Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry ISSN 2089-6514 (paper) Volume 12, Number 2, October 2023 | Pages: 601-606 | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.601-606 ISSN 2540-9328 (online) In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bamboo Tali Leaf (Gigantochloa apus) Ethanol Extract Nurul Hidayah, Mutista Hafsah* Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Walisongo, Jl. Walisongo No.3-5, Tambakaji, Kec. Ngaliyan, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50185, Tel. (024) 7604554, Indonesia. Corresponding author* mutista.hafshah@walisongo.ac.id Manuscript received: 21 July, 2023. Revision accepted: 10 August, 2023. Published: 07 November, 2023. Abstract Inflammation is a physiological process that serves as a defense mechanism for the body against foreign substances, bacteria, or irritants. Inflammation can be cured with anti-inflammatory drugs. One of the plants that has the potential to be an anti-inflammatory agent is the bamboo leaf. This research aims to analyze the content of secondary metabolites, determine the inhibition value and IC50 value of the anti- inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves. Bamboo tali leaves were macerated using 96% ethanol and subjected to phytochemical screening. The extract was then tested for anti-inflammatory activity in vitro with the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) protein denaturation inhibition method. Bamboo tali leaf ethanol extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenols. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves with concentrations of 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 ppm had an inhibition percentage value of 23.14 Β± 0.008%; 34.30 0.026%; 54.51 0.060%; 69.07 Β± 0.006%; and 87.02 Β± 0.021% with an IC50 value of 52.991 ppm. These results indicate that the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves has the potential to be an anti-inflammatory with a strong IC50 value below 100 ppm. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Bamboo tali; Phytochemicals; Protein denaturation; Secondary Metabolites. INTRODUCTION A physiological process called inflammation includes a living thing's immune system. Inflammation serves as a physiological defense against certain diseases, such as cancer, by shielding the organism from microbial infection (Bouyahya at al., 2022). There are several signs of inflammation in the body, including redness, fever, edema, and loss of tissue function (Novika at al., 2021). Inflammation can be treated with synthetic medications such ibuprofen, aspirin, diclofenac sodium, and celecoxib. Long-term use of these medications may result in gastrointestinal adverse effects (Izzany at al., 2018). Research into anti-inflammatory medications manufactured from natural substances, sometimes known as herbal medicines, is therefore required. In Indonesia, herbal remedies use is one way to utilize of the country's natural resources. One of the bamboo species found in Indonesia, bamboo tali, has been extensively used in the medical field. One component of rope bamboo, called bamboo tali leaves, is not appropriate for use because it is regarded as waste for the environment (Fitriani, 2018). Extraction of the bioactive chemicals present in bamboo leaves is one strategy that can be used to make use of them (Romansyah at al., 2019). In bamboo tali (Gigantochloa apus) leaf extract macerated with 70% ethanol, bioactive substances including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and glycosides were discovered (Setiawan & Yusransyah, 2018). secondary metabolites with anti-inflammatory effects, including as phenols, saponins, and tannins. These metabolites work to suppress the production of inflammatory mediators and increase free radical production (Armadany at al., 2020). Consequently, the bamboo tali's leaves can be utilized as an anti-inflammatory medication. Through the approach of preventing protein denaturation, anti-inflammatory activity can be tested. This is due to the fact that protein denaturation is one of the causes of tissue inflammation (Farida, Rahmat, & Amanda, 2018). The protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) was utilized in this study. The way the sample solution interacts with BSA demonstrates