Microsoft Word - 33-Bio_27468
951
Original Article
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 951-959, May/June. 2015
WILD VERTEBRATES ROADKILL AGGREGATIONS ON THE BR-050
HIGHWAY, STATE OF MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL
AGREGAÇÕES DE ATROPELAMENTOS DE VERTEBRADOS SILVESTRES NA
RODOVIA BR-050, MINAS GERAIS, BRASIL
Carine Firmino CARVALHO¹; Ana Elizabeth IANNINI CUSTÓDIO²;
Oswaldo MARÇAL JÚNIOR²
1. Graduate in Ecology and Conservation of Natural Resources, Biology Institute, Uberlandia Federal University, Uberlandia, MG,
Brazil. carinefcarvalho@gmail.com; 2. Professor, Biology Institute, Uberlandia Federal University, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
ABSTRACT: Researches on roadkill aggregations are important tools for wildlife conservation. The objective
of this study was to determine wild vertebrate roadkill aggregations on a stretch of 96 kilometers of the BR-050 highway,
between the cities of Uberlândia and Uberaba, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The survey was conducted between April
2012 and March 2013. Roadkill monitoring was performed by car, at a speed of approximately 60 km/h, and forty two (42)
weekly trips, totaling 8064 km, were performed. The 2D Ripley's K-Statistics test from the Siriema v1.1 program was used
to detect the scales of roadkill aggregations and 2D HotSpot Identification test was used to identify the location of these
hotspots. Aggregations extended from the following kms: 14 to 33, 38, 41 to 51, 66 to 70 and 78 to 94. We found roadkill
aggregations for wild vertebrates and mammals. The roadkill aggregations were significant for Euphractus sexcinctus,
Conepatus semistriatus, Procyon cancrivorus, Hydrochoerus hydrochoerus, Cariama cristata, Boa constrictor amarali
and Crotalus durissus collilineatus according to the taxonomic specific level. Thus, it is suggested that mitigation
measures for vertebrate conservation must be implemented in the indicated areas.
KEYWORDS: Road Ecology. Roadkill hotspots. Cerrado. Conservation. Mitigation measures.
INTRODUCTION
Wildlife roadkill on highways causes
biodiversity losses in intensities impossible to
quantify efficiently (BAGER; FONTOURA, 2012).
In Brazil alone it is estimated that 473 million of
vertebrates die victims of vehicle accidents per year
(CBEE, 2014). Local populations may decline
where the indices of roadkill exceed those of
reproduction and immigration (FORMAN;
ALEXANDER, 1998). Moreover, linear
developments have a strong impact on wildlife by
preventing or hindering gene flow between
populations. This may lead to local extinctions,
resulting from demographic effects and genetic and
environmental changes (LAURANCE et al., 2009).
Basically the type of locomotion, ecology
and animal behavior determine the species
vulnerability to roadkill (LAURANCE et al., 2009;
CÁCERES 2011). The majority of the species that
forage in the vicinity of the roads are more
vulnerable to roadkill, which includes many
predators, scavengers and herbivores that feed on
grasses (COFFIN, 2007; LAURANCE et al., 2009).
Mammals are victims of roadkill when they transit
along highways that are crossing their home range
or when they are attracted to available resources in
the surrounding area (LAURANCE et al., 2009).
Birds are attracted to roads by the availability of
perches in the roads surroundings, by the abundance
of small mammals that serve them as food, by grain
falling from vehicles and by roadkill carcasses
(GRILO et al., 2010). The main risks of roadkill for
reptiles are associated with slow movements and the
behavior of heating themselves on the roads as a
means of thermoregulation (LAURANCE et al,
2009; GRILO et al, 2010).
Besides biology and animal ecology, several
other factors influence roadkill, including high
vehicle speeds, volume of traffic, road width,
presence of curves, floor type, topography and
vegetation surrounding the highway (FORMAN;
ALEXANDER, 1998, LAURANCE et al, 2009;
GRILO et al, 2010). Because of all these factures,
vertebrate roadkill patterns are usually nonrandom.
Another factor that influence this pattern is that
animals use the same routes to move from place to
place (MALO et al. 2004).
