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Bioscience Journal Original Article
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 36, Supplement 1, p. 14-21, Nov./Dec. 2020
http://dx.doi.org/ BJ-v36n0a2020-48243
ADAPTABILITY OF QUINOA GENOTYPES TO ALTITUDES AND
POPULATION DENSITIES IN COLOMBIA
ADAPTAÇÃO DE GENÓTIPOS DE QUINOA EM ALTITUDES E DENSIDADES DE
PLANTIO NA COLÔMBIA
Wilson ANCHICO1*; Carlos Roberto SPEHAR1; Michelle Souza VILELA1
1. Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil. *anchico20@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT: This work aimed at evaluating and comparing agronomic characteristics of 15 quinoa
(Chenopodium quinoa Willd) genotypes cultivated in two altitudes and sowing densities. The experiment
initiated by individual plant selection in Brasília, DF, followed by progeny evaluation in Colombia, at 1,100 m
and 1,850 m altitude and population densities of 30 and 12 plants m-1, with row spacing of 0,50 m. Eleven
progenies and four commercial cultivars were tested. The progenies were obtained by selecting individuals in
BRS Syetetuba based on plant height, grain and dry matter yield, harvest index and 1,000 grain weight. The
genotypes with the highest grain yield were BRQ 8 (2,283 kg ha-1), Aurora (2,121 kg ha-1) and BRQ 4 (2,043
kg ha-1). In general, the genotypes had early plant cycle, from emergence to physiological maturity of 100-110
days at high plant density for the two altitudes. It is concluded that exploring variability in progenies originated
from natural crosses is effective in the adaptation of quinoa to tropical environments. Moreover, genotypes
tested in the Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah) maintain the same response relation when evaluated in Colombia.
KEYWORDS: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Early maturity. Sustainable yield. Thermal index.
INTRODUCTION
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) has
been continuously selected in the Andean Region,
by gradual expansion from its probable center of
origin, the outskirts of Titicaca Lake between
Bolivia and Peru (MAUGHAN et al., 2004). It has
spread out to the North (Ecuador, Colombia and
Venezuela) and to the South (Chile and Argentina),
covering the Andean Highlands (Altiplano), the
valleys and the coastal areas. The quinoa
dissemination has been slow, probably due to
mutations with adaptability to the immense
variability of soil and climate in the cultivation areas
(BERTERO et al., 2004).
The resilience of underutilized plant species
and their respective ability to adjust to unfavorable
environmental conditions has been a key factor in
facing climate changes. This is expected from
quinoa, a promising crop to play a relevant role in
the years to come (BHARGAVA; DEEPAK, 2014).
This species has shown considerable plasticity,
developing in areas ranging from the sea level to
4,000m, low annual rainfall (100-300 mm), soil
salinity (0 – 300 mM NaCl), low temperatures
(BAZILE; BERTERO; NIETO, 2014). Moreover,
the global climatic changes, reducing availability
and quality of water shall compromise crop
performance worldwide, creating opportunities for
crops such as quinoa (COULIBALY et al., 2014).
It has been shown that quinoa survives at
7,8°C in 2,245m above the sea level areas in
Mexico, tolerating a range of soil pH, from acid to
alkaline, characteristics that can classify this species
as resistant to climate changes, with other species
like broad bean, maize, grain amaranth and onion
(BOJANIC, 2011).
On the development of sustainable cropping
systems, quinoa could act as soil protecting crop in
no-till systems, due to its high biomass yields
(SPEHAR, 2007). It requires low amount of seeds
for sowing and can be introduced as an option for
diversification of agriculture and food. Therefore,
quinoa becomes attractive to farmers and consumers
interested on diet improvement.
In Brazil, the first attempts of introducing
quinoa took place in the 1990’s, by selecting and
evaluating progenies of hybrids that showed late
maturity in high altitudes. The introduction and
further selection originated the first genotypes for
the Cerrado region (Brazilian Savannah) (SPEHAR;
SOUZA 1993, SPEHAR 2007; SPEHAR; ROCHA;
SANTOS, 2011). These evaluations identified the
potentials of quinoa and the germplasm was
enlarged by introductions from the United States,
including large-seeded and saponin-free valley type
accessions. The relatively high cross pollination rate
was identified, allowing the recovery of progenies
from hybrid plants. In the selection process, BRS
Piabiru and BRS Syetetuba cultivars were obtained
Received: 15/04/19
Accepted: 01/12/20
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Adaptability of quinoa… ANCHICO, W.; SPEHAR, C. R.; VILELA, M. S.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 36, Supplement 1, p. 14-21, Nov./Dec. 2020
http://dx.doi.org/ BJ-v36n0a2020-48243
in the 2000’s first decade, enlarging the interest for
quinoa in Brazil (SPEHAR et al., 2014).
In Colombia, quinoa has been cultivated in
the Cauca, Boyaca and Nariño Departments, where
it is processed at family farming, of which 80 % are
destined to trading and 20% saved for domestic use
as food and seed (COLÔMBIA, 2016). Quinoa has
become an asset of importance due to its
adaptability to different cropping systems,
nutritional quality and low production cost. It has
become an option for sustainable production with
economic benefits, by increasing the standard of
living of indigenous populations (CARVAJAL,
2015).
In Colombia, however, quinoa has been
grown at altitudes superior to 2,000m, utilizing low
seed densities, not considering the crop adaptability
to different agro environmental conditions of
potential cropping regions in the country. This work
aimed to evaluate the biometry and some agronomic
characteristics of 15 quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa
Will) genotypes, at two altitudes (1,100m and
1,850m), combining with two population densities
(30 plants m-1 and 12 plants m-1), from Brazilian
selection and experimentation in Colombia.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Some activities were undertaken in Brazil
and others in Colombia. In Brazil, the multiplication
and selection of progenies was carried out by
selecting plants from natural crosses between BRS
Syetetuba and other genotypes evaluated in the
Cerrado region (ROCHA, 2011). The experiment in
Brazil was conducted in the Água Limpa Farm
(FAL), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Federal
District, at an altitude of 1,100 m, located at 15º56’
S and 47º55’ W. According to Köeppen, the climate
is classified as Aw, with a rainy season, from
October to March and a dry season, from April to
September (KOTTEK et al., 2006).
Progeny Selection in Brazil
In the year 2017, individual plants were
selected in FAL/UnB, by sowing BRS Syetetuba
from seeds obtained locally, at 0.50 m row spacing.
Individual plants, from natural crosses, identified by
morphological agronomic characters, were
harvested. Eleven progenies were selected
considering earliness, grain size and color, panicle
size and morphology, whether branched or compact
(WAHLI, 1990) for evaluation in Colombia.
Experiments in Colombia
Evaluations in Colombia included 15
genotypes, representing 11 progenies selected in
Brazil and the following four commercial cultivars:
Blanca Dulce de Jerico and Aurora, from Colombia,
and Tunkahuan and Piartal, from Ecuador. Two
localities with potential for quinoa crop were
chosen: Ecoaldea Fundamor, municipality of
Santander de Quilichao, 1,100 m altitude,
3° 0′ 30″ N and 76° 29′ 2″ W (QUILICHAO, 2016);
Prosperidad Farm, Municipality of Popayán, 1,850
m altitude, 2 ° 27 'N and 76° 37'18 "W (POPAYÁN,
2016). The mean temperatures during the
experiment at both localities were 21° e 16° C,
respectively.
According to the soil analysis results, thirty
days before sowing, the soil was prepared with the
addition of lime (2 t ha-1) and organic fertilizer at a
rate of 10 t ha-1.
Experimental Design
The experiments were conducted on split-
plot complete randomized blocks design in each
location. Each plot (genotype) was divided into two
densities: 12 plants m-1 and 30 plants m-1. The sub-
plot consisted of four rows of 1.0 m length, with
harvesting area of 0.9 m². For statistical analysis
purposes, the program Genes was used and the
means separated by Tukey and Scott and Knott
tests, at 5% probability (CRUZ, 2013).
Phenological evaluations
The following parameters were evaluated:
time to emergence (50% of the plantlets visible on
the ground), time for the beginning of panicle
formation (50% of the plants starting the panicle
emission), time for flowering (>50% of plants at
anthesis), time for physiological maturity (from
emergence to grains at farinaceous consistency).
Determination of Degree Days or Thermal
accumulation
The sum of degree days (DD) was done for
the four growing phases of quinoa, in both locations,
using the formula:
𝐷𝐷 = ∑ − 𝐵,
where Max=maximum daily temperature,
Min=minimum daily temperature and B=basal
temperature.
The basal temperature, below which the
plant stop to growth, has been defined as 3.1 ºC for
quinoa Andean varieties (BERTERO, 2003).
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Adaptability of quinoa… ANCHICO, W.; SPEHAR, C. R.; VILELA, M. S.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 36, Supplement 1, p. 14-21, Nov./Dec. 2020
http://dx.doi.org/ BJ-v36n0a2020-48243
In Prosperidad Farm, data on temperature
were collected from Procuenca Rio las Piedras
Foundation, Popayán Municipality and Guillermo
León Valencia Airport. In Ecoaldea Fundamor, data
came from Centro de Investigación de la Caña de
Azucar de Colombia - “CENICAÑA”, in addition to
field evaluation with mercury thermometer
(Brixco®). The minimum and maximum
temperatures were taken at the same time every day
during the crop cycle.
Agronomic Evaluation
The agronomic characteristics evaluated
were: plant height (PH), panicle length (PL) were
based on ten random plants in the harvest area; plant
dry matter (PDM), grain yield (GY) and 1,000 grain
weight (TGW) were obtained from drying the
harvested plants until constant weight, corrected to
13% moisture, harvest index (HI %).
RESULTS
The overall thermal accumulation, measured
in degree days for plant cycle, was 2,181 GD,
corresponding to 111 days from emergence to
physiological maturity. The earliest maturion
genotypes were Aurora ((971.51 GD), BRQ1 (976
GD) and BRQ4 (993 GD), while BRQ 3 (1094 GD),
BRQ 6 (1,105 GD) and BRQ 9 (1,078 GD) were the
latest ones (Table 1).
The thermal accumulation for flowering
showed lower values for Aurora (1,123 GD), BRQ1
(1,137 GD) and BRQ4 (1,174 GD) genotypes,
contrasting with BRQ 2 (1287 GD), BRQ 3 (1266
GD) and BRQ 9 (1,261 GD) with the highest values.
These differences allowed grouping the genotypes
in early middle-cycle and late maturion, in the two
locations.
The early maturation genotypes from
beginning of panicle formation to physiological
maturity had thermal accumulation of 1,932.56 GD
(Aurora), 1,906.28 GD (BRQ1) and 1,929.28 GD
(BRQ4). The late maturation genotypes showed
thermal accumulation of 2,378.07 GD (BRQ 9),
2,325.97 GD (BRQ10) and 2,326.01 GD
(Tunkahuan). Differences between treatments were
observed (local/sowing density) by the Tukey test at
5% probability, where the highest precocity (917
GD) was achieved for panicle formation at 1,100 m,
on 30 plants m-1 density, in contrast with the 12
plant m-1 density at 1,850m (1,177 GD) (Table 2).
Table 1. Genotype means for days and thermal accumulation in the locations and sowing densities, for
beginning of panicle formation (PF), flowering (FL) and physiological maturity (PM).
Genotype PF FL PM
Days GD Days GD Days GD
BRQ 1 46.37 a 0976.87 b 55.06 c 1,137.70 b 095.87 c 1,906.28 c
BRQ 2 51.62 a 1,070.73 a 63.18 a 1,287.71 a 115.00 a 2,239.15 b
BRQ 3 52.87 a 1,094.86 a 62.50 a 1,266.85 a 111.25 b 2,161.13 b
BRQ 4 47.43 a 993.61 b 57.75 b 1,174.95 b 97.56 c 1,929.28 c
BRQ 5 51.18 a 1,062.46 a 61.06 a 1,238.78 a 115.00 a 2,239.15 b
BRQ 6 53.37 a 1,105.68 a 62.93 a 1,277.90 a 115.00 a 2,239.15 b
BRQ 7 52.00 a 1,060.48 a 61.37 a 1,242.30 a 115.00 a 2,239.15 b
BRQ 8 50.31 a 1,052.37 a 59.12 a 1,211.90 a 109.68 b 2,169.53 b
BRQ 9 52.00 a 1,078.23 a 62.31 a 1,261.35 a 121.50 a 2,378.07 a
BRQ 10 51.93 a 1,076.10 a 61.93 a 1,253.61 a 119.06 a 2,325.97 a
BRQ 11 50.12 a 1,042.38 a 60.56 a 1,235.91 a 116.12 a 2,273.95 a
AURORA 46.12 a 971.51 b 54.31 c 1,123.51 b 097.25 c 1,932.56 c
TUNKAHUAN 50.31 a 1,044.76 a 61.25 a 1,243.48 a 118.81 a 2,326.01 a
PIARTAL 51.37 a 1,067.95 a 59.25 a 1,212.70 a 109.87 b 2,176.45 b
Overall Mean 50.50 1,049.86 60.19 1,226.34 111.10 2,181.13
CV% 4.55 3.95 4.65 4.06 7.65 7.01
Brasília, DF, 2018; 1Means followed by the same letter on the column are not statistically different (Scott and Knott test, 5%
probability).
When genotypes are compared for
flowering, earliness was observed in the 1,100m
location for 30 plants m-1 density, with overall mean
of 1,093 GD. In the 1,850m location, at 12 plants
m-1 the mean value was 1348 GD (Table 2).
The yield components did not show
significant differences among genotypes, with a
trend of higher panicle length for BRQ 8, Aurora
and Piartal, contrasting with the lowest values for
BRQ 1 and BRQ 9.
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Adaptability of quinoa… ANCHICO, W.; SPEHAR, C. R.; VILELA, M. S.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 36, Supplement 1, p. 14-21, Nov./Dec. 2020
http://dx.doi.org/ BJ-v36n0a2020-48243
Table 2. Mean values for location (L) and sowing density (SD) of number of days and thermal accumulation
(GD) to emergence (E), panicle formation (PF), flowering (FL) and physiological maturity (PM).
Brasília, DF, 2018; 1Means followed by the same letter on the column are not statistically different (Tukey 5% probability). ²1: 1,850m
+ 12 plants m-1; 2: 1,850m + 30 plants m-1; 3: 1,100m + 12 plants m-1; 4: 1,100m + 30 plants m-1.
As for the plant characteristics
measurements, panicle length was higher in the
Ecoaldea Fundamor (1,100m) at 12 plants m-1
density. Similarly, biomass yield was attained on the
same location and density, varying between 6,796
and 8,625 kg ha-1. The highest biomass yielding
genotypes were Aurora (8,625 kg ha-1) and BRQ 8
(8,169.9 kg ha-1), while the lowest was observed in
BRQ 11 (6,426.8 kg ha-1) and BRQ 9 (6,389.8 kg
ha-1) (Table 3). Grain yield varied between 2,283 kg
ha-1 (BRQ 8) and 1,318 kg ha-1 (Tunkahuan).
Aurora, selected in the Universidad de Nariño,
produced 2,121 kg of grains.ha-1. The highest grain
yields were harvested in Prosperidad Farm,
independently of the plant density.