the theory behind protein denaturation inhibition. Free radical generation causes body proteins to be more susceptible to denaturation. The outcome of the inflammatory process is the release of inflammatory mediators (Shalihah at al., 2022). MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials and Tools The tools used in this study were volume pipettes, stir bars, spatulas, thermometers, test tubes, test tube racks, https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.601-606 https://www.google.com/search?gs_ssp=eJzj4tVP1zc0TDIryDAwLsoxYPTiLc3MUyhPzMkszs9LzwcAiUsJtw&q=uin+walisongo&rlz=1C1CHNY_enID896ID896&oq=uin+wa&aqs=chrome.1.0i131i355i433i512j46i131i433i512j69i57j0i512l2j69i60l3.4842j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 602 Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 12 (2), 2023: 601-606 Erlenmeyer (IWAKI), porcelain cups, volumetric flasks (100 mL, 100 mL, 25 mL, and 10 mL) (IWAKI), vials, cuvettes, dark glass bottles, pH meter, analytical balance (AND), blender (COSMOS), Centrifuge (PLC SERIES), 1 set of distillation apparatus, one set of vacuum rotary evaporator, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry instrument (ORION AQUAMATE 8000). The juvenile leaves of Gigantochloa apus, a species of rope bamboo, were the materials employed in this investigation. In this study, additives with proanalytical quality were employed. 96% technical ethanol, distilled water, Mg, HCl, Wagner reagent, FeCl3, bovine serum albumin (BSA), tris buffer saline (TBS), NaCl (Merck), and CH3COOH are the other ingredients. Methods Making powder from bamboo tali leaf (Wahyuni at al., 2020) Bamboo leaves are removed, cleaned under running water, and allowed to air dry for about five days. Using a blender, the little bits of dried leaves were mixed into a powder. Figure 1. Bamboo tali leaf. Calculation of Bamboo Tali Leaf Powder's Moisture Content (Fitri & Anita, 2014) Two grams of powdered rope bamboo leaf were baked for 30 minutes at 105 degrees. It was then placed in a desiccator to chill for 15 minutes. After cooling, the resulting weight is weighed to ascertain the water content. % π‘€π‘œπ‘–π‘ π‘‘π‘’π‘Ÿπ‘’ π‘π‘œπ‘›π‘‘π‘’π‘›π‘‘ = π‘βˆ’(π‘βˆ’π‘Ž) 𝑏 (Eq. 1) Information: a : weight of the cup (g) b : sample weight (g) c : cup weight + sample (g) Producing Bamboo tali Leaf Extract from Tali leaf (Wahyuni at al., 2020) Bamboo tali leaf powder was macerated with 96% ethanol that has undergone a 1:5 (w/v) distillation ratio. This procedure is continued until the combination turns a light shade of clear, provided that it is filtered and the solvent is changed once every 24 hours in order to acquire the ethanol extract and determine the yield level. %π‘Œπ‘–π‘’π‘™π‘‘ = 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒙𝒕 π’˜π’†π’Šπ’ˆπ’‰π’• π‘Ίπ’Šπ’Žπ’‘π’π’Šπ’„π’Šπ’‚ π’˜π’†π’Šπ’ˆπ’‰π’• 100% (Eq. 2) Phytochemical Screening Test Flavonoid (Romansyah at al., 2019) Two milliliters of the sample in total, heated for 5 minutes. The material is heated before being combined with five drops of concentrated HCl and 0.1 g of Mg metal. Positive reaction is indicated by a yellowish- orange to reddish solution. Alkaloid (Wahid & Safwan, 2020) Wagner's reagent was added in three separate drops to the 2 mL extract sample. If a brown hue shows up, the sample is positive for alkaloids. Saponin (Wahid & Safwan, 2020) A test tube containing 3 mL of the extract sample was then filled with 10 mL of hot water, cooled, and vigorously shaken for 10 seconds. One drop of pure HCl was then added after that. The positive sample includes saponins if the foam that forms does not vanish. Tannin The extract sample, a total of 3 mL, was heated for 5 minutes before being combined with 5 drops of 1% FeCl3. According to Romansyah et al. (2019), the development of dark blue or blackish green is a sign that tannins are present. Phenol (Putri, 2018) Two milliliters of the extract sample were mixed with five drops of 1% FeCl3. A positive sample that contains phenol is indicated if a solid black or bluish green color is produced. An anti-inflammatory effect Test TBS (Tris Buffer Saline) production (Barr at al., 2006) 900 mL of distilled water was added after 8.7 g of NaCl and 1.21 g of tris base were weighed in total. After then, the pH was maintained