id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
bpbj-18	Chen, Min; Smith, Paul M.; Wolcott, Michael P.	U.S. Biofuels Industry: A Critical Review of the Opportunities and Challenges	2016	18	.pdf	application/pdf	10226	731	49	Summary of the opportunities and challenges confronting U.S. biofuels Fuels Opportunities Challenges Fossil fuels Meets current energy needs Price volatility GHG emissions Energy insecurity Corn-grain ethanol Renewable substitute Oxygenate About 10% of US gasoline consumption “Food-fuel” Ethanol “blend wall” Consumer acceptance Biodiesel Renewable substitute Up to 100% blends Increased lubricity “Food-fuel” Land use change Infrastructure Energy content Shelf life NOx emissions Low-temperature operability Cellulosic alcohols Cellulosic hydrocarbons Renewable substitute “Food-fuel” Lower lifecycle GHG emissions Renewable substitute “Food-fuel” Lower lifecycle GHG emissions Drop-in Feedstock costs/availability Production/capital costs Policy uncertainty Technical, environmental and societal constraints Algae-based hydrocarbons Renewable substitute “Food-fuel” Lower lifecycle GHG emissions Drop-in High potential yields Flexible feedstock siting Feedstock cultivation/ processing/logistics Production costs Energy/water/nitrogen/phosphorus requirements Chen et al. — U.S. Biofuels Industry: 3.0 Current status of first generation biofuels in the US 3.1 Corn-Grain ethanol Over 90% of U.S. ethanol biorefineries use corn grain as feedstock; the remaining use sorghum, cheese whey or waste beer (O’Brien, 2010; Renewable Fuels Association, 2015).	cache/bpbj-18.pdf	txt/bpbj-18.txt