Microsoft Word - 11-Agra_26082
759
Original Article
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 759-766, May/June. 2015
EMERGENCE AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDLINGS OF Mimosa
ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth.) IRRIGATED WITH BRACKISH WATER
EMERGENCIA E DESENVOLVIMENTO INICIAL DE PLÂNTULAS DE JUREMA-
IMBIRA, Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth, IRRIGADAS COM ÁGUA
SALOBRA
Caio César Pereira LEAL1; Salvador Barros TORRES2; Narjara Walessa NOGUEIRA1;
Rômulo Magno Oliveira de FREITAS1; Raul Martins de FARIAS3
1. Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brasil.
caioleal3@hotmail.com; 2. Professor Colaborador, Doutor, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido e Pesquisador da Empresa de
Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brasil; 3. Engenheiro Agrônomo, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-
Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brasil.
ABSTRACT: The species Jurema-imbira (Mimosa ophthalmocentra) is typical of the Caatinga of Northeast
Brazil and has medicinal properties; besides being also used by timber industry. The study aimed at assessing effects of
irrigation water salinity on emergence and early development of seedlings of jurema-imbira (Mimosa ophthalmocentra
Mart. ex Benth.). For this, seeds were manually extracted from the pods of matrix plants and sown under greenhouse
conditions in polystyrene trays and irrigated with brackish solutions calibrated to electrical conductivity of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5,
4.5 and 5.5 dS m-1; and a treatment with tap water with salinity level of 0.5 dS m-1 was used as control. The experiment
was conducted in October 2013. Parameters assessed were: seedling emergence, emergence speed, seedling height, root
length, stem diameter, dry mass of shoots, dry mass of roots and total dry mass of seedling. A completely randomized
design was used with six treatments, and four replications each consisting of of 25 seeds per treatment. Adjustment of
nonlinear and polynomial regression curves, which was used to estimate behavior of variables assessed was performed
with aid of software Sigmaplot®. Salinity negatively affects all variables directly proportional to its increase in the
irrigation water, with the greatest seedling development at a dose of 1.5 dS m-1.
KEYWORDS: Mimosa ophthalmocentra. Salt stress. Salinity. Plant performance.
INTRODUCTION
The hardwood tree Mimosa
ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth., that is commonly
known in Brazil as jurema-imbira, belongs to the
family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) and subfamily
Mimosoideae; and besides medicinal properties this
species also has high potential use by the timber
industry for presenting a thin bark, an almost
smooth wood, with grayish-brown coloration and
yellowish lenticels, and with density ranging from
0.82 g cm3 to 1.06 g cm3 (FIGUERÔA et al., 2005;
SILVA et al., 2011). The roots of jurema-imbira are
widely used in the countryside of Brazilian
Northeastern Region to prepare the wine-of-jurema,
a beverage much used by several indigenous tribes
on mystical-religious ceremonies; besides be amply
used by the native population of region as traditional
medicine for treating wounds, and preventing
inflammations, bronchitis, and cough (AGRA et al.,
2007). For possessing such characteristics, and
inasmuch as this hardwood tree is typical of biome
Caatinga, the species is very important in the
process of recovering of Savannah vegetation of
Northeastern Brazil; once that according to Amorim
et al. (2002) it is important stimulating such
reforestation with perennials fully adapted to the
region. However, it is very important knowing the
factors that affect the development of these species
in intensive cultivations.
Arid and semiarid regions, such as the
Caatinga, whose climate is characterized by
extensive periods of drought with high
temperatures, constitute about 40% of total surface
of the earth, which limits world agricultural
production (FREIRE et al., 2010). According to
these same authors, in addition to climatic factors
soil salinity has have been higher in recent decades
due to incorrect or improper use of farming
techniques, such as excessive fertilization and/or
irrigation with brackish water that is unfit for
agriculture; thereby transforming the areas with soil
previously fertile and productive into degraded and
arid areas. The increase on soil salinity by the use of
brackish water, as well as the excessive application
of chemical fertilizers is associated to reduction on
productive potential of soil to the point of limiting
seed germination (BETONI et al., 2011). Therefore,
it is very important to know the behavior and
tolerance of each of these plant species in relation to
soil salinity in which these plants will be grown; and
one of the best methods for determining such
Received: 01/04/14
Accepted: 10/10/14
760
Emergence and early development… LEAL, C. C. P. et al.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 759-766, May/June. 2015
tolerance is to study germination of the seeds of
these species in substrates with different salt
concentrations and compare them with germination
obtained in substrates with normal salinity
(OLIVEIRA et al., 2007). When seeds are
germinated on a substrate with high sodium chloride
concentration initially it is observed a decrease in
water absorption, followed by reduction on
percentage and germination speed, and finally the
toxic effect of salinity of substrate on development
of embryo may be observed (SIVRITEPE et al.,
2003).
