Microsoft Word - 12-Agra_39853 108 Original Article Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 COMBINED SELECTION IN BEANS FOR CYCLE, PLANT ARCHITECTURE AND GRAIN YIELD SELEÇÃO COMBINADA EM FEIJÃO PARA CICLO, ARQUITETURA DE PLANTA E PRODUTIVIDADE DE GRÃOS Nerinéia Dalfollo RIBEIRO1; Greice Rosana KLÄSENER2; Henrique Caletti MEZZOMO3; Micheli Thaise Della Flora POSSOBOM4; Skarlet De Marco STECKLING3; Cleiton Renato CASAGRANDE2 1. Professor Titular, Doutor, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. nerineia@hotmail.com; 2. Graduando em Agronomia - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. 3. Mestrando em Agronomia - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. 4. Doutorando em Fitotecnia - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil. ABSTRACT: The selection of common bean cultivars for high agronomic performance can be difficulty by genotype x environment interaction. The objectives of this work were to evaluate if common bean cultivars differ for cycle, plant architecture and grain yield in different growing seasons, and to select early, upright and highly grain yield common bean cultivars, by the use of selection index. For this, five experiments were conducted in the randomized blocks design, with three replicates. A total of 26 common bean cultivars were evaluated and the multiplicative index was used to select superior cultivars. A significant cultivar x season interaction for flowering, cycle, insertion of the first pod, insertion of the last pod, number of pods per plant and grain yield was observed. The common bean cultivars have early or semi- early cycle in rainy season and upright plant architecture. The cultivars Macanudo, BRS Campeiro, IAPAR 81, and IPR Juriti presented high grain yield in most growing seasons. The four superior common bean cultivars selected by the multiplicative index were BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, IPR Juriti, and Guapo Brilhante. The cultivars BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, and IPR Juriti presents earliness, upright plant architecture, and high grain yield and will be selected for the breeding program. KEYWORDS: Phaseolus vulgaris. Genotype x environment interaction. Genealogy. Selection index. INTRODUCTION The development process of a common bean cultivar (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by classic breeding demands years of work and a lot of effort in the selection of cultivars with high agronomic performance. However, the breeder’s job does not end when a new common bean cultivar is registered. They need to continue to assess the agronomic performance of these new cultivars in the region of adaptation. In addition, these cultivars can be used in controlled crossings for the introgression of favorable alleles in new cultivars. The newly registered common bean cultivars present a genetic progress when comparing the older cultivars. The annual genetic gain observed for grain yield was from 0.72 to 1.10% in common bean grown in Brazil (RIBEIRO et al., 2008; FARIA et al., 2013, 2014). This increase in grain yield has been followed by phenological, plant architecture, and yield potential modifications. The new common bean cultivars development by different breeding programs have earlier flowering and cycle (RIBEIRO et al., 2008), present more resistance to lodging and upright plant architecture (FARIA et al., 2013, 2014), and greater number of pods per plant (RIBEIRO et al., 2008). It was also possible to verify that the common bean cultivars registered after 2005 presented higher grain yield, adaptation and production stability when comparing the older cultivars (BARILI et al., 2015a,b). The traits that confer high agronomic performance in common bean cultivars are affected by genotype x environment interaction. A significant genotype x environment interaction was described previously for flowering and life cycle (RIBEIRO et al., 2004; PEREIRA et al., 2012; MOURA et al., 2013; ZILIO et al., 2013; RIBEIRO et al., 2014a; MAMBRIN et al., 2015), insertion of the first and last pod (MOURA et al., 2013; RIBEIRO et al., 2014a; MAMBRIN et al., 2015; MAZIERO et al., 2015), number of pods per plant and grain yield (PEREIRA et al., 2009, 2012, 2014; ZILIO et al., 2011, 2013; MOURA et al., 2013; TORGA et al., 2013; RIBEIRO et al., 2014a,b; BARILI et al., 2015a,b; MAMBRIN et al., 2015) in common bean cultivars. The dissimilarity in the performance of common bean lines can be explained by the different minimum and maximum air temperature, rainfall distribution, and air relative humidity recorded in each growing season (RIBEIRO et al., 2014a,b; BARILI et al., 2015a,b; MAMBRIN et al., 2015). Received: 14/09/17 Accepted: 15/06/18 109 Combined selection in beans… RIBEIRO, N. D. et al. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 If the agronomic performance of the common bean cultivars is not constant in the growing environment, this would difficult the selection of superior cultivars. In addition, it is necessary to see if the genealogy is related to the agronomic performance of common bean cultivars in different growing environments. No information was found in previous literature that consider the effects of genotype x environment interaction, genealogy analysis, and selection indices for the selection of common bean cultivars with high agronomic performance. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate if common bean cultivars differ for cycle, plant architecture and grain yield in different growing seasons, and to select early, upright and highly grain yield common bean cultivars by the use of selection index. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five experiments were carried out on a field area of the Department of Plant Sciences of Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, located at the geographic coordinates of 29°42’ south latitude and 53°43’ longitude west of Greenwich, at an altitude of 95 m, in the Central Depression of State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Sowing was done in October in the experiments of the rainy season 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 and in February for the 2011 dry season, which correspond to growing traditional seasons of common bean in RS (Table 1). Table 1. Meteorological data collected in the 8th Meteorology District, in Santa Maria Meteorological Station, set at the Federal University of Santa Maria (29o42´S lat, 53o43´W long, 95 m asl), in the State of Rio Grande do Sul Brazil. Growing season Month Rainfall Maximum temperature Minimum temperature Relative humidity mm oC oC % 2010 rainy season Oct 49.30 24.42 12.65 71.33 Nov 71.30 27.79 14.88 66.48 Dec 157.90 30.39 18.32 67.12 Jan 127.10 32.45 21.62 76.85 2011 dry season Feb 165.80 30.02 20.77 78.60 Mar 54.90 28.85 17.97 75.64 Apr 164.90 26.58 14.71 79.93 May 54.90 21.51 12.00 83.98 Jun 99.00 19.21 9.09 80.99 2011 rainy season Oct 184.80 25.17 14.37 75.91 Nov 41.60 28.98 16.43 62.98 Dec 13.40 30.29 17.37 60.82 Jan 68.80 32.99 19.40 63.05 2012 rainy season Oct 255.20 25.70 16.74 79.74 Nov 72.80 30.39 17.48 70.49 Dec 293.00 31.14 19.90 77.87 Jan 145.30 30.27 18.17 75.81 2013 rainy season Oct 108.70 26.19 14.22 73.99 Nov 294.50 28.73 17.52 72.71 Dec 92.80 32.12 19.70 70.11 Jan 132.30 32.62 21.23 78.36 The climate of the region is classified as cfa — humid subtropical, according to the Köppen classification (KUINCHTNER; BURIOL, 2001). The soil of the experimental unit is classified as typicall alitic Argisol, Hapludalf, belonging to the Santa Maria mapping unit, and was prepared in the conventional manner. The fertilizers were applied according to the interpretation of the soil chemical analysis, aiming to provide the appropriate nutrients amounts for the development of the crop. At the 110 Combined selection in beans… RIBEIRO, N. D. et al. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 base, 250 kg ha-1 of the 5-30-20 formula (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) was applied and 20 kg ha-1 of nitrogen as urea (45% nitrogen) was added as coverage at the growth stage of the first trifoliolate leaf (V3). The experimental design used was randomized blocks with three repetitions. The treatments evaluated consisted of 26 common bean cultivars: 17 cultivars from the “black” commercial group and 9 cultivars from the “colors” commercial group. All these cultivars were registered on the National Register of Cultivars, in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply for cultivation in Rio Grande do Sul between 1971 and 2010 (Table 2), and represent the commercial groups most consumed in Brazil. The experimental unit was composed of two 4.0 m-long rows, spaced in 0.50 m, and a useful area of 4 m2. Table 2. Genealogy, growth habit (GH), breeding program (program) and year of registered of 26 common bean cultivars evaluated in five experiments carried out from 2010 to 2014. 1GH: growth habit - I: determinate; II: indeterminate with short guides; III: indeterminate with long guides. 2Program: EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation; FEPAGRO: Agricultural Research State Foundation; IAPAR - Paraná Agronomic Institute; IAC - Campinas Agronomic Institute. Cultivar Genealogy GH1 Program2 Year ... “Black” commercial group... Rio Tibagi S-89-N (introduction of Costa Rica) II FEPAGRO 1976 Guateian 6662 Introduction of Costa Rica II FEPAGRO 1979 Macanudo (BR IPAGRO 1) A 358 [A 176 (G 4326 x BAC 40)] III EMBRAPA 1989 Minuano (BR IPAGRO 3) A 358 [A 176 (G 4326 x XAN 40)] III EMBRAPA 1991 Diamante Negro XAN 87 / A 367 II EMBRAPA 1991 Macotaço (BR IPAGRO 35) A 358 [A 176 (G 4326 x XAN 40)] III EMBRAPA 1994 Guapo Brilhante (BR FEPAGRO 44) XAN 125 / [BAT 336 (A83 x ICA Pijao)] II EMBRAPA 1995 IPR Uirapurú BAC29/PR 1711/3/NEP2/2/Puebla173ICapijao II IAPAR 2000 BRS Valente (Emgopa 201-Ouro / Ônix) // AN 512586 II EMBRAPA 2001 IPR Graúna EP 173/2/Rio Iguaçu/ Great Northern Nebraska 1 sel #27/3/Rio Tibagi/ Cornell 49242/4/ IAPAR BAC 25/ 5/ IAPARBAC 26 II IAPAR 2002 BRS Campeiro Mutation induction program for the Corrente cultivar by gama radiation II EMBRAPA 2003 BRS 7762 Supremo W22-34/ VAN163 II EMBRAPA 2004 FEPAGRO 26 Selection in the BR FEPAGRO 44 cultivar (Guapo Brilhante) II FEPAGRO 2006 BRS Expedito CNF 5491 / FT Tarumã II EMBRAPA 2006 IPR Tiziu IAPAR LP91-117/ IAC Uma II IAPAR 2007 BRS Esplendor CB911863 / AN9123293 II EMBRAPA 2007 IPR Tuiuiú LP96-72 / Xamego II IAPAR 2010 ...