In this context, the detection of aggregation
areas (hotspots), through analyses, using geographic
positioning of roadkill, makes it possible to know
where to install the targeted mitigation measures,
such as warning signs, electronic barriers, speed
bumps, olfactory repellent, light and sound, fencing
and wildlife crossings (GLISTA et al, 2009; GRILO
et al, 2010; VAN DER GRIFT et al., 2013). Since it
is not financially viable for most governments
develop strategies that mitigate roadkill along the
total length of all roads (GOMES et al., 2008), road
managers need reliable data to identify when and
Received: 25/08/14
Accepted: 25/11/14
952
Wild vertebrates roadkill… CARVALHO, C. F.; CUSTÓDIO, A. E. I.; MARÇAL JÚNIOR, O.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 951-959, May/June. 2015
where certain species are susceptible to high
roadkill rates in order to implement mitigation
measures at these sites (GRILO et al., 2009).
The present study was undertaken to
determine wild vertebrate roadkill aggregations on a
stretch of the BR-050 highway, between the cities of
Uberlândia and Uberaba, State of Minas Gerais, in
the Cerrado biome, and to propose mitigation
measures for the local fauna.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study area
The cities of Uberlandia and Uberaba are
situated in the area of Highlands and Plateaus of the
Paraná Sedimentary Basin, being inserted into the
subunit of the Southern Plateau of the Paraná Basin
(SEDET, 2009). The area is included in the Cerrado
biome; however, the natural vegetation types
(forests, savannas and veredas or palm swamps) are
quite fragmented, with a landscape dominated by
pasture and agricultural crops (e.g. sugar cane, corn
and soybean). The climate is Aw, according to the
Köppen classification, showing seasonal traits with
a rainy summer season from October to April and a
dry winter season from May to September (ROSA et
al., 1991), with average temperatures between 17 °C
and 23 °C, annual temperature range between 7 °C
and 9°C, and relative humidity of the air ranging
between 40 and 80%.
The BR-050 highway extends through more
than 1,000 km, from Brasília (Federal District) to
the State of São Paulo (SP-330), passing through the
States of Goiás and Minas Gerais. The stretch
investigated is located between the cities of
Uberlândia and Uberaba, Minas Gerais, with 96 km
of highway duplicated in both directions (Figure 1).
On average, 12,000 vehicles pass daily on this
stretch of the highway (SEDET, 2009).
Figure 1. Location of the BR-050 highway, especially the section investigated, between the municipalities of
Uberlândia and Uberaba (in the circle). Source: Brazil, Transport Ministry (2012).
Monitoring
The survey was performed between April
2012 and March 2013. The monitoring was done by
car, at a speed of approximately 60 km/h, and forty
two (42) weekly trips, totaling 8,064 km performed.
Two people observed the road looking for roadkill
animals. Roadkill records were identified at the
lowest possible taxonomic level. Mammals were
953
Wild vertebrates roadkill… CARVALHO, C. F.; CUSTÓDIO, A. E. I.; MARÇAL JÚNIOR, O.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 951-959, May/June. 2015
identified according to Reis et al. (2010). Birds were
identified and named according to Sigrist (2009)
and CBRO (2011). For reptiles, Bérnils and Costa
(2012) was used. Due to their small size and low
detectability amphibians were not included in the
survey.
Photographic records of the majority of the
specimens found were made. To determine the
conservation status of these animals, Drummond
(2008) for the State of Minas Gerais, ICMBio
(2013) for Brazil and IUCN (2013) for worldwide
were used.
The geographic coordinates of roadkill
records were determined using GPS. After each
registration, the carcass was removed from the
highway to avoid subsequent recount and
scavengers being killed, according to Costa (2011),
Cáceres et al. (2012) and Hegel et al. (2012).
