Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry  ISSN 2089-6514 (paper) 
Volume 11, Number 2, October 2022 | Pages: 137-143 | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2022.112.137-143 ISSN 2540-9328 (online) 
 

 

 

 

Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used in The Management of 

Peptic Ulcer Diseases in Wukari Metropolis 

 
Akpevwoghene Agbatutu1,2, Francis Nosakhare Imade2,*, Efosa A. Ogie-Odia2, 

Mary Oromioshemime Ifedele3, Funmilola Modinat Abdulrasaq3, Daniel Eseigbe2 
1Department of Biological Sciences, Kwararafa University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. 

2Plant Science and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. 
3Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. 

 

Corresponding author* 
imadefrancis@gmail.com 

 

 
Manuscript received: 26 May, 2022. Revision accepted: 28 July, 2022. Published: 03 August, 2022. 

 

 

Abstract 

 

Peptic ulcer diseases (PUD) are sores formed in soft tissues present in the lining of the digestive tract as a result of excessive stomach acid 

or inability of the alimentary tract or stomach to protect itself. The increasing surge for plant based drugs in the management of PUD has 

increased scientific investigation of herbs and recipes from traditional medicinal practitioners (TMP) to ascertain their efficacy through 

pharmacological studies. Ethnobotanical survey of plants and recipes from TMP used in the management of PUD in Wukari metropolis, 

Taraba State, Northeastern Nigeria were documented. A total of twenty (20) TMP located in ten (10) different area of the town were 

interviewed using a semi structured questioner. Twenty-four (24) plant species from twenty (20) different families and sixteen (16) 

recipes were documented from the survey. It was observed that plant leaves were mostly used while C. longa (Zingberaceae), M. 

paradisiaca (Musaceae) had the highest frequency of occurrence in recipes formulation. Therefore, due to the proven efficacy of these 

herbal recipes as reported from correspondents, there is need for proper documentation, conservation, cultivation and use of these 

medicinal plants in the management of PUD to avoid them being endangered or going into extinction. 

 

Keywords: Peptic ulcer; Wukari; Plant; Taraba. 

 

 

INTRODUCTION 
 

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common gastrointestinal 

disorder which occurs on inflamed break in the skin or 

mucus membrane lining the alimentary tract. It is the 

most predominant chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal 

diseases and a global health problem leading to 

morbidity and mortality worldwide (Sen et al., 2009). 

PUD manifest in different unit of the alimentary tract 

like the stomach (gastric ulcer), duodenum (duodenal 

ulcer), esophagus (esophageal ulcer) resulting in 

different types of peptic ulcer. The specific cause of 

PUD remains unclear over the years though studies 

report that the lack of equilibrium between the mucosal 

defensive factors (secretion of bicarbonate, 

prostaglandins, innate resistance of the mucosal cell) 

and gastric aggressive factors (acid, pepsin, H. pylori 

infection) are possible causes of PUD (Roy et al., 2013; 
Dashputre et al., 2011; Roberts, 2003). Presently H. 

pylori, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 
and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (a dramatic 

hypersecretion of acid) are three primary factors in 

peptic ulcer disease though, environmental factors 

(smoking, excessive alcohol intake), genetic, dietary and 

physiologic stress also increases gastric acid secretion, 

weakens mucosal barrier leading to PUD (Malfertheiner 

et al., 2009; Wu and Fassihi, 2005). The 
pathophysiology of PUD injury mechanism in gastric 

and duodenal ulcer differs distinctively such that 

duodenal ulcer is essentially an H. pylori related disease 
while gastric ulcer is commonly associated with NSAID 

ingestion but in both conditions inflammatory symptoms 

is observed at the onset leading to an imbalance between 

protective and aggressive factors (Chan and Leung, 

2002). 