“Colors” commercial group... Carioca Selection in producer’s crops (Palmital, São Paulo) III IAC 1971 Iraí Selection in producer’s crops (Rio Grande do Sul) I FEPAGRO 1981 Pérola Selection in the Aporé cultivar III EMBRAPA 1996 IAPAR 81 {BAT 93 x [(Carioca99 x Great Northen Nebraska 1#Sel27) x Sel Aroana] x (A 176 x A 259)} II IAPAR 1997 IPR Juriti BAT93 /2/ Carioca Sel.99 / Great Northen Nebraska 1 sel#27 /3/ sel. Aroana /4/ A176 / A259 /5/ II 133 / XAN87 II IAPAR 2002 BRSMG Pioneiro Backcrossing Rudá (recorrente) / Ouro Negro II EMBRAPA 2005 BRS Estilo EMP 250 / 4 / A 769 /// A 429 / XAN S52 // V 8025 / PINTO VI 114 II EMBRAPA 2006 IPR Siriri IAPAR 31/ IAC Akitã II IAPAR 2007 IPR Tangará LP 95 -92/ Pérola II IAPAR 2008 111 Combined selection in beans… RIBEIRO, N. D. et al. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 The insects were controlled with the application of the insecticide Engeo Pleno (14.1% of thiamethoxam and 10.6% of lambda-cyhalothrin, Syngenta Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), at 125 mL ha-1. The weeds were mechanically eliminated whenever necessary, in order to avoid competition with the crop. Diseases were not controled. Flowering was evaluated in the period between the emergence (V1) and the opening of the first flower (R6), and the cycle in the interval between emergence (V1) and maturation (R9), that is, when pods dried and acquired the typical coloring of each cultivar. These traits were evaluated in the field, considering 51% of the plants in R6 and R9, respectively. When plants reach maturation, 10 plants were randomly collected from the useful area and the distance between the cotyledon node and the insertion of the first and last pod was measured. The number of pods per plant was also counted. The grain yield was determined by the extrapolation of the grains weight obtained from the useful area by hectare, at 13% average moisture. The data were subjected to individual and joint analyses of variance. The F test (p< 0.05) was used to evaluate the main fixed effects (cultivar and season) and the cultivar x season interaction. Homogeneity of residual variance was tested using the Hartley’s maximum F test (CRUZ; REGAZZI, 1997). The means for different cultivars and for growing seasons were compared using the Scott- Knott test (p = 0.05). The multiplicative index (SUBANDI et al., 1973) was used to obtain estimates of genetic gain in selection. The four superior cultivars were selected (15% of the cultivars evaluated) with the best results in the simultaneous selection were presented. Analyses were performed with the aid of Microsoft Office Excel, and Genes software (CRUZ, 2013). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The variance of the experimental error was homogeneous for all traits (p> 0.05), enabling the joint analysis of variance. In the joint analysis of variance, a significant effect was observed for cultivar, season and cultivar x season interaction for all traits (Table 3). Therefore, the common bean cultivars differed for flowering, cycle, insertion of the first pod, insertion of the last pod, number of pods per plant and grain yield; the growing seasons were different for the meteorological conditions; and the agronomic performance of the common bean cultivars was variable in growing seasons. A significant cultivar x environment interaction has been described for phenological traits - flowering and cycle (RIBEIRO et al., 2004; PEREIRA et al., 2012; MOURA et al., 2013; ZILIO et al., 2013; RIBEIRO et al., 2014a; MAMBRIN et al., 2015); plant architecture - insertion of the first and last pod (MOURA et al., 2013; RIBEIRO et al., 2014a; MAMBRIN et al., 2015; MAZIERO et al., 2015); and production traits - number of pods per plant and grain yield (PEREIRA et al., 2009, 2012, 2014; ZILIO et al., 2011, 2013; MOURA et al., 2013; TORGA et al., 2013; RIBEIRO et al., 2014a,b; BARILI et al., 2015a,b; MAMBRIN et al., 2015) in experiments evaluating the performance of common bean cultivars. For these traits, the performance of common bean cultivars varied in function of the growing environment. Table 3. Joint analysis of variance containing the degrees of freedom (DF), mean squares, mean and variation coefficient (VC, %) for the flowering (FLO), cycle, insertion of the first pod (IFP), insertion of the last pod (ILP), number of pods per plant (NPP) e grain yield (YIELD) of 26 common bean cultivars, assessed in five experiments carried out from 2010 to 2014. 1*Significant by the F test (p= 0.05). ns = non-significant. Sources of variation DF Mean square1 FLO CYCLE IFP ILP NPP YIELD days days cm cm kg ha-1 Block/Season 10 5.71 93.41 29.19 87.88 17.73 295990.81 Cultivar (C) 25 12.39* 33.72* 46.68* 268.38* 54.59* 413532.67* Season (S) 4 2754.39* 2975.45* 2857.13* 6452.39* 910.83* 31008044.84* C x S 100 5.06* 14.01* 17.55* 73.41* 20.65* 256764.84* Residue 250 2.44 5.74 7.48 31.29 9.64 42374.81 Mean 35.59 78.59 19.04 46.57 12.04 1,543.87 VC (%) 4.39 3.05 14.37 12.01 25.80 13.33 112 Combined selection in beans… RIBEIRO, N. D. et al. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 Flowering varied from 23.7 (Iraí, 2011 dry season) to 45.3 days (BRS Estilo, 2013 rainy season) (Table 4). Zilio et al. (2013) and Mambrin et al. (2015) also observed a similar range for the flowering of common bean genotypes evaluated in different growing seasons. In the present study, the cultivar effect affected flowering significantly (Table 3). However, the application of the Scott- Knott test did not result in stratification among the treatments in the 2010 rainy, 2011 dry, and 2011 rainy seasons (Table 4). On the 2012 and 2013 rainy seasons, two groups of cultivars were formed. In the 2012 rainy season, Iraí was the earliest cultivar for the flowering (27 days), differing significantly from the other cultivars evaluated. In the 2013 rainy season, the cultivars BRS Campeiro, BRS Expedito, BRS 7762 Supremo, BRS Valente, FEPAGRO 26, Guapo Brilhante, IPR Graúna, IPR Tuiuiú, Macanudo, Macotaço, Minuano, Rio Tibagi, IAPAR 81, IPR Juriti, and IPR Siriri had earlier flowering. Table 4. Mean* number of days for flowering and cycle of 26 common bean cultivars assessed in the seasons 2010 rainy (2010 rs), 2011 dry (2011 ds), 2011 rainy (2011 rs), 2012 rainy (2012 rs), and 2013 rainy (2013 rs). Cultivar Flowering (days) Cycle (days) 2010 rs 2011 ds 2011 rs 2012 rs 2013 rs 2010 rs 2011 ds 2011 rs 2012 rs 2013 rs BRS Campeiro 39.7 a A 28.7 a C 30.3 a C 35.0 a B 40.3 b A 75.0 b B 85.3 b A 76.0 a B 73.7 a B 74.0 a B BRS Esplendor 41.0 a A 27.3 a D 30.3 a C 37.0 a B 43.3 a A 81.0 a B 89.0 a A 75.3 a C 74.3 a C 76.7 a C BRS Estilo 41.3 a B 32.0 a D 30.3 a D 37.7 a C 45.3 a A 81.3 a B 91.7 a A 71.0 b D 76.3 a C 77.7 a C BRS Expedito 40.3 a A 28.0 a D 30.7 a C 36.7 a B 42.3 b A 81.3 a B 90.0 a A 74.7 b C 74.3 a C 76.0 a C BRS 7762 Supremo 41.0 a A 28.0 a D 30.7 a C 35.3 a B 41.3 b A 80.7 a B 90.3 a A 74.3 b C 78.7 a B 78.0 a B BRS Valente 41.0 a A 28.0 a D 31.3 a C 37.3 a B 40.0 b A 81.3 a B 89.3 a A 71.3 b D 75.0 a C 77.7 a C Diamante Negro 41.3 a A 28.7 a C 29.7 a C 36.7 a B 42.7 a A 82.0 a B 89.0 a A 73.0 b C 72.7 b C 76.7 a C FEPAGRO 26 41.0 a A 28.7 a C 30.3 a C 35.7 a B 41.7 b A 79.7 a B 90.0 a A 75.3 a C 73.7 a C 76.7 a C Guapo Brilhante 40.3 a A 28.0 a D 30.7 a C 34.7 a B 42.3 b A 80.3 a B 85.7 b A 73.0 b C 71.3 b C 75.3 a C Guateian 6662 37.0 a B 28.7 a D 32.3 a C 36.3 a B 43.0 a A 78.7 a B 88.7 a A 74.3 b C 69.7 b D 78.3 a B IPR Graúna 41.7 a A 29.3 a C 29.0 a C 36.3 a B 41.3 b A 79.0 a B 88.7 a A 72.7 b C 74.0 a C 74.0 a C IPR Tiziu 41.0 a A 28.0 a D 31.3 a C 38.0 a B 43.0 a A 81.0 a B 87.7 b A 80.0 a B 74.0 a C 79.3 a B IPR Tuiuiú 41.0 a A 29.7 a C 30.7 a C 37.3 a B 42.3 b A 81.7 a B 92.0 a A 79.3 a B 74.7 a C 77.7 a C IPR Uirapurú 41.0 a B 29.3 a D 31.7 a D 36.0 a C 44.0 a A 81.0 a B 88.7 a A 77.3 a B 72.3 b C 78.0 a B Macanudo 39.3 a A 27.0 a D 30.0 a C 35.7 a B 40.0 b A 76.0 b B 85.7 b A 75.0 b B 75.7 a B 73.7 a B Macotaço 39.7 a A 28.7 a C 30.7 a C 37.3 a B 41.7 b A 78.0 b B 89.7 a A 73.3 b C 71.7 b C 75.3 a B Minuano 41.0 a A 27.7 a D 31.3 a C 36.3 a B 40.7 b A 76.3 b B 86.7 b A 71.0 b C 71.7 b C 75.3 a B Rio Tibagi 39.7 a A 29.0 a D 32.3 a C 37.3 a B 41.0 b A 80.7 a B 89.3 a A 77.7 a B 71.3 b C 78.0 a B BRSMG Pioneiro 40.7 a B 29.3 a D 32.3 a C 34.7 a C 43.3 a A 80.0 a B 90.3 a A 76.3 a C 74.3 a C 79.7 a B Carioca 40.0 a B 28.0 a E 30.7 a D 36.3 a C 43.7 a A 76.7 b B 85.7 b A 74.0 b C 71.0 b C 77.7 a B IAPAR 81 41.0 a A 29.7 a C 32.0 a C 37.7 a B 41.7 b A 81.7 a B 91.7 a A 74.3 b C 72.0 b C 75.7 a C IPR Juriti 41.0 a A 29.0 a C 29.3 a C 37.0 a B 42.0 b A 81.7 a B 90.3 a A 72.0 b C 72.7 b C 75.7 a C IPR Siriri 39.3 a B 28.7 a D 30.0 a D 35.0 a C 42.0 b A 80.7 a B 88.3 a A 72.0 b C 74.7 a C 77.3 a B IPR Tangará 38.7 a B 30.7 a C 31.7 a C 37.7 a B 43.7 a A 81.7 a B 94.3 a A 73.7 b C 73.0 b C 77.0 a C Pérola 41.7 a A 29.7 a C 28.3 a C 36.3 a B 43.3 a A 81.3 a B 93.3 a A 71.3 b C 74.3 a C 78.0 a B Iraí 37.7 a B 23.7 a D 28.7 a C 27.0 b C 44.0 a A 74.0 b A 75.7 c A 74.3 b A 70.7 b B 78.0 a A Mean 40.3 28.6 30.6 36.1 42.3 79.7 88.7 74.3 73.4 76.8 VC (%) 4.5 5.2 5.2 3.7 3.6 2.0 2.6 3.4 3.8 3.3 *Means not followed by the same lower case letter in the column differ by the Scott-Knott test (p = 0.05), and uppercase letters on each row by the Scott-Knott test (p = 0.05). The greatest means for the flowering was obtained in the 2013 rainy season (42.3 days), and an increase was seen in the number of days for flowering of most of the cultivars evaluated. In this 113 Combined selection in beans… RIBEIRO, N. D. et al. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 growing season, the highest rainfall volume recorded in the vegetative period (Table 1) may have contributed for the delay in beginning of flowering in the cultivars. The higher rainfall amount may contribute to a higher duration of vegetative and reproductive periods in common beans, as reported previously by Zilio et al. (2013). The cycle of the common bean cultivars varied greatly within and among the growing seasons, with a minimum value verified for Guateian 6662 cultivar in the 2012 rainy season (69.7 days), and a maximum value for IPR Tangará cultivar in the 2011 dry season (94.3 days) (Table 4). These values were similar to the ones previously observed in competition experiments of common bean genotypes carried out in different years, seasons and growing locations (RIBEIRO et al., 2004; PEREIRA et al., 2012; ZILIO et al., 2013). Common bean cultivars were classified in two cycles in the 2011 dry season: early (Iraí cultivar, 75.7 days) and normal cycle (other cultivars, 85.3 to 94.3 days), according to the stratification proposed by Del Peloso et al. (2009). Iraí was the only cultivar that presented an early cycle in all environments evaluated. The cultivars BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, Macotaço, Minuano, and Carioca presented early cycle in the 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 rainy seasons, and a normal cycle in the 2011 dry season. For the other common bean cultivars, the cycle classification was altered in the growing season. Similarly, Ribeiro et al. (2004) observed that the cycle of common bean cultivars varied a lot in the growing seasons, so it was not possible to identify cultivars with cycle predictability. Iraí was the only cultivar with determinate growth habit (type I) evaluated in this study. Type I common bean cultivars had a flowering period from five to six days (DAWO et al., 2007) and do not produce vegetative nodes after flowering (BURATTO et al., 2007). These traits contributed so that Iraí cultivar presented smaller variation in the cycle duration among the cultivars evaluated. The other common bean cultivars evaluated have indeterminate growth habit with short (type II) or long (type III) guides (Table 2). The common bean cultivars with indeterminate growth are characterized by the higher duration of flowering period, from 15 to 30 days (DAWO et al., 2007) and continue to produce vegetative nodes even after flowering (BURATTO et al., 2007). Therefore, these cultivars are exposed to the variations in the environmental conditions by greater number of days during the reproductive period. This contributed for the greater variation observed for the cycle duration in the cultivars with indeterminate growth habit. Regarding the growing seasons, the highest means for the cycle (88.7 days) was observed in the 2011 dry season. The hypothesis is that the lowest minimum and maximum means temperatures values registered in the 2011 dry season, especially during the pod filling to plant maturation period (Table 1), justifies the longer cycle of the common bean cultivars. In this situation, the necessary thermal sum to reach the end of the cycle in the common bean cultivars took longer to be accumulated. The identification of common bean cultivars of early or semi-early cycle enables less time of soil use for cultivation and early harvest, representing market advantages for the farmers that perform rotate crops and commercialize the grains in periods of lower product supply (BURATTO et al., 2007). In the present study, all common bean cultivars evaluated presented an early or semi-early cycle in the 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 rainy seasons. In the 2011 dry season, only the Iraí cultivar had an early cycle. These results indicate that the cycle of common bean cultivars may be different in growing seasons, and highlight the importance of its characterization in the evaluation process and indication of common bean cultivars for a particular cultivation region. The application of the Scott-Knott test enabled the differentiation among the common bean cultivars for the insertion of the first pod only in the 2012 rainy season (Table 5). In this season, the cultivars BRS Esplendor, Guateian 6662, IPR Tiziu, IPR Uirapurú, and IPR Tangará showed higher insertion of the first pod values. It is important to identify the common bean cultivars with higher insertion of the first pod for the manual and mechanized harvest because it reduces the contact of the pods with the soil, which would imply better grain quality and smaller incidence of diseases in the pods and grains (COSTA et al., 2008). Therefore, common bean cultivars that present insertion of the first pod equal to or above 12 cm are associated to the plants with upright architecture (MELO, 2009). In the present study, all common bean cultivars evaluated attended this criterion, except Guapo Brilhante that presented insertion of the first pod of 11.8 cm in the 2011 dry season. Similarly, Ribeiro et al. (2014a), Mambrin et al. (2015), and Maziero et al. (2015) observed that the insertion of the first pod of common bean lines and cultivars in growing at Brazil was above 11.8 cm. These results show the effort of breeding programs in the development of common bean cultivars of upright architecture. 114 Combined selection in beans… RIBEIRO, N. D. et al. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 Table 5. Mean* insertion of the first pod and insertion of the last pod of 26 common bean cultivars assessed in the seasons 2010 rainy (2010 rs), 2011 dry (2011 ds), 2011 rainy (2011 rs), 2012 rainy (2012 rs), and 2013 rainy (2013 rs). Cultivar Insertion of the first pod (cm) Insertion of the last pod (cm) 2010 rs 2011 ds 2011 rs 2012 rs 2013 rs 2010 rs 2011 ds 2011 rs 2012 rs 2013 rs BRS Campeiro 16.7 a B 15.8 a B 18.9 a B 27.9 c A 21.3 a B 37.5 c B 41.4 b B 43.5 b B 67.0 a A 47.5 a B BRS Esplendor 18.3 a B 17.1 a B 20.1 a B 34.8 a A 18.0 a B 52.7 a B 51.7 a B 53.3 a B 63.7 a A 30.7 b C BRS Estilo 20.8 a B 14.1 a B 17.2 a B 32.0 b A 17.1 a B 48.7 b B 41.1 b C 45.9 b B 62.3 a A 34.1 b C BRS Expedito 18.7 a B 16.1 a B 16.4 a B 32.0 b A 17.1 a B 45.1 b B 46.7 a B 48.3 b B 60.4 a A 31.5 b C BRS 7762 Supremo 14.6 a B 13.3 a B 16.3 a B 30.3 b A 18.1 a B 42.0 c B 39.0 b B 43.8 b B 56.8 a A 41.9 a B BRS Valente 15.1 a B 12.8 a B 17.5 a B 30.5 b A 14.5 a B 46.6 b B 44.6 a B 47.5 b B 58.9 a A 36.4 b C Diamante Negro 14.9 a B 15.2 a B 18.6 a B 26.5 c A 17.7 a B 45.0 b B 45.5 a B 49.1 b B 60.4 a A 36.6 b C FEPAGRO 26 15.9 a B 16.4 a B 14.9 a B 27.9 c A 19.3 a B 42.2 c B 42.5 b B 43.0 b B 54.9 a A 38.2 a B Guapo Brilhante 13.3 a C 11.8 a C 17.3 a B 24.2 c A 16.6 a B 36.7 c B 34.2 b B 41.6 b B 61.2 a A 34.6 b B Guateian 6662 13.4 a B 15.4 a B 15.4 a B 35.5 a A 12.4 a B 37.7 