Salinity tolerance is generally regarded as
the biomass percentage produced by plants grown
under high salinity conditions compared to biomass
percentage produced by plants grown under normal
salinity conditions over a given time period.
However, such tolerance may also be assessed in
terms of survival of plants grown under salt stress,
which is quite suitable to perennial species, but for
annual species, especially for extensive or
horticultural crops, the rate of biomass production is
much more useful; once it allows correlating
productivity of crops with soil salinity levels
(MUNNS, 2002).
Given the importance of salinity effect on
cultivated plants, several studies are currently being
conducted on this topic. As examples it can be cited
the studies with: Myracroduon urundeuva Fr. All.
(OLIVEIRA et al., 2007); with Gliricidia sepium
(Jacq.) Steud. (FARIAS et al., 2009); with Zizyphus
joazeiro Mart. (LIMA and TORRES, 2009); with
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret. (BAKKE, 2006);
with Mimosa caesalpinaefolia Benth. (BARRETO,
2010) and (RIBEIRO et al., 2008; with Leucaena
leucocephala (Lam.) R. de Wit (FREIRE et al.,
2010); with Jatropha curcas L. (OLIVEIRA et al.,
2010); with Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (BETONI et
al., 2011); with Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.
(NOGUEIRA et al., (2012); and with Albizia
lebbeck (L.) Benth. (LIMA et al., 2015).
Based on the foregoing, this study aimed at
assessing the irrigation effect with brackish water on
emergence and on early seedlings development of
jurema-imbira.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment has been carried out under
greenhouse environmental conditions, in the
Department of Plant Sciences, of Universidade
Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA – from its
Portuguese acronym to Rural Federal University of
Semi-Arid), Central Campus, municipality of
Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil
(5º11' South; 37°20' West; 16 m altitude), In the
Month of October 2013.
Seeds used in the experiment were
originated from pods collected from matrix plants of
jurema-imbira available in the municipality of
Mossoró. Seeds were extracted and cleaned by
hand, placed to dry under a shaded environment,
and homogenized soon after drying process. As
seeds of this species present tegumental dormancy,
and following recommendations of Fowler and
Bianchetti (2000), at the opposite the micropyle, a
cut with scissors was made in testa of each seed.
The experiment has been conducted on a
completely randomized experimental design, with
six treatments (five different salt concentration
levels + control) and four replications of 25 seed
each, to each treatment. Treatments consisted of five
different salt concentrations, calibrated to electrical
conductivity of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 dS m-1; and
control treatment consisted of tap water containing a
considered normal salt concentration (0.5 dS m-1).
For obtaining desired saline concentrations different
amounts of NaCl (regular iodized salt) were added
to same type of tap water used in the control
treatment. Seeding has been performed in
polystyrene trays, each containing 128 individual
cells, which were filled with 40 cm3 of a substrate
composed of coconut fiber and then received only
one seed of jurema-imbira in each of one them.
Irrigation was performed once a day with a mean
volume of 250 ml per replicate by applying each of
the previously prepared saline solutions for every
treatment.
Percentage of seedling emergence, which
was obtained through daily assessments and held
until the fifteenth day was computed, based on
results obtained in these assessments; and only those
seedlings with cotyledons exposed above soil
surface were considered emerged. The other
parameters assessed were obtained as follow: 1 -
emergence speed was determined by equation
proposed by Edmond and Drapala (1958); 2 -
seedling height and root length were measured from
soil line until apex of apical meristem, and from soil
line until root tip; 3 - stem diameter was obtained by
measuring the base of each hypocotyl
circumference with aid of a digital caliper; and 4 -
total dry mass of seedlings was obtained by
summing the dry mass obtained for 10 seedlings per
plot, which after drying in a forced air circulating
drying oven, at 65 °C, until reaching constant
weight, were weighed on an analytical balance with
0.0001 g precision divided by number of seedlings
assessed.
761
Emergence and early development… LEAL, C. C. P. et al.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 759-766, May/June. 2015
Results obtained were firstly subjected to
exploratory analysis for assessing assumptions of
normality of residues, homogeneity variance of
treatments, and additivity of the model, to allow
applying the ANOVA. Means were compared by
Tukey test (p≤0.05) using the software SISVAR 5.3
(FERREIRA, 2011). To adjust nonlinear regression
and polynomial curves, used to estimate behavior of
parameters assessed in function of salt concentration
in irrigation water, it was used the software
Sigmaplot®.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to results obtained in the
experiment it was verified that there was statistically
significant difference only among values found for
percentage and speed of emergence, root length, and
dry mass of shoots and roots and total dry mass.
However, for values found for shoot length and
stem seedling diameter at soil line, differences were
not statistically significant (Figure 1).
E
m
er
g
en
ce
(
%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Y = 83,0308 -15,4954x + 6,9881x
2
-1,1296x
3 R
2
=0,99
G
er
m
in
at
io
n
s
p
ee
d
(
d
ay
s)
3,2
3,4
3,6
3,8
4,0
4,2
4,4
Y = 3,1556 +0,2934x -0,1286x
2
+0,0255x
3 R
2
=0,99
L
en
g
th
o
f
ro
o
ts
(
cm
)
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
Y = 3,3639 +1,3696x -0,3702x
2
+ 0,0198x
3
R
2
= 0,97
D
ry
m
as
s
of
s
ho
ot
s
(g
s
ee
d
li
n
g-
1
)
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
0,012
0,014
0,016
0,018
Y = 0,0103 + 0,0062x - 0,0029x2+ 0,0003x3 R2=0,99
Salt concentration (dS m
-1
)
0,5 1,5 2,5 3,5 4,5 5,5
D
ry
m
as
s
o
f
ro
ot
s
(g
s
ee
d
li
n
g-
1
)
0,0015
0,0020
0,0025
0,0030
0,0035
0,0040
0,0045
0,0050
Y = 0,0034 + 0,0012x -0,0005x
2
+ 0,00004x
3
R
2
= 0,99
Salt concentration (dS m-1)
0,5 1,5 2,5 3,5 4,5 5,5
T
ot
al
d
ry
m
as
s
(g
s
ee
d
li
n
g-
1
)
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
0,012
0,014
0,016
0,018
0,020
0,022
Y = 0,0137 + 0,0074x -0,0035x2+ 0,0003x3 R2=0,99
^
^
^
^
^ ^
(A)
(C)
(B)
(E)
(D)
(F)
Figure 1: Polynomial nonlinear regression curves computed to: percent emergence (A); emergence speed (B),
length of roots (C), dry mass of shoots (D), dry mass of roots (E), and total dry mass (F) of seedlings
of jurema-imbira (Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth.) irrigated with brackish solutions, with
salt concentrations ranging from 0.5 dS m-1 to 5.5 dS m-1.
762
Emergence and early development… LEAL, C. C. P. et al.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 759-766, May/June. 2015
The highest percent emergence was
observed in treatment where seedlings were
irrigated with brackish water solution with NaCl in
electrical conductivity of 0.5 dS m-1. However, there
was a small decrease on emergence percentage
when seedlings were irrigated with brackish water
solution with electrical conductivity of NaCl higher
than 1.5 dS m-1. Percent emergence has remained
stable until the electrical conductivity of 3.5 dS m-1;
however, there was a very sharp decrease with the
application of brackish water solution at NaCl in
electrical conductivity of 5.5 dS m-1 that was
treatment presenting the smallest values for this
variable (Figure 1A).
Stability of values obtained for emergence
percentage, until NaCl concentration of 3.5 dS m-1
in the brackish solution suggests this species
presents a moderate tolerance to salinity. Similar
results were found by Nogueira et al. (2012), with
flamboyant seedlings in solutions of NaCl
concentrations of 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1
found that this species is tolerant to salinity of
irrigation water until the concentration of 4.5 dS m-1
NaCl. These authors have also observed that
statistical difference among values obtained for
different treatments studied was significant only at
maximum salt concentration of 6.0 dS m-1. Likewise
Freitas et al. (2010), with seedlings of Brazilian
ironwood (Caesalpinia ferrea Mart.) have observed
reduction on percent emergence, which was
proportional to increasing salinity levels in irrigation
water, with greater evidence of such reduction in the
NaCl concentration of 3.0 dS m-1; thereby
demonstrating that such species also presents
moderate tolerance to salinity, being considered a
glicophyte (MAYER; POLJAKOFF-MAYBER,
1989).