Orthodox drugs used in the treatment of PUD are 

histamine-receptor blockers (ranitidine, cimetidine), 

proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, pantoprazole) and 

antibiotics (metronidazole, amoxycillin) which are 

sometimes combined to achieve better result. They are 

often directed at reduction of aggressive factors with 

some reported side effects such as dizziness, headache, 

constipation, impotence or breast enlargement in men 

and the use of antacids leads to stomach distention, 

belching, constipation (Gulmez et al., 2007, Sarkar et 
al., 2008, Reilly, 1999, Franco and Richter, 1998).  

Previous studies reveal that about 5–10% of world 

population suffer from PUD though with a recent 

decrease in the incidence, rates of hospital admissions 

and mortality (Lanas and Chan, 2007, Lanas et al., 2011, 

https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2022.112.137-143


 

 

 

138 Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 11 (2), 2022: 137-143 
 

 

Sonnenberg, 2013). The prevalence of H. pylori, a major 
cause of PUD is higher in developing countries present 

in Africa, Central America, Central Asia and Eastern 

Europe where the bacteria is mostly acquired during 

childhood in an unhygienic environment especially in 

communities with lower socioeconomic status (Kuna et 
al., 2019, Hooi et al., 2017). Most people in these 

developing countries live below poverty level, do not 

have access to standard healthcare facilities, rely on 

NSAIDs and painkiller drugs to subside pains resulting 

from stress, are unable to afford balanced diet therefore 

consume food substances which tend to increase gastric 

acid production and these factors creates an imbalance 

between aggressive and defensive factors in 

gastrointestinal tract. These classes of people who 

constitute about 80% of the world’s population rely on 

herbs from plants as alternative medication in 

management of sickness and diseases. Traditional 

healers have used and relied on plants materials as main 

source of natural therapeutic medicines from time 

immemorial in the treatment and management of various 

infectious diseases (Akinwumi and Sonibare, 2019; 

Beverly and Sudarsanam, 2011; Dike et al., 2012). 

Scientific studies have established that medicinal plants 

used by traditional healers have displayed proven 

pharmacological, antioxidant and therapeutic activity 

against degenerative diseases. Many herbs and plant 

products have been found to play a role in protecting or 

helping to heal stomach and peptic ulcers with the 

presence of important secondary metabolites like 

flavonoids and tannins reported as the active principle 

responsible for their anti-ulcer activity (Nihar et al., 
2017). 

Ethnobotanical studies or survey are recognized as 

the most viable method of identifying novel medicinal 

plants or refocusing on those earlier reported for 

bioactive constituents (Alebiosu et al, 2005). There is 

little or no documentation of medicinal plants used for 

the treatment of PUD in Wukari metropolis, 

Northeastern Nigeria, Taraba state therefore this 

documentation will serve as reference to scientific 

researchers in the development of potent drugs and 

recipes from natural plants in treatment and management 

of PUD with fewer or no side effects. This present study 

aims to document medicinal plants used in the 

management of PUD in Wukari, Taraba state. 
 
 

METHODOLOGY 
 

Study area 

This survey was conducted in Wukari metropolis the 

headquarters of Wukari Local Government Area of 

Taraba State, Nigeria. It has an area of 4,308km2 and a 

population of 238,283 at the 2006 census which is 

located in the south of the Benue river basin (NBS, 

2006). The town is located in the Southern Taraba with 

its coordinates between latitude 7o 51’N to 7o 85’N and 

longitude 9o47’E to 9o78’E which is about 200km from 

Jalingo the state capital. The city has a tropical 

continental climate characterized by a marked 

distinctive wet and dry season, an annual rainfall 

between 1000-1500mm, temperatures range between 20-

40°C with a lengthy wet season (7 months) throughout 

the course of the year (Oyatayo et al., 2017). Wukari is 
mainly an agrarian town that lies within the savannah 

zone and has mainly grassland vegetation and scattered 

trees and shrubs in the southern part of the State. Its 

inhabitants are the Jukuns, who are predominantly 

traditionalists though some of them are Christians and 

Muslims. The survey was conducted in sampled areas 

that are close to farms and garden in the extended city 

areas of Wukari, with the aim to capture both rural and 

urban populace and locate the elderly people with the 

knowledge of traditional medicine. 

