Microsoft Word - 7-Agra_39758 1369 Bioscience Journal Original Article Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1369-1377, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-39758 RECOVERY OF DEGRADED AREA OF Urochloa decumbens WITH TURKEY LITTER FERTILIZER RECUPERAÇÃO DE ÁREA DEGRADADA DE Urochloa decumbens ADUBANDO COM CAMA DE PERU Andrisley Joaquim da SILVA1; Fernando França da CUNHA2; Cassiano Garcia ROQUE3; Diego Oliveira RIBEIRO1,4; Manuel Rodriguez CARBALLAL1; Monice Donatila Tavares da SILVA1 1. Adjunct Professor, University Center of Mineiros, Mineiros, GO, Brazil; 2. Adjunct Professor, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil. fernando.cunha@ufv.br; 3. Associate Professor, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapadão do Sul, MS, Brazil. 4. PhD student of Agricultural Sciences, Goiano Federal Institute, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil ABSTRACT: The aimed of this study was to evaluate the effects of different dosages of turkey litter on soil’s chemical attributes and yield of the Urochloa decumbens in classified as degraded pasture. The work was performed at the municipality of Mineiros-GO between October/2011 and September/2013 in Quartzipsamment soil. The treatments consisted in applications of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 Mg ha-1 of turkey litter at a randomized-complete blocks design with four replications. Was evaluated the fodder’s productivity and the following soil’s chemical attributes: organic matter, hydrogenionic potential (CaCl2), phosphorus (resin), potassium, calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity and base saturation of soil. In general terms, the increase of turkey litter’s doses increased the grass productivity and the supply of nutrients of the soil, maintaining the balance of the soil-plant system. The dosage of 12 Mg ha-1 year-1 of turkey litter ensure higher amounts in the soil’s chemical attributes and in the productivity of dry mass of Urochloa decumbens. KEYWORDS: Brachiaria grass. Organic fertilization. Poultry litter. Soil fertility. INTRODUCTION The usage of grazing for ruminant production is the most economically practicable ways of providing the herd’s sustenance, since it reduces the cost of production, being the best alternative to competitive and sustainable animal production (ALENCAR et al., 2009; 2014). Even being the species of Urochloa well- tolerating to the specific soil and climate conditions of the Cerrado, the improper management and the lack of corrective fertilization at the establishing and of maintenance fertilization for replacing the soil’s nutrients contribute to the damage of the areas with cultivated pasture (CASTRO et al., 2012). This way, these areas tends to present lower tolerance to water stress, emphasizing the effects of weather extremes above the pasture development and growing (BONFIM-SILVA et al., 2011). The management of the soil’s fertility of fields with degraded pasture differs from the ones held in recently developed areas, or on those worked extensively for many years, with the response to the usage of fertilizers in degraded pasture rising during the recovery process (FOGEL et al., 2013), being necessary the use of high dosages of fertilizers. Thus, the usage of alternative products, with low cost, might be a great alternative for decapitalized properties. The application of residues in agricultural practices has been showing that its disposal in the ground brings a series of elements that might change its physical, chemical and, mostly, in its biological attributes (LANA et al., 2010; CONTE et al., 2011; FAVARATO et al., 2015; OLIVEIRA et al., 2016). Thus, its application can affect the balance of the soil-plant system. The changes will benefit the plant if the residues are applied in the right amount, way and frequency, otherwise the system might present adverse environmental impact (RAMOS et al., 2017). Other benefits provided by the usage of wastes such as compost are the increase of the amounts of phosphorus and potassium in the soil, dry matter increase, of the levels of foliar phosphorus and of the crude protein (PINTO et al., 2012; SILVA et al., 2012; SILVA et al., 2014; SILVEIRA JÚNIOR et al., 2015). According to Fogel et al. (2013), amongst the existing residues, the poultry litter stands out mainly for its economical factor (low-cost by tons), besides the easily for acquisition. This material comes from poultry installations, in which the excrements, feed leftovers and feathers accumulate through the poultry’s growth, what makes the material rich in Received: 17/12/17 Accepted: 05/12/18 1370 Recovery of degraded area… SILVA, A. J. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1369-1377, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-39758 nutrients. Its reusage is a viable alternative to reduce the gathering of this residue at the installations, what makes this material a promising fertilization source. Findings of Valadão et al. (2011) showed that non-composted poultry litter increases the soil’s total nitrogen levels, while the composted litter offers the ground higher amounts of total carbon and physical attributes similar to those of a native vegetation environment. Silva et al. (2011) related that the appliance of arising dosages of poultry litter helps at the rising of the copper absorption and in the reduction of manganese, besides increasing the iron levels of the plant. Considering the possibility of turkey litter as fertilizer at the recovery of pasture the goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different dosages of poultry litter, specifically turkey, at the chemical attributes of the soil and at the productivity of dry mass of degraded Urochloa decumbens pasture. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm Prof. Dr. Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira Sales, belong to the Centro Universitário de Mineiros (UNIFIMES), located under the coordinates 17° 27’ 16.14” S, 52° 36’ 9.85” W with an average altitude of 850 m above the sea level, at the municipality of Mineiros, Goiás State, Brazil. The experiment extents for two years, being the first year of evaluation performed between October/2011 and September/2012, and the second year between October/2012 and September/2013. The area has a pasture of degraded Urochloa decumbens Stapf, with an average stocking rate of 0.4 UA ha-1 (UA = animal unit of 450 kg). The pasture had been formed about 15 years before and does not had none properly soil fertility management until the beginning of this study. The area’s soil is labeled as Quartzipsamment soil (EMBRAPA, 2013), average texture of 15% of clay. The chemical attributes of the soil were determined at the Soil’s Laboratory of the UNIFIMES of Mineiros-GO (Table 1). Table 1. Results of the chemical analysis of the layer 0-0.20 m of the soil in the experimental area. Mineiros- GO, UNIFIMES, 2011 pH OM P K Ca Mg Al H+Al SB CEC V g dm-3 ----mg dm-3---- ---------------------------mmolc dm-3---------------------------- ---%--- 4.7 11.0 1.0 7.8 5.0 2.0 1.0 18.0 7.2 25.2 28.7 According to Köppen’s climatic classification (ALVARES et al., 2013), the climate of the region is Aw, humid tropical, typified by two well marked seasons: a dry one, corresponding to the period amid May and September; and the other humid, corresponding to the period amid October and April. The average annual rainfall is 1,350 mm and the average annual temperature is 22.5 ºC (INMET, 2019). The daily average of temperature and daily variation of rainfall over the experimental period was obtained from the automatic meteorological station located at the UNIFIMES’ campus (Figure 1). 0 20 40 60 80 100 15 20 25 30 35 40 Oct-11 Dec-11 Feb-12 Apr-12 Jun-12 Aug-12 Oct-12 Dec-12 Feb-13 Apr-13 Jun-13 Aug-13 Oct-13 R ai nf a ll (m m ) A ir T em pe ra tu re (° C ) Rainfall Air Temperature Figure 1. Daily variations of the air temperature (ºC) and rainfall (mm). Mineiros-GO, UNIFIMES, 2011-2013. 1371 Recovery of degraded area… SILVA, A. J. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1369-1377, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-39758 The experiment presented five treatments with different dosages of turkey litter, analyzed in two agricultural years as a randomized-complete blocks design with four replications. The treatments consisted in applications of different levels of fertilization, with turkey litter, at the degraded pasture of Urochloa decumbens (Table 2). The experimental plots were composed of areas of 4 m², with dimensions of 2.0 m of length by 2.0 m in width. Table 2. Quantification of macronutrients for the different dosages of turkey litter used in the fertilization of degraded pasture of Urochloa decumbens. Mineiros-GO, UNIFIMES, 2011-2013 Treatments Dosage (Mg há-1) Nutritional Dosage (kg ha-1 year-1) N P2O5 K2O Control 0 0 0 0 Turkey Litter 3 85.2 106.5 74.5 Turkey Litter 6 170.4 213.0 149.0 Turkey Litter 9 225.6 319.5 223.5 Turkey Litter 12 340.8 426.0 298.0 The application of the fertilization treatments to the soil were performed in October of 2011 and October of 2012. The Comissão de Fertilidade do Solo (1995) suggested indices of efficiency at the release of nutrients from the organic form to the mineral form. The Nitrogen present availability of 50% immediately and the remainder gradually. In the same way, the P2O5 provides 50% immediately and the remainder gradually. The K2O has prompt release. The chemical evaluation of the original material of turkey litter used in the present experiment is presented in the Table 3. Table 3. Levels of nutrients in the turkey litter used in the fertilization of the pasture. Mineiros-GO, UNIFIMES, 2011 N P2O5 K2O Ca Mg S Humidity ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.0 5.0 3.5 3.2 0.46 0.2 29.0 Source: Laboratório Exata, Jataí-GO, 2011. The turkey litter was manually distributed on the deployment day of the experiment. After the application, the cuts began, always respecting the height of the entrance of 0.30 m and exit of 0.15 m of pasture forage. The