Microsoft Word - Article e38081- ID55923 Bioscience Journal | 2022 | vol. 38, e38081 | ISSN 1981-3163 1 Thamyres Sabrina GONÇALVES1 , Maria das Dores Magalhães VELOSO2 1 Professor at the Postgraduate Program in Geography, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 2 Postgraduate Program Applied Botany, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Corresponding author: Thamyres Sabrina Gonçalves sabrina5thamy@yahoo.com.br How to cite: GONÇALVES, T.S. and VELOSO, M.D.M. The research effort on seeds of plant species native to the Brazilian flora. Bioscience Journal. 2022, 38, e38081. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v38n0a2022-55923 Abstract The study performed a checklist of publications on species with available seed information and identified their issues and volumes. These publications occurred during the existence of the online versions of Revista Brasileira de Sementes (Brazilian Journal of Seeds) and the Journal of Seed Science. This data survey intends to represent a foundation for other studies and contribute to the knowledge of native plant species in Brazil. The search focused on the seeds of plants native to Brazil, indicating high negligence regarding the knowledge of Brazilian biodiversity because of the total number of articles published in 33 issues of Revista Brasileira de Sementes between 2002-2012 and the Journal of Seed Science, a substitute of the former journal, from 2012 to the first semester of 2020, with 28 issues published, but only 208 studies addressing seeds of plant species native to Brazil. Keywords: Ecology. Knowledge. Plant Production. Science. 1. Introduction Regarding biodiversity management and preservation, researchers have often emphasized that the focus should lie on the functional process of ecosystems, moving away from preservation only centralized on species (Jordano et al. 2006; Rezende de Paula, 2013; Penna-Firme and Oliveira, 2017; Fernandes et al. 2020). The phenological phases of the vegetative community are relevant for understanding the functional interactions of different elements of the landscape. Overall, the development of phenological phases is associated with diverse biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem and geosystem (Bencke and Morelato, 2002; Neves and Morellato, 2004; Chuine and Régnière, 2017). The life periods of plants include the production and dispersal of seeds, which is significant for vegetative propagation (Jordano et al. 2006). Understanding the production of seeds in species of the native flora is important for the relationship between biodiversity management and conservation in Brazil. Examples of this matter are the production of native species seedlings to recover degraded areas (Souza et al. 2006; Nogueira e Medeiros, 2007), studies on genetic variability; (Nascimento et al. 2002; Hewitt, 2004), knowledge of vegetative propagation strategies of different plant groups; (Araújo et al. 2004; Gressler et al. 2006; Penhalber e Mantovani, 2007; Deminicis et al. 2009), the interactions among plants, dispersers, and pollinators; (Gressler et al. 2006), knowledge of seed dispersal ability of different taxonomic groups; (Jordano et al. 2006), maintenance of fruit and seed banks of native species; (Peixoto and Amorim, 2003), validation of THE RESEARCH EFFORT ON SEEDS OF PLANT SPECIES NATIVE TO THE BRAZILIAN FLORA Bioscience Journal | 2022 | vol. 38, e38081 | https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v38n0a2022-55923 2 The research effort on seeds of plant species native to the Brazilian flora ethnobotanical knowledge; and support for paleoenvironmental studies, considering that seed fossils are proxies used in paleobotanic searches (Ramírez, 2014; Melo-Júnior and Magalhães, 2015). 2. Material and Methods The methodological process was based on an annual review, with a search in all articles published during the existence of the online versions of Revista Brasileira de Sementes and the Journal of Seed Science. The study performed a checklist of publications on species with available seed information and identified their issues and volumes. This data survey intends to represent a foundation for other studies and contribute to the knowledge of native plant species in Brazil. 3. Results The research focused on the seeds of plants native to Brazil indicated high negligence regarding the knowledge of Brazilian biodiversity because of the total number of articles published in 33 issues of Revista Brasileira de Sementes between 2002-2012 and the Journal of Seed Science, a substitute of the former journal, from 2012 to the first semester of 2020, with 28 issues published but only 208 studies addressing seeds of plant species native to Brazil. This scenario suggests an average of 10 articles per issue, representing only around 34% of the Brazilian scientific publication addressing seeds from native species of Brazil, an underestimated value considering the journal has published four annual volumes over the last decade. A total of 103 native species were found in the analyzed issues of the referred scientific journal. Of this total, most are arboreal and shrub plants. Herbs were less studied, totaling 22 species, in addition to a liana (Macroptilium lathyroides). The most studied botanical groups at the taxonomic family level were Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, and Arecaceae. Altogether, 25 botanical families were represented in the studied articles. The Atlantic Forest biome stood out in the number of species with previous seed analyses, and the least studied domain was the Pampa. However, most species included in the studies show a wide geographic distribution, occurring in at least two different Brazilian biomes. Among the species in the studies, 84 occur in the Atlantic Forest, 70 in Cerrado, 56 in the Amazon, 50 in Caatinga, and 22 in the Pampa. However, it is worth noting that several species were the subject of more than one study. The non-tree species studied were: Salvia splenden; Sesbania virgata; Adesmia latifólia; Macroptilium lathyroides; Trifolium riