Microsoft Word - 8-Agra_42276 1378 Bioscience Journal Original Article Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1378-1389, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-42276 WASTEWATER FROM SWINE FARMING IN THE GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF KHAYA SENEGALENSIS (DESR.) A JUSS SEEDLINGS ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DA SUINOCULTURA NO CRESCIMENTO E NUTRIÇÃO DE MUDAS DE KHAYA SENEGALENSIS (DESR.) A JUSS Emanuel França ARAÚJO1; Adriana Miranda de Santana ARAUCO2; Bruna Anair Souto DIAS3; Julian Júnio de Jesus LACERDA2; Cácio Luiz BOECHAT2; Dayara Lins PORTO4, Luis Ricardo Romero ARAUCO5 1. Post-graduate, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Campus Jerônimo Monteiro, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. emanuelfa.bj@hotmail.com; 2. Professor of the Federal University of Piauí, Campus Professor Cinobelina Elvas - UFPI / CPCE, Course of Agronomic Engineering, Bom Jesus, Piauí State, Brazil; 3. Professor at the Federal University of Piauí, Campus Professor Cinobelina Elvas - UFPI / CPCE, Forest Engineering Course, Bom Jesus, State of Piauí, Brazil; 4. Graduate of the Federal University of Piauí, Postgraduate Program in Agronomy: Soils and Plant Nutrition, Campus Professor Cinobelina Elvas, Bom Jesus, Piauí State, Brazil; 5 Professor of the Federal University of Piauí, Campus Professor Cinobelina Elvas - UFPI / CPCE, Course of Zootecnia, Bom Jesus, Piauí State, Brazil. ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the use of wastewater from swine farming in the growth and nutritional balance of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. (African mahogany) seedlings. The experiment was setup in a shade house on the Professor Cinobelina Elvas Campus of the Federal University of Piauí, in Bom Jesus, in the State of Piauí, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomised, with five concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW) (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) added to the irrigation water. The growth and nutritional balance of the seedlings were evaluated 100 days after sowing, by measuring shoot height (H), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), total chlorophyll (TC), leaf area (LA), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW), and by calculating the total dry weight (TDW), leaf (LBA), stem (SBA), and root (RBA) biomass allocation, Dickson Quality Index (DQI) and average Nutritional Balance Index (NBIm). It was found that K. senegalensis seedlings responded to the SFW, showing the best results for growth and nutritional balance at concentrations of around 50%. KEYWORDS: Swine manure. African mahogany. Biomass allocation. Superior-quality wood. DRIS. INTRODUCTION Global production of waste (liquid and solid waste) from swine farms is growing together with global demand for food and protein from animals. In the year of 2008, over 90 million metric tons of pork were produced globally. In Brazil over 3.3 million metric tons were produced in 2015. Nearly 60 percent of pig production in Brazil is concentrated in the three southern states, Santa Catarina, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul (USDA, 2008; 2015). Swine waste generated from pig- domesticating industry is considered a primary source for fresh water pollution around the world. Although many treatment systems have been proposed, the wastewater still is high in inorganic elements, which cause deterioration of water resources and consequently environmental changes (CHEUNBARN; PEERAPORNPISAL, 2010). In Brazil, states of south region produce approximately 8.6 liters of waste per animal-day, depending on the productive phase (PEGORARO et al., 2014). Generally, wastewater presents high content of organic matter and other nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, but it is necessary to characterize itr chemically to know its potential impacts on the environment. Furthermore, wastewater is capable of providing improvements in soil physical, chemical and biological properties, providing nutrients for crop and still bringing to the producer productivity increase and cost reduction (SCHERER et al., 2007). Therefore, an ecofriendly alternative to wastewater is its use as nutrient source in vegetation fertilization, enhancing soil chemical attributes and promoting nutrient cycling. This practice allows the farmer to minimize the costs with conventional fertilizers and provides an alternative to the raw discharge of residues generated from extensive poultry, beef and pork production, allowing soil and plants to be used as filters (CABRAL et al., 2014; PEgoraro et al., 2014; ROSA et al., 2017a). Several studies have evaluated the effects of wastewater use on agricultural crops (GÓMEZ- GARRIDO et al., 2014; PASSARIN et al., 2016; Received: 15/05/18 Accepted: 05/12/18 1379 Wastewater from swine... ARAÚJO, E. F. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1378-1389, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-42276 ROSA et al., 2017a), and on changes in soil chemical, physical and biological attributes (TESSARO et al., 2013; Brooks et al., 2014; CABRAL et al., 2014 CASTALDELLI et al., 2015; OLIVEIRA et al., 2015; Pereira et al., 2016; MOURA et al., 2016; ROSA et al., 2017b; PACHECO et al., 2017). However, there is still little information on the use of wastewater in forest production. Studies are also lacking in the growth and quality of seedlings of Khaya senegalensis. Khaya senegalensis is a naturally occurring forest species in several African countries, with wood of great commercial interest for use both in furniture manufacturing and interior decoration (Lamprecht, 1990). Besides the purpose of logging, the species has therapeutic value, such astreatment of rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis, leprosy (FALODUN; OBASUYI, 2009; IDU et al., 2014), of microbial infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers (RABADEAUX et al., 2017), diabetes (KOLAWOLE et al., 2012), Leishmaniasis (KAYSER; ABREU, 2001), dermatitis and other skin diseases, diarrhoea and dysentery, fever, jaundice, malaria and sexually- transmitted diseases, and as an anti-helminth (GILL, 1992; IWU, 1993). Therefore, this study evaluated growth and nutrition of Khaya senegalensis subjected to dilutions of swine wastewater and freshwater. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was done from August to December 2014 in a gable shade house of 50% sombrite, in the town of Bom Jesus, Piauí, at 09º04' S and 44º21' W and an altitude of 277 m. The climate in the region, according to Köppen’s classification, is type Aw - hot and semi-humid. During the experiment, the average maximum and minimum temperatures were 34.75 and 17.94 °C, with an average relative humidity of 43.17%. Swine farm wastewater (SFW) was collected from a growth and finishing swine farm. After collection, the SFW was treated in a pilot- scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor system, operated in 24-hour cycles. The treated effluent was stored in a 100-litre reservoir. Chemical characterisation of the SFW was done as per the methodology described in Alcarde (2009), with the results shown in Table 1. Table 1. Chemical characterisation of the swine farm wastewater used in the production of African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) seedlings. pH EC N P K Ca Mg S mS cm-1 _________________________ g Kg-1 _________________________ 7.25 4.15 0.37 0.06 0.28 0.07 0.06 0.03 Co Cu Mn Zn Fe Mo Pb Cd Na ________________________________________ mg Kg-1 ________________________________________ 0.01 0.01 0.52 0.30 3.07 0.01 0.01 0.02 2200.0 The containers (18 x 27 cm black polyethylene bags) were filled with Basaplant® commercial substrate, consisting of decomposed pine bark, peat, coal and vermiculite. The characteristics of the substrate before setting up the experiment were: average pH of 5.8; N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S content of 7.0, 4.6, 2.2, 6.0, 4.0 and 1.5 g kg-1 respectively; bulk density of 0.46 g cm-3 and porosity of 60.4%. Once the containers were filled, they were placed in the shade house. The seeds of Khaya senegalensis were obtained from a specialised marketing company. The batch came from Honduras under registration number 21419, and had 96% germination. The seeds were disinfested by immersion in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for five minutes, and in water for 24 hours. Sowing was done manually, using three seeds per container. The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design with five treatments, corresponding to the concentrations of treated SFW with well water (T1 = 0% SFW, T2 = 25% SFW, T3 = 50% SFW, T4 = 75% SFW and T5 = 100% SFW), with eight replications. The applied irrigation depth was determined based on the water retention capacity of the substrate as estimated in a previous trial, and was obtained from the average weight of the saturated bags and after 24 hours of free drainage. The amount of water to be replaced in each substrate was 120 mL per plant. Fifteen days after seed germination, the doses of SFW corresponding to each treatment were applied. The seedlings were irrigated twice a day (08:00 and 16:00). Twenty days after sowing, thinning was carried out, leaving the visually most vigorous plant in each container. 1380 Wastewater from swine... ARAÚJO, E. F. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1378-1389, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-42276 At 100 days after sowing (DAS), the seedlings were collected (systematically) to evaluate the following variables: stem diameter (SD), with a digital calliper; height (H), determined from the base of the stem to the apical meristem, with a millimetre rule; total chlorophyll (TC), using a chlorophyll meter; number of leaves (NL); leaf area (LA), using an LI-3100C® area meter. At the same time, samples of the substrate were collected at the end of the experiment; these were separated per treatment, air-dried, homogenised and sent to the laboratory for chemical characterisation, as per the methodology described in Tedesco et al. (1995). The plant material was divided into shoots and roots to determine seedling shoot and root dry weight. The roots were then washed in tap water to remove any adhered material. The samples were packed separately in paper bags and placed to dry in a forced air circulation oven at 65 ºC to constant weight. Subsenquently, they were weighed on a precision balance to determine the dry weight of the leaves (LDW), stem (SDW) and roots (RDW), and the total dry weight (TDW). Biomass allocation in the leaves (LBA), stem (SBA) and roots (RBA) was calculated with these data. The Dickson quality index (DQI) proposed by Dickson et al. (1960) was obtained with Equation 1: DQI = TDW / ((H/SD) + (SDW / RDW)) Equation 1 where: TDW - total dry weight (g); H - shoot height (cm); SD – stem diameter (mm); SDW – shoot dry shoot weight (g) and RDW – root dry weight (g). The dry leaves were triturated in a Willey® mill and digested in a solution of nitro-perchloric acid (Tedesco et al., 1995). The nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were then determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, using certified plant material for the standard sample. Nutrient accumulation was calculated by multiplying the LDW by the content of each nutrient. To obtain the DRIS indices (DI), nutritional balance index (NBI) and estimates of the N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S macronutrient content (MC), the INAF Leaf Analysis Interpretation software was used (Garcia, 2013). To calculate the nutrient ratio functions, the original method proposed by Beaufils (1973) was used, with the k-factor equal to 10 ranges from the optimum levels generated from the DRIS norms. The data were submitted to Shapiro-Wilk’s test for the assumption of normality and Bartlett’s test for homocedasticity. The data were then submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and when significant differences were found by the F- test at 5%, the average values were submitted to polynomial regression analysis to verify the optimal concentration for each variable by the first derivative of the β0 and β1 estimators. The choice of the equations considered the significance of the models, the biological significance and the coefficient of determination (R2). The analyses were performed using the ‘R’ v 3.2.0 statistical software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At the end of the experiment, a trend was observed, not only for the increase in N, P and K concentrations in the substrate as the concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW) increased, but also in electrical conductivity, with an increase of around five times when compared to the treatment with no wastewater and the treatment with 100% wastewater for the irrigation of the African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) seedlings (Table 2). These responses to the treatments in the chemical quality of the substrate can be explained by the greater contribution of nutrients from the increasing SFW concentrations, and also by the high electrical conductivity (EC) of the wastewater (Table 2). An increase in the levels of P and K in the soil, and nitrogen in the leachate, were found with increasing doses of SFW when fertilising the soil for soybean cultivation (Rosa et al., 2017b). However, the above authors saw no increase in Na content or electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil, and stated that these responses resultedfrom the quality of the SFW, the high rainfall index, intensive agriculture and soil depth, making the soil salinisation process something unusual. Nevertheless, it was observed that the substrate pH at the end of the experiment with the seedlings of Khaya senegalensis was inversely proportional to the applied concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW) (Table 2). In the literature, the application of increasing doses of SFW to the soil for the production of elephant grass did not alter soil pH in the first year. However, in the second year of application, there was a reduction in this attribute with increasing doses of wastewater, similar to the beginning and end of the experiment in soils cultivated with soybean (Cabral et al., 2014; Rosa et al., 2017b). Guedes et al. (2006) stated that this reduction in soil pH, as a result of the application of SFW, occurs due to the mineralisation 1381 Wastewater from swine... ARAÚJO, E. F. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1378-1389, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-42276 of organic compounds and the release of organic acids by the soil biota. Table 2. Chemical characterisation of the substrate at the end of the experiment with Khaya senegalensis seedlings and application of concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW). SFW (%) pH N P K EC H2O ------------------- g kg-1---------------- mS cm-1 0 5.8 5.6 3.4 1.4 0.24 25 5.7 6.2 4.0 1.6 0.57 50 5.4 6.0 4.6 2.0 0.81 75 5.5 5.8 5.5 2.0 0.91 100 5.4 6.0 4.6 2.2 1.21 A quadratic effect was observed for the growth in height (H) of K. senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss seedlings relative to the application of swine farm wastewater (SFW) (Figure 1a), the estimated dose of 61.36% SFW giving the greatest values for H (average of 38.72 cm plant-1). 0 25 50 75 100 H ( c m p la n t- 1 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 (Y = 21.1714 + 0.57188**x - 0.00466**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.94 1a 0 25 50 75 100 S D ( m m p la n t- 1 ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 Y = 7,45 1b 0 25 50 75 100 H /S D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Y = 3.440118 + 0.020517**x) R 2 = 0.90 1c 0 25 50 75 100 T C ( u g c m -2 ) 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 (Y = 53.8280 + 0.11968**x) R 2 = 0.74 1d PFW concentration (%) 0 25 50 75 100 N u m b e r o f le a v e s 0 10 20 30 40 50 (Y = 17.120 + 0.77440**x - 0.00544**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.90 1e 0 25 50 75 100 L A ( c m 2 p la n t- 1 ) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1f (Y = 358.4058 + 20.3683**x- 0.13977**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.93 PFW concentration (%) Figure 1. Height (H) (1a), stem diameter (SD) (1b), robustness index (H/SD) (1c), total chlorophyll (TC) (1d), number of leaves (NL) (1e), and leaf area (AF) (1f) in K. senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss seedlings 100 days after sowing subjected to concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW). * and ** significant at 1 and 5% probability respectively. 1382 Wastewater from swine... ARAÚJO, E. F. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1378-1389, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-42276 Height (H) and stem diameter (SD) are characteristics used to evaluate growth and quality of tree seedlings in the nursery, and can be correlated with seedling survival and growth in the field (CARNEIRO, 1995; JACOBS et al. 2005). Despite noting changes in stem diameter (SD) at the various points due to the application of different concentrations of SFW (Figure 1b), no adjustment of the equation gave significant coefficients at 5%, the average value found was 7.45 mm. The SD of forest seedlings is considered one of the best non-destructive indicators of seedling quality (MOREIRA; MOREIRA, 1996), and it is thought that the greater the value, the better the plant survival and growth after transplanting in the field (GOMES; PAIVA, 2004). Among other factors, Pelissari et al. (2009) evaluated irrigation using swine farm wastewater (SFW) in the production of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings, and found that SFW had the greatest positive effect on diameter and particularly on seedling height. Increases in the concentration of SFW applied to the K. senegalensis seedlings resulted in a linear increase of the H/SD index (Figure 1c), where an estimated maximum value of 5.49 was found at a concentration of 100%. A significant linear effect (p ≤0.05) from SFW concentration was seen on total chlorophyll (TC) in t K. senegalensis seedlings, with a maximum value of 65.7 μg cm-2 at a concentration of 100% (Figure 1d). The effect of the SFW concentration on the number of leaves (NL) and leaf area (LA) was best explained by the quadratic model, with maximum values of 44.67 leaves plant-1 and 1,100.45 cm2 plant-1 at estimated concentrations of 71.1% and 72.86% SFW respectively (Figure 1e and 1f). Irrigation at increasing concentrations of SFW in K. senegalensis seedlings resulted in a quadratic trend for leaf dry weight (LDW), with an optimal value for LDW of 5.93 g plant-1 at an estimated concentration of 60% (Figure 2a). Root dry weight production (RDW) in K. senegalensis seedlings was equally distributed as a function of the increasing doses of SFW, with no significance (p >0.05) between the average values (Figure 2b). For shoot dry weight (SDW) in K. senegalensis seedlings, the trend for the application of SFW was quadratic (Figure 2c), with the optimal value (8.31 g plant-1) obtained at a concentration of 58.4%. This behaviour can be explained by the nutrient supply in the effluent, especially N, which may have contributed to seedling growth during the experimental phase (Table 1). Total dry weight (TDW) followed the trend for increase, similar to that found for NL, LDW and SDW, where the point of maximum production (11.04 g plant-1) was seen at an estimated concentration of 54.9% (Figure 2d). Smiderle et al. (2016), when evaluating the usage potential of adding nutrient solution for the growth and nutritional quality of K. senegalensis seedlings, found at 110 days (80 days after transplanting, and 30 days after emergence) an average value for TDW production, with and without applying a nutrient solution, of 12.75 and 11.18 g plant-1 respectively, results that agree with those found in this study. The greater the Dickson quality index (DQI) of a seedling, the better will be the balance of growth and the standard of quality, since important characteristics are weighted by the DQI in evaluating seedling quality, in addition to considering robustness and the balance of biomass distribution in the seedling (FONSECA et al., 2002; GOMES et al., 2002). However, in K. senegalensis seedlings, the DQI did not differ significantly (p >0.05) for SFW concentration (Figure 2e). A similar result was found in a study of SFW levels on the DQI in Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings (BATISTA et al., 2014). Nevertheless, a positive result was found from the use of swine farm wastewater in seedling growth in Corymbia citriodora at doses of 150 and 200% of the N requirement of the species (Coelho et al., 2017); this can be explained by the chemical composition of the treated effluents when setting up the experimental trials. The use of SFW in production of the forage turnip resulted in greater crop quality when evaluating plant height, root length, basal diameter, number of plants per area, root volume, leaf area and fresh and dry biomass weight (PEGORARO et al., 2014). Araújo et al. (2018) found that, except for nodulation, the growth and quality of Acacia mangium Willd seedlings did not differ for the use of SFW or well water when irrigating this species, which suggests that the use of this effluent is a viable alternative for the production of quality seedlings. 1383 Wastewater from swine... ARAÚJO, E. F. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1378-1389, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-42276 0 25 50 75 100 L D W ( g p la n t- 1 ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 (Y = 1.9728 + 0.13204**x - 0.001099**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.94 2a 0 25 50 75 100 R D W ( g p la n t- 1 ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y = 2.28 2b PFW concentration (%) 0 25 50 75 100 S D W ( g p la n t- 1 ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 (Y = 3.1584 + 0.176616**x - 0.001512**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.93 2c PFW concentration (%) 0 25 50 75 100 T D W ( g p la n t- 1 ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 (Y = 5.239086 + 0.211305**x - 0.001921**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.95 2d PFW concentration (%) 0 25 50 75 100 D Q I 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 Y = 1.25 2e Figure 2. Leaf dry weight (LDW) (2a), root dry weight (RDW) (2b), shoot dry weight (SDW) (2c), total dry weight (TDW) (2d), and Dickson quality index (DQI) (2e) in Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss seedlings 100 days after sowing, subjected to concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW). * and ** significant at 1 and 5% probability respectively. A relative pattern of distinct biomass allocation in the plant organs can be seen in Figure 3, where the percentage dry mass distribution in the leaves and roots was significantly affected by SFW concentration. The leaves were the main organ of accumulation, presenting an increasing linear growth trend, where the maximum value was 59.4% at a concentration of 100% (Figure 3a). Biomass allocation in the stem of K. senegalensis seedlings did not differ (Figure 3b); however, increases in SFW concentration caused a linear reduction in biomass allocation in the roots (Figure 3c). Larger concentrations negatively affect translocation and carbon storage in the root system in relation to TDW. This imbalance may be negative in terms of the adaptation and establishment of seedlings after transplanting, since the greater investment in root biomass can guarantee their survival under the adverse conditions found in the field, especially low soil fertility and seasonal water deficits, common to Brazilian tropical soils. 1384 Wastewater from swine... ARAÚJO, E. F. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1378-1389, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-42276 0 25 50 75 100 L B A ( % ) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3a Y = ( 41.595 + 0.197*x) R 2 = 0.77 PFW concentration (%) 0 25 50 75 100 C B A ( % ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 3b Y = 21.48 PFW concentration (%) PFW concentration (%) 0 25 50 75 100 R B A ( % ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 3c (Y = 36.9448 - 0.1974*x) R2 = 0.80 Figure 3. Allocation of biomass in leaves (3a), stem (3b), androots (3c) of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss seedlings100 days after sowing, subjected to ARS concentrations. * and ** respectively significant at 1 and 5% probability. The N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S content in the leaves of K. senegalensis seedlings displayed quadratic increases, with maximum values for the percentage of SFW in the irrigation water of approximately 61.2, 66.9, 64.6, 62.6, 59.5 and 57.1% for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S respectively, in the following order for absorption N> K> Ca> P> S> Mg (Figure 4). Smiderle et al. (2016) studied the growth and nutritional quality of K. senegalensis seedlings, after the addition of nutrient solution, favoured an increase in morphological characteristics, in addition to the total accumulation of macro- and micronutrients, with the amounts absorbed following the order: N> K> P> Ca> S> Mg> Fe> B> Mn> Zn> Cu. Analysing the implications of using primary and secondary sewage effluent and water on the chemical attributes of the soil and on growth and nutritional status of K. senegalensis (after 6, 12 and 18 months, Ali et al. (2013) found a significant increase in nutrient content of the soil and in growth variables when irrigated with primary sewage; however, the polluting potential of SFW is far greater than that of domestic sewage. Due to its high organic load, SFW has a biochemical oxygen demand 260 times greater than domestic sewage, which demonstrates the adaptability and rusticity of K. senegalensis to the planned reuse of wastewater for seedling irrigation (NOGUEIRA; SILVA, 2006). In contrast, it can be seen that the best results for H, NL, LA, LDW, SDW and TDW, and for the accumulation of macronutrients in the leaves, are related to concentrations containing intermediate proportions of SFW and water. Decreases in the values of the analysed variables from the estimated optimal concentration may have occurred due to the large amount of salts in the SFW, which is characteristic of these effluents, reflecting in an increase in the EC of the substrates at the greatest concentrations of SFW (Tables 1 and 2). A similar result was found when growing soybeans, with an increase in the EC of the soil leachate that received increasing doses of SFW; this increase was undesirable due to the soluble salts (Rosa et al., 2017a). In Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings, Araújo et al. (2016) attributed the decrease in growth and quality of seedlings irrigated with SFW to the high concentration of ionised salts in solution causing a reduction in plant metabolism. The increasing concentrations of SFW in the 1385 Wastewater from swine... ARAÚJO, E. F. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1378-1389, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-42276 irrigation water caused variations in the DRIS indices (Table 3). 0 25 50 75 100 N a c c u m u la te d i n t h e l e a v e s ( m g p la n t- 1 ) 0 40 80 120 160 200 (Y = 41.3187 + 4.35318**x - 0.03556**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.93 4a 0 25 50 75 100 P a c c u m u la te d i n t h e l e a v e s ( m g p la n t- 1 ) 0 4 8 12 16 20 (Y = 4.42044 + 0.344309**x - 0.002573**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.95 4b 0 25 50 75 100 K a c c u m u la te d i n t h e l e a v e s ( m g p la n t- 1 ) 0 40 80 120 160 (Y = 33.5586 + 2.660313**x - 0.020588**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.86 4c 0 25 50 75 100C a a c c u m u la te d i n t h e l e a v e s ( m g p la n t- 1 ) 20 40 60 80 100 (Y = 27.7179 + 1.606885**x - 0.012833**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.96 4d PFW concentration (%) 0 25 50 75 100M g a c c u m u la te d i n t h e l e a v e s ( m g p la n t- 1 ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 (Y = 3.1469 + 0.24346**x - 0.002045**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.93 4e PFW concentration (%) 0 25 50 75 100 S a c c u m u la te d i n t h e l e a v e s ( m g p la n t- 1 ) 0 4 8 12 16 (Y = 6.24152 + 0.20667**x - 0.001808**x 2 ) R 2 = 0.98 4f Figure 4. Nitrogen (N) (3a), phosphorus (P) (3b), potassium (K) (3c), calcium (Ca) (3d), magnesium (Mg) (3e) and sulphur (S) (3f) accumulated in the leaves of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss seedlings at 100 days after sowing subjected to concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW). * and ** significant at 1 and 5% probability respectively. 1386 Wastewater from swine... ARAÚJO, E. F. et al Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 35, n. 5, p. 1378-1389, Sep./Oct. 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v35n5a2019-42276 Table 3. Macronutrient content in the leaves (MC), DRIS Index (DI), Average Nutritional Balance Index (NBIm) and optimal content ranges generated from the DRIS norms for seedlings of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss, at 100 days after sowing, for concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW). SFW N P K Ca Mg S NBIm (%) ______________________________ g kg-1 ______________________________ 0 MC 18.0 2.2 15.0 15.4 1.6 3.6 106.44 DI -98.82 -160.66 -50.84 31.35 -9.00 287.97 25 MC 30.0 2.5 20.0 12.0 1.7 2.0 5.50 DI 8.90 -3.63 6.97 -10.34 0.63 -2.54 50 MC 27.6 2.6 20.4 13.5 1.8 2.1 5.06 DI -9.24 -5.20 3.82 5.84 5.52 -0.74 75 MC 30.0 2.8 18.8 13.7 1.7 2.2 5.47 DI 1.24 8.48 -10.39 3.90 -6.02 2.79 100 MC 29.0 3.1 23.2 14.0 1.7 2.0 26.39 DI -9.62 49.59 24.78 4.79 -20.44 -49.10 Optimal range 28.6-30.1 2.7-2.75 19.3-20.7 12.6-13.6 1.7-1.75 2.10-2.17 The average Nutritional Balance Index (NBIm), which is the modulus of the sum of the DRIS indices divided by the number of nutrients involved, allows the nutritional balance of the plants to be compared. In theory, NBI values close to zero are indicators of well-nourished plants with potentially higher production, as long as the other factors are not found to be limiting (URANO et al., 2006). Thus it was found that seedlings of K. senegalensis irrigated with intermediate concentrations of SFW, displayed greater nutritional balance compared to those with no SFW (Table 3). CONCLUSIONS The growth and nutrition of seedlings of Khaya senegalensis 100 days after sowing are significantly influenced by the application of concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW). A concentration of 50% generally promoted the best results for obtaining quality seedlings among the concentrations tested. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank the Support Foundation for Research of the State of Piauí, FAPEPI, for funding this study. RESUMO: Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização da água residuária da suinocultura no crescimento e no balanço nutricional de mudas de Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. (mogno- africano). O experimento foi instalado no Campus Profa. Cinobelina Elvas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, em Bom Jesus, PI, dentro de uma casa de sombra. 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