However, Guedes et al. (2011) with seeds of
floss-silk tree (Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.)
Ravenna), irrigated with brackish water solutions at
different NaCl concentrations [0 (control), 1.5, 3.0,
4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1] and germinated under different
fixed temperatures (25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C) and
alternating temperatures (between 20 °C and 30 °C)
have observed that in all temperatures studied,
germination was reduced when NaCl concentration
in the irrigation water was increased. These same
authors have also observed that the highest
germination percentage (86%, 68% and 75%,
respectively) were achieved for seeds germinated
under fixed temperatures in the zero salinity level,
and that from this salinity level germination was
negatively affected; reaching values of 38% and
14% germination under the fixed temperatures of 25
and 30 °C, respectively, and 35% germination when
seeds were germinated under alternating
temperatures at salt concentration level of 6.0 dS m-
1.
Such difference on percent germination
obtained when seeds were germinated under higher
levels of irrigation water salinity could have been
due to the fact that by absorbing brackish water the
seeds have also absorbed excess of sodium chloride,
which once dissolved in the brackish solution has
caused toxicity, as well as physiological
disturbances in the seeds; thereby causing a
decrease of their germinative potential (FERREIRA,
1997). However, it should be emphasized that
despite reduction in the values obtained for
emergence percentage of jurema-imbira seedlings, it
is possible stating this species is able to grow on
more saline soils; and thereby be sorted as
moderately tolerant to salinity.
The Polynomial nonlinear regression curves
for the parameter velocity emergency had a similar
behavior to the regression curve for the parameter
percentage of emergency (Figure 1B).
The polynomial nonlinear regression curve
for emergence speed has had a similar behavior to
the regression curve for percentage emergence
(Figure 1B). As shown on this figure the smallest
values for these two parameters were found in the
treatment where the brackish water solution was
applied at concentration of 0.5 dS m-1 NaCl.
However, for the values above 1.5 dS m-1 there was
a small decrease in values obtained for these
parameters, which have remained stable until salt
concentration of 3.5 dS m-1. Nevertheless, there was
a drastic decrease in these values from the
concentration of 5.5 dS m-1 NaCl in the brackish
water solution (Figure1B).
As examples may be cited the studies of
Souza Filho (2000), which were conducted with
Leucaena seeds; those of Ribeiro et al. (2008) with
seeds of Mimosa caesalpinaefolia Benth; and those
of Freitas et al. (2010), carried out with seeds of
Caesalpinia ferrea Mart.w, here the gradual
increase on salt concentration in irrigation solution
has caused reduction on seed germination speed.
Such reduction may be attributed to increases on
levels of sodium chloride concentration in soil
caused by increased amount of salts dissolved in
irrigation water; thereby inducing a reduction on
osmotic potential of the seeds, and consequently a
decrease on water absorption; thus impairing their
physiological processes and reducing emergence
speed of seedlings (KASHEM et al., 2000).
The highest value obtained for length of
roots was found in treatment where plants were
irrigated with brackish water solution containing
763
Emergence and early development… LEAL, C. C. P. et al.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 759-766, May/June. 2015
NaCl at concentration of 2.5 dS m-1 (Figure 1C);
thereby demonstrating that such species is able to
develop a normal root system and deepen its main
root even in more saline soils, which is primordial
for development of jurema-imbira seedlings on soils
with higher salinity than normal (0.5 dS m-1).
However, for dry matter parameter (aerial
part, roots, and total dry mass) the highest values
were obtained in treatment where the brackish water
solution was used at NaCl concentration of 1.5 dS
m-1. Nevertheless, in treatment where NaCl
concentration in the irrigation water was higher than
such value, there have been a decrease on dry mass
accumulation in shoots and roots of seedlings; and
the lowest value for this parameter was found in
treatment where NaCl concentration was maximum
(6.0 dS m-1) (Figures 1D, 1E, and 1F).
