Selvaananthi and Beulah Jerlin 2024, Biologica Nyssana 15(2)


15 (2) December 2024: 135-144
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13944287

Bioactive components 
and therapeutic potential 
of Pleurotus florida: a 
comprehensive analysis

Original Article

Selvaananthi A.
Research Scholar, Register number: 
21212212262009, Department of Botany, St. Mary’s 
College, (Autonomous), Thoothukudi-1, Affiliated to 
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli - 627012, Tamilnadu, India
selvaananthia1997@gmail.com (corresponding 
author)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5498-7582

Beulah Jerlin S.
Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, St. 
Mary’s College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi-1, 
Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, 
Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli - 627012, Tamilnadu, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5480-5782

Received: September 06, 2024
Revised: September 28, 2024
Accepted: September 30, 2024

Abstract: 
Pleurotus mushrooms, commonly known as oyster mushrooms, are celebrated 
for their edibility and emerging health benefits. This study investigates the 
bioactive components and functional groups in Pleurotus florida mushrooms, 
focusing on polysaccharides, peptides, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds. 
Comprehensive analysis identified functional groups and diverse range of 37 
bioactive compounds, each exhibiting distinct biological activities. These 
include treatment for phobic disorders, antiseborrheic effects, sclerosant 
properties, cholesterol antagonism, antieczematic effects, regulation of lipid 
metabolism, antihypercholesterolemic properties, antisecretoric activity, 
and cardiovascular analeptic effects. Additionally, the study highlights the 
potential synergistic effects of these compounds, which may contribute to 
their overall therapeutic efficacy. The findings underscore the promise of 
Pleurotus florida as a valuable source of functional compounds with diverse 
and significant therapeutic applications, warranting further research to fully 
explore their potential benefits in clinical settings.

Key words: 
bioactive compounds, Pleurotus florida, FT-IR, GCMS, oyster mushroom

Apstrakt: 
Bioaktivne komponente i terapeutski potencijal Pleurotus florida: 
sveobuhvatna analiza
Pečurke roda Pleurotus, poznate kao bukovače, poznate su po svojoj 
jestivosti i sve većim zdravstvenim koristima. Ova studija istražuje 
bioaktivne komponente i funkcionalne grupe u pečurkama Pleurotus florida, 
sa fokusom na polisaharide, peptide, masne kiseline i fenolna jedinjenja. 
Detaljna analiza je identifikovala funkcionalne grupe i širok spektar od 37 
bioaktivnih jedinjenja, od kojih svako ispoljava različite biološke aktivnosti. 
Ove aktivnosti uključuju lečenje fobičnih poremećaja, antiseboroične 
efekte, sklerozantna svojstva, antagonizam holesterola, antiekzematske 
efekte, regulaciju metabolizma lipida, antihiperholesterolemična svojstva, 
antisekretornu aktivnost i kardiovaskularne analeptičke efekte. Pored toga, 
studija ističe potencijalne sinergističke efekte ovih jedinjenja, koji mogu 
doprineti njihovoj ukupnoj terapijskoj efikasnosti. Rezultati naglašavaju 
obećavajući potencijal Pleurotus florida kao vrednog izvora funkcionalnih 
jedinjenja sa različitim i značajnim terapeutskim primenama, što opravdava 
dalje istraživanje kako bi se u potpunosti istražile njihove moguće koristi u 
kliničkim uslovima.

Ključne reči: 
bioaktivna jedinjenja, Pleurotus florida, FT-IR, GCMS, bukovača

Introduction

Mushrooms are the spore-bearing fruiting bodies of 
matured mycelium typically formed above the soil 
or on its substrate. Greeks and Romans have taken 
mushrooms as food since ancient times. Chinese 
considered mushroom as an elixir of life and Romans 
regarded it as food of God. Mushroom belongs to 
the class Basidomycota of kingdom Fungi because 

of unique fungal characteristics and development 
(Song, 2004). Mushrooms have drawn attention 
as a therapeutic food, as a source of drugs and 
nutritional supplements since they are hyped for their 
antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial properties. 
In addition to their pharmacological properties, 
mushrooms have become much more significant 
in our diet due to its high nutritional value, high 
protein content and low fat / energy content (Khatun 

© 2024 Selvaananthi and Beulah Jerlin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the 
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your 
work non-commercially under the same license as the original. 135



et al., 2012). Mushrooms have predominantly been 
employed in conventional medicinal practices 
across China and various other Asian nations. These 
fungi exhibit a plethora of beneficial properties, 
including antineoplastic, antibacterial, antiviral, 
hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-
inflammatory, and antioxidant effects (Guillamón et 
al., 2010; Wasser, 2014).