Data Analysis
The 2D Ripley's K-Statistics test from
Siriema v1.1 software was used to determine the
existence of roadkill aggregations (roadkill
hotspots) and the scale of same (COELHO et al.,
2011). An initial radius of 100 meters, a radius
increase of 500 meters, confidence level of 95% and
a thousand simulations were used. The values of
initial radius and radius increment corresponded to
the scale at which mitigation measures can be
effective (TEIXEIRA et al., 2013). The program
tests the existence or not of roadkill aggregations in
different scales (COELHO et al., 2011). The 2D
HotSpot Identification test was used to identify
where the roadkill aggregations are localized
(COELHO et al., 2011). A radius of four kilometers
was used because this was the smallest radius at
which the roadkill aggregations were significant,
according to the results of the 2D Ripley K-
Statistics test, a confidence level of 95% and a
thousand simulations.
The Siriema program also allows to set
different weights for each roadkill record (COELHO
et al., 2011). This tool was applied to value the
endangered species, which received weight two, the
other species received weight one. For all analysis,
the following taxa was considered separately:
Vertebrate, Mammalia, Aves, Lepidosauria and the
10 wild species with the highest number of roadkill
records (Cerdocyon thous, Euphractus sexcinctus,
Conepatus semistriatus, Procyon cancrivorus,
Tamandua tetradactyla, Hydrochoerus
hydrochaeris, Dasypus novemcinctus, Cariama
cristata, Boa constrictor amarali and Crotalus
durissus collilineatus).
RESULTS
A total of 683 roadkill vertebrates was
found, including: 482 mammals (70.6%), 145 birds
(21.2%) and 56 reptiles (8.2%). At species level, 57
taxa were identified, being 21 mammals, 26 birds
and 10 reptiles.
Roadkill aggregations were identified for
both vertebrates and mammals. Birds and reptiles
separately did not show such roadkill hotspots
(Figure 2).
The aggregations for vertebrates were
recorded between km: 16 to 25, 38, 83 to 84, 85 to
86 and 87 to 89. They were more intense between
km 20 to 22 (Figure 3). For mammals, these
aggregations extend across km: 16 to 27, 82 to 84,
87 to 89; with greater intensity between km 18 to
24 (Figure 3). There was no aggregation point for
the groups and species searched between km: 0 to
14, 33 to 38, 38 to 41, 51 to 66, 70 to 78 and 94 to
96 (Figure 3).
Roadkill hotspots at specific levels were
found for Euphractus sexcinctus, Conepatus
semistriatus, Procyon cancrivorus, Hydrochoerus
hydrochaeris (Mammalia); Cariama cristata
(Aves); Boa constrictor amarali and Crotalus
durissus collilineatus (Lepidosauria) (Figure 2). For
the last species it is worth noting that aggregations
occurred only in the radius bigger than 20 km
(therefore, these hotspots are not shown in Figure
3). Tamandua tetradactyla and Dasypus
novemcinctus showed no aggregations in the study
area (Figure 2).
Three roadkill aggregations were found for
Euphractus sexcinctus at km: 14 to 25, 38 and 41
to 43; with greater intensity between the km 16 to
22. For Conepatus semistriatus, roadkill hotspots
were found at km: 42 to 51, 66 to 68 and 83 to 87,
with higher intensity between km 45 to 48. For
Procyon cancrivorus, roadkill aggregations were
situated between km: 20 to 31 and 32 to 33, with
greater intensity between km 23 to 24. For
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, roadkill aggregations
were located between km: 83 to 91, with higher
intensity at km 87 and 88. For Cariama cristata,
roadkill hotspots extended from km: 62 to 70. From
Boa constrictor amarali roadkill aggregations were
localized between km: 78 to 80, 81 to 84 and 85 to
94 (Figure 3).
954
Wild vertebrates roadkill… CARVALHO, C. F.; CUSTÓDIO, A. E. I.; MARÇAL JÚNIOR, O.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 951-959, May/June. 2015
Figure 2. Roadkill aggregations according to radius. There is aggregation when the function L(r) (black Line)
is above the upper confidence limit (gray line). Results from the 2D Ripley's K-Statistics test a)
wild vertebrates, b) wild mammals, c) birds, d) reptiles, e) Cerdocyon thous, f) Euphractus
sexcinctus, g) Conepatus semistriatus, h) Procyon cancrivorus, i) Tamandua tetradactyla, j)
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, k) Dasypus novemcinctus, l) Cariama cristata, m) Boa constrictor
amarali, n) Crotalus durissus collilineatus.