Likewise, Oliveira et al. (2009) who
working with seedlings of Drumstick tree (Moringa
oleifera Lam.), irrigated with brackish water at
NaCl concentrations between 0 and 5.0 dS m-1 under
greenhouse environmental conditions have observed
that values obtained for dry matter accumulation in
these seedlings were reduced and with values
statistically different when salinity level of irrigation
water was gradually increased. However, Nogueira
et al. (2012) in a similar study performed with
brackish water with salt concentrations ranging
between 0 and 6.0 dS m-1, and by using flamboyant
seeds have observed that there were no statistical
differences among values obtained in treatments
where irrigation with brackish water was applied to
the seedlings with sodium chloride concentrations of
0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 dS m-1. These authors have also
observed that decrease on dry matter accumulation
has occurred from the NaCl concentration of 4.5 dS
m-1; and that the lowest value for this variable was
found in treatment where salt concentration in
irrigation solution was 6.0 dS m-1.
Similarly, Silva et al. (2005) in a study
carried out with seedlings of Cnidoscolus
phyllacanthus (Müll. Arg.) Pax & L. Hoffm.
irrigated with brackish water with salt
concentrations between 1.0 dS m-1 and 6.0 dS m-1
have also observed a reduction of 63.40% in shoots
dry mass when these seedlings were irrigated with
brackish water at salt concentration between the
lowest and the highest studied level.
On studies carried out with Moringa
oleifera Lam. tree seedlings, Miranda et al. (2007)
observed that with gradual increase in salt
concentration in irrigation water (from 0 to 150 mol
m-1) there was a proportional decrease in the dry
matter accumulation in roots of these seedlings; and
that despite the salinity level for such species to be
suitable, only at a maximum salt concentration in
soil of until a maximum of 30 mol m-1, irrigation
water applied with salt concentration of 60 mol m-1
has not exerted toxic effects on the root system or
on the normal development of seedlings, what was
also found in this study by the irrigation of seedlings
with brackish water with a sodium chloride
concentration of 1.5 dS m-1.
Plants presenting low tolerance to higher
soil salinity levels, both for germination of their
seeds as well as for the various stages of their
development are termed glycophytes, and plants that
have developed mechanisms to adapt to such soil
salinity conditions are denominated halophytes
(MAYER; POLJAKOFF-MAYBER, 1989).
Therefore, for presenting moderate tolerance to soil
salinity levels until salt concentration of 1.5 dS m-1
applied within this study via irrigation water, the
hardwood tree jurema-imbira can be sorted as a
glycophyte species.
CONCLUSION
The salinity interfered negatively in all
variables of proprocional way to their increase in
irrigation water seedling jurema-imbira, and the
further development of these obtained in NaCl
electrical conductivity of 1.5 dS m-1.
RESUMO: A espécie Jurema-imbira é típica do bioma Caatinga e, além de possuir propriedades medicinais,
também é utilizada pela indústria madeireira. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da salinidade da água de
irrigação na emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de jurema-imbira. Para isso, sementes foram extraídas
manualmente de vagens oriundas de plantas matrizes e semeadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido, em condições
ambientais de casa de vegetação, e irrigadas com soluções salobras calibradas para condutividade elétrica de 1,5; 2,5; 3,5;
4,5 e 5,5 dS m-1. Como testemunha foi utilizada água de torneira (0,5 dS m-1). O experimento foi conduzido no mês de
outubro de 2013. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: porcentagem e velocidade de emergência; altura da plântula;
comprimento da raiz; diâmetro do caule; massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz e massa seca total. O delineamento
estatístico inteiramente casualizado foi utilizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada, para cada
tratamento. O ajuste das curvas de regressões não lineares e polinomiais, usadas para estimar o comportamento das
características avaliadas, foi realizado com o auxílio do software Sigmaplot®. A salinidade interferi negativamente em
764
Emergence and early development… LEAL, C. C. P. et al.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 759-766, May/June. 2015
todas as variáveis avaliadas de forma proprocional ao seu aumento na água de irrigação das plântulas de jurema-imbira,
sendo o maior desenvolvimento destas obtido na concentração de NaCl de 1,5 dS m-1.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mimosa ophthalmocentra. Estresse salino. Salinidade. Desempenho de planta.