The present study reveals the various types of 
bioactive compounds, potential health benefits, 
and the exciting possibilities they hold for future 
applications in medicine and functional foods.

Materials and Methods
FT-IR
Mushroom sample was lyophilized and mixed with 
KBr pellets and then subjected to FT-IR spectral 
analysis. The dried pellets were subjected to FT-IR 
spectroscopy measurement in the spectral range of 
4000-400 cm with resolution of 4 cm. The results 
were compared with standard values and the 
functional groups were identified.
GC-MS analysis
GC-MS analysis of the mushroom sample was 
performed using a GC Clarus 500 Perkin-Elmer 
system comprising an AOC - 20i autosampler and 
gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer 
(GC-MS) equipped with an Elite-1, fused silica 
capillary column (330 mm×0.25 mm ID×1μm df, 
composed of 100% dimethyl polysiloxane). For 
GC-MS detection, an electron ionization system 

with ionizing energy of 70 eV was used. Helium gas 
(99.999%) was used as the carrier gas at constant 
flow rate of 1ml/minute and an injection volume of 
0.5 μl was employed (split ratio of 10:1); Injector 
temperature 250 °C; Ion-source temperature 280 °C. 
The oven temperature was programmed from 110 °C 
(isothermal for 2 minutes), with an increase of 10 °C/
minute, to 200 °C, then 5 °C/minute to 280 °C, ending 
with a 9 minutes isothermal at 280 °C. Mass spectra 
were taken at 70 eV; a scan interval of 0.5 seconds 
and fragments from 40 to 550 Da. Total GC running 
time was 36 minutes. The relative percentage of each 
component was calculated by comparing its average 
peak area to the total areas, software adopted to handle 
mass spectra and chromatograms was a Turbo mass. 
Interpretation on mass spectrum of GC-MS was 
conducted using the database of National Institute 
of Standard and Technology (NIST) having more 
than 62,000 patterns. The spectrum of the unknown 
components was compared with the spectrum of 
the known components stored in the NIST library. 
The name, molecular weight and structure of the 
components of the test materials were ascertained.

Results
FI-IR analysis
FT-IR analysis of the Pleurotus florida mushroom 
powder provides the information about the functional 
groups present in it (Fig. 1, Tab. 1). The peak at 
3387.25 is associated with N-H stretching, which 
is characteristic of aliphatic primary amines, and it 
shows medium intensity. A weak peak at 2081.93 

136

BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 15 (2) December 2024: Selvaananthi and Beulah Jerlin ● Bioactive components and therapeutic 
potential of Pleurotus florida: a comprehensive analysis

Fig. 1. FT-IR Spectrum of Pleurotus florida



BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 15 (2) December 2024: Selvaananthi and Beulah Jerlin ● Bioactive components and therapeutic 
potential of Pleurotus florida: a comprehensive analysis

137

corresponds to C≡C stretching, indicating the 
presence of an alkyne group. Aromatic compounds 
are represented by a weak C-H bending peak at 
1627.13, while a medium-intensity C-H bending 
peak at 1459.97 suggests the presence of alkanes. 
The 1380.70 peak is associated with C-H bending in 
aldehydes and is of medium intensity. A strong peak 
at 1138.83 corresponds to C-O stretching in aliphatic 
ethers. Alkenes are identified by two peaks: a strong 
C=C bending peak at 959.82 and a medium-intensity 
C=C bending peak at 800.45. Halo compounds are 

indicated by strong peaks at 608.48 
and 510.66, corresponding to C-Br 
stretching and C-I stretching, 
respectively. These peaks help to 
elucidate the chemical structure 
and functional groups present in 
the sample.
GC-MS analysis
From the GC-MS analysis of 
the mushroom extract totally 37 
compounds were identified (Fig. 
2). With the help of the online tool 
PASS Online its biological activity 
was identified. Tab. 2 presents 
a list of compounds along with 
their molecular weight, peak area, 
molecular structure, bioactivity, 
and probability of activity. The 
bioactive compounds are shown to 
have a wide range of therapeutic 

properties, such as antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory, 
lipid metabolism regulation, cardiovascular benefits, 
etc. The probability of bioactivity for each compound 
highlights its potential efficacy in various medical 
treatments. 

