Microsoft Word - 1-Agra_37556
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Original Article
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 33, n. 6, p. 1401-1411, Nov./Dec. 2017
AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF CARROT FERTILIZED WITH
ROOSTERTREE [Calotropis procera (AIT.) R. BR.] IN TWO GROWING
SEASONS
DESEMPENHO AGRONÔMICO DA CENOURA ADUBADA COM FLOR-DE-SEDA
[Calotropis procera (AIT.) R. BR.] EM DUAS ÉPOCAS DE CULTIVO
Almir Rogerio Evangelista de SOUZA1; Ênio Gomes Flôr SOUZA1,2;
Manoel Galdino dos SANTOS1; Euvaldo Pereira de CERQUEIRA JÚNIOR3;
Rafaela Félix da FRANÇA4; Aurélio Paes BARROS JÚNIOR1;
Lindomar Maria da SILVEIRA1; Francisco BEZERRA NETO1
1. Pós-Graduação em Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido – UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brasil.; 2. Instituto Federal de
Alagoas – IFAL, Piranhas, AL, Brasil, enio.souza@ifal.edu.br; 3. Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal do
Vale do São Francisco – UNIVASF, Juazeiro, BA, Brasil; 4. Pós-Graduação em Produção Agrícola da Universidade Federal Rural de
Pernambuco – UFRPE, Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns – UAG, Garanhuns, PE, Brasil.
ABSTRACT: Because vegetables have a fast production cycle, they require fertilization in quantities and at
ideal times to obtain maximum productivity, and green manure is an alternative practice to the use of mineral fertilizers.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different amounts of roostertree [Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.]
biomass and its incorporation times in two growing seasons, in the agronomic performance of carrots. The experiment was
conducted on an experimental farm at the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) in the autumn-winter
period (March-July 2012) and the spring-summer period (September-December 2012). The experimental design was a
randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial 4 x 4 design; the first factor
consists of four amounts of roostertree biomass (5.4, 8.8, 12.2 and 15.6 t ha-1 on a dry basis), and the second factor consists
of four times of incorporation of this manure into the soil (0, 10, 20 and 30 days before sowing the carrots). The carrot
cultivar used was Brasília. The following traits were evaluated: plant height, number of leaves per plant, root dry mass,
total and commercial yield of roots. The best agronomic performance of carrot cultivar Brasília was found with the amount
of roostertree biomass of 15.6 t ha-1, in the time of incorporation into the soil of 10 days before seeding. The cultivation in
the autumn-winter showed higher total and commercial productivities of carrot roots fertilized with roostertree.
KEYWORDS: Daucus carota L. Green manure. Organic cropping. Agronomic efficiency.
INTRODUCTION
The carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a vegetable
crop belonging to the Apiaceae family, of the group
of tuberous roots, cultivated on a large scale in the
Brazilian states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and
Bahia (CEPEA, 2016). The production of carrot in
the Brazilian northeast region is still incipient,
developed mainly by small family farmers through
community gardens. Thus, carrots need to be
imported from other regions to meet the growing
demand, with a consequent increase in price. An
efficient alternative to meet the existing demand in
the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, is the use of the
practice of green manure, which results in increased
production and is available to small, medium-sized
and large producers.
The use of green manure in production
systems has favored the reduction of dependence on
external inputs, and it is an important alternative to
reduce the use of mineral fertilizers, manures and
organic compounds (DINIZ et al., 2007). This
practice has the advantage of improving the physical
and chemistry quality of the soil and as a result,
increasing productivity (VALICHESKI et al., 2012;
SOUZA et al., 2016).
The roostertree [Calotropis procera (Ait.)
R. Br.] has emerged as one of the most promising
species in the use as green manure, mainly in the
Brazilian semiarid region. The adaptation of this
legume to adverse conditions such as drought stress,
heat or salt stress, its high production of dry
biomass, about 40 t ha-1, vigorous regrowth after
cutting and C/N ratio less than 30:1, have justified
the increased interest of agronomic researchers on
roostertree use as green manure (SOUTO et al.,
2008; ANDRADE FILHO, 2012). Research results
have demonstrated the potential use of this specie as
green manure in the radish crop (LINHARES et al.,
2011), carrot (SILVA et al., 2013), coriander
(LINHARES et al., 2014), arugula (SOUZA et al.,
2016) and lettuce-arugula intercropping (ALMEIDA
et al., 2015).