c C 43.3 b B 43.7 b B 68.3 a A 31.8 b C IPR Graúna 13.9 a B 14.0 a B 16.7 a B 28.4 c A 16.3 a B 55.9 a A 41.1 b B 50.6 a A 62.4 a A 41.3 a B IPR Tiziu 16.6 a B 16.8 a B 18.6 a B 40.0 a A 17.0 a B 48.1 b C 43.6 b C 53.7 a B 67.9 a A 33.2 b D IPR Tuiuiú 15.5 a B 12.7 a B 14.6 a B 30.0 b A 15.5 a B 45.8 b A 36.2 b B 48.0 b A 52.3 a A 32.5 b B IPR Uirapurú 16.4 a B 15.3 a B 19.3 a B 35.5 a A 14.9 a B 49.6 b B 45.9 a B 47.5 b B 60.1 a A 29.0 b C Macanudo 13.3 a A 15.3 a A 18.4 a A 19.2 d A 17.1 a A 35.0 c C 40.8 b C 48.3 b B 58.7 a A 46.6 a B Macotaço 14.7 a B 14.9 a B 15.8 a B 30.2 b A 15.6 a B 40.1 c B 39.2 b B 54.9 a A 58.4 a A 29.7 b C Minuano 13.0 a B 13.9 a B 15.9 a B 28.0 c A 13.1 a B 34.6 c C 38.6 b C 49.6 b B 62.1 a A 34.7 b C Rio Tibagi 16.5 a B 14.9 a B 18.0 a B 29.4 b A 14.6 a B 47.4 b B 49.6 a B 48.0 b B 65.6 a A 36.1 b C BRSMG Pioneiro 13.5 a B 15.5 a B 16.1 a B 27.2 c A 14.4 a B 46.3 b A 41.3 b B 51.0 a A 54.0 a A 30.2 b C Carioca 14.1 a B 18.0 a B 20.1 a B 31.8 b A 15.9 a B 34.7 c C 47.0 a B 53.8 a B 61.4 a A 28.4 b C IAPAR 81 13.4 a B 17.4 a B 20.5 a B 27.7 c A 16.6 a B 45.6 b B 40.9 b B 55.3 a A 61.8 a A 45.4 a B IPR Juriti 15.7 a B 15.2 a B 19.0 a B 27.2 c A 19.5 a B 43.0 c B 39.3 b B 46.3 b B 59.1 a A 38.6 a B IPR Siriri 17.2 a B 16.9 a B 18.7 a B 33.0 b A 14.8 a B 47.5 b B 48.6 a B 52.8 a B 66.1 a A 38.7 a C IPR Tangará 20.8 a B 18.9 a B 21.4 a B 35.3 a A 20.1 a B 60.6 a A 57.2 a A 59.2 a A 66.6 a A 37.9 a B Pérola 17.4 a B 16.0 a B 20.6 a B 30.3 b A 19.1 a B 53.9 a A 52.7 a A 61.3 a A 60.6 a A 35.3 b B Iraí 14.6 a A 13.9 a A 16.1 a A 17.7 d A 17.0 a A 25.7 c B 29.7 b B 29.8 c B 45.3 a A 36.7 b A Mean 15.7 15.3 17.8 29.7 16.7 44.1 43.2 48.8 60.6 36.1 VC (%) 11.1 13.4 15.9 13.3 15.4 10.7 10.2 10.4 11.4 17.7 *Means not followed by the same lower case letter in the column differ by the Scott-Knott test (p = 0.05), and uppercase letters on each row by the Scott-Knott test (p = 0.05). The insertion of the last pod is also an important trait for the selection of common bean cultivars of upright architecture. In this study, there was no differentiation among the common bean cultivars for the insertion of the last pod in the 2012 rainy season (Table 5). However, the cultivars BRS Estilo, Guapo Brilhante, Guateian 6662, IPR Tuiuiú, Minuano, and Iraí presented smaller insertion of the last pod in the 2010, 2011, and 2013 rainy seasons, and in the 2011 dry season. Mambrin et al. (2015), also identified common bean lines with smaller insertion of the last pod in different growing seasons, and that was associated to plants that are more compact and resistant to lodging. Selection through the smaller insertion of the last pod is promising for the common bean breeding program, because these plants keep their development more uniform, although there are variations for the environmental conditions (Table 1). Common bean cultivars presented a number of pods per plant, ranging from 3.7 (Carioca, 2013 rainy season) to 30.7 (IPR Graúna, 2010 rainy season) (Table 6). These values were above the ones observed in experiments of common bean cultivars competition carried out in different seasons, years, and growing locations (ZILIO et al., 2011; 115 Combined selection in beans… RIBEIRO, N. D. et al. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 RIBEIRO et al., 2014b; MAMBRIN et al., 2015). Therefore, the common bean cultivars present genetic variability for the number of pods per plant, which enables the selection of superior cultivars for this trait. However, superior cultivars for the number of pods per plant were not identified for all the growing seasons, suggesting that this is a quantitative character, and it is very influenced by the environment. Table 6. Mean* number of pods per plant and grain yield of 26 common bean cultivars assessed in the seasons 2010 rainy (2010 rs), 2011 dry (2011 ds), 2011 rainy (2011 rs), 2012 rainy (2012 rs), and 2013 rainy (2013 rs). Cultivar Number of pods per plant Grain yield (kg ha-1) 2010 rs 2011 ds 2011 rs 2012 rs 2013 rs 2010 rs 2011 ds 2011 rs 2012 rs 2013 rs BRS Campeiro 13.7 b A 11.7 b A 14.7 a A 11.7 a A 11.7 a A 2629 c A 1918 b B 1911 a B 1080 a C 1850 a B BRS Esplendor 15.7 b A 13.3 b A 14.7 a A 9.0 a B 4.7 b B 2699 c A 2049 b B 1526 b C 811 a D 441 d E BRS Estilo 9.3 b B 16.7 a A 15.3 a A 7.0 a B 9.7 a B 2764 c A 1734 c B 1719 a B 897 a C 750 c C BRS Expedito 8.7 b B 13.3 b A 17.0 a A 6.0 a B 6.7 b B 2172 e A 2391 a A 1776 a B 766 b D 1217 b C BRS 7762 Supremo 10.7 b A 11.7 b A 14.7 a A 7.7 a A 8.3 b A 2171 e A 1773 c B 2161 a A 997 a C 1139 b C BRS Valente 13.0 b A 16.3 a A 17.0 a A 6.3 a B 11.7 a A 2319 d A 1606 c B 1429 b B 823 a C 1340 b B Diamante Negro 12.7 b A 12.3 b A 14.3 a A 8.7 a A 9.0 b A 2047 e A 1750 c B 1538 b B 846 a D 1309 b C FEPAGRO 26 11.3 b B 9.0 b B 18.3 a A 9.0 a B 6.3 b B 2454 d A 1617 c B 1549 b B 863 a C 868 c C Guapo Brilhante 15.7 b A 15.3 a A 15.7 a A 11.3 a B 10.0 a B 2470 d A 1581 c C 2018 a B 1111 a D 1237 b D Guateian 6662 16.3 b A 19.3 a A 19.3 a A 6.7 a B 11.7 a B 2266 d A 1424 c C 1859 a B 727 b D 926 c D IPR Graúna 30.7 a A 13.7 b B 18.3 a B 9.0 a C 10.0 a C 1446 f B 1921 b A 1648 a A 816 a C 1360 b B IPR Tiziu 12.0 b A 12.0 b A 13.7 a A 4.3 a B 7.0 b B 2584 c A 1717 c B 1450 b B 484 b D 964 c C IPR Tuiuiú 8.7 b B 11.0 b A 15.0 a A 6.7 a B 5.7 b B 2528 c A 1949 b B 1786 a B 808 a C 779 c C IPR Uirapurú 10.3 b A 12.0 