Antineoplastic treatments
Antineoplastic agents play a critical role in inhibiting 
the growth and spread of tumors. Several compounds 
are identified with antineoplastic properties in the 

Table 1. FT-IR Analysis of Pleurotus florida

S. No. Peak 
value Group Class Peak 

details

1 3387.3 N-H stretching aliphatic primary 
amine medium

2 2081.9 C≡C stretching alkyne weak

3 1627.1 C-H bending aromatic 
compound weak

4 1460 C-H bending alkane medium
5 1380.7 C-H bending aldehyde medium
6 1138.8 C-O stretching aliphatic ether strong
7 959.82 C=C bending alkene strong
8 800.45 C=C bending alkene medium
9 608.48 C-Br stretching halo compound strong
10 510.66 C-I stretching halo compound strong

Fig. 2. GC-MS spectrum of Pleurotus florida



138

BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 15 (2) December 2024: Selvaananthi and Beulah Jerlin ● Bioactive components and therapeutic 
potential of Pleurotus florida: a comprehensive analysis

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study. Triethylsilanol and 
1,4:3,6-dianhydro-alpha-d-
glucopyranose are among 
the bioactive compounds 
known for their potential 
in cancer treatment. These 
compounds could inhibit 
cancer cell proliferation and 
possibly serve in therapeutic 
applications for various 
cancers, including non-
Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Antiosteoporotic treatments
Bone health is crucial for pre-
venting osteoporosis, a con-
dition where bones become 
weak and brittle. Methoxyac-
etaldehyde diethyl acetal has 
demonstrated antiosteoporot-
ic potential, indicating that it 
could play a role in bone dis-
ease prevention or treatment. 
By improving bone density 
and preventing bone loss, this 
compound shows promise in 
contributing to treatments 
aimed at strengthening skel-
etal health.
Antiobesity treatments
Obesity is a significant health 
challenge, and the need for 
antiobesity agents is ever-
growing. Methoxyacetalde-
hyde diethyl acetal has been 
highlighted for its potential 
antiobesity effects. This com-
pound could help regulate 
body fat and metabolism, 
providing support in weight 
management therapies, po-
tentially reducing the risk of 
obesity-related diseases.
Antiseborrheic treatments
Seborrhea is a skin condition 
characterized by excessive oil 
production, leading to scaly 
patches and dandruff. Sev-
eral compounds, including 
benzene (1,2,3-trimethyl and 
1,2,4-trimethyl), propanoic 
acid, 2-methyl-, propyl ester, 
malic Acid, 4,5-octanediol, 
2,7-dimethyl-, ocatadecane 