 

 

 
 

Figure 1. Map of Nigeria showing Taraba State. 



 

 

 

 Agbatutu et al. – Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used in The Management of … 139 
 

 

 
Figure 2. Map of Taraba State showing Wukari Local Government Area and areas visited. 

 
 

 

 

 

Data collection  

The main data sources consisted of a series of semi–

structured and open-ended questionnaires as well as 

informal interviews administered on local herb sellers, 

herbalists, aged and other groups of people rich in 

traditional medicine knowledge. The survey was 

conducted within the span of eight (8) months from 

January 2019 to August 2019 with repeated visits to the 

respondents. Questionnaires were administered and 

Hausa language was used to obtained the information 

from the respondents. Such information includes the 

local plant names, useful plant parts and methods of 

preparation. Local names of plants mentioned were 

validated using literatures and proper taxa nomenclature 

was validated in the plant list database at 

www.plantlist.org.  

 

Demographic data 

A total of twenty respondents were interviewed 

consisting of twelve males (60%) and eight females 

(40%) in Wukari metropolis. The respondents include 

traditional healers (30%), herbalist (20%), herb sellers 

(40%) and the aged people (10%) all of which are 

Nigerians from the Jukun ethnic group comprising of 

(40%) Christians, (20%) Muslims and (40%) practicing 

traditionalists. Their ages were within 31-70 years with 

the age bracket of 51-60 (45%) with no formal education 

(60%) being the highest among them (Table 1). 

 

 

RESULTS 
 

A total of twenty-four (24) plant species belonging to 

twenty (20) families were identified as plants used in 

treatment of PUD in Wukari metropolis (Table 2). The 

plant families, local names, part used and frequency of 

occurrence were documented. The Anarcardiaceae, 

Alliaceae, Malvaceae and Musaceae had two plants each 

among the twenty-four plant species while the leaves 

were mostly used in preparation of various herbal 

recipes. Some of the plants were reported to be 

harvested from the forest while others from home 

garden and environs. The respondents claimed that their 

medicinal knowledge was inherited, few trained and 

some believed to be divine.   

 
 
 

Table 1. Source of Ethnomedicinal Information. 
 

Demography  Frequency 

(n=20) 

Percentage 

(%) 

Traditional healers 6 30.0 

Herbalist  4 20.0 

Herb seller  8 40.0 

Aged  2 10.0 

   

Gender   

Male 12 60.0 

Female 8 40.0 

   

Age range   

Below 30 0 0.0 

31-40 2 10.0 

41-50 7 35.0 

51-60 

60 and above 

9 

2 

45.0 

10.0 

   

Religion   

Christianity 8.0 40.0 

Islam 4.0 20.0 

Traditional religion 8.0 40.0 

 

Education  

 

 

 

 

No formal 12 60.00 

Primary 4 20.00 

Secondary 4 20.00 

Diploma 0 00.00 

Degree 0 00.00 
 

 



 

 

 

140 Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 11 (2), 2022: 137-143 
 

 

Table 2. List of Plants Used in Management of PUD in Wukari, Taraba State. 
 

S/N Plant Name Family Part used 
Common 

name 
Hausa name 

Frequency of 

occurrence 

1 Azadirachta indica (A.) Juss. Maliaceae Leaves Neem Doogon yaaroo 1 

2 Psidium guajava Linn. Myrtaceae Leaves Guava Gweebaa 1 

3 Anarcardium occidentale Linn. Anarcardiaceae 
Roots, stems 

Leaves 
Cashew Jambe 1 

4 Carica papaya Linn. Caricaceae Fruits, seeds Pawpaw Gwandar masar 1 

5 Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Lamiaceae Leaves Scent leaf Tagida, daddooya 1 

6 Musa sapientum Linn. Musaceae Unripe fruits Banana Ayama 2 

7 
Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) 

Wild. 
Portulacaceae Leaves Water leaf Alenyruwa 1 

8 Curcuma longa Linn. Zingberaceae Rhizome Tumeric Zabibi 4 

9 Musa paradisiaca Linn. Musaceae Fruit Plantain Agada 4 

10 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F Alliaceae Gel Aloe Hantsar giwaa 1 

11 Mangifera indica Linn. Anarcardiaceae Leaves Mango Mangoro 1 

12 Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Malvaceae Calyx Roselle Soboroto 1 

13 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Leaves Wire weed Tsadar Iamarudu 1 

14 Lantana camara Linn. Verbenaceae Stem, whole plant Red sage Kimbama halba 1 

15 Euphorbia hirta Linn. Euphorbiaceae Leaves Garden spurge Noonon kurciyaa 2 

16 Ipomoea batatas Linn. Convolvulaceae Tuber Sweet potato Ba fadamee 1 

17 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Leaves Drumstick Zogelle 1 

18 Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. Crussalaceae Leaves Life plant Harfifi 1 

19 Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait.f. Ascclepidiaceae Leaves Sodom Apple Baabaa ambele 1 

20 Allium cepa Linn. Alliaceae Bulb Onion Albasa 1 

21 Datura metel Linn. Solanaceae Leaves Devil trumpet Zakami 1 

22 Vitellaria paradoxa  Gaertn.f. Sapotaceae Leaves and fruit Shea butter Kadee 1 

23 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Poaceae Seed Guinea corn Mazakuwa 2 

24  
Ampelocissus africanus (Lour.) 

Merr. 
Vitaceae Leaves 

Simple-leaved 

wild grape 
Siling siame 1 

 

 

 

 
 

Figure 3. Frequency of plant parts used in management of PUD in Wukari metropolis  

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Bulb Tuber Leaves Root Stem Fruits Seeds Rhizome Gel Calyx Whole plant



 

 

 

 Agbatutu et al. – Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used in The Management of … 141 
 

 

Table 3. PUD Herbal Recipes from TMP in Wukari, Taraba State. 

 

S/N Method of Preparation  

1.  Dry the half ripe M. paradisiaca and M. sapientum peels and grind into powder, mix one teaspoon of the powder with 
honey. 

2.  Squeeze the fresh leaves of T. triangulare, E. hirta in clean water, add edible salt (NaCl), then sieve the extract, take a glass 
cup twice daily 

3.  Dried rhizome of C. longa is chewed with leaves of E. hirta in an oily juice (Palm oil, olive oil). 
4.  Dried half ripe peels of M. paradisiaca and M. sapientum is powdered, a powdered teaspoon is mixed with honey and taken 

daily for two months. 

5.  Cut two whole fruits of C. papaya pieces including the peel, soak in six liters of water, sieve to remove the cubes and add 
750ml of honey into the extract, and drink a glass cup twice a day. 

6.  Blend four matured leaves of A. vera with 750ml of pure honey and 750ml of clean water respectively, filter the syrup and 
keep in a container to be taken twice daily. 

7.  Dry leaves of C. procera are crushed and mixed with V. paradoxa and swallowed twice daily.   
8.  Gentle heat is applied to the leaves of B. pinnnatum until it brings out oil which is then crushed to paste and mixed with 

honey before consumption twice daily. 

9.  Boiled or crushed leaves of M. oleifera in water, is taken twice daily. 
10.  Unripe M. paradisiaca and C. papaya fruits are sliced to cubes, soaked in water for three days and taken daily. 
11.  Powdered leaves and rhizome of A. africanus, C. longa is mixed with S. bicolor paste and consumed morning and evening 

daily. 

12.  Bulbs of A. cepa and leaves of S. acuta are crushed, mixed with S. bicolor paste and natural honey. 
13.  Decoction of the calyx of H. sabdariffa is mixed with powdered leaves of A. occidentale and  P. guajava and taken twice 

daily. 

14.  A tea spoon of powdered M. paradisiaca fruit in mixed in a maceration of A. indica leaves and L. camara whole plant for 
seven days be taken twice daily for two months.     

15.  Paste of boiled C. longa mixed with a pinch powdered leaves of D. metel leaves be eaten with boiled tuber of I. batatas 
should be taken early morning daily. 

16.  Decoction of fresh leaves of O. gratissimum, M. indica mixed with S. bicolor paste and natural honey 

 

 

 

 
Figure 4. Frequency of plants used in PUD herbal recipes in Wukari metropolis. 
 

 

 

DISCUSSION 
 

The importance of plant based drugs from traditionalists 

and herb sellers in the management of PUD remains 

vital in the search of novel active compounds with little 
or no side effects. A total of twenty-four (24) plant 

species from twenty (20) families with sixteen (16) 

recipes were recorded from twenty (20) traditional 

medical practitioners present in Wukari metropolis. 

(Figure 2 to 4, Tables 1 to 2). The plants C. longa, M. 

paradisiaca recorded the highest frequency of 

occurrence while various plant parts such as leaves, 

stem, fruit bark, rhizome and bulb were frequently used 

in the prescribed recipes. These formulations were either 
mixed or prepared with pap, water and honey as major 

vehicle suggested during preparation, administration and 

consumption of prepared recipes. There are reports on 

the scientific investigation on PUD and gastro-protective 

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5



 

 

 

142 Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 11 (2), 2022: 137-143 
 

 

potentials of some of these plants such as C. longa 
(Savaringal and Sanalkumar, 2018), A. vera 

(Subramanian et al., 2007), A. occidentale (Ajibola et 
al., 2010), C. papaya (Okewumi and Oyeyemi, 2012), 

O. gratissimum (Amadi et al., 2014), M. paradisiaca 

(Rao et al., 2016), M. indica (Neelima et al., 2012), T. 
triangulare  (Onwurah et al., 2013) and M. sapientum 

(Prabha et al., 2011) have been evaluated using different 

models on experimental animals. Some of these plants 

have been reported to display strong antimicrobial (A. 

cepa, C. longa), anti-inflammatory (S. acuta), relaxant 
(O. gratissimum, M. oleifera) and acid reflux (M. 

sapientum, A. vera) activity which could confirm their 

mode of activity or mechanism of action against the 

reported major causes of PUD such as H. pylori a 

bacteria, NSAIDs related drugs, Zollinger-Ellison 

syndrome and environmental stress (Iqbal et al., 2018, 
Gupta et al., 2015, Arciniegas et al., 2016, Malfertheiner 

et al., 2009). The therapeutic activity of these herbal 
recipes as reported from respondents and their customers 

suggest that these herbal products contain numerous 

bioactive constituents that are a part of the physiological 

functions of living flora and hence they are believed to 

have better compatibility with human body (Kamboj, 

2000). 

Akinwumi and Sonibare (2019) stated that 

cultivation and proper documentation of medicinal 

plants from ethnobotanical survey is essential to prevent 

them from being endangered and going into extinction. 

This confirms and addresses the worries from 

respondents who reported the scarce availability of some 

plants in their natural habitats due to their increasing 

demands for food and medicine. Therefore, the 

increasing dependence of these plant based herbal drugs 

mainly in developing countries for primary health care 

could be properly harnessed and managed only if there 

are measures to ensure sustainable cultivation that will 

have a considerable long term effect on the environment, 

health care and economy.  

 

 

CONCLUSION 
 

Twenty-four (24) plant species with sixteen (16) recipes 

from traditional medicinal practitioners and herb sellers 

were documented and reordered for the treatment and 

management of PUD. The major essence of this survey 

is to harness and document the rich knowledge of the 

traditional medicinal practitioners on the use of 

medicinal plants in the treatment of PUD which could 

pave the way for detailed scientific research in the 

discovery of novel compounds with better activity, new 

mechanism of action and less toxic side effects. 

 

 

Authors’ Contributions: Agbatutu designed the study. 

Agbatutu carried out the laboratory work. Ifedele and 

Imade analyzed the data. Agbatutu and Imade wrote the 

manuscript. Abdulrasaq and Ogie Odia review the 

manuscript All authors read and approved the final 

version of the manuscript 

 

Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are 

no competing interests. 

 

 

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