The positive effects of green manuring to
cropping depend on a number of factors such as the
biomass amount produced and release time of
Received: 14/02/17
Accepted: 05/07/17
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Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 33, n. 6, p. 1401-1411, Nov./Dec. 2017
nutrients. In beetroot crop, the best agronomic
performance was found in the amount of 15.6 t ha-1
of hairy woodrose [Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.]
incorporated into the soil on the sowing day (SILVA
et al., 2011), whereas for arugula, it occurred in the
amount of 15.6 t ha-1 incorporated at 20 days before
planting (SOUZA et al., 2016).
However, there is little information on the
amount and incorporation time of the roostertree
biomass for carrot cultivation in the Brazilian
semiarid region. Information on agronomical
indicators of the use of roostertree as green manure
can contribute to greater productive efficiency of
agroecosystems with tuberous. The aim of this study
was to evaluate the effects of different amounts of
roostertree biomass and its incorporation times in
two growing seasons (autumn-winter, spring-
summer) in the agronomic performance of carrots.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Cropping site and experimental conditions
The experiment was conducted in two
growing seasons, autumn-winter (March-July 2012)
and spring-summer (September-December 2012) in
experimental farm at the Universidade Federal Rural
Pernambuco (UFRPE), in Serra Talhada,
Pernambuco state, Brazil. Figure 1 shows the
average meteorological data of the conducting
period of the experiments.
Figure 1. Average values of instantaneous, maximum and minimum temperatures (°C), global solar radiation
(MJ m-2 day-1) and photoperiod (h) in each carrot growing season.
Prior to the experiment setup, soil samples
were taken (sandy loam texture) at a depth of 0-0.20
m, whose chemical characteristics in the autumn-
winter experiment were: pH in H2O (1:2.5) = 6.5;
M.O. = 12.7 g kg-1; P = 20.0 mg dm-3 (Mehlich:
HCl+H2SO4); K
+ = 0.4 cmolc dm
-3; Ca2+ = 3.4 cmolc
dm-3; Mg2+ = 2.0 cmolc dm
-3; Al3+ = 0.0 cmolc dm
-3;
and spring-summer: pH in H2O (1:2.5) = 6.6; M.O.
= 8.4 g kg-1; P = 15.0 mg dm-3 (Mehlich:
HCl+H2SO4); K
+ = 0.6 cmolc dm
-3; Ca2+ = 3.4 cmolc
dm-3; Mg2+ = 2.0 cmolc dm
-3; Al3+ = 0.0 cmolc dm
-3.
The experimental design was a randomized
block design with three replications. The treatments
were arranged in a factorial 4 x 4 design, with the
first factor consisting of four amounts of roostertree
biomass (5.4, 8.8, 12.2 and 15.6 t ha-1 on a dry
basis), and the second factor, of four times of
incorporation of this manure into the soil (0, 10, 20
and 30 days before sowing carrot - DBS).
The carrot cultivar planted was Brasília,
recommended for cultivation throughout the year in
the Northeast (PIMENTEL; LANA; DE-POLLI,
2009). The seeding was performed directly in the
definitive beds, where six planting lines were
arranged transversely in each plot spaced at 0.20 m
from each other, and spaced at 0.10 m within the
line. The total area of the plot was 1.44 m2, with
harvest area of 0.80 m2, resulting in a population of
500,000 plants ha-1.