at 6.2–6.5 by adding glacial CH3COOH. A 1000 mL volumetric flask is filled with a stable NaCl and tris base mixture, and the pH is then raised to the desired level using distilled water. BSA (bovine serum albumin) production 0.2% (Williams at al., 2008) 0.2 g of BSA was added to a 100 mL volumetric flask, and the volume was subsequently raised to 100 mL with TBS solution. Positive Controls Creation (Rusli & Setiawan, 2020) Two milliliters of 0.2% BSA solution were combined with 1.5 mL of TBS and 1.5 mL of distilled water to Hidayah & Hafsah – In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bamboo Tali Leaf … 603 create a 5 mL volumetric flask. Without any additional processing, the mixture's absorbance value was instantly determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at the optimized wavelength of 289 nm. Duplicate runs of the experiment were conducted. Negative Control Creation (Rusli & Setiawan, 2020) Two milliliters of 0.2% BSA solution, 1.5 mL TBS, and enough distilled water to reach the boundary mark should be added to the 5 mL volumetric flask. The mixture was cooked for 30 minutes at 37Β°C and then for another 10 minutes at 72Β°C. Following the completion of the heating phase, the mixture was centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 10 minutes while maintaining a temperature of 32 Β°C. At a wavelength of 289 nm, the absorbance value was measured twice (duplo). A 5 mL volumetric flask was filled to the boundary mark with distilled water, 1.5 mL TBS, and 2 mL of 0.2% BSA solution. The mixture was cooked for 30 minutes at 37Β°C and then for another 10 minutes at 72Β°C. Following the completion of the heating phase, the mixture was centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 10 minutes while maintaining a temperature of 32 Β°C. At a wavelength of 289 nm, the absorbance value is measured twice. Developing the primary and test solutions (Muliati, 2014) In order to create mother liquor, a 10 mL volumetric flask containing up to 70 mg of an ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves was combined with 10 mL of ethanol. This resulted in a concentration of 7,000 ppm. Following that, the mother liquor concentration was adjusted to 840, 700, 560, 420, and 280 ppm. Testing for Anti-Inflammatory (Novika at al., 2021) To a mixture of 2 mL of 0.2% BSA solution, 1.5 mL of TBS, and distilled water, a total of 0.5 mL of the test solution at various concentrations was added. Concentration changes from the solution were 84, 70, 56, 42, and 28 ppm. The temperature of each concentrated solution was raised for 10 minutes at 72Β°C after 30 minutes at 37Β°C. Following the completion of the heating operation, the mixture's temperature was maintained at 32Β°C for 30 minutes before being centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 10 minutes. A UV-Vis spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance, which was repeated twice (duplo). (Shalihah at al., 2022). Once the absorbance value has been read, each solution's percent inhibition value has to be calculated. If a natural product's % inhibition value is greater than 20%, it is considered to have anti-inflammatory activity. %πΌπ‘›β„Žπ‘–π‘π‘–π‘‘π‘–π‘œπ‘› = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑 π‘Žπ‘π‘ π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘π‘Žπ‘›π‘π‘’βˆ’π‘›π‘’π‘”π‘Žπ‘‘π‘–π‘£π‘’ π‘π‘œπ‘›π‘‘π‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘™ π‘Žπ‘π‘ π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘π‘Žπ‘›π‘π‘’ π‘π‘œπ‘ π‘–π‘‘π‘–π‘£π‘’ π‘π‘œπ‘›π‘‘π‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘™ π‘Žπ‘π‘ π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘π‘Žπ‘›π‘π‘’βˆ’π‘›π‘’π‘”π‘Žπ‘‘π‘–π‘£π‘’ π‘π‘œπ‘›π‘‘π‘Ÿπ‘œπ‘™ π‘Žπ‘π‘ π‘œπ‘Ÿπ‘π‘Žπ‘›π‘π‘’ Γ— 100% (Eq. 3) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sample preparation Using a blender, the dried bamboo leaves were chopped and ground into a fine, light-weight powder that was light green in color. Bamboo tali leaf powder has a moisture level of 3.42%. 10% of the sample must be water-free to maintain sample quality (Wijaya & Noviana, 2022). These facts demonstrate that the sample of rope bamboo leaves satisfies the water content requirements. The sample's water content has a significant impact on its quality and shelf life, making it more susceptible to damage and microbial contamination (Hutauruk at al., 2014). Obtainable Yield At a temperature of 60 Β°C and a rotational speed of 70 rpm, the macerated filtrate was concentrated. Because ethanol has a high boiling point (79.37Β°C), using a temperature of 60Β°C during the evaporation process aims to prevent harming the bioactive components. A small amount of oil and a dark, viscous extract are produced by the evaporation process. 12.34 g of the extracted viscous material had a yield value of 12.34%. To estimate the value of bioactive components that can be extracted using solvents, the percent yield is calculated (Dewatisari at al., 2018). Phytochemical ScreeningTest As can be seen in table 1, the phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of bamboo leaves revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenols (Table. 1). Table 1. Results of Phytochemical Testing. Bioactive Substances Description of Phytochemical Test Results Information Flavonoid orange-yellow + Alkaloid Brown with developed black clumps + Saponin Formed Stable Foam + Tannin Brown - Phenol Solid Black + Information: (+) : Has bioactive ingredients, (-) : Does not include any bioactive ingredients 604 Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 12 (2), 2023: 601-606 Inflammatory-Reduction Capacity The BSA protein denaturation inhibition method was used to assess the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves for anti-inflammatory effects. BSA is a protein derived from cow albumin. BSA works in enzymatic processes to stabilize proteins. BSA has a pH between 6.0 and 8.5 (Borzova at al., 2016). Because BSA is simple to produce, easily soluble, affordable, and minimizes the use of live specimens in the drug development process, it is used in this study (Novika at al., 2021). One of the reasons why the cell tissues of the body get inflamed is protein denaturation. Protein denaturation is the process by which pressure or chemicals from the outside result in an alteration of the tertiary and secondary structure of proteins or nucleic acids. The approach of protein denaturation inhibition was chosen because it is non- acidic, inexpensive, and simple to use (Aditya at al., 2015). Table 2. results of Bamboo tali leaf extract's % BSA inhibition. No Concentration (ppm) %Inhibition 1. 28 23,14Β±0,008 2. 42 34,30Β±0,026 3. 56 54,51Β±0,060 4 70 69,07Β±0,006 5. 84 87,02Β±0,021 Table 3. Results of % inhibition of BSA by diclofenac sodium. No Concentration (ppm) %Inhibition 1. 10 26,38%Β±0,006 2. 20 35,77%Β±0,001 3. 30 44,54%Β±0,000 4 40 56,31%Β±0,001 5. 50 66,73%Β±0,001 When BSA protein is heated, protein denaturation takes place (Fitriyani & Fatahillah, 2022). The protein's molecules travel quicker and sustain damage as a result of the rising temperature's increased kinetic energy (Shalihah at al., 2022). As a buffer solution, BSA was dissolved in Tris Buffer Saline (TBS). BSA's ideal pH is 7, so TBS solution was selected because it has a pH of 6.25 to 6.5 (Abidin at al., 2020). Percent inhibition is used to express the protein denaturation activity. When the proportion of inhibition is greater than 20%, anti- inflammatory action is present (Farida, Rahmat, & Widia Amanda, 2018). Tables 2 and 3 show the findings of research on the anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac sodium and an ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves. The percentage of inhibition for each extract concentration is shown in Table 2. The % inhibition values for concentrations of 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 are known to already meet the criterion for % inhibition of protein denaturation, namely > 20%, based on Table 2. The cell membrane will be harmed by protein denaturation, which will allow the phospholipase enzyme to convert phospholipids into arachidonic acid. Cyclooxygenase (COOX) enzymes will then break down arachidonic acid to create prostaglandins, which can activate pain receptors and increase capillary permeability (Fitriyani & Fatahillah, 2022). Secondary metabolites have the ability to limit the synthesis of prostaglandins. Bamboo tali leaf extract has anti- inflammatory properties due to the presence of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenols. Through the