b A 12.0 a A 6.3 a B 5.7 b B 2620 c A 1935 b B 1955 a B 937 a C 567 d D Macanudo 14.7 b B 21.7 a A 15.7 a B 13.3 a B 11.3 a B 2382 d A 1729 c B 1705 a B 1177 a C 1676 a B Macotaço 11.7 b B 16.7 a A 17.3 a A 8.3 a B 6.7 b B 1984 e A 1857 b A 1672 a A 897 a B 554 d C Minuano 13.0 b A 15.3 a A 14.7 a A 8.0 a B 15.3 a A 2429 d A 1852 b B 1832 a B 855 a D 1384 b C Rio Tibagi 15.3 b A 14.3 a A 17.3 a A 10.0 a B 8.7 b B 2138 e A 1561 c B 1655 a B 521 b C 820 c C BRSMG Pioneiro 13.0 b B 14.3 a B 19.3 a A 7.0 a C 6.0 b C 3096 b A 1915 b B 1560 b C 562 b D 800 c D Carioca 11.7 b B 10.3 b B 17.3 a A 6.0 a C 3.7 b C 2452 d A 1561 c B 1690 a B 658 b C 507 d C IAPAR 81 14.0 b A 15.7 a A 17.3 a A 9.7 a A 13.7 a A 2614 c A 1535 c B 1734 a B 818 a C 1770 a B IPR Juriti 14.3 b A 13.3 b A 14.0 a A 9.3 a A 9.7 a A 3464 a A 1342 c C 1914 a B 1219 a C 1733 a B IPR Siriri 19.7 b A 15.7 a A 16.3 a A 7.7 a B 12.7 a B 2286 d A 1768 c B 1724 a B 1015 a C 1015 c C IPR Tangará 11.3 b A 9.3 b B 14.7 a A 6.0 a B 8.3 b B 2844 c A 1629 c B 1039 c C 521 b D 584 d D Pérola 12.3 b A 15.0 a A 15.3 a A 7.3 a B 6.3 b B 2388 d A 1695 c B 1164 c C 550 b D 901 c C Iraí 9.0 b B 7.7 b B 19.0 a A 11.0 a B 7.0 b B 2042 e A 1212 c B 1297 c B 733 b C 1103 b B Mean 13.3 13.7 16.1 8.1 8.6 2434 1731 1666 827 1061 VC (%) 16.0 30.6 22.6 21.7 34.9 8.9 11.3 12.0 18.8 23.5 *Means not followed by the same lower case letter in the column differ by the Scott-Knott test (p = 0.05), and uppercase letters on each row by the Scott-Knott test (p = 0.05). Grain yield varied a lot among the common bean cultivars, from 441 kg ha-1 (BRS Esplendor, 2013 rainy season) to 3,464 kg ha-1 (IPR Juriti, 2010 rainy season) (Table 6). In the present study, the identification of common bean cultivars with high grain yield for all the growing seasons was difficult, because the ranking of the cultivars was modified in each environment. In the 2010 rainy season, the cultivar that showed the highest grain yield was the IPR Juriti (3,464 kg ha-1), while in the 2011 dry season was the BRS Expedito (2,391 kg ha-1). The cultivars BRS Campeiro, BRS Estilo, BRS 7762 Supremo, Guapo Brilhante, IPR Graúna, IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Uirapurú, Macanudo, Macotaço, 116 Combined selection in beans… RIBEIRO, N. D. et al. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 Minuano, IAPAR 81, IPR Juriti, and IPR Siriri fit the group with higher grain yield in the 2011 and 2012 rainy seasons. In turn, in the 2013 rainy season, the cultivars that stood out were BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, IAPAR 81, and IPR Juriti. The cultivars Macanudo, BRS Campeiro, IAPAR 81, and IPR Juriti were grouped by the Scott-Knott test in the group of high grain yield in most of the growing seasons evaluated, which suggests adaptation to the cultivation conditions. The cultivars Macanudo and BRS Campeiro are from “black” commercial group and were registered by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) in 1989 and in 2003, respectively (Table 2). The cultivars IAPAR 81 and IPR Juriti are Carioca-type beans (beige seed coat with brown streaks), and they were developed by the Paraná Agronomic Institute (IAPAR) and registered in 1997 and 2002, respectively. Therefore, they are cultivars that are being cultivated in Brazil, for a period of 15 to 29 years, and still present high grain yield potential of the grown for the rainy season, i. e,, when the sowing is done between September and November. Common bean cultivars registered after 2005 in Brazil showed low grain yield or stood out in specific season, indicating little adaptation to the cultivation conditions. This result is different from the one observed by Barilli et al. (2015a,b) in the Minas Gerais state, Brazil. In these experiments, the black and Carioca common bean cultivars registered after 2005 presented high grain yield, higher adaptation and production stability. The black grains cultivars (Macanudo and BRS Campeiro) present a very different genealogy (Table 2). However, the Carioca grains cultivars (IAPAR 81 e IPR Juriti) have several parental in common in their genealogy, indicating greater genetic similarity. Thus, in the present study we did not see a direct relation between the genealogy of common bean cultivars and grain yield. Silva et al. (2011) did not see any relation between the origin of common bean cultivars and grain yield. High heritability estimates were obtained for the all traits evaluated, so greater selection gains are expected for these traits (Table 7). The multiplicative index showed negative genetic gain values for flowering, cycle, insertion of the first pod, and insertion of the last pod, and positive genetic gain values for number of pods per plant and grain yield. These estimates are favorable to selection of superior common bean cultivars for earliness, upright plant architecture and grain yield, except for the insertion of the first pod. A negative sign of genetic gain for the insertion of the first pod is unfavorable for the selection. However, the four superior cultivars selected by the multiplicative index have insertion of the first pod superior to 16 cm, which facilitates the manual and mechanized harvest of common bean plants according by Costa et al. (2008). Table 7. Mean of the original population (Xo), mean of selected (Xs), heritability (h²), genetic gain (GG) and percentage genetic gain (GG %) with simultaneous selection by multiplicative index for the four superior cultivars assessed in five experiments carried out from 2010 to 2014. *Trait: FLO: flowering, days; CYCLE, days; IFP: insertion of the first pod, cm; LPH: insertion of the last pod, cm; NPP: number of pods per plant; YLD: grain yield, kg ha-1. The multiplicative index showed selection gains sum of 15.84%, which meets the objectives of this study by flowering (-1.29%), cycle (-1.26%), insertion of the last pod (-2.89%), number of pods per plant (+9.74%), and grain yield (+15.31%). The four superior cultivars selected by the multiplicative index were BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, IPR Juriti, and Guapo Brilhante. These cultivars present earliness, upright plant architecture and high grain yield. Preliminary results showed that the multiplicative index was the most efficient strategy of simultaneous selection for the upright architecture and grain yield in common bean lines (JOST et al., 2012; MAZIERO et al., 2015). Trait* Xo Xs h² GG GG% Selected cultivars BRS Campeiro Macanudo IPR Juriti G. Brilhante FLO 35.59 35.02 80.32 -0.46 -1.29 34.80 34.40 35.67 35.20 CYCLE 78.59 77.40 82.97 -0.99 -1.26 76.80 77.20 78.47 77.13 IFP 19.03 18.18 83.96 -0.72 -3.77 20.11 16.66 19.32 16.63 ILP 46.57 45.04 88.34 -1.35 -2.89 47.38 45.86 45.25 41.68 NPP 11.98 13.39 82.64 1.17 9.74 12.61 15.24 12.15 13.56 YLD 1543.87 1807.28 89.75 236.41 15.31 1877.52 1733.68 1934.50 1683.41 Gain 234.06 15.84 117 Combined selection in beans… RIBEIRO, N. D. et al. Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 34, supplement 1, p. 108-119, Dec. 2018 The cultivars BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, and IPR Juriti stood out due to their high grain yield in most of the growing seasons, have considering the effects of genotype x environment interaction. These common bean cultivars presented early or semi-early cycle in grown carried out in the rainy season, and normal cycle in the dry season, and the insertion of the first pod is above 12 cm. The three superior cultivars identified by the multiplicative index in present study were BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, and IPR Juriti. These cultivars present genealogy very different (Table 2), indicating lower genetic similarity. Therefore, the cultivars BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, and IPR Juriti cultivars presents earliness (flowering and cycle early), upright plant architecture (high insertion of the first pod and low insertion of the last pod) and high grain yield (higher values of number of pods per plant and grain yield), and so it will be selected for the breeding program. CONCLUSIONS The common bean cultivars differ for flowering, cycle, insertion of the first pod, insertion of the last pod, number of pods per plant, and grain yield in different growing seasons. The cultivars BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, and IPR Juritipresents earliness, upright plant architecture and high grain yield, and so it will be selected for the breeding program. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for the financial aid and scholarships granted. To the Research Support Foundation of the Minas Gerais State (FAPEMIG) for the grants awarded. RESUMO: A seleção de cultivares de feijão com alto desempenho agronômico pode ser dificultada pela ocorrência de interação genótipo x ambiente. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar se cultivares de feijão diferem para ciclo, arquitetura de planta e produtividade de grãos em diferentes épocas de cultivo e selecionar cultivares de feijão precoces, eretas e altamente produtivas pelo uso de índice de seleção. Para tanto, cinco experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Um total de 26 cultivares de feijão foram avaliadas e o índice multiplicativo foi usado para selecionar cultivares superiores. Interação cultivar x época de cultivo significativa foi constatada para a floração, ciclo, inserção da primeira vagem, inserção da última vagem, número de vagens por planta e produtividade de grãos. As cultivares de feijão avaliadas possuem ciclo precoce ou semiprecoce no cultivo de safra e arquitetura de planta ereta. As cultivares Macanudo, BRS Campeiro, IAPAR 81 e IPR Juriti apresentaram alta produtividade de grãos na maioria das épocas avaliadas. As quatro melhores cultivares de feijão selecionadas pelo índice multiplicativo foram BRS Campeiro, Macanudo, IPR Juriti e Guapo Brilhante. As cultivares BRS Campeiro, Macanudo e IPR Juriti apresentam precocidade, arquitetura de planta ereta e alta produtividade de grãos, portanto serão selecionadas pelo programa de melhoramento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Phaseolus vulgaris. Interação genótipo x ambiente. Genealogia. Índice de seleção. REFERENCES BARILI, L. D.; VALE, N. M. do; PRADO, A. L. do; CARNEIRO, J. E. de S.; SILVA, F. F.; NASCIMENTO, M. Genotype-environment interaction in common bean cultivars with carioca grain cultivated in Brazil in the last 40 years. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, Viçosa, v. 15, n. 4, p. 244-250, 2015a. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141383 BARILI, L. D.; VALE, N. M. do; AMARAL, R. de C.; CARNEIRO, J. E. S.; SILVA, F. 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