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The roostertree was collected only once in
the vicinity of the experimental area, then ground in
a traditional forage machine to yield fragments of
two or three centimeters which were dried until a
10% moisture content. The material was analyzed,
and presented the following results of nutrient
contents in the dry matter at 70 °C: N = 17.4 g kg-1;
P = 4.4 g kg-1; K = 23.5 g kg-1; Ca = 14.3 g kg-1; Mg
= 23.0 g kg-1; Fe = 463.0 mg kg-1, Zn = 40.0 mg kg-
1; Cu = 29.0 mg kg-1; Mn = 90.0 mg kg-1; B = 71.0
mg kg-1; Na = 1,640.0 mg kg-1, M.O. = 764.0 mg kg-
1; C:N = 25:1.
The incorporation of plant biomass was held
in the 0-0.20 m layer of soil in the experimental
plots, according to the treatments. There was no
mineral fertilization. The irrigations were carried
out by a micro sprinkler system, with daily watering
schedule divided in two applications (morning and
afternoon), providing a water slide of approximately
8 mm dia-1.
Planting of carrot in the first growing season
(autumn-winter) was held on March 29, 2012, while
in the spring-summer it was performed on October
24, 2012. Direct seeding was carried out at two
centimeters depth, sowing three seeds per hole.
After ten days of the emergence the thinning
occurred, leaving one plant per hole. Hand weedings
were performed at 20 days after sowing (DAS).
Theres was no pests or diseases control.
Harvesting and evaluated variables
The harvest in the autumn-winter period
was performed at 96 DAS, while in spring-summer,
at 89 DAS. The following characteristics were
evaluated at harvest time: plant height, in cm,
calculated with a measuring ruler in a sample of
twenty plants from the ground level up to the tip of
the highest leaf; number of leaves per plant was
determined in a sample of twenty plants by direct
counting of the number of leaves larger than three
centimeters in length, starting from the basal leaves
up to the last open leaf; root dry mass, estimated
from the weight of the root dry mass of twenty
plants of the harvest area, after drying in a forced air
oven, with temperature set at 65 °C, until constant
mass, and expressed in t ha- 1.
The total and commercial productivity of
carrot roots were calculated from the fresh mass of
40 roots of the harvest area of the plot, expressed in
t ha-1. They were considered as commercial
productivity, roots free of defects, such as cracks,
bifurcations, nematodes and mechanical damage.
Statistical analysis
Variance analyses were made for the
evaluated characteristics, where corrections were
applied to 70% of planted effectively area through
the SISVAR 3.01 software (FERREIRA, 2003). A
joint analysis of these characteristics was
performed. Fitting procedures of response curves
was done between traits and quantitative factors
through the SigmaPlot 12.0 software (SYSTAT
SOFTWARE, 2011). Tukey’s test (p <0.05) was
used to compare means between growing seasons.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The joint analysis of the experiments found
isolated effects of the amounts of roostertree
biomass on plant height, root dry weight,
commercial and total productivity of carrot roots
(Figure 2). These features increased as increasing
doses of roostertree were incorporated into the soil,
reaching maximum values in the amount of 15.6 t
ha-1 green manure, representing an increase of 6.21
cm in plant height (Figure 2A); 0.51 t ha-1 of root
dry mass (Figure 2B); 6.56 t ha-1 in total root
productivity (Figure 2C) and 4.09 t ha-1 in
commercial productivity of carrots (Figure 2D)
compared to the lower amount of roostertree in use
(5.4 t ha-1).
The explanation for the performance
achieved is plausible in nutrient availability, mainly
N in assimilable form and at the time of highest
demand of the plant, optimizing growth and crop
productivity (BATISTA, 2011). Nitrogen is part of
various compounds in the plant (amino acids,
proteins, chlorophyll molecules, etc.) promoting
plant growth and synthesis of new cells and tissues;
it represents the nutrient more extracted and
required by vegetable crops (CANTARELLA, 2007;
PRADO, 2009; SILVA et al., 2013; GÓES et al.,
2014). It is also reported to influence the upward
increase of colony forming units, mostly bacteria,
actinomycetes and fungi indispensable for the
chemical and physical-chemical characteristics of
the soil, aiding in fertility, decomposition of
complex organic compounds, and reduction of
variation in humidity and soil temperature, which
are obtained with the incorporation of increasing
doses of green manure (SCHIPPERS; BAKKER;
BAKKER, 1987; SOUZA et al., 2005; ARAÚJO;
MONTEIRO, 2007; BATISTA et al., 2016).
In the literature, research results report the
importance of green manuring with spontaneous
species of Caatinga. Oliveira et al. (2011), working
with the same carrot cultivar of this study, fertilized
with hairy woodrose under edaphoclimatic
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conditions of Mossoró (RN), had lower results for
plant height (0.42 cm) and commercial productivity
(0.36 t ha-1) per incorporated tonne.
Figure 2. Plant height (A), root dry mass (B), total (C) and commercial (D) productivity of carrot roots in the
amounts of roostertree biomass.
The number of leaves per plant and root dry
mass of carrot were influenced in isolation by times
of incorporation into the soil of the roostertree
(Figure 3). The increase in the incorporation time of
the green manure caused a linear decrease in the
number of leaves per carrot plant (Figure 3A),
whereas there was no fit of regression curve to root
dry mass, whose observed average value was 3.11 t
ha-1 (Figure 3B).
Figure 3. Number of leaves per plant (A) and dry mass (B) of carrot roots as a function of incorporation times
into the soil of roostertree.
A B
A B
C D
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El-Desuki et al. (2005) found a number of
leaves and dry weight of radish roots enhanced with
increasing levels of nitrogen fertilization. The
incorporation of green manuring closest to the
planting date favored the development of culture,
due to be the ideal time between mineralization and
availability of nutrients in the period of greatest
nutritional demand of the culture. Cecílio Filho and
Peixoto (2013) reported that nutrient accumulation
in the Forto carrot cultivar has increased mainly
from 35 days after sowing, more necessarily
nitrogen. According to the findings of França, Reis
and Cecílio Filho (2004), this essential nutrient is
strongly associated with the development of plant
structures; in this case, growth of shoots and roots.
Oliveira et al. (2011), working with M. aegyptia in
carrot crops, did not find a significant difference for
number of leaves per plant as a function of
incorporation times. A similar result was reported
by Teófilo et al. (2009), when evaluating three
carrot cultivars (Alvorada, Brasília and Esplanada)
at 56 days after sowing. They did not find a
significant difference for number of leaves in the
conditions of Mossoró-RN.
There was a significant effect of growing
seasons on root dry mass (Table 1), in which the
crop reached a better result in the autumn-winter
period (4.85 t ha-1) than in the spring-summer period
(1.37 t ha-1). This likely occurred because of the
influence of meteorological factors on the plants,
which will mainly affect the distribution of water
and nutrients in the soil profile, given that mild
temperatures (autumn-winter) (Figure 1) contribute
to better development of roots and dry matter
accumulation in vegetable crops. Conditions of
drought stress and high temperatures contribute to a
reduction in photosynthetic activity and increased
photorespiration in C3 plants especially (POLLEY,
2002; FILGUEIRA, 2008; TAIZ; ZEIGER, 2013).
Vieira and Pessoa (2008) reported that temperature
is the most important factor for the production of
roots and that carrot cultivars form larger roots and
have better quality in temperatures up to 30 °C;
above that, the vegetative cycle of the plant is
reduced affecting root development and dry matter
content.
Table 1. Average values of dry mass of carrot roots fertilized with roostertree in two growing seasons.
Growing seasons Root dry mass (t ha-1)
Autumn-winter 4.85 a
Spring-summer 1.37 b
F 1,797.80**
C.V. (%) 12.95
Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability; ns: No significantly different (p > 0.05),
**: Significantly different at the 1% probability level by F test (p ≤ 0.05).
Regarding number of leaves, there was a
significant interaction between the amount of
incorporated roostertree and the carrot growing
seasons, with a higher vegetative vigor in the
autumn-winter period (12.5 leaves per plant), while
in the spring-summer, linear effect was registered,
reaching 11.4 leaves in the highest incorporated
dose of biomass (15.6 t ha-1) (Figure 4 and Table 2).