and hexadecane have been identified for their anti-
seborrheic properties. These compounds could aid 
in reducing excessive oil production and inflamma-
tion, thus contributing to the treatment of seborrheic 
dermatitis and related skin conditions.
Sclerosant treatments
Sclerosants are used to treat varicose veins by 
causing the veins to shrink. Compounds such as 
ethyl 13-methyl-tetradecanoate, 1-hexanol, 2-ethyl, 
2-propyl-1-pentanol, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 
propyl ester, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-ethyl-3-
hydroxyhexyl ester and 4,5-octanediol, 2,7-dimethyl 
exhibit sclerosant properties. These compounds 
could contribute to therapies designed to reduce the 
appearance of varicose veins and improve vascular 
health by inducing the closure of the affected veins.
Phobic Disorders treatments
Phobic disorders, such as anxiety and irrational 
fears, can be debilitating. Several compounds, 
including 1-hexanol, 2-ethyl, 2-propyl-1-pentanol, 
4,5-octanediol, 2,7-dimethyl-, methacrylic acid, 
ethyl ester, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, propyl ester, 
heneicosane, hexacosane, pentacosane, octacosane, 
tetratetracontane and diisooctyl phthalate are 
linked to the treatment of phobic disorders. These 
compounds may help regulate the nervous system, 
offering potential in managing symptoms of anxiety, 
stress, and related disorders, contributing to mental 
health therapies.
Lipid metabolism regulation
Proper lipid metabolism is vital for maintaining 
healthy cholesterol levels and preventing 
cardiovascular diseases. Compounds like 
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, ethyl 13-methyl-
tetradecanoate, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, linoleic 
acid ethyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid 
(Z,Z), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester, 
methacrylic acid, ethyl ester and ethyl 9.cis.,11.
trans.-octadecadienoate are known to regulate lipid 
metabolism. These bioactive molecules could aid in 
breaking down fats and maintaining healthy lipid 
profiles, potentially benefiting individuals with 
metabolic disorders.
Cholesterol antagonism
High cholesterol levels are a significant risk factor 
for cardiovascular diseases. Several compounds, 
including henicosane, linoleic acid ethyl ester, 
9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), and ethyl 9.cis., 
11.trans.-octadecadienoate, demonstrate cholesterol 
antagonist properties. These compounds could help 
reduce cholesterol levels, supporting heart health 
and preventing conditions such as atherosclerosis 



mycelium of P. ostreatus effectively inhibited the 
proliferation of neoplastic cells associated with 
Ehrlich tumor and sarcoma 180. Protein extract 
derived from P. ostreatus demonstrated a significant 
therapeutic impact on the colorectal cancer cell line 
SW 480 as well as on the monocytic leukaemia cell 
line THP-1 by promoting their apoptosis (Wu et al., 
2011). 

Furthermore, protein extracts from P. eryngii and 
P. ostreatus (eryngin and pleurostrin) exhibit notable 
antifungal and antibacterial activities (Erjavec et al., 
2012). The species P. cornucopiae has yielded two 
oligopeptides that display antihypertensive effects 
(Jang et al., 2011). Additionally, the mycelium and 
fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus are characterized 
by high concentrations of ergothioneine, a water-
soluble amino acid recognized for its exceptional 
antioxidant properties (Lin et al., 2016). Ribonuclease 
derived from P. djamor demonstrates an inhibitory 
effect on the proliferation of hepatic and breast 
cancer cells (Wu et al., 2010). Investigations have 
established that the polysaccharide-peptide complex 
obtained from P. abalonus significantly lowers blood 
glucose levels in murine models (Chen et al., 2015). 
Lectins isolated from Pleurotus citrinopileatus 
exhibit both antineoplastic and antiviral properties 
(Li et al., 2008). Terpenoids extracted from P. 
cornucopiae showed cytotoxic properties towards 
HeLa and HepG2 cancer cell lines (Wang et al., 
2013). Menikpurage et al. (2009) and Alam et al. 
(2009) performed an investigation involving animal 
subjects, demonstrating that lovastatin present in 
the powdered fruiting bodies of P. osteratus and P. 
sajor-caju favorably influenced lipid profiles as well 
as hepatic and renal functions. The concentrations of 
total cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream 
of the rats were found to be reduced. 

The application of oyster mushrooms within the 
realms of cosmetology and dermatology represents 
another pertinent subject. Owing to their rich content 
of antioxidants, along with anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, 
whitening, and moisturizing agents, extracts from 
oyster mushrooms are suitable for the formulation 
of various cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Certain 
countries offer soap featuring P. ostreatus extract, 
known for its skin regeneration properties. The 
utilization of a pleuran-based cream as an adjunctive 
therapy for patients suffering from atopic dermatitis 
has showed promising outcomes. Recent scientific 
literature substantiates the efficacy of various oyster 
mushroom species as viable raw materials for the 
cosmetics sector (Taofiq et al., 2016; Wu et al., 
2016; Morris et al., 2017).