955
Wild vertebrates roadkill… CARVALHO, C. F.; CUSTÓDIO, A. E. I.; MARÇAL JÚNIOR, O.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 951-959, May/June. 2015
Figure 3. Wild vertebrate roadkill aggregations on the BR-050 highway, stretch Uberlândia-Uberaba, MG
(2012-2013). Kilometer zero was in Uberlândia and the final kilometer (km 96) in Uberaba. Results
from the 2D HotSpot Identification test.
DISCUSSION
Recent studies have showed wild
vertebrates roadkill aggregations in Brazil and
worldwide (CLEVENGER et al., 2003; COELHO et
al., 2008; CÁCERES et al., 2012; TEIXEIRA et al.,
2013). Coelho and colleagues (2008) showed that
roadkill of vertebrates, mammals and birds occurs in
aggregated form in the Atlantic Forest. In the
Cerrado, Cáceres and colleagues (2012) have also
located roadkill aggregations for wild mammals.
Teixeira and colleagues (2013) found significant
roadkill aggregations for wild mammals, birds and
reptiles.
Freitas and colleagues (2013) found
difficulty in relating birds roadkill with landscape
features surrounding the highway due to the high
diversity and low abundance of bird roadkills. This
same hypothesis, high diversity and low abundance
of bird roadkills, can be suggested to explain the no
occurrence of bird and reptile roadkill hotspots in
this research. Only Cariama cristata and Boa
constrictor amarali showed aggregations among the
species of birds and reptiles studied, respectively.
Cáceres and colegues (2012) located
roadkilll aggregation for Cerdocyon thous,
Tamandua tetradactyla e Dasypus novemcinctus.
but they did not find roadkill aggregation for
Euphractus sexcinctus. According to Clevenger et
al. (2003), roadkill aggregations may reflect
different responses of animals to their habitat,
spatial and temporal variation in habitat quality or
local soil conditions that may facilitate or block the
movement across roads.
A selection of stretches for the
implementation of roadkill mitigation measures
should be made with caution, so that important areas
are not eliminated during the selection process
(BAGER et al., 2010). The adequate location of
wildlife crossings, for example, can improve or
maintain connectivity between animal populations
(LESBARRÈRES; FAHRIG, 2012; VAN DER
GRIFT et al., 2013). Significant roadkill hostspots
found for vertebrates, mammals, and for some
species indicate that mortality is concentrate on
some segments of the road and, therefore, certain
areas are better than others to implement mitigation
measures (Coelho et al., 2008). A higher intensity
of roadkill aggregations on the highway searched
was observed in the stretch between km 18 to 24,
suggesting that this area should be prioritized in the
adoption of possible mitigation measures. The
construction of wildlife crossings in conjugation
with fencing to direct animals and prevent them
from crossing the highway is recommended
(BAGER, 2003; GLISTA et al., 2009; GRILO et al.,
2010; VAN DER GRIFT et al., 2013). This
technique brings the great advantage of preventing
roadkill and ensuring the maintenance of gene flow
between animal populations, however this is very
expensive (GLISTA et al., 2009; GRILO et al.,
2010; VAN DER GRIFT et al., 2013) and its
application in a road that already exists is difficult.
Another option would be to use water pipe runoff,
which can be modified, installing non-flooded side
platforms, so small wild animals can be able to use
956
Wild vertebrates roadkill… CARVALHO, C. F.; CUSTÓDIO, A. E. I.; MARÇAL JÚNIOR, O.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 951-959, May/June. 2015
them to go through dry ledges (GRILO et al., 2010).
It is a low cost alternative (MATA et al., 2008;
LAUXEN 2012). This stretch of the highway, as
from the year 2014, is under concession and
partnerships with the concessionary can be
performed. However, the least expensive mitigation
measures are warning signs, electronic barriers,
speed bumps and awareness campaigns (GLISTA et
al, 2009; GRILO et al, 2010).