Probably, extrinsic factors such as variation of soil
moisture, temperature, solar radiation, photoperiod,
etc. (Figure 1) of the second growing season were
the main factors that influenced the reduction in the
number of leaves per plant. Schüppler et al. (1998)
have reported that in change conditions of soil
moisture, plants tend to alter their morphology,
especially plant biomass, reducing the number of
leaves per plant. Stress caused by high temperatures
and solar radiation are agricultural problems in
many areas of the world, and they result in a series
of morpho-anatomical changes that lead to crop
yield reduction and economic losses (WAHID et al.,
2007)
As regards the interaction of incorporation
times to soil of the roostertree within each planting
season, the regressions relative to plant height, total
and commercial productivities of roots in the
autumn-winter period did not allow equation
adjustment; average values were 39.45 cm, 47.22 t
ha-1 and 23.72 t ha-1, respectively. However, in the
spring-summer period, the response of the analyzed
variables decreased from the initial time of
incorporation (Figure 5). In relation to the average
values of plant height, total and commercial
productivities of the unfolding of the interaction of
the growing seasons as a function of the
incorporation times to soil of the roostertree, the
average results achieved in the autumn-winter
season were at 10 DBS, 41.87 cm, 53.62 t ha-1 and
27.38 t ha-1, respectively, i.e., they were statistically
higher than the spring-summer cropping (Table 3).
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Figure 4. Number of leaves per carrot plant as a function of the unfolding of the interaction between amounts
of roostertree biomass and growing seasons.
Table 2. Average values of number of leaves per carrot plant of the interaction between growing seasons as a
function of the amounts of roostertree biomass.
Growing seasons Roostertree amounts (t ha-1)
5.4 8.8 12.2 15.6
Number of leaves per plant
Autumn-winter 11.70 a 12.10 a 12.41 a 12.50 a
Spring-summer 9.10 b 10.12 b 10.71 b 11.45 b
F 2.84*
C.V. (%) 8.32
Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability; ns: No significantly different (p > 0.05),
*: Significantly different at the 5% probability level by F test (p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 5. Plant height (A), total (B) and commercial productivities (C) of carrot roots as a function of the
unfolding of the interaction of incorporation times to soil of roostertree within each growing seasons.
C
A
B
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Table 3. Average values of plant height, total and commercial productivity of carrot roots of the unfolding of
the interaction of the growing seasons as a function of incorporation times into the soil of the
roostertree.
Growing seasons Incorporation times of the roostertree (days)
0 10 20 30
Plant height (cm)
Autumn-winter 40.34 a 41.87 a 38.14 a 37.46 a
Spring-summer 26.99 b 24.75 b 23.00 b 21.58 b
F 3.47*
C.V. (%) 31.77
Total productivity (t ha-1)
Autumn-winter 47.79 a 53.62 a 45.81 a 41.67 a
Spring-summer 27.11 b 23.91 b 22.48 b 21.21 b
F 16.49**
C.V. (%) 7.34
Commercial productivity (t ha-1)
Autumn-winter 23.34 a 27.38 a 22.55 a 21.60 a
Spring-summer 19.24 b 17.79 b 16.64 b 15.40 b
F 3.01*
C.V. (%) 20.49
Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability; ns: No significantly different (p > 0.05),
** and *: Significantly different at the 1% and 5% probability levels by F test (p ≤ 0.05).
The local meteorological conditions during
the autumn-winter experiment (average temperature
of 25.6 °C, minimum of 20.4 °C and maximum of
31.8 °C), when compared to spring-summer
(average temperature of 27.6 °C, minimum of 21.6
°C and maximum of 34.3 °C) were essential for
increasing productivity in the first growing season
(Figure 1). A similar result was obtained by
Resende, Yuri and Costa (2016) when evaluating
the production of carrot cv. Brasília in winter and
summer crops in the Submedia of the São Francisco
Valley, Pernambuco.
In autumn-winter, there were higher total
and commercial productivities, but the average
percentage of scrap roots averaged 49.8% (Table 3).
