap Lycoperdon pratense Pers. KB Sap BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) 83 Lyophyllaceae Asterophora lycoperdoides (Bull.) Ditmar Z Sap Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Singer PK Sap Tephrocybe rancida (Fr.) Donk KB, M Sap Macrocystidiaceae Macrocystidia cucumis (Pers.) Joss. KB, M Sap Marasmiaceae Crinipelliss cabella (Alb. & Schwein.) Murrill KB Sap Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr. KB, PK Sap Marasmius rotula (Scop.) Fr. M, Z Sap Marasmius torquescens Quél. M, PK Sap Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.) Kotl. & Pouzar KB, M, PK Sap Meripilaceae Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P. Karst. PK Germany Par/Sap Meruliaceae Phlebia tremellosa (Schrad.) Nakasone & Burds. M Par/Sap Mycenaceae Hemimycena lactea (Pers.) Singer M Sap Hydropus marginellus (Pers.) Singer M Central Europe Sap Mycena aurantiomarginata (Fr.) Quél. M Sap Mycena crocata (Schrad.) P. Kumm. M, PK Sap Mycena epipterygia (Scop.) Gray KB, M, PK Sap Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Gray M, PK Italy; European Union Sap Mycena galopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. KB, M Sap Mycena haematopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. KB, M, PK Sap Mycena lammiensis Harmaja PK Sap Mycena maculata P. Karst. M Germany Sap Mycena pelianthina (Fr.) Quél. KB Sap Mycena picta (Fr.) Harmaja M Sap Mycena pterigena (Fr.) P. Kumm. M Sap Mycena pura (Pers.) P. Kumm. KB, M, PK, Z Sap Mycena rosea Gramberg KB, M, PK Sap Mycena rosella (Fr.) P. Kumm. M Sap Mycena sanguinolenta (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Kumm. M Sap Mycena stipata Maas Geest. & Schwöbel KB, M, PK Sap 84 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Mycena viridimarginata P. Karst. M Sap Panellus stipticus (Bull.) P. Karst. KB, M, PK Sap Prunulus diosmus (Krieglst. & Schwöbel) C. Hahn KB Sap Omphalotaceae Collybiopsis confluens (Pers.) R.H. Petersen KB, M, PK Sap Collybiopsis peronata (Bolton) R.H. Petersen PK Sap Collybiopsis vaillantii (Pers.) R.H. Petersen KB Sap Gymnopusan drosaceus (L.) Della Magg. & Trassin. M Sap Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.) Murrill M Sap Gymnopus erythropus (Pers.) Antonín, Halling & Noordel. KB Sap Gymnopus hariolorum (Bull.) Antonín, Halling & Noordel. PK Sap Mycetinis alliaceus (Jacq.) Earle ex A.W. Wilson & Desjardin KB, M, PK, Z Sap Mycetinis scorodonius (Fr.) A.W. Wilson & Desjardin KB, M Sap Rhodocollybia butyracea (Bull.) Lennox KB, M, Z Sap Rhodocollybia maculata (Alb. & Schwein.) Singer KB Sap Rhodocollybia prolixa var. distorta (Fr.) Antonín, Halling & Noordel. M Sap Paxillaceae Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. KB, M, Z Myc Phanerochaetaceae Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst. KB, M, PK Par/Sap Phyllotopsidaceae Phyllotopsis nidulans (Pers.) Singer M Great Britain Par/Sap Pleurocybella porrigens (Pers.) Singer M Sap Physalacriaceae Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn. KB, M Par/Sap Hymenopelli sradicata (Relhan) R.H. Petersen KB, M, PK, Z Sap Mucidula mucida (Schrad.) Pat. KB, M, PK Germany Par/Sap Xerula pudens (Pers.) Singer KB, PK, Z Myc Pluteaceae Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. KB, M, PK Sap Pluteus petasatus (Fr.) Gillet PK Sap BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) 85 Pluteus pouzarianus Singer PK Sap Podoscyphaceae Abortiporus biennis (Bull.) Singer M Par/Sap Polyporaceae Cerioporus varius (Pers.) Zmitr. & Kovalenko PK Par/Sap Coriolopsis gallica (Fr.) Ryvarden M Great Britain Par/Sap Cyanosporus caesius (Schrad.) McGinty KB, M, PK Par/Sap Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt. KB, PK Par/Sap Daedaleopsis tricolor (Bull.) Bondartsev & Singer M Par/Sap Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. KB, M, PK Italy; Germany; Yugoslavia Par/Sap Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. M, PK European Union; Germany; Yugoslavia Par/Sap Ganoderma carnosum Pat. M Yugoslavia