Table 3. Mean values of location and sowing density for the following yield characteristics: plant height (PH,
cm), panicle length (PL, cm), grain yield (GY, Kg. ha-1), plant dry matter (DMY, Kg. ha-1), harvest
index (HI, %) and 1,000 seed weight (TGW, g/1,000).
Brasília, DF, 2018; 1Means followed by the same letter in the column are not statistically different (Tukey test, 5% probability). ²1:
1,850m + 12 plants m-1; 2: 1,850m + 30 plants m-1; 3: 1,100m + 12 plants m-1; 4: 1,100m + 30 plants m-1.
Table 4. Mean genotype values over location and sowing density for plant height (PH, cm), panicle length (PL,
cm), grain yield (GY, Kg. ha-1), plant dry matter (DMY, Kg. ha-1), harvest index (HI, %) and 1,000
seed weight (TGW, g/1,000).
Genotype PH PL GY DMY HI TGW
BRQ 1 106.51 a 26.15 a 1,895.83 c 6,526.39 c 29.70 a 2.68 a
BRQ 2 130.70 a 29.59 a 1,895.83 c 7,578.26 b 24.96 b 2.50 a
BRQ 3 141.53 a 32.10 a 1,576.36 d 7,458.33 b 21.21 c 2.44 a
BRQ 4 121.79 a 28.78 a 2,043.05 b 7,374.99 b 27.83 a 2.47 a
BRQ 5 127.41 a 29.77 a 1,971.29 c 8,086.57 a 24.85 b 2.44 a
BRQ 6 131.94 a 30.76 a 1,944.44 c 7,840.27 b 26.58 b 2.59 a
BRQ 7 129.05 a 29.37 a 1,784.72 c 6,796.29 c 26.02 b 2.54 a
BRQ 8 145.02 a 34.18 a 2,283.33 a 8,169.90 a 27.83 a 2.51 a
BRQ 9 131.67 a 26.91 a 1,446.76 d 6,389.81 c 21.31 c 2.51 a
BRQ 10 135.08 a 30.53 a 1,553.24 d 6,791.66 c 23.34 c 2.54 a
BRQ 11 134.06 a 27.93 a 1,868.05 c 6,426.85 c 29.14 a 2.39 a
AURORA 123.21 a 34.92 a 2,121.29 b 8,625.00 a 24.36 b 2.35 a
TUNKAHUAN 134.48 a 34.39 a 1,318.05 d 7,163.42 c 18.89 d 2.03 b
PIARTAL 138.61 a 35.06 a 1,539.35 d 8,091.20 a 18.12 d 2.16 b
Overall Mean 130.79 30.75 1,802.98 7,379.93 24.59 2.44
CV% 7.24 9.66 15.42 9.79 14.79 6.99
Brasília, DF, 2018; 1Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different (Scott and Knott, 5% probability).
L/SD E PF FL PM
Days GD Days GD Days GD Days GD
1 6 97.91 a 65.87 a 1,177.35 a 68.10 a 1,348.86 a 119.50 a 2,190.92 a
2 6 97.91 a 56.23 a 1,168.17 a 66.44 a 1,332.69 a 117.48 a 2,158.44 a
3 4 80.33 b 44.82 a 936.53 b 53.98 b 1,130.35 b 106.00 b 2,231.48 a
4 4 80.33 b 43.92 a 917.37 b 52.21 b 1,093.43 b 101.87 b 2,143.68 a
Overall Mean 5 89,12 52,71 1049,85 60,18 1226,33 111,21 2181,13
CV% 23,09 11,39 19,74 13,54 13,70 10,85 7,74 1,78
L/SD PH PL GY DMY HI TGW
1 117.70 a 27.59 a 1,554.36 c 6,205.02 b 25.08 b 2.60 a
2 119.17 a 25.88 a 2,371.56 a 8,184.65 a 29.49 a 2.62 a
3 144.50 a 35.70 a 1,325.66 c 5,928.57 b 22.30 b 2.27 b
4 141.78 a 33.81 a 1,960.31 b 9,201.45 a 21.37 b 2.26 b
Overall Mean 130,79 30,75 1802,97 7379,92 24,56 2,44
CV% 10,95 15,44 25,57 21,36 14,84 8,18
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Adaptability of quinoa… ANCHICO, W.; SPEHAR, C. R.; VILELA, M. S.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 36, Supplement 1, p. 14-21, Nov./Dec. 2020
http://dx.doi.org/ BJ-v36n0a2020-48243
Harvest index varied between 29.70 %
(BRQ 1), that did not differ of BRQ 4, BRQ 8 and
BRQ 11 to the lowest levels in Tunkahuan
(18.12%), which was not different from cultivar
Piartal (Table 4). The seed weight varied between
2.68g and 2.03g, with highest values shown by BRQ
1, BRQ 6, BRQ 7, BRQ 9, BRQ 10 and BRQ
8while Piartal and Tunkahuan had the lowest 2.15 g
and 2.02 g respectively.