In the spring-summer period, non-commercial roots
accounted for 27.3% of total productivity. This great
difference between the total and commercial yields
was due to the high incidence of nematodes,
especially in autumn and winter, causing root
defects such as galls, bifurcations and cracks
(FILGUEIRA, 2008; NEVES et al., 2011).
According to Pinheiro, Ferreira and Pereira (2012),
these pathogens have greater soil activity and cause
more severe damage to carrot roots during growing
seasons with milder temperatures (autumn-winter)
and in sandy soils, such as of the experimental area
of the present work.
The narrow C:N ratio situated in the range
between 20 to 30:1 of the roostertree in the
edaphoclimatic conditions of the semiarid region of
Pernambuco allowed a rapid mineralization and
release of nutrients (GÓES et al., 2011; ALMEIDA
et al., 2015). Snyder et al. (2009) found that shoot
mass, total and commercial productivity of carrots
enhanced with increases in N availability, but they
highlighted that the mineralization of other nutrients
from plant biomass are essential to increase
productivity. Production results obtained after 10
days of the incorporation of roostertree were similar
to the average productivity in Brazil (31.2 t ha-1) and
worldwide (30.2 t ha-1) (EMBRAPA
HORTALIÇAS, 2013; FAO, 2014).
Fageria (2007) points out that the influence
of green manure can vary from soil to soil, culture
to culture, environmental variables, type of crop and
management. Linhares et al. (2011) evaluated the
velocity of decomposition of roostertree biomass in
radish cultivation, with treatments consisting solely
of 0 time and 15 days of incorporation before
sowing. They found that the greater residence time
in soil of the manure promoted better agronomic
performance for this vegetable crop. This same ideal
time of incorporation was found by Linhares et al.
(2009) in the production of arugula under
fertilization with roostertree in pot conditions. The
authors also attributed the rapid mineralization to
low C/N ratio of the evaluated plant material. In
addition to this feature, it should be emphasized that
constant irrigation and the occurrence of average
temperatures above 25 °C (Figure 1) were also
stimulating conditions for microbial activity in the
soil.
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CONCLUSIONS
The better agronomic performance of carrot
cv. Brasília was found with the amount of
roostertree of 15.6 t ha-1, in the time of incorporation
to the soil of 10 days before seeding.
Cultivation in autumn-winter provided
higher total and commercial productivities of carrot
roots with roostertree in the semiarid conditions of
Pernambuco, Brazil.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks are due to the Fundação de
Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de
Pernambuco (FACEPE) for funding this research
and granting novice reseaercher and Master’s degree
scholarships. We would also like to thank the
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal
(PGPV) of the UFRPE for the support to all
activities performed in this research.
RESUMO: As hortaliças, por possuírem ciclo rápido de produção, demandam adubações em quantidades e
momentos ideais para a obtenção da máxima produtividade, sendo a adubação verde uma prática alternativa ao uso de
fertilizantes minerais. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes quantidades de
biomassa de flor-de-seda [Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.] e seus tempos de incorporação, em duas épocas de cultivo, no
desempenho agronômico da cenoura. O experimento foi conduzido em campo experimental pertencente à Universidade
Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), nos períodos outono-inverno (março a julho de 2012) e primavera-verão
(setembro a dezembro de 2012). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições.
Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com o primeiro fator constituído por quatro quantidades de
biomassa de flor-de-seda (5,4; 8,8; 12,2 e 15,6 t ha-1 em base seca), e o segundo fator, por quatro tempos de incorporação
ao solo deste adubo (0, 10, 20 e 30 dias antes da semeadura da cenoura - DAS). A cultivar de cenoura utilizada foi a
Brasília. Foram avaliados a altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, massa seca de raízes, produtividades total e
comercial de raízes. O melhor desempenho agronômico da cenoura cv. Brasília foi obtido com a quantidade de flor-de-
seda de 15,6 t ha-1, no tempo de incorporação ao solo de 10 dias antes da semeadura. O cultivo no outono-inverno
promoveu maiores produtividades total e comercial às raízes de cenoura adubada com flor-de-seda.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Daucus carota L. Adubo verde. Cultivo orgânico. Eficiência agronômica.
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