Par/Sap Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. M Par/Sap Trametes cinnabarina (Jacq.) Fr. M Par/Saprothr Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. M, Z Par/Sap Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Lloyd M, PK Par/Sap Trametes ochracea (Pers.) Gilb. & Ryvarden PK Par/Sap Trametes pubescens (Schumach.) Pilát KB, M, PK Italy Par/Sap Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd KB, M, PK Par/Sap Trichaptum abietinum (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Ryvarden KB, M, PK Par/Sap Trichaptum biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden M, PK Par/Sap Psathyrellaceae Candolleomyces candolleanus (Fr.) D. Wächt. & A. Melzer (Fr.) D. Wächt. & A. Melzer KB, M, PK Sap Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson KB, M Sap Coprinopsis atramentaria (Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo M Sap Panaeolus acuminatus (P. Kumm.) Quél. KB Sap Pseudoclitocybaceae Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis (Bull.) Singer M Czech Republic Sap Pycnoporellaceae Pycnoporellus fulgens (Fr.) Donk M, PK Latvia; Finland; Estonia; Yugoslavia Par/Sap Rickenellaceae 86 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Rickenella fibula (Bull.) Raithelh. KB, M Par Rickenella swartzii (Fr.) Kuyper KB, M Par Russulaceae Lactarius aurantiacus (Pers.) Gray KB, M, Z Myc Lactarius blennius (Fr.) Fr. KB, M, PK Myc Lactarius controversus Pers. KB Myc Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray KB, M, PK Myc Lactarius deterrimus Gröger KB, M Myc Lactarius luridus (Pers.) Gray M Myc Lactarius mairei Malençon Z Myc Lactarius pallidus Pers. KB, PK Myc Lactarius picinus Fr. PK Myc Lactarius rubrocinctus Fr. KB Myc Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr. M, PK Myc Lactarius salmonicolor R. Heim & Leclair KB, M, Z Myc Lactarius scrobiculatus (Scop.) Fr. KB, M Myc Lactariustorminosus (Schaeff.) Pers. KB Myc Lactarius uvidus (Fr.) Fr. KB, PK Czech Republic Myc Lactarius violascens (J. Otto) Fr. KB Myc Lactifluus vellereus (Fr.) Kuntze KB Myc Russula adusta (Pers.) Fr. M, Z Myc Russula aeruginea Lindblad ex Fr. PK Myc Russula atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britzelm. KB, M Myc Russula badia Quél. KB, M Myc Russula cessans A. Pearson M Myc Russula chloroides (Krombh.) Bres. KB, M Myc Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. KB, M, PK Myc Russula delica Fr. M Myc Russula densifolia Secr. ex Gillet M Myc Russula fellea (Fr.) Fr. M Myc Russula fragilis Fr. PK Myc Russula fragilis f. violascens (Secr. ex Gillet) Sacc. M Myc Russula grata Britzelm. M Myc Russula integra (L.) Fr. KB, M, Z Myc Russula mustelina Fr. M Myc Russula nobilis Velen. M Myc Russula ochroleuca Fr. M Myc Russula sardonia Fr. KB Myc Russulas olaris Ferd. & Winge KB Myc Russula torulosa Bres. KB Myc BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) 87 Sarcomyxaceae Sarcomyxa serotina (Pers.) V. Papp M Sap Schizophyllaceae Schizophyllum commune Fr. M, PK, Z Sap Sparassidaceae Sparassis brevipes Krombh. M Yugoslavia Sap Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. M Finland Sap Squamanitaceae Cystoderma carcharias (Pers.) Fayod KB, M Sap Stereaceae Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers. M, PK Par/Sap Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar M, PK Denmark; Yugoslavia Par/Sap Strophariaceae Hypholoma capnoides (Fr.) P. Kumm. M Sap Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P. Kumm. KB, M, PK Sap Hypholoma lateritium (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. KB, M Sap Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm. PK Sap Pholiota adiposa (Batsch) P. Kumm. KB Sap Pholiota aurivella (Batsch) P. Kumm. KB, M Denmark; Benelux Sap Pholiota lenta (Pers.) Singer M Sap Pholiota squarrosa (Vahl) P. Kumm. M Sap Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis) Quél. KB, M, PK Sap Stropharia caerulea Kreisel M, Z Sap Suillaceae Suilluscollinitus (Fr.) Kuntze KB Myc Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel KB, PK Myc Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel Z Myc Tremellaceae Tremella mesenterica (Schaeff.) Pers. M Par Tricholomataceae Clitocybe dealbata (Sowerby) P. Kumm. KB Sap Clitocybe fragrans (With.) P. Kumm. KB, M Sap Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch) P. Kumm. KB, M Sap Clitocybe odora (Bull.) P. Kumm. KB, PK Sap Collybia cirrhata (Schumach.) Quél. M Sap Infundibulicybe geotropa (Bull.) Harmaja PK Sap Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke KB, M Sap Leucocortinarius bulbiger (Alb. & Schwein.) Singer KB, PK Myc 88 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Leucocybe connata (Schumach.) Vizzini, P. Alvarado, G. Moreno & Consiglio M Sap Leucopaxillus gentianeus (Quél.) Kotl. KB, PK Sap Paralepista flaccida (Sowerby) Vizzini M, Z Sap Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. KB European Union Myc Tricholoma bufonium (Pers.) Gillet M Myc Tricholom equestre (L.) P. Kumm. Z Myc Tricholoma evenosum (Sacc.) Rea KB Myc Tricholoma fracticum (Britzelm.) Kreisel KB Myc Tricholoma fulvum (DC.) Bigeard & H. Guill. KB Myc Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. M Myc Tricholoma portentosum (Fr.) Quél. Z Myc Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) P. Kumm. KB, M Myc Tricholoma saponaceum f. ardosiacum (Bres.) Bon M Myc Tricholoma sulphureum (Bull.) P. Kumm. KB, M, PK European Union Myc Tricholoma terreum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. KB, M Myc Tricholoma vaccinum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. KB, M, Z Myc Tricholomopsis rutilans (Schaeff.) Singer KB, M, PK Sap Mucoromycota Phycomycetaceae Spinellus fusiger (Link) Tiegh. M Par * Locality: KB – Kaludjerske Bare; M – Mitrovac; PK – Predov Krst; Z – Zaovine. Functional group: Sap – Saprotroph, Par – Parasite, Par/Sap – Parasite/Saprotroph, Myc – Mycorhizal ** Regions in which a specific fungal species is listed as an indicator species of old-growth forests: Benelux (Walleyn & Veerkamp, 2005); Central Europe (Blaschke et al., 2009); Czech Republic (Holec, 2003; Dvořák et al., 2017); Denmark (Heilmann-Clausen & Christensen, 2000); Estonia (Parmasto, 2001; Estonian Ministry of Environment, 2017); Europe (Christensen et al., 2004); European Union (European Commission, 2013); Finland (Kotiranta & Niemelä, 1993; 1996); Germany (Schmid & Helfer, 1999; Müller et al., 2007; Schmidt et al., 2012); Great Britain (Ainsworth, 2004); Italy (Blasi et al., 2010); Latvia (Ek et al., 2002); Lithuania (Andersson & Kriukelis, 2002); Yugoslavia (Tortić, 1998) The highest number of species was recorded on site Mitrovac – 210 (Fig. 3). The most represented genera on site Mitrovac were Mycena (15), Russula (15), Cortinarius (8) and Tricholoma (7). Of the total documented species diversity, 92 taxa were recorded only on site Mitrovac. Within the localities Kaludjerske Bare and Predov Krst, 152 and 113 taxa were recorded, respectively. The least number of taxa were observed on site Zaovine – 48 taxa (Tab. 1). The recorded taxa belong to four ecological categories. Saprotrophic fungi (141 taxa) are the most represented ecological group, followed by mycorrhizal fungi (124 taxa), parasite/saprotrophs (47 taxa), parasites (6 taxa), and mutualist (2 taxa) (Fig. 4). Saprotrophic fungi were dominant on all localities except Zaovine, where fungi from mycorrhizal ecological group stood out (Tab. 1). Ten recorded species are on the list of Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals, and Fungi (Annex II of the „Official Gazette of RS”, No. 5/2010 and 47/2011) while three species are on the list of Strictly Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi (Annex I of the „Official Gazette of RS”, No. 5/2010 and 47/2011) (Tab. 2). Mitrovac is the most valuable locality for both protected (8 taxa: Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Lactarius salmonicolor, Boletus edulis, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus, Russula cyanoxantha), and