Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry ISSN 2089-6514 (paper) Volume 14, Number 2, October 2025 | Pages: 943-949 | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.943-949 ISSN 2540-9328 (online) Antibacterial Activity of Bacteriocin from Pediococcus pentosaceus Against Propionibacterium acnes: Molecular Docking, In Vitro, and 16S rRNA Genetic Identification Adhitya Naufal Pribadhi*, Penggalih Mahardika Herlambang, Ellyka Purwaningrum Department of Biomedical, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Wahid Hasyim, Jl. Raya Gunungpati No.KM.15, Nongkosawit, Kec. Gunungpati, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah, 50224, Tel. (024) 8505680, Indonesia. Corresponding author* adhityanaufal7@unwahas.ac.id Manuscript received: 29 July, 2025. Revision accepted: 26 October, 2025. Published: 28 October, 2025. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria against Propionibacterium acnes through an integrative approach involving molecular docking, in vitro assays, and genetic identification using 16S rRNA sequencing. The target protein PDB 7LBU, representing the cell wall of P. acnes, was docked with Small Bacteriocin obtained from PubChem. The best binding affinity was recorded at –7.5 kcal/mol, indicating a stable interaction, supported by cavity analysis and ligand–protein interaction mapping using PyMOL. The results of the in vitro study, as determined by antibacterial activity testing against P. acnes, showed an average inhibition zone of 20.6 mm. In addition, genetic identification through BLAST confirmed the isolate as Pediococcus pentosaceus strain DSM 20336 with a similarity of 99.64%. These findings indicate that the bacteriocin derived from P. pentosaceus has promising potential as a natural agent in the development of alternative therapies for acne. Keywords: 16S rRNA; antibacterial; Pediococcus pentosaceus; Propionibacterium acnes; small bacteriocin. INTRODUCTION Indonesia has a wide variety of fermented foods, ranging from Sabang to Merauke. The seasonings used in fermented foods are often passed down through generations. There are several types of fermented foods, such as Bekasam, Tempoyak, Dadih, and others (Masdarini, 2011). Dadih is a fermented food originating from West Sumatra, made from buffalo milk. The process of making dadih begins with pouring buffalo milk into bamboo containers, then letting it sit for approximately 24–48 hours at room temperature. This process leads to fermentation, a process that involves beneficial bacteria, specifically lactic acid bacteria. These bacteria have many benefits, are very safe for consumption, non-pathogenic, and allow for a long product shelf life. Lactic acid bacteria are known as probiotic bacteria (Yuliana & Minda, 2022). Lactic acid bacteria are capable of producing lactic acid as a result of the fermentation of sugars or carbohydrates. Lactic acid bacteria are characterized as Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, and catalase-negative in catalase testing. The addition or presence of these bacteria does not alter the quality of food. The classification of lactic acid bacteria includes Aerococcus, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Tetragenococcus, and Vagococcus. These bacteria are found in processed food products derived from meat, fish, and milk, as well as in vegetables and fruits. They are also found in the organs of living organisms, such as the genital tract, intestinal tract, and respiratory tract of humans and animals (Pribadhi et al., 2021). Acne vulgaris is a skin disease that causes inflammation in the pilosebaceous unit. This condition can become chronic, but it can also resolve on its own. Cutibacterium acnes, formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes, is the causative agent of Acne vulgaris. Adolescents commonly experience this disease; however, individuals of all ages can also be affected. Acne vulgaris, commonly referred to as acne, is caused by the accumulation of sebum, which eventually clogs the skin pores, triggering bacterial activity and inflammation in the skin (Sifatullah & Zulkarnain, 2021). P. acnes is characterized as Gram-positive and belongs to the Corynebacteria group. This bacterium is part of the normal flora of the human body. The infection mechanism of this bacterium involves breaking down triglycerides originating from the sebaceous glands into free fatty acids, which leads to an increase in P. acnes and subsequently triggers inflammation (Clatici et al., 2015). The results of a study conducted by Asbullah et