In addition to long-term mitigation
measures, we encourage the development of an
environmental education program targeted at
highway users. According to Bager (2003), a great
part of the wildlife roadkill could be minimized
through environmental awareness. The timely
mowing of verge vegetation should also be
encouraged, which decreases the chance of the
fauna moving along the roadside and increases the
possibility of animal visualization and the reaction
time of drivers (BAGER, 2003; LAUXEN, 2012).
Furthermore, the verge vegetation can serve as a
habitat for some species, and attract them to the
highway increasing roadkill risk (ASCENSÃO et
al., 2012). Another measure that can be
implemented is to remove the roadkill carcasses,
because this activity could decrease the number of
scavengers roadkill (FREITAS, 2009)
In addition of knowing where roadkill
aggregations are located, it is necessary to
understand what parameters influence the roadkill
such as topography, landscape surrounding the
highway, human disturbance (GRILO et al., 2009;
LAURANCE et al., 2009; GRILO et al., 2010).
Therefore, it becomes essential to investigate the
factors involved in the roadkill dynamics, aiming to
create predictive models of roadkill that guide the
construction, operation and renovation of roads
making them effective in the protection and
conservation of wildlife (BUENO et al., 2012).
It is suggested that studies with a longer
duration of monitoring be conducted to compare if a
year of monitoring is sufficient to detect roadkill
patterns. In practice, the monitoring period
performed by companies is much smaller than a
year.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To CAPES for granting the Master degree
scholarship to the main author of this work.
RESUMO: Pesquisas sobre agregações de atropelamento são ferramentas importantes para a conservação da
vida selvagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar agregações de atropelamentos de vertebrados silvestres em um
trecho de 96 km da rodovia BR-050, entre as cidades de Uberlândia e Uberaba (MG), na região central do Brasil. A
pesquisa foi realizada a partir de abril de 2012 a março de 2013. O monitoramento foi realizado de carro e o trecho foi
investigado a uma velocidade de aproximadamente 60 km/h. Realizamos 42 viagens semanais, num total de 8064 km
percorridos. O teste 2D Ripley's K-Statistics do programa Siriema v1.1 foi utilizado para detectar as escalas de agregações
de atropelamentos e o teste 2D HotSpot Identification foi utilizado para identificar a localização destes hotspots.
Agreagações de atropelamento se extenderam nos seguintes quilômetros: 14-33, 38-41 a 51, 66 a 70 e 78-94. Encontramos
agregações de vertebrados e mamíferos silvestres. Em nível taxonômico específico foram encontradas agregações de
atropelamentos significativas para Euphractus sexcinctus, Conepatus semistriatus, Procyon cancrivorus, Hydrochoerus
hydrochaeris, Cariama cristata, Boa constrictor amarali, Crotalus durissus collilineatus. Assim, sugere-se que medidas
de mitigação para a conservação de vertebrados devem ser implementadas nas áreas indicadas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Ecologia de Estradas. Agregações de atropelamentos. Cerrado. Conservação.
Medidas de mitigação.
REFERENCES
ASCENSÃO, F.; CLEVENGER, A. P.; GRILO, C.; FILIPE, J.; SANTOS-REIS, M. Highway verges as habitat
providers for small mammals in agrosilvopastoral environments. Biodiversity and Conservation, London, v.
21, p. 3681-3697, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0390-3
BAGER, A. Repensando as medidas mitigadoras impostas aos empreendimentos rodoviários associados a
unidades de conservação – um estudo de caso. In: BAGER, A (ed). Conservação no âmbito do Cone Sul.
Pelotas: Alex Bager, 2003. p. 160-172.
BAGER, A.; ROSA, C. A. Priority ranking of road sites for mitigating wildlife roadkills. Biota Neotropica,
Campinas, v. 10, p. 149-154, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000400020
957
Wild vertebrates roadkill… CARVALHO, C. F.; CUSTÓDIO, A. E. I.; MARÇAL JÚNIOR, O.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 951-959, May/June. 2015
BAGER, A.; FONTOURA, V. Ecologia de estradas no Brasil- Contexto histórico e perspectivas futuras. In:
BAGER, A. (ed.) Ecologia de Estradas: tendências e pesquisas. Lavras: Ed. UFLA, 2012. p. 13-33.