acquisition of the grass dry mass yield was made manually, in an area delimited by a metallic sampling unit, of rectangular shape with sides of 1.0 x 1.0 m (1.0 m2). The sampling unit was positioned in predetermined places, avoiding the collection of successive samples in the same spot. All the green mass harvested was secured in plastic bags, previously identified and immediately weighted. Subsequently a subsample was removed, also weighted, secured in an identified paper bag and placed to dry at a conservatory with air circulation at 65 °C, for a period of 72 hours. After the drying, the subsamples were weighted again for the obtaining of the level of dry mass and afterwards the productivity of dry mass. After each cut, the remainder amount of the experimental unit was chopped with a costal lawn mower for homogenization. The rest of the material produced by the cutting was removed from the experimental area in a way they wouldn’t interfere in the subsequent evaluations. For the soil data acquisition was collected after the last cut (October 2013) in the layer of 0- 0.20 m, removing 6 subsamples for the establishment of a composed sample for each replication. The soil samples were then taken to be processed in the Soil’s Chemical Laboratory of the Centro Universitário de Mineiros (UNIFIMES). Once the samples were received at the lab, they were exposed to dry in the shadow and, posteriorly, sieved in a sieve with an opening of 2.0 mm, for separating the thicker particles. The thin earth dried in the air, caused by these procedures, was stored for later analysis. The parameters obtained and calculated were: organic matter, hydrogenionic potential (in CaCl2), phosphorus (resin), potassium, calcium, magnesium, cation exchange capacity and base saturation of soil. The data were submitted to the regression analysis. The tested models were first and second 1372 Recovery of degraded area… SILVA, A. J. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1369-1377, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-39758 degrees polynomials, chosen by the significance of its regression coefficients, employing the test t at 0.05 of probability, at the coefficient of determination (R²) and at the biological phenomenon. The software “SigmaPlot 11.0” (SYSTAT SOFTWARE, INC., 2011) was employed to perform the statistical analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The application of growing dosages of turkey litter provided a quadratic effect in the productivity of dry mass (DM) of the Urochloa decumbens in the two agricultural years evaluated. The dosages of turkey litter that maximized the productivity of DM of Urochloa decumbens were 12.0 and 11.1 Mg ha-1 year-1, resulting in the productivity of DM of 26.5 and 9.6 Mg ha-1 year-1 for the agricultural years 1 and 2, respectively. Silva et al. (2014) applied biofertilizers of poultry waste in Urochloa brizantha, in Aquidauana-MS, and also verified a rising of the productivity of DM at the cultivation Piatã e Marandu until a maximum dosage, after that there’s a decline in the productivity. DM = 4.3497** + 3.0135** TL - 0.0972* TL2 R² = 0.9186 p<0.0001 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 3 6 9 12 D M ( M g h a- 1 ye ar -1 ) Turkey Litter (Mg ha-1) DM = 3.5368** + 1.0946** TL - 0.0492** TL2 R² = 0.8970 p<0.0001 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 3 6 9 12 D M ( M g h a- 1 ye ar -1 ) Turkey Litter (Mg ha-1) ** and * meaning at 1 and 5% of probability, respectively. Figure 2. Estimation of the productivity of dry mass (DM) of the Urochloa decumbens submitted to different dosages of the turkey litter (TL), at (A) first and (B) second agricultural year. Mineiros-GO. The initial increase in the productivity of DM with small dosages of turkey was mostly due to the input of macro and micronutrients to the soil. Pinto et al. (2012), performing sequential applications of turkey litter in soil cultivated with Urochloa decumbens, verified improvements in the soil’s fertility, with an increase of the pH, phosphorus, potassium and base saturation, and a decrease in saturation by aluminum. These authors also checked that rising dosages of turkey litter benefited the increase in the levels of the storage of organic carbon, total nitrogen and particulate nitrogen. The application of smaller dosages of turkey litter stimulated the microbial activity in the soil, promoting the mineralization of the particulate fraction of the organic matter. Analyzing the regression equations of the Figure 2, it is visible in the higher dosages of turkey litter a declining tendency in the DM’s productivity of Urochloa decumbens. Probably, this behavior might be due to the nutritional demands of the pasture having been already attended or exceeded, and/or due to problems in the soil’s structure. It is known that high doses of organic material, when applied to the soil, cause it’s destructuring, mainly because of the unbalance between salts mono in relation with the bi and trivalent, causing clay dispersion and reducing the capacity of water infiltration and gas entrance at the soil. Silva et al. (2014) verified in their experiment the death of the grass Piatã e Marandu due to the excess application of organic material. According to these authors, the death of the plants was on the account of the excess of nitrogen existent in the organic fertilizer. Silva et al. (2014) state that the elevated levels of nitrogen in poultry biofertilizer might have a toxic effect above a certain culture, being important to evaluate its dosages in order to provide a safe recommendation for the producing of forage. Based on the above considerations, with the knowledge that there will be a dosage of turkey litter that will maximize the productivity of the DM of Urochloa, it is believed that this will be superior than 12 Mg ha-1 year-1. Therefore, it is suitable making other studies to determine this maximum dosage. When applying different dosages of poultry litter in the Urochloa brizantha in the Zona da Mata A B 1373 Recovery of degraded area… SILVA, A. J. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1369-1377, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-39758 of Rondônia, Lara et al. (2015) verified that the maximum productivity of DM was reached with the dosage of 80 Mg ha-1 year-1. Orrico Júnior et al. (2013), using different dosages of organic compound at the Piatã grass, in the city of Dourados-MS, concluded that the productive, morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the plant responded incrementally until the dosage of 0.3 Mg ha-1 year-1 of N, regardless the used source, that was, in this case, compounds originating from broiler litter based on sugar cane and the Pennisetum purpureum grass. It is noticeable that the productivity of DM of Urochloa decumbens reduced from the first to the second agricultural year (Figure 2). This might indicate the possibility of strategical use of this source every two years in already established pasture. On the other hand, perhaps this shows that the applied dosage of nutrients in the treatments was not enough to guarantee good productivity in the second year, being necessary the making of other studies to give more details on this question. Fogel et al. (2013) relate that recovering degraded grass demands high levels of nutrients to keep the system in balance. Euclides et al. (2007) also stated a decrease in the productivity of DM. These authors applied 200 kg ha-1 of the formula NPK of 0-20-20 and, annually, in the time of the deferral of the pasture, were applied 110 kg ha-1 of coverage urea. The authors observed maximal productivities of DM of 4.6 Mg ha-1 year-1 fall to 3.7 Mg ha-1 year-1 in the second agricultural year. The dosages of turkey litter provided a quadratic effect on the soil’s organic matter (Figure 3 A), cultivated with Urochloa decumbens. According to the regression equation, the dosage of turkey litter that maximized the soil’s organic matter was of 7.9 Mg ha-1 year-1, resulting in the level of 28.0 g dm-3. Compared with the beginning of the experimental process, the increase of organic matter enabled by the turkey litter to the soil was of 17.0 g dm-3 (155%). The highest dosages of turkey litter leaded to a decline in the organic matter, probably due to the increase of the grass production, contributing to the increment of the carbon in the particulate fraction, as mentioned by Pinto et al. (2012). The application of the turkey litter probably stimulated the decomposition of the particulate fraction of the organic matter, reducing its supply. Since this fraction is taken as more labile (CONTE et al., 2011), it serves as a fount of carbon to the soil microbiota, with the process being accelerated by the inclusion of N and P provided by the turkey litter, helping the decomposition of such fraction. This reduction might relate to the long periods between the applications. However, according to Pinto et al. (2012), the storage tends to recover with time and the application of poultry litter, which promote the forage growth. The results obtained for the organic matter reinforce the concerns some authors have regarding the excessive application of residues damaging the soil and/or the development/growing of the forage plants. Fogel et al. (2013) states that the knowledge about the benefits of the application of poultry litter by the producers can, occasionally, cause excess in the used dosages, mostly in the first years using this way of fertilization, what leads to negative effects on the environment. These authors also report the need to evaluate the effects of the excess of fertilization from this source above the environmental conditions, especially regarding the nitrate leaching. The dosage of turkey litter provided a quadratic effect in the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil cultivated with Urochloa decumbens (Figure 3G). According to the regression equation, the dosage of turkey litter which maximized the CEC was of 9.3 Mg ha-1 year-1, resulting in the value of 44.7 mmolc dm-3. This effect might be assigned to the behavior observed in the organic matter. Signor et al. (2016) state that up to 90% of the CEC of the soil in tropical weather comes from the organic matter, highlighting the data obtained in this study. The results of this research support the ones obtained by Favarato et al. (2015). These authors added organic compounds to the soil and checked a rising in its OM and, indirectly, also observed an increment in the levels of the soil’s effective and total CEC, provided a higher number of sites with negative charges, favoring the adsorption of H+ ions. Ciotta et al. (2003) observed that even not very significant increases of OM can provide elevate results in the increments of the soil’s CEC, being possible to achieve increases of even 87% during 21 years of direct planting. The soil’s chemical attributes hydrogenionic potential, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium responded in an incrementally linear way to the rising in the turkey litter dosages (Figure 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E e 3F). This result is due to the presence of such elements in the turkey litter. Pinto et al. (2012) performing sequential applications of turkey litter in soil planted with Urochloa decumbens, checked improvements in the soil’s fertility, with an increase in the pH, phosphorus, potassium and base saturation, and a decrease in saturation by aluminum. In the same way, Silveira 1374 Recovery of degraded area… SILVA, A. J. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1369-1377, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-39758 Júnior et al. (2015), working with Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã, in Araguaína-TO, also checked a rising in the levels of organic matter, pH, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, CEC and base saturation in the layer 0-0.15 m from the soil in function of the rising in the dosages of biofertilizer poultry litter. OM = 21.3571** + 1.6702**CP - 0.1052**CP2 R² = 0.9523 p<0.0001 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 O rg a n ic M a tt e r (g d m -3 ) pH = 5.2102** + 0.0142*TL r² = 0.6175 p = 0.0388 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 H y d ro g e n io n ic P o te n ti a l P = 1.9034* + 1.4583**TL r² = 0.9965 p<0.0001 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 P h o s p h o ru s ( m g d m -3 ) K = 22.9796** + 2.0830**TL r² = 0.7273 p = 0.0086 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 P o ta s s iu m (m g d m -3 ) Ca = 11.7519** + 0.5250**TL r² = 0.9078 p<0.0001 10 12 14 16 18 20 C a lc iu m ( m m o l c d m -3 ) Mg = 5.8015** + 0.2958**TL r² = 0.8194 p<0.0001 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 M a g n e s iu m ( m m o l c d m -3 ) CEC = 33.7454** + 2.3584**TL - 0.1271**TL2 R² = 0.9619 p<0.0001 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 0 3 6 9 12 C E C ( m m o l c d m -3 ) Turkey Litter (Mg ha-1) V = 49.7807** + 1.0408**TL r² = 0.8242 p = 0.0002 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 0 3 6 9 12 B a s e S a tu ra ti o n ( % ) Turkey Litter (Mg ha-1) ** and * meaning at 1 and 5% of probability, respectively. Figure 3. Average values of (A) organic matter, (B) hydrogenionic potential, (C) phosphorus, (D) potassium, (E) calcium, (F) magnesium, (G) cation exchange capacity and (H) base saturation at the soil layer of 0-0.20 m according to the dosages of turkey litter (TL) over two agricultural years. Mineiros-GO, UNIFIMES, 2011-2013. D A C B E F G H 1375 Recovery of degraded area… SILVA, A. J. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1369-1377, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-39758 CONCLUSIONS The usage of turkey litter until the dosage of 12 Mg ha-1 year-1 for two consecutive years promotes an increase of the pH and organic matter, levels of P, K, Ca and Mg, besides that, it’s also contributed for increase of the CEC and the V% of the soil, maintaining the balance of the soil-plant system. The dosage of 12 Mg ha-1 year-1 from turkey litter provides an increase in the production of forage in degraded pasture of Urochloa decumbens. RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de cama de peru nos atributos químicos do solo e na produtividade de pastagem degradada de Urochloa decumbens. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Mineiros, GO entre outubro/2011 a setembro/2013 em Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de aplicações de 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 Mg ha-1 de cama de peru, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas a produtividade de forragem e os atributos químicos do solo: matéria orgânica, potencial hidrogeniônico (CaCl2), fósforo (Resina), potássio, cálcio, magnésio, capacidade de troca catiônica e saturação por bases do solo. Em termos gerais, o aumento das doses de cama de peru proporcionou acréscimos na produtividade de capim e no aporte de nutrientes no solo, mantendo o equilíbrio do sistema solo-planta. 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