DISCUSSION
In general, quinoa genotypes showed early
maturity cycle at 1,100 m location in Colombia,
which was related to higher temperatures, with
similar performance in the Cerrado Highlands of
Brazil, compared to 1,850 m of altitude, confirming
results obtained by SANTOS (1996) about the
effects of altitude on the number of days from
emergence to maturity. These data were also
corroborated by trials in Denmark with Chilean
genotypes at temperatures of 30 and 35 °C, which
reduced the time for germination and emergence
(JACOBSEN; BACH, 1998). In another
experiment, when the quinoa seeds were incubated
at 2 ° C, the germination time increased between 45
and 67 hours (BERTERO, 2014). The combination
of temperature and salinity confirmed that the
germination speed was higher at 20 ° C than at 5 °
C, for the Cica and Real varieties (CHILO et al.,
2009).
Therefore, accumulated degree days have
influenced germination speed in quinoa
(BERTERO, 2001). In this experiment, regardless
of the planting density, all genotypes anticipated
maturity probably due to the conditions of lower
altitude than those of the origin of the materials
(WAHLI, 1990).
Colombian quinoa (Aurora), although
selected from higher altitude accessions, showed
similar germination levels at mean temperatures of
21 ° C for 1,100 m and 16 ° C for 1,850 m. On the
other hand, the studies indicated that germination in
quinoa has been impaired by temperatures above 30
° C (BERTERO; KING; HALL, 1999a).
At the density of 30 plants m-1, the grain
yield was higher than 12 plants m-1 explained by a
greater uniformity of the crop and a greater survival
of the plants. These results are corroborated by
experiments carried out in Argentina, where when
testing densities of 22, 33 and 66 plants m-2, they
found higher values of biomass and grain yield in
the design of a greater number of plants per m -2
(BERTERO; RUIZ, 2008).
Within certain limits approximately
(700,000 plants ha-1), a positive correlation between
plant density and yield has been demonstrated for
quinoa (SPEHAR; ROCHA, 2009). Furthermore,
regardless of the population density and sowing
patterns, the number of grains per plant is the main
component of quinoa yield (BERTERO; RUIZ,
2008; CURTI et al., 2014).
In Ecoaldea Fundamor (1,100m), it was
confirmed that high temperatures reduces grain
yield. The most sensitive phase of plant
development in quinoa is the flowering period, with
a big impact on grain yields (BERTERO; RUIZ,
2008). Although plants of quinoa showed higher
growth at the low altitude (1,100 m), grain yield was
higher at 1,850m (Table 3). Similar conclusions
were reached by Santos (1996) that high
temperatures induces fast plant growth but lower
yields in quinoa genotypes, while plant cycle was
not consistently reduced by the plant exposure to
high temperatures (SANTOS, 1996).