Cholesterol is a crucial lipophilic molecule 
essential for human survival, playing numerous 
roles in maintaining cellular function. It serves 

and coronary artery disease.
Leukopoiesis stimulation
Leukopoiesis, the production of white blood 
cells, is essential for immune system function. 
Compounds such as heptadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, 
5-decanone, 6-hydroxy-, henicosane, methacrylic 
acid, ethyl ester, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-ethyl-
3-hydroxyhexyl ester and hexadecanoic acid, 
ethyl ester have shown the ability to stimulate 
leukopoiesis. These compounds could help boost 
the immune system by increasing white blood cell 
counts, making them potentially useful in treating 
conditions like neutropenia and enhancing immune 
response.
Cardiovascular analeptic treatments
Cardiovascular analeptics are agents that stimulate 
heart function and improve circulatory health. Dieth-
yl phthalate, nonadecane, ocatadecane, hexacosane, 
pentacosane, octacosane, tetratetracontane, and he-
neicosane have been found to exhibit cardiovascular 
analeptic properties. These compounds could help 
enhance heart function and overall cardiovascular 
health, making them potential candidates for man-
aging heart conditions and improving circulation.

Discussion
The Pleurotus genus comprises approximately 
40 distinct species, among which several hold 
considerable economic importance. The fruiting 
bodies of oyster mushrooms possess significant 
nutritional value and confer health-promoting 
benefits. Furthermore, numerous species within the 
Pleurotus genus have been recognized as sources of 
compounds with established medicinal attributes, 
including polysaccharides, peptides, and proteins, 
terpenoids, fatty acid esters, and polyphenols. The 
bioactive compounds present in Pleurotus species 
demonstrate a variety of beneficial properties, 
including immunostimulation, anti-neoplastic 
effects, anti-diabetic activity, anti-atherosclerotic 
effects, anti-inflammatory responses, antibacterial 
properties, and antioxidative capabilities. The 
multifaceted positive effects on the human body 
can be attributed to the synergistic interactions of 
these bioactive compounds (Golak-Siwulska et al., 
2018). The fruiting bodies of various species of 
oyster mushrooms have yielded an extensive array 
of polysaccharides exhibiting several biological 
activities. Zhang et al. (2012) successfully isolated 
two distinct fractions of polysaccharides from 
P. ostreatus, demonstrating their significant 
antioxidative capabilities. Facchini et al. (2014) 
reported that polysaccharides derived from the 

BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 15 (2) December 2024: Selvaananthi and Beulah Jerlin ● Bioactive components and therapeutic 
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BIOLOGICA NYSSANA ● 15 (2) December 2024: Selvaananthi and Beulah Jerlin ● Bioactive components and therapeutic 
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as a precursor in the synthesis of vitamin D, 
steroid hormones and sex hormones. Additionally, 
cholesterol is a key component of bile salts, which aid 
in the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins 
A, D, E, and K (Ciaula et al., 2017). The impact of 
diet on cholesterol levels varies among individuals 
(Stone & Lloyd-Jones, 2015). Certain compounds in 
mushrooms help maintain healthy blood cholesterol 
levels and eliminate unwanted fats from the body. 
Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen produced by 
over 100 species of mushrooms worldwide, binds 
with high affinity to several serotonin receptors, 
including 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C, which 
are located in various brain regions such as the 
cerebral cortex and thalamus. Daniel & Haberman 
(2017) provide an in-depth review of psilocybin’s 
potential against various mental health conditions, 
including depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-
compulsive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and 
tobacco use disorder. Various substances extracted 
from macro fungi, particularly mushrooms, such 
as ceramides, lentinan, schizophyllan, omega-3, 
6, and 9 fatty acids, carotenoids, and resveratrol, 
are increasingly being incorporated into cosmetics 
(Hyde et al., 2010; Camassola, 2013).

Conclusion
The study has revealed a rich array of bioactive 
components, including polysaccharides, peptides, 
fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, each 
associated with various therapeutic activities. The 
study identified 37 distinct bioactive compounds, 
demonstrating a wide spectrum of biological effects 
such as treatment for phobic disorders, antiseborrheic 
and antieczematic properties, cholesterol antagonism, 
and regulation of lipid metabolism. The results 
suggest that Pleurotus florida holds considerable 
promise as a source of functional compounds with 
diverse health benefits. These findings support the 
potential of these mushrooms for use in developing 
novel therapeutic interventions and highlight the 
need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms 
underlying their efficacy and to explore their clinical 
applications more comprehensively.

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