BÉRNILS, R. S.; COSTA, H. C. (org.). 2012. Répteis brasileiros: Lista de espécies. Versão 2012.2.
Sociedade Brasileira de Herpetologia. Disponível em . Acesso em junho
de 2013.
BRASIL. BR-050. Disponível em: . Acesso em dezembro de 2013.
BUENO, C.; FREITAS, L. E.; COUTINHO, B. H.; OSWALDO CRUZ, J. H.; CASTRO JÚNIOR, E. de. A
distribuição especial de atropelamentos de fauna silvestre sua relação com a vegetação: Estudo de caso da
rodovia BR-040. In: BAGER, A. (ed.) Ecologia de Estradas: tendências e pesquisas. Lavras: Ed. UFLA,
2012. p. 167-178.
CÁCERES, N. C. Biological characteristics influence mammal road kill in an Atlantic Forest-Cerrado interface
in south-western Brazil. Italian Journal of Zoology, Modena, v. 78, p. 379-389, 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2011.566226
CÁCERES, N. C.; CASELLA, J.; GOULART, C. S. Variação espacial e sazonal de atropelamentos e
mamíferos no bioma cerrado, rodovia BR 262, Sudoeste do Brasil. Mastozoología Neotropical, Mendoza, v.
19, n. 1, p.21-33, 2012.
CBEE. Atropelômetro. Disponível em . Acesso em julho de 2014.
CBRO. Listas das aves do Brasil. 10ª Edição. Disponível em . Acesso em: maio de
2014.
CLEVENGER, A. P; CHRUSZCZ, B.; GUNSON, K. E. Spatial patterns and factors influencing small
vertebrate fauna road-kill aggregations. Biological Conservation, Boston, v. 109, p. 15-26, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00127-1
COELHO, I. P.; KINDEL, A.; COELHO, A. V. P. Roadkills of vertebrate species on two highways through the
Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve, southern Brazil. European Journal of Wildlife Research, Berlin, v. 54, p.
689–699, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-008-0197-4
COELHO, A. V. P. ; COELHO, P. I ; KINDEL, A. ; TEIXEIRA, F. Z. Siriema: Manual do Usuário v1.1.
Universidade Federal do Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. 23 p.
COFFIN, A. W. From roadkill to road ecology: A review of the ecological effects of roads. Journal of
Transport Geography, London, v. 15, p. 396–406, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.11.006
COSTA, L. de S. C. Levantamento de mamíferos silvestres de pequeno e médio porte atropelados na BR 101,
entre os municípios de Joinville E Piçarras, Santa Catarina. Bioscience Journal, Uberlândia, v. 27, n. 3, p. 666-
672, 2011.
DRUMMOND, G. M.; MACHADO, A. B. M.; MARTINS, C. S.; MENDONÇA, M. P.; STEHMAN, J. R.
(eds.) Listas vermelhas das espécies da fauna e da flora ameaçadas de extinção em Minas Gerais. 2nd ed.
Belo Horizonte: Fundação Biodiversitas, 2008.
FORMAN, R.T.T.; ALEXANDER, L.E. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology
and Systematics, Palo Alto, p. 207–232, 1998.
958
Wild vertebrates roadkill… CARVALHO, C. F.; CUSTÓDIO, A. E. I.; MARÇAL JÚNIOR, O.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 951-959, May/June. 2015
FREITAS, C. H. Atropelamento de vertebrados nas rodovias MG-428 e SP-334 com análise dos fatores
condicionantes e valoração econômica da fauna. 2009. 106 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Biológicas) –
Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro. 2009.
FREITAS, S. R. ; SOUSA, C. O. M.; BUENO, C. Effects of landscape characteristics on roadkill of mammals,
birds and reptiles in a highway crossing the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. In: International Conference
on Ecology and Transportation (ICOET 2013), 7, 2013, Arizona, Estados Unidos, Proceedings … 2013.
Disponível em: .
GLISTA, D. J.; DEVAULT, T. L; DEWOODY, J. A. A review of mitigation measures for reducing wildlife
mortality on roadways. Landscape and Urban Planning, Amsterdam, p. 1-7, 2008.