In this work, the genotypic difference was
demonstrated by the flowering time and grain yield,
helping to understand the interaction of the
environment (altitude and temperature) on the
genotypes. In addition, it can indicate the
agroecological adjustment of genotypes to specific
growing environments (CURTI et al., 2014). The
high genotypic variability observed here indicated
the potential for plant reproduction for the
adaptation of quinoa plants in a wide range of
environments (BERTERO et al., 2004; POUTEAU
et al., 2011; GEERTS et al., 2006; CURTI et al. al.,
2012).
The highest biomass yield was observed in
BRQ 8 and Aurora, which also had the highest grain
yields (Table 4). So, biomass yield of these
genotypes was related to grain yield, indicating they
are valuable in breeding programs aiming for grain
and forage purposes. Similar relationship was found
in other studies with quinoa genotypes (BERTERO
et al., 2004).
Accumulated degree days for physiological
maturity did not show significant differences for
both locals (Table 2). Therefore, when quinoa is
sown under the same photoperiod conditions, what
defines the phenological phases is a constant degree
days value (BERTERO; KINGB; HALL, 1999b).
This allows a more realistic comparison of
genotypes for plant cycle, according to their
temperature response.
The development of quinoa occurred at
average temperatures of 16 ° C and 21 ° C, with a
basal temperature of 3 ° C, which illustrates the
positive response to mild temperatures for grain
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Adaptability of quinoa… ANCHICO, W.; SPEHAR, C. R.; VILELA, M. S.
Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 36, Supplement 1, p. 14-21, Nov./Dec. 2020
http://dx.doi.org/ BJ-v36n0a2020-48243
yield (BOIS et al., 2006). Given this information, it
is possible to combine the environmental conditions
and the genotypic response for the quinoa crop,
seeking to predict its cycle and grain yield.
CONCLUSIONS
Exploring genotypic variability in progenies
of Andean Valley quinoa natural hybrids leads to
acquiring progenies from BRS Syetetuba adaptable
to tropical environment cultivation.
Selection for agronomic characteristics and
yield is proven to be effective by evaluations in
Brazil and Colombia.
Response to temperature explains the agro-
ecological performance of quinoa genotypes
selected in the Cerrado Highlands.
Number of seeds is the main determinant of
the quinoa yield, in contrast to the low correlation of
seed weight and yield.
The best yield results at the 1100 m site
were for the BRS4 genotypes, BRS8 and Aurora.
The most outstanding genotypes for the
1850 m site were BRS8, BRS 1 and BRS 7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author are grateful to the Universidade
de Brasília (UnB), Post-graduation in Agronomy,
for the support in the development of this research;
to the Federal District Research Foundation
(FAPDF) for the financial support; to Universidad
Nacional de Colombia in Palmira, for financial
support to field work; to Corporación Universitaria
(Comfacauca) of Colombia, for lab and personal
help.
RESUMO: Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar características agronômicas e
biométricas de 15 genótipos de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), cultivados em duas altitudes e densidades
de semeadura. O experimento iniciou por seleção individual em Brasília, DF, seguido por avaliação
agronômica em duas altitudes (1,100 m e 1,850 m), e duas densidades de semeadura (30 plantas m-1 e 12
plantas m-1) na Colômbia. O experimento foi constituído por 11 progênies e quatro cultivares comerciais em
uso na Colômbia. Na seleção, consideraram-se altura de plantas, produção de grãos e massa seca, índice de
colheita e peso de 1000 grãos. Os genótipos que se destacaram para rendimento foram BRQ 8 (2,283 kg ha-1),
Aurora (2,121 kg ha-1) e BRQ 4 (2,043 kg ha-1). Em geral, os genótipos apresentaram precocidade, com ciclo
(emergência-maturação) entre 100 e 110 dias, com densidade ótima de 30 plantas m-1 nas duas altitudes.
Conclui-se que a exploração de variabilidade em progênies oriundas de cruzamentos naturais, mostra-se efetiva
na adaptação de quinoa a ambientes tropicais. Ademais, genótipos selecionados no Cerrado mantêm as mesmas
relações de resposta quando avaliados na Colômbia.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acumulação térmica. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Precocidade. Produção
sustentável.
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