REFERENCES
AGRA, M. F.; BARACHO, B. S.; BASÍLIO, I. J. D.; NURIT, K.; COELHO, V. P. BARBOSA, D. A. Sinopse
da flora medicinal do cariri paraibano. Oecologia Brasiliensis, Rio de Janeiro, v. 11, n. 3, p. 323-330, 2007.
AMORIM, J. R. A.; FERNANDES, P. D.; GHEYI, H. R.; AZEVEDO, N. C. Efeito da salinidade e modo de
aplicação da água de irrigação no crescimento e produção de alho. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira,
Brasília, v. 37, n. 2, p. 167-176, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2002000200008
BAKKE, I. A.; FREIRE, A. L. O.; BAKKE, O. A.; ANDRADE, A. P.; BRUNO, R. L. A. Water and sodium
chloride effects on Mimosa Tenuiflora (WILLD.) poiret seed germination. Revista Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 19,
n. 3, p. 261-267, 2006.
BARRETO, H. B. F.; FREITAS, R. M. O.; OLIVEIRA, L. A. A.; ARAUJO, J. A. M.; COSTA, E. M. Efeito da
irrigação com água salina na germinação de sementes de sábia (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). Revista Verde
de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Mossoró, v. 5, n. 3, p. 125-130, 2010.
BETONI, R.; SCALON, S. P. Q. E; MUSSURY, R. M. Salinidade e temperatura na germinação e vigor de
sementes de mutambo (Guazuma ulmifolia lam.) (sterculiaceae). Revista Árvore, Viçosa, v. 35, n. 3, p. 605-
616, 2011.
EDMOND, J. B.; DRAPALA, W. J. The effects of temperature, sandand soil, and acetone on germination of
okra seeds. Proceedings of American Society of Horticultural Science, v. 71, p. 428-434, 1958.
FARIAS, S. G. G.; FREIRE, A. L. O.; SANTOS, D. R.; BAKKE, I. A.; SILVA, R. B. Efeitos dos estresses
hídrico e salino na germinação de sementes de gliricídia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.]. Revista Caatinga,
Mossoró, v. 22, n. 4, p. 152-157, 2009.
FERREIRA, D. O. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 35, n.
6, p. 1039-1042, 2011.
FERREIRA, P. A. Aspectos físico-químicos do solo. In: GHEYI, H. R.; QUEIROZ, J. E.; MEDEIROS, J. F.
Manejo e controle da salinidade na agricultura irrigada. Campina Grande: UFPB/SBEA, 1997. p.37-67.
FIGUEIRÔA, J. M.; PAREYN, F. G. C.; DRUMOND, M.; ARAÚJO, E. L. Madeireiras. In: SAMPAIO, E. V.
S. B.; PAREYN, F. G. C.; FIGUEIRÔA, J. M. E.; SANTOS JÚNIOR, A. G. (ed.). Espécies da flora
nordestina de importância econômica potencial. Recife: Associação Plantas do Nordeste (APNE), 2005.
p.101-1330
FOWLER, J. A. P.; BIANCHETTI, A. Dormência em sementes florestais. Colombo: Embrapa Florestas,
2000. 27p. (Documento 40).
FREIRE, A. L. O.; RODRIGUES, T. J. D.; MIRANDA, J. R. P. Crescimento e nutrição de plantas de leucena
(Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) R. de Vit) sob salinidade. Revista Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 23, n. 4, p. 1-6,
2010.
FREITAS, R. M. O.; NOGUEIRA, N. W.; OLIVERA, F. N.; COSTA, E. M.; RIBEIRO, M. C. C. Efeito da
irrigação com água salina na emergência e crescimento inicial de plântulas de jucá. Revista Caatinga,
Mossoró, v. 23, n. 3. P. 54-58, 2010.
765
Emergence and early development… LEAL, C. C. P. et al.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 759-766, May/June. 2015
GUEDES, R S.; ALVES, E. U.; GALINDO, E. A.; BARROZO, L. M. Estresse salino e temperaturas na
germinação e vigor de sementes de Chorisia glaziovi O. Kuntze. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, Londrina, v.
33, n. 2, p. 279- 288, 2011.
KASHEM, M. A.; SULTANA, N.; IKEDA, T.; HORI, H.; LOBODA, T.; MITSUI, T. Alteration of starch-
sucrose transition in germinating wheat seed under sodium chloride salinity. Journal of Plant Biology,
Springer, v. 43, n. 3, p. 121-127, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03030488
LIMA, B. G.; TORRES, S. B. Estresses hídrico e salino na germinação de sementes de Zizyphus joazeiro Mart.
(Rhamnaceae). Revista Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 22, n. 4, p. 93-99, 2009.
LIMA, M. F. P.; PORTO, M. A. F.; TORRES, S. B.; FREITAS, R. M. O.; NOGUEIRA, N. W.; CARVALHO,
D. R. Emergência e crescimento inicial de plântulas de albízia submetidas à irrigação com água salina. Revista
Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, v.19, n.1, p.3–8, 2015.
MAYER, A. C.; POLJAKOFF-MAYBER, A. The germination of seeds. London: Pergamon Press, 1989.
270p.
MIRANDA, J. R. P.; CARVALHO, J. G.; FERNANDES, A. R.; PAIVA, H. N. Produção de massa seca e
acúmulo de nutrientes por plantas de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) cultivadas em solução nutritiva com
diferentes níveis de NaCl. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, Belém, v. 47, p. 187-198, 2007.
MUNNS, R. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant, Cell and Environment, Oxford, v. 25, p.
239-250, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x
NOGUEIRA, N. W.; LIMA, J. S. S.; FREITAS, R. M. O.; RIBEIRO, M. C. C.; LEAL, C. C. P.; PINTO, J. R.
S. Efeito da salinidade na emergência e crescimento inicial de plântulas de flamboyant. Revista Brasileira de
Sementes, Londrina, v. 34, n. 3, p. 466-472, 2012.
OLIVEIRA, A. M.; LINHARES, P. C. F.; MARACAJÁ, P. B.; RIBEIRO, M. C.; BENEDITO, C. P.
Salinidade na germinação e desenvolvimento de plântulas de aroeira (Myracroduon urundeuva FR All).
Revista Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 20, n. 2, p. 39-42, 2007.
OLIVEIRA, F. R. A.; OLIVEIRA, F. A.; GUIMARÃES, I. P.; MEDEIROS, J. F.; OLIVEIRA, M. K. T.;
FREITAS, A. V. L.; MEDEIROS, M. A. Emergência de plântulas de moringa irrigada com água de diferentes
níveis de salinidade. Bioscience Journal, Uberlândia, v. 25, n. 5, p. 66-74, 2009.
OLIVEIRA, I. R. S.; OLIVEIRA, F. N.; MEDEIROS, M. A.; TORRES, S. B.; TEIXEIRA, F. J. V.
Crescimento inicial do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) em função da salinidade da água de irrigação.
Revista Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 23, n. 4, p. 40-45, 2010.
RIBEIRO, M. C. C.; BARROS, N. M. S.; BARROS JÚNIOR, A. P.; SILVEIRA, L. M. Tolerância do sabiá
(Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth.) à salinidade durante a germinação e o desenvolvimento de plântulas.
Revista Caatinga, Mossoró, v. 21, n. 5, p. 123-126, 2008.
SILVA, L. B.; SANTOS, F. A. R.; GASSON, P.; Cutler D. Estudo comparativo da madeira de Mimosa
ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth. e Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) na caatinga
nordestina. Acta Botânica Brasílica, Feira de Santana, v. 25. n. 2, p. 301-314, 2011.
SILVA, M. B. R. BATISTA, R. C.; LIMA, V. L. A.; BARBOSA, E. M.; BARBOSA, M. F. N. Crescimento de
plantas jovens da espécie florestal favela (Cnidosculus phylla-canthus Pax & K. Hoffm) em diferentes níveis de
salinidade da água. Revista de Biologia e Ciências da Terra, Campina Grande, v. 5, n. 2, p. 1-13, 2005.
766
Emergence and early development… LEAL, C. C. P. et al.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 759-766, May/June. 2015
SIVRITEPE, N.; SIVRITEPE, H. O.; ERIS, A. The effect of NaCl priming on salt tolerance in melon seedling
grown under saline conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, Frankfurt, v. 97, p. 229-237, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00198-X
SOUZA FILHO, A. P. S. Influência da temperatura, luz e estresses osmótico e salino na germinação de
sementes de Leucaena leucocecephala. Pasturas Tropicales, Cali, v. 22, n. 2, p. 47-53, 2000.