GOMES, L.; GRILO, C.; MIRA, C. S. A. Identification methods and deterministic factors of owl roadkill
hotspot locations in Mediterranean landscapes. Ecology Research. Ecological Research, Sakura-Mura, v. 24,
p. 355-370, 2009.
GRILO, C.; BISSONETTE, J. A.; SANTOS-REIS, M. Spatial–temporal patterns in Mediterranean carnivore
road casualties: Consequences for mitigation. Biological Conservation, Boston, v. 142, p. 301–313, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.10.026
GRILO, C.; BISSONETTE, J. A.; CRAMER, P. C. Mitigation measures to reduce impacts on biodiversity. In:
JONES, R. S (ed.). Highways: constructions, management and maintenance. New York: Nova Science
Publishers, 2010. p. 73-114.
HEGEL, C. G. Z.; CONSALTER, G. C.; ZANELLA, N. Mamíferos silvestres atropelados na rodovia RS-135,
norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Biotemas, Florianópolis, v. 25, n. 2, p. 165-170, 2012.
ICMBIO. Lista de espécies ameaçadas. Disponível em:
. Acesso em: março
de 2014.
IUCN. The IUCN red list of threatened species. 2012. Disponível em: . Acesso
em: março de 2014.
LAURANCE, W. F.; GOOSEM, M; LAURANCE, S. G. W. Impacts of roads and linear clearing on tropical
forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Amsterdam, v. 24, n. 12, p. 659-669, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.009
LAUXEN, M. S. A mitigação dos impactos de rodovias sobre a fauna: um guia de procedimentos para
tomada de decisão. 2012. Especialização em Diversidade e Conservação da Fauna – Departamento de
Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grade do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 2012.
LESBARRÈRES, D.; FAHRIG, L. Measures to reduce population fragmentation by roads: what has
worked and how do we know? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Amsterdam, v. 27, n. 7, p. 374-380,
2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.01.015
MALO, J. E.; SUÁREZ, F.; DÍEZ, A. Can we mitigate animal–vehicle accidents using predictive models?
Journal of Applied Ecology, London, v. 41, p. 701–71, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-
8901.2004.00929.x
MATA, C. et al. Are motorway wildlife passages worth building? Vertebrate use of road-crossing structures on
a Spanish motorway. Journal of Environmental Management, Oxford, v. 88, p. 407–41, 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.014
959
Wild vertebrates roadkill… CARVALHO, C. F.; CUSTÓDIO, A. E. I.; MARÇAL JÚNIOR, O.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 31, n. 3, p. 951-959, May/June. 2015
REIS, N. R; PERACCHI, A. L.; FREGONEZI, M. N.; ROSSANEIS, B. K. Mamíferos do Brasil -guia de
identificação. Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books Editora, 2010. 577p.
ROSA, R.; LIMA, S. C.; ASSUNÇÃO, W. L. Abordagem preliminar das condições climáticas de Uberlândia
(MG). Sociedade e natureza, Uberlândia, v. 3, p. 91-108, 1991.
SEDET. 2009. Uberaba em dados. Disponível em: .
Acesso em julho de 2013.
SIGRIST, T. Avifauna brasileira: pranchas e mapas. São Paulo: Avis Brasilis, 2009. 492p.
TEIXEIRA, F. Z.; COELHO, I. P.; ESPERANDIO, I. B.; OLIVEIRA, N. R.; PETER, F. P.; DORNELES, S. S.;
DELAZERI, N. R.; TAVARES, M.; MARTINS, M. B.; KINDEL, A. Are road-kill hotspots coincident among
different vertebrate groups?. Oecologia Australis, Berlin, v. 17, p. 36-47, 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2013.1701.04
VAN DER GRIFT, E. A.; VAN DER REE, R.; FAHRIG, L.; FINDLEY, S.; HOULAHAN, J.; JAEGER, J.A.G.;
KLAR, N.; MADRIÑAN, L. F.; OLSEN, L. Evaluating the effectiveness of road mitigation measures.
Biodiversity and Conservation, London, v. 22, p. 425-448, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0421-
0