action of the phospholipase enzyme, flavonoids prevent the synthesis of prostaglandins (Bustanul & Sanusi, 2018). Because of their capacity to suppress the creation of cytokines that promote inflammation, alkaloids have the potential to be anti- inflammatory medications. Saponins' anti-inflammatory mechanism, which involves preventing the breakdown of glucocorticoids and the release of inflammatory mediators (Mohammed at al., 2014). Phenol is a secondary metabolite with OH groups, which can protect membranes, prevent the production of inflammatory mediators, and deactivate free radicals (Novika at al., 2021). The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the dicoflenac sodium medication is shown in Table 3. According to the data in table 3, all of the variants employed satisfied the requirements for % protein denaturation inhibition. Diclofenac sodium was chosen since it is one of the most effective anti-inflammatory medications (Novika at al., 2021). Diclofenac sodium is a heteroarylacetate salt of sodium (2,6-dichlorophene) (Fitri Yani & Reynaldi, 2021). Figure 2 depicts the structure of diclofenac sodium. Diclofenac sodium can inhibit the cyclooxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, lowering prostaglandin, prostacyclin, and thromboxane synthesis (Altman at al., 2015). Cl Cl NH O ONa Figure 2. Diclofenac Sodium Structure. After acquiring data on the percentage inhibition value, the IC50 value is calculated. The anti-inflammatory test results are interpreted using the IC50 value. The IC50 value denotes the concentration of the test substance that can reduce inflammation by 50%. As illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the obtained % inhibition value data is entered into the linear regression equation with the extract concentration (ppm) as the x-axis and the % inhibition value as the y-axis. Hidayah & Hafsah – In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bamboo Tali Leaf … 605 Figure 3. Linear Regression Curve of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bamboo Tali Leaf Ethanol Extract. Figure 4. Linear regression curve of diclofenac sodium extract anti- inflammatory efficacy. Figure 3 displays the linear regression curve of the ethanol extract of Bambu Tali leaves, yielding y = 0.0116x-0.1147 and R2 = 0.9939. The obtained correlation r value is excellent. In the region 0.80-1.00, where the correlation of the variables grows and the line has a positive slope, the correlation coefficient is quite strong. The IC50 value is calculated using the curve. According to the curve analysis results, each rise in concentration appears to be proportional to an increase in the value of % inhibition. The curve line producing a linear line for each rise in the logarithm of concentration demonstrates this. The IC50 value is a metric that indicates the extract's efficiency in suppressing protein denaturation with a percentage value of up to 50%. Bamboo tali Leaf Extract has an IC50 value of 52.991 ppm. This value indicates that at a concentration of 52.991 ppm, the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves inhibited protein denaturation by 50%. Figure 4 depicts the linear regression curve for diclofenac sodium's anti-inflammatory efficacy. The curve yields the result y = 0.0101x + 0.1549 with R2 = 0.9974, allowing the IC50 value to be calculated. Diclofenac sodium has an IC50 value of 34.168 ppm. The IC50 value of diclofenac sodium demonstrated more anti- inflammatory efficacy than the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves. This is due to diclofenac sodium's potent anti- inflammatory properties. Furthermore, dicloofenac sodium has a faster absorption and pain alleviation than other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines like ibuprofen or naproxen (Altman at al., 2015). CONCLUSIONS Bamboo tali leaves (Gigantochloa apus) ethanol extract contains secondary metabolites including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenols. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves (Gigantochloa apus) at concentrations of 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 ppm was 23.14%, 34.48%, 55.12%, 69.30%, and 87.41%, respectively, with an IC50 value of 52.991 ppm. Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no competing interests. REFERENCES Abidin, Z., Putri, U. A., & Widiastuti, H. (2020). Potensi Anti- inflamasi Fraksi Etil Asetat Ranting Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) dengan Uji Penghambatan Denaturasi Protein. Ad- Dawaa’ Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.24252/djps.v2i2.11549 Aditya, M. R. T., Marisa, D., & Suhartono, E. (2015). Potensi antiinflamasi jus buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana) terhadap denaturasi protein in vitro. Jurnal Berkala Kedokteran, 11(2), 149–156. Altman, R., Bosch, B., Brune, K., Patrignani, P., & Young, C. (2015). Advances in NSAID development: Evolution of diclofenac products using pharmaceutical technology. Drugs, 75(8), 859–877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-015-0392-z Armadany, F. I., Wahyuni, W., Ardianti, M., & Mallarangeng, A. N. T. A. (2020). Uji Potensi Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bambu-Bambu (Polygonum pulchrum Blume) Dengan Metode Stabilisasi Membran Sel Darah Merah Secara In Vitro. Majalah Farmasetika., 4(Suppl 1), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v4i0.25873 Barr, V. A., Balagopalan, L., Barda-Saad, M., Polishchuk, R., Boukari, H., Bunnell, S. C., Bernot, K. M., Toda, Y., Nossal, R., & Samelson, L. E. (2006). T-cell antigen receptor-induced signaling complexes: Internalization via a cholesterol- dependent endocytic pathway. Traffic, 7(9), 1143–1162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00464.x Borzova, V. A., Markossian, K. A., Chebotareva, N. A., Kleymenov, S. Y., Poliansky, N. B., Muranov, K. O., Stein- Margolina, V. A., Shubin, V. V., Markov, D. I., & Kurganov, B. I. (2016). Kinetics of thermal denaturation andaggregation of bovine serum albumin. PLoS ONE, 11(4), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153495 Bouyahya, A., Guaouguaou, F. E., El Omari, N., El Menyiy, N., Balahbib, A., El-Shazly, M., & Bakri, Y. (2022). Anti- inflammatory and analgesic properties of Moroccan medicinal plants: Phytochemistry, in vitro and in vivo investigations, mechanism insights, clinical evidences and perspectives. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 12(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2021.07.004 y = 0,0116x - 0,1147 RΒ² = 0,9939 0,00% 20,00% 40,00% 60,00% 80,00% 100,00% 0 20 40 60 80 100 In h ib it io n ( % ) Concentration (ppm) y = 0,0101x + 0,1549 RΒ² = 0,9974 0,00% 20,00% 40,00% 60,00% 80,00% 0 20 40 60 In h ib it io n ( % ) Concentration (ppm) 606 Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 12 (2), 2023: 601-606 Bustanul, A., & Sanusi, I. (2018). Struktur , Bioaktivitas Dan Antioksidan Flavonoid Structure , Bioactivity and Antioxidan of Flavonoid. 6(1), 21–29. Dewatisari, W. F., Rumiyanti, L., & Rakhmawati, I. (2018). Rendemen dan Skrining Fitokimia pada Ekstrak Daun Sanseviera sp. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 17(3), 197. https://doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v17i3.336 Farida, Y., Rahmat, D., & Amanda, A. G. I. W. (2018). Uji Aktivitas Antiinfl amasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) dengan Metode Penghambatan Denaturasi Protein Anti-Infl ammation Activity Test of Nanoparticles Ethanol Extract of Temulawak Rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.). Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 16(2), 225–230. Farida, Y., Rahmat, D., & Widia Amanda, A. (2018). Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) dengan Metode Penghambatan Denaturasi Protein (Anti-Inflammation Activity Test of Nanoparticles Ethanol Extract of Temulawak Rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza). Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 16(2), 225–230. Fitri & Anita, H. N. (2014). Karakterisasi Dan Skrining Fitokimia Simplisia Daun Selutui Puka (Tabernaemontana macracarpa Jack). Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 4(1), 49–58. Fitri Yani, D., & Reynaldi. (2021). The Anti-Inflammatory Potential Of Cocor Bebek Leaves (Kalanchoe pinnata L) Against In Vitro Protein Denaturation. Jurnal Kimia & Pendidikan Kimia, 3(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.20414/spin.v3i1.2977 Fitriani, D. (2018). Sintesis dan Aplikasi Silika Dari Abu Daun Bambu Tali (Gigantochloa apus) Untuk Mengurangi Kadar Ammonium dan Nitrat Pada Limbah Cair Tahu. In Skripsi. Fitriyani, D., & Fatahillah, R. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory Activity Of Ethanol Extract And Ethyl Acetate Fraction Of Kebiul (Caesalpinia Bonduc L.) Seed Coat Against Inhibition Of Protein Denaturation. Jurnal Kimia Riset, 7(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v7i1.31108 Hutauruk, T., Rosita, A., Oktavianawati, I., Farmasi, F., Jember, U., Kalimantan, J., & 37 Jember, N. (2014). Sintesis Asam 2- (2-(n-(2,6-diklorofenil)-4 fluorobenzamida)fenil)asetat sebagai Kandidat Obat Penghambat COX (Siklooksigenase). E-Jurnal Pustaka Kesehatan, 2(2), 215–220. Izzany, F., Bakar, A., Fadzelly, M., Bakar, A., Abdullah, N., Endrini, S., & Rahmat, A. (2018). A Review of Malaysian Medicinal Plants with Potential Antidiabetic. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 2018, 1–13. Mohammed, M. S., Osman, W. J. A., Garelnabi, E. A. E., Osman, Z., Osman, B., Khalid, H. S., & Mohamed, M. A. (2014). Secondary metabolites as anti-inflammatory agents. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 3(4), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2014.3409 Muliati, F. (2014). Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Daun Paku Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. terhadap Penghambatan Denaturasi Protein Secara In Vitro. In Skripsi. Novika, D. S., Ahsanunnisa, R., & Yani, D. F. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Penghambatan Denaturasi Protein. Stannumβ€―: Jurnal Sains Dan Terapan Kimia, 3(1), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.33019/jstk.v3i1.2117 Putri, H. D. (2018). Uji Aktivitas Asap Cair Cangkang Buah Karet (Hevea brassiliensis) Dan Aplikasinya Dalam Penghambatan Ketengikan Daging Sapi. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Ilmu Kimia, 2(2), 97–105. Romansyah, E., Sinthia Dewi, E., Suhairin, S., Muanah, M., & Ridho, R. (2019). Identifikasi Senyawa Kimia Daun Bambu Segar Sebagai Bahan Penetral Limbah Cair. Jurnal Agrotek Ummat, 6(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.31764/agrotek.v6i2.1219 Rusli, Z., & Setiawan, L. A. (2020). Modifikasi Metode Analisis Daya Hambat terhadap Proses Denaturasi Protein yang Diinduksi oleh Panas. Chemical Engineering Research Articles, 3(2). Setiawan, A. A., & Yusransyah, L. Y. A. (2018). Uji Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Daun Bambu Tali (Gigantochloa apus (Schult.) Kurz.) Terhadap Jamur Candida albicans. Farmagazine, V(2). Shalihah, A., Christianty, F. M., & Fajrin, F. A. (2022). Anti inflammatory Activity of the Ethanol Extract of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) Bark using Membrane Stabilization Method and Protein Denaturation. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 1(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v1i1.36323 Wahid, A. R., & Safwan, S. (2020). Skrining Fitokimia Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Terhadap Ekstrak Tanaman Ranting Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.). Lumbung Farmasi: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian, 1(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.31764/lf.v1i1.1208 Wahyuni, N. M. S., Wrasiati, L. P., & Hartiati, A. (2020). Pengaruh Perlakuan Suhu dan Waktu Maserasi terhadap Karakteristik Ekstrak Daun Bambu Duri (Bambusa blumeana) sebagai Sumber Antioksidan. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Pertanian Agrotechno, 5(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.24843/jitpa.2020.v05.i01.p05 Wijaya, A., & Noviana. (2022). Penetapan Kadar Air Simplisia Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) Berdasarkan Perbedaan Metode Determination Of The Water Content Of Basil Leaves Simplicia (Ocimum basilicum L.) Based On Different Drying Methods. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 4(2), 185–199. Williams, L. A. D., O’Connar, A., Latore, L., Dennis, O., Ringer, S., Whittaker, J. A., Conrad, J., Vogler, B., Rosner, H., & Kraus, W. (2008). The in vitro anti-denaturation effects induced by natural products and non-steroidal compounds in heat treated (Immunogenic) bovine serum albumin is proposed as a screening assay for the detection of anti-inflammatory compounds, without the use of animals. West Indian Medical Journal, 57(4), 327–331.