strictly protected 89 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Fig. 2. Families of fungal species from the phylum Basidiomycota recorded in the monitoring of four locations at Mt. Tara during 2021/2022 Fig. 3. Number (percent) of taxa per monitored locality 90 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Fig. 4. Number (percent) of taxa per ecological category fungi (3 taxa: Hericium flagellum, Hericium coralloides, Psilocybe serbica), and it’s followed by site Kaludjerske Bare with 7 protected (Hydnum repandum, Lactarius salmonicolor, Boletus edulis, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius deterrimus, Marasmius oreades, Russula cyanoxantha) and 1 strictly protected species (Psilocybe serbica). On sites Predov Krst and Zaovine, no strictly protected species were recorded during the investigated period (Tab. 2). Also, 38 indicator fungal species of old-growth forests and valuable forest sites were observed, which is 12% of the total species number. Recorded species were present on indicator lists of 14 different European regional units (Tab. 1). Highest number of recorded indicator species were from Estonian indicator lists (Estonian Ministry of Environment, 2017). Hericium coralloides is species with the highest number of occurrences on indicator lists, it occurred on 10 out of 14 lists analyzed in this work (Tab. 1). This species is considered as rare and as one of the representatives of undisturbed habitats with high conservation value (Christensen et al., 2004; Adamcik et al., 2007): Austria (Vulnerable - VU), Bulgaria (Vulnerable - VU), Croatia (Endangered - EN), Denmark (Near Threatened - NT), Estonia (Near Threatened - NT), Germany (Endangered - EN), Latvia (Vulnerable - VU), Macedonia (Near Threatened - NT), Netherland (Endangered - EN), Norway (Near Threatened - NT), Poland (Vulnerable -VU), Romania (Near Threatened - NT), Sweden (Near Threatened - NT), Switzerland (Vulnerable - VU) and Ukraine (Vulnerable - VU) (http://iucn. ekoo.se/). In this research Hericium coralloides was recorded only on site Mitrovac, which is also confirmed previously by Čolić (1967), Rakić (2019), and Jovanović et al. (2021). The highest number of indicator species belong to the saprotrophic ecological category (18), followed by parasite/saprotrophic (15), and mycorrhizal category (5). For the majority of saprotrophic, and all the parasite/saprotrophic indicator species, a prerequisite for survival is the presence of large amounts of dead wood of different quality (dimensions and decay stage) (Holec et al., 2015). For fungi that are connected to woody substrate, it is generally considered that the most significant limiting factor for the survival of their populations is the presence of a suitable substrate (Lonsdale et al., 2008). However, Nordén et al. (2018) indicate that the connection of the habitat i.e. substrate (ecological continuity) is also a very important factor because for the species used as indicators, limiting factors for the survival of populations are also limited dispersion and establishment of individuals. The greatest number of indicator species was recorded on site Mitrovac (28 of 210 taxa; 13,3%), but the greatest ratio between indicator and total recorded taxa was documented on site Predov Krst (18 of 113 taxa; 16%) (Tab. 2). These results indicate 91 BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) Table 2. List of protected, strictly protected and indicator species Kaludjerske Bare Mitrovac Predov Krst Zaovine Protected species Boletus reticulatus Schaeff. * * Cantharellus cibarius Fr. * Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. * Hydnum repandum L. * Lactarius salmonicolor R. Heim &Leclair * * * Boletus edulis Bull. * * * Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray * * * Lactarius deterrimus Gröger * * Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr. * * Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. * * * Total number: 7 8 5 1 Strictly protected species Hericium flagellum (Scop.) Pers. * Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers. * Psilocybe serbica M.M. Moser & E. Horak * * Total number: 1 3 / / Indicator species Apioperdon pyriforme (Schaeff.) Vizzini * * * Ascocoryne cylichnium (Tul.) Korf * Auricularia mesenterica (Dicks.) Pers. * Chrysomphalina grossula (Pers.) Norvell, Redhead &Ammirati * Clavariadelphus pistillaris (L.) Donk * Climacocystis borealis (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar * Coriolopsis gallica (Fr.) Ryvarden * Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. * * * Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. * * * Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. * * Ganoderma carnosum Pat. * Geastrum fimbriatum Fr. * Geastrum rufescens Pers. * Geastrum striatum DC. * Geastrum triplex Jungh. * * Guepinia helvelloides (DC.) Fr. * Hericium flagellum (Scop.) Pers. * Hericium coralloides (Scop.) Pers. * Hydropus marginellus (Pers.) Singer * Ischnoderma benzoinum (Wahlenb.) P. Karst. * * BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 14 (2) December 2023: 75-95 Karaman et al. ● Biodiversity of fungal species from Tara Mountain (Serbia) 92 Lactarius uvidus (Fr.) Fr. * * Lycoperdon echinatum Pers. * Meripilus giganteus (Pers.) P. Karst. * Mucidula mucida (Schrad.) Pat. * * Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Gray * * Mycena maculata P. Karst. * Pholiota aurivella (Batsch) P. Kumm. * * Phyllotopsis nidulans (Pers.) Singer * Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis (Bull.) Singer * Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis (Bull.) Singer * Pycnoporellus fulgens (Fr.) Donk * * Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. * * Sparassis brevipes Krombh * Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. * Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar * * Trametes pubescens (Schumach.) Pilát * * * Tricholoma album (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. * Tricholoma sulphureum (Bull.) P. Kumm. * * * Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. * * Total number: 12 29 18 1 that Mitrovac and Predov Krst are valuable preserved habitats for old - growth indicator (endangered and rare) species of fungi. The importance of preserved forests in terms of the ecosystem services they provide is enormous. The long and undisturbed development of these forests, together with the natural dynamics of the renewal and destruction processes, contributes to the emergence of a very high structural complexity (Franklin & Van Pelt, 2004). Structural complexity is reflected in the presence of a large number of different microhabitats (Kozák et al., 2018), which include dead wood, holes in wood, fruiting bodies of lignicolous fungi and other epiphytic structures, that at the same time represent a habitat for numerous different and important groups of organisms (Paillet et al., 2010). The structural complexity of old, preserved forests enables the neutralization of summer forest soil temperatures (Frey et al., 2016), thereby enabling the survival of species sensitive to climate change (Betts et al., 2018). Old preserved forests are more resilient, stable and adaptable than managed forests (Alberto et al., 2013; Watson et al., 2013). Conclusion Recent researches have shown the presence of a high species diversity on Mt. Tara, especially on the site Mitrovac which contains a great number of rare and endangered taxa. It is of great importance to preserve those habitats since they can present fungal biodiversity hot spots. However, in order to make the overall diversity picture more complete, it is necessary to carry out long-term monitoring. Acknowledgements. This research was supported by the joint project of National Park Tara with the Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad - ProFungi Laboratory (contracts no. 47/2021 and 43/2022), and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Grant.No. 451-03-47/2023- 01/200125). 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