https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.943-949 944 Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 14 (2), 2025: 943-949 al. in 2018 showed that 109 out of 122 students (89.3%) at SMAN 1 Pelangiran, Indragiri Hilir Regency, suffered from acne. A total of 47 students aged 17 years were affected by this condition (Asbullah et al., 2021). Acne treatment often involves the use of antibiotics, including tetracycline, erythromycin, doxycycline, and clindamycin. Other treatments that can be used include benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, and retinoids. These medications have several side effects during use. The use of antibiotics can lead to resistance and relapse. Research conducted in France revealed that 75.1% of patients with acne infected with P. acnes were resistant to erythromycin, and 9.5% were resistant to tetracycline. In other countries, 82% of acne patients were resistant to azithromycin. At Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung, 12.9% of acne cases were resistant to tetracycline, 45.2% were resistant to erythromycin, and 61.3% were resistant to clindamycin (Pariury et al., 2021). Therefore, alternative treatments, such as the use of lactic acid bacteria, are needed to counteract P. acnes. In silico studies are also necessary before conducting in vitro tests. The purpose of conducting in silico testing is to demonstrate the inhibitory potential of the Small Bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria against the cell wall of P. acnes. Therefore, further research is needed to explore the potential of lactic acid bacteria in counteracting pathogenic bacteria that cause acne. The lactic acid bacteria used in this study, derived from the fermented food cincalok, namely Weissella confusa, have been shown to inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria (Pribadhi et al., 2023) MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials and Equipment This study used materials including lactic acid bacteria isolates, Propionibacterium acnes, MRSA medium, CaCO3, 70% alcohol, BHI and MHI media, blank disks, tetracycline antibiotic, immersion oil, and tissue. The equipment used in this study included test tubes, test tube racks, micropipettes and tips, measuring cylinders, Erlenmeyer flasks, inoculating loops, petri dishes, autoclave, microwave, Bunsen burner, incubator, analytical balance, microscope slides and cover slips, matches, wrapping materials, refrigerator, centrifuge, laptop, MegaX software, http://clab.labshare.cn/cb-dock/, software, PyMOL software, and microscope. Procedures Protein and Ligand Preparation The protein structure used in this study was obtained from RCSB.org with PDB ID 7LBU, which represents the cell wall of Propionibacterium acnes. The Small Bacteriocin ligand was obtained in SDF format from PubChem. The protein and ligand were then prepared using tools provided by CB-Dock for appropriate format conversion and energy optimization. Figure 1. Structure of P. acnes surface sialidase. Figure 2. Small Bacteriocin. http://clab.labshare.cn/cb-dock/ Pribadhi et al. – Bacteriocin Activity against P. acnes 945 Docking Procedure The docking process was carried out using a blind docking approach through the tool available at http://clab.labshare.cn/cb-dock/. The blind docking approach allows exploration of the entire protein surface to identify potential binding sites without the need to specify a predefined binding site. ▪ Grid box center: XYZ (-16, -7, 3) ▪ Grid box size: 27 x 27 x 27 Å ▪ Method: AutoDock Vina via CB-Dock Docking Validation Before performing docking of the Small Bacteriocin, the docking method was tested through redocking validation to ensure the accuracy of binding site prediction. This process confirmed that the docking protocol was capable of predicting the binding site with adequate accuracy. MRSA Medium Preparation This study used 6.5 g of MRSA medium and 0.75 g of CaCO3 per 100 mL of distilled water. Preparation All equipment and media used in this study were sterilized using an autoclave at 121°C for 20 minutes to avoid contamination from undesired bacteria. Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria A total of 1 g of dadih sample was taken and transferred into a container containing 9 mL of distilled water (10-1 dilution), followed by serial dilutions from 10-2 to 10-8. The media containing bacterial colonies were incubated in an incubator at 37°C for 48 hours. The growing bacterial colonies were transferred using a round-loop inoculating needle and streaked onto fresh media. Colony purification was continuously carried out until a single bacterial colony was obtained. The medium used was MRSA supplemented with 0.75% calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates The Lactic Acid Bacteria isolates that had become pure cultures were characterized macroscopically by observing the shape, color, edge, and elevation of the colonies, as well as by conducting a catalase test. Meanwhile, microscopic observation involved examining the cell morphology and performing Gram staining. ▪ Catalase Test The catalase test was performed by dropping 3% H2O2 onto a glass slide, and the bacteria to be tested were placed onto the solution. If no bubbles formed on the isolate, it indicated a negative reaction. ▪ Gram Staining Gram staining was also performed, starting with the placement of the bacterial sample on a glass slide, followed by fixation. Gram stain A was applied and left for 1 minute. Next, Gram stain B was added and left for 1 minute. Gram stain C was then applied for 30 seconds, followed by Gram stain D, which was left for 2 minutes. The bacterial specimen was observed under a microscope at 1000× magnification using immersion oil. Gram-positive bacteria appear purple, while Gram-negative bacteria appear red. Preparation of Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter The rejuvenated isolate was cultured in MRSA medium and then transferred to BHI medium for 24 hours at 37°C. The liquid culture was subsequently centrifuged at a speed of 10,000 rpm. The resulting supernatant was filtered using a 0.22 μm bacterial filter into a sterile tube (Sari et al., 2018). Antimicrobial Test Using the Agar Diffusion Method The test bacterium, Propionibacterium acnes, from BHI medium was spread onto MHA medium. Then, 20 microliters of the probiotic bacterial supernatant was dropped onto a blank paper disk. The tetracycline antibiotic paper disk (positive control), the probiotic bacterial supernatant paper disk, and the blank disk (negative control) were then placed systematically on the MHA medium containing the test microorganism and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured to determine the antibacterial activity of the test substance (Kursia et al., 2021). Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Using 16S rRNA The lactic acid bacteria with the highest antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes were sent to Genetika Science for molecular sequencing using 16S rRNA analysis. Sequencing Result Interpretation The nucleotide sequence of the lactic acid bacteria obtained from Genetica Science was first processed using BioEdit software and then analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) on the NCBI website. This program identified regions of local similarity between the examined sequence and the database-stored sequence information to calculate the statistical significance of the match. The result from NCBI indicated the strain/species of the lactic acid bacteria. The identified strain was then used to construct a phylogenetic tree to determine its evolutionary relationship with other bacterial species. Data analysis Data dari penelitian ini akan dianalisis secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan gambar. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Binding Affinity The docking process generated several binding poses ranked based on the Vina score. The results obtained are presented in Table 1: http://clab.labshare.cn/cb-dock/ 946 Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 14 (2), 2025: 943-949 Table 1. Binding Affinity. Pose Vina Score (kcal/mol) Cavity Size (ų) Cavity Center (XYZ) Grid Box Size (XYZ) Pose 1 -7.5 432 (-16,-7.3) (27, 27, 27) Pose 2 -6.6 290 (-21, 12,17) (27, 27, 27) Pose 3 -5.3 424 (-12, 15, 17) (27, 27, 27) Pose 4 -5.0 285 (-6, 16, 2) (27, 27, 27) Pose 5 -4.7 96 (-28, -19, 14) (27, 27, 27) Binding Site Analysis Figure 3. Docking Complex of 7LBU with Small Bacteriocin -7.5. Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria Figure 4. Clear Zone Formed by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Dadih. Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates The results of the characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolates from Dadih are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates Isolate. Characterization Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates DIH-1 Colony shape Circular Colony color Cream Elevation Convex Margin Smooth Cell morphology Coccus Gram staining (+) Catalase test (–) Antimicrobial Activity Table 3. Antimicrobial Activity of Bacteriocin from Lactic Acid Bacteria against P. acnes. Treatment No Inhibition Zone (mm) Control (-) P. acnes Control (+) 1 0 21 30 2 0 21 30 3 0 20 30 Average 0 20.6 30 16S rRNA Sequencing Results Table 4. Homologous Sequences from Alignment with 16S rRNA of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolate. Deskripsi Max Score Total Score Query Cover E. value Per. Ident Pediococcus pentosaceus strain DSM 20336 2560 2560 100% 0.0 99.64% Pediococcus stilesii strain FAIR-E 180 2447 2447 100% 0.0 98.15% Pediococcus acidilactici DSM 20284 2442 2422 100% 0.0 97.86% Pediococcus argentinicus CRL 776 2383 2383 97% 0.0 98.17% Pediococcus claussenii ATCC BAA 344 2368 2344 97% 0.0 97.82% Pediococcus claussenii P06 2344 2344 99% 0.0 97.06% Pediococcus acidilactici NGRI 0510Q 2333 2333 100% 0.0 96.74% Pediococcus parvulus NBRC 100673 2265 2265 99% 0.0 95.93% Pribadhi et al. – Bacteriocin Activity against P. acnes 947 Discussion In Table 1, a conformation with a Vina Score of –7.5 was identified within a relatively large cavity with a volume of 432 Å3, allowing the ligand to interact with various key residues surrounding the cavity. Further analysis of ligand–protein interactions using visualization software such as PyMOL revealed the presence of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, which contributed to the binding stability. These results indicate that Small Bacteriocin has potential as an inhibitor of the P. acnes cell wall, which is relevant to the development of bacterium-based therapies produced by Pediococcus. These findings provide a foundation for further experiments exploring the inhibitory mechanism through in vitro studies (Yang, 2022) During the isolation process of lactic acid bacteria, only one pure isolate was obtained from the fermented food Dadih. In the purification process using the MRSA + CaCO3 medium, lactic acid bacteria on the medium formed a clear zone. According to Putri et al. (2018), the clear zone formed on MRSA + CaCO3 medium is the result of acid secretion into the medium. The lactic acid bacteria obtained showed colony characteristics that included a circular shape, whitish- yellow color, convex elevation, and smooth margins. Gram staining revealed a round cell morphology and a Gram-positive (purple) reaction. Lactic acid bacteria typically have round or rod-shaped cell morphology, and under Gram staining, they appear purple (Pribadhi et al., 2021). Bacteria can be distinguished based on the composition of their cell walls, which can be identified through the Gram staining method. Gram-positive bacteria, which appear purple, contain approximately 90% peptidoglycan in their cell walls. The purple color results from the formation of a crystal violet–iodine complex. Bakteri Gram negatif atau berwarna merah memiliki dinding sel dengan kandungan peptidoglikan 5- 20%. The red color in bacteria results from the addition of 95% alcohol, which removes the purple stain and leaves the cells colorless. The red color appears following the addition of safranin (Madigan et al., 2011). The catalase test showed a negative result, indicating that the bacteria were unable to break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The catalase test is used to determine the presence of the catalase enzyme in bacteria (Putri et al., 2014). The probiotic bacteria isolated from Dadih that were used to inhibit acne-causing bacteria, most commonly P. acnes, had not yet been identified at the species level. Based on research conducted by Pribadhi, the bacterium W. confusa was considered capable of inhibiting P. acnes (Pribadhi et al., 2023). The results of the antimicrobial test using the agar diffusion method showed that this probiotic bacterium possesses antimicrobial compounds, as evidenced by its ability to inhibit acne-causing pathogenic bacteria. The presence of a clear zone around the paper disk confirmed this. The antimicrobial test was repeated three times for each P. acnes sample. The positive control in this test used the antibiotic tetracycline, while the negative control used a blank paper disk. The average result of the negative control for both acne-causing bacteria was 0 mm, due to the absence of antimicrobial compounds. The average result of the positive control against P. acnes was 30 mm. The average result of the probiotic antimicrobial test against P. acnes was 20.6 mm. A study conducted by Kursia et al. (2021) reported that lactic acid bacteria can inhibit the growth of P. acnes, with an inhibition zone ranging from 8.2 to 11.1 mm. This indicates that Weissella confusa has a greater ability to inhibit P. acnes and S. epidermidis. The antimicrobial compound commonly produced by probiotic bacteria is bacteriocin. This compound has a broad-spectrum activity in inhibiting the growth of various pathogenic bacteria. The presence of a clear zone observed on the antimicrobial test medium can be attributed to the bacteriocin's activity, which is capable of killing the pathogenic bacterial cells being tested. The sequencing of the DDH 1 DNA amplification product aimed to obtain information on the nucleotide sequence of the PCR-amplified target DNA with a specific length. The sequencing data obtained were aligned using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tools (BLAST) on the NCBI website. This program identifies regions of local similarity between the analyzed sequence and the database-stored sequence information to calculate the statistical significance of the match. The BLAST results showed that isolate CIN-1 had the highest similarity with Pediococcus pentosaceus strain DSM 20336, with a similarity of 99.64% (Table 2). According to Drancourt et al. (2004), a similarity of 97– 99% in bacterial 16S rRNA sequences indicates similarity at the genus level, while a similarity of >99% sequence gen is the criterion used for identification at the species level. The alignment results also showed an identical max score and total score, with DDH 1 scoring 2560. An E-value of 0.0 indicates a significant alignment. The phylogenetic relationship among species was analyzed by constructing a phylogenetic tree using the MEGA X program. The phylogenetic tree of isolate DDH-1 was analyzed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method. 948 Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 14 (2), 2025: 943-949 Figure 5. Phylogenetic Tree of P. pentosaceus Strain DSM 20336. The phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene of isolate DDH 1 was constructed using Neighbor-Joining analysis and a bootstrap phylogeny test with 1000 replicates. The results showed that isolate DDH 1 had a bootstrap value of 100 with Pediococcus pentosaceus strain DSM 20336. A bootstrap value of 100 indicates that in 1000 iterations, the same tree topology was formed 1000 times. According to Dharmayanti (2011), bootstrap analysis is a method used to test how well the dataset supports the model, and the values are usually placed on the branches of the phylogenetic tree. Bootstrap values are categorized as high (>85%), moderate (70–85%), weak (50–69%), or very weak (Lestari et al., 2018). The phylogenetic tree with a scale bar of 0.02 indicates a genetic distance equivalent to two nucleotide changes per 100 base pairs. Based on observations, the DDH-1 isolate exhibited a round cell morphology, was Gram-positive upon Gram staining, and showed a negative result in the catalase test. Pediococcus pentosaceus belongs to the Gram-positive, anaerobic Firmicutes group. This bacterium is a coccus-shaped microbe characterized by being non-motile and non- spore-forming. It is classified as a “lactic acid bacterium” because the end product of its metabolism is lactic acid (Lin et al., 2019). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the bacteriocin activity produced by lactic acid bacteria has potential as an antibacterial agent against Propionibacterium acnes. The results of molecular docking showed a strong binding affinity with a score of –7.5 kcal/mol. At the same time, the in vitro antibacterial activity test yielded an average inhibition zone of approximately 20.6 mm. The analysis of the 16S rRNA results identified the isolate as Pediococcus pentosaceus strain DSM 20336 with a similarity level of 99.64%. This indicates that the bacterium has potential as an alternative treatment for acne. It also presents an opportunity for the development of probiotic products or bacteriocin-based formulations in the future. Authors’ Contributions: Adhitya Naufal Pribadhi and Penggalih Mahardika Herlambang designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Ellyka carried out the laboratory work. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no competing interests. Pribadhi et al. – Bacteriocin Activity against P. acnes 949 Funding: The authors were funded by the Internal Grant of Universitas Wahid Hasyim under the Competitive Research Grant Scheme. REFERENCES Asbullah, A., Wulandini, P., & Febrianita, Y. (2021). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terhadap timbulnya Acne vulgaris (jerawat) pada remaja di SMAN 1 Pelangiran Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir tahun 2018. Jurnal Keperawatan Abdurab, 4(2), 79–88. Clatici, V. G., Draganita, A. M., Teodora, D. A. E., & Fica, S. (2015). Antibiotic resistance–impact on public health. Romanian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology – RoJCED, 2, 242–247. Dharmayati, N. L. P. I. (2011). Filogenetika molekuler: Metode taksonomi organisme berdasarkan sejarah evolusi. Veteriner, 1–10. Drancourt, M., Beger, P., & Raoult, D. (2004). Systematic 16S rRNA gene sequencing of atypical isolates identified 27 new bacterial species associated with humans. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42(5), 2197–2202. Kursia, S., Imrawati, I., Ismail, I., Halim, A., Ramadani, N., Ramadhani, F., Priska, F., & Hanifah, F. (2021). Identifikasi biokimia dan aktivitas antibakteri isolat bakteri asam laktat limbah sayur bayam. Media Farmasi, 16(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v16i1.1369 Lestari, D. A., Azrianingsih, R., & Hendrian. (2018). Filogenetik jenis-jenis Annonaceae dari Jawa Timur koleksi Kebun Raya Purwodadi berdasarkan coding dan non-coding sekuen DNA. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 3, 1–7. Lin, T.-L., Shu, C.-C., Lai, W.-F., Tzeng, C.-M., Lai, H.-C., & Lu, C.-C. (2019). Investiture of next generation probiotics on amelioration of diseases – Strains do matter. Medicine in Microecology, 1–2, 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmic.2019.100002 Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Sthal, D. A., & Clark, D. (2011). Biology of microorganisms (13th ed.). Pearson Education International. Masdarini, L. (2011). Manfaat dan keamanan makanan fermentasi untuk kesehatan (tinjauan dari aspek ilmu pangan). JPTK, UNDIKSHA, 8(1), 53–58. Pariury, J. A., Herman, J. P. C., Rebecca, T., Veronica, E., & Arijana, I. G. K. N. (2021). Potensi kulit jeruk bali (Citrus maxima Merr) sebagai antibakteri Propionibacterium acnes penyebab jerawat. Hang Tuah Medical Journal, 19(1), 119– 131. http://www.journal-medical.hangtuah.ac.id/ Pribadhi, A. N., Kusdiyantini, E., & Ferniah, R. S. (2021). Isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri asam laktat dari pangan fermentasi cincalok sebagai penghasil γ-aminobutiric acid. Bioteknologi dan Biosains, 25–32. http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JBBI Pribadhi, A. N., Sri, M., & Ellyka, P. (2023). Aktivitas antibakteri dari bakteri probiotik dalam melawan Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Indobiosains, 5(1), 1– 7. https://doi.org/10.31851/indobiosains.v5i1.9659 Putri, A. L. O., & Kusdiyantini, E. (2018). Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri asam laktat dari pangan fermentasi berbasis ikan (Inasua) yang diperjualbelikan di Maluku-Indonesia. Jurnal Biologi Tropika, 1(2), 6–12. http://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jbt Putri, D. M., Anto, B., & Endang, K. (2014). Isolasi, karakterisasi bakteri asam laktat, dan analisis proksimat dari pangan fermentasi rusip ikan teri (Stolephorus sp.). Jurnal Biologi, 3(2), 11–19. Sari, R., Apridamayanti, P., & Octaviani, M. (2018). Optimasi aktivitas bakteriosin yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri Lactobacillus plantarum dari minuman Ce Hun Tiau. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(1), 1–6. Sifatullah, N., & Zulkarnain. (2021). Jerawat (Acne vulgaris): Review penyakit infeksi pada kulit. Prosiding Biologi Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals with Biodiversity in Confronting Climate Change, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar. http://journal.uin- alauddin.ac.id/index.php/psb Yang, L., Yang, X., Gan, J., Chen, S., Xiao, Z.-X., & Cao, Y. (2022). CB-Dock2: Improved protein–ligand blind docking by integrating cavity detection, docking and homologous template fitting. Nucleic Acids Research, 50(W1), W159–W164. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac394 Yuliana, A., & Minda, A. (2022). Isolasi dan identifikasi molekuler bakteri asam laktat pada dadih dengan menggunakan gen 16S rRNA. Natural Science: Jurnal Penelitian Bidang IPA dan Pendidikan IPA, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmic.2019.100002 http://www.journal-medical.hangtuah.ac.id/ http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JBBI https://doi.org/10.31851/indobiosains.v5i1.9659 http://ejournal2.undip.ac.id/index.php/jbt http://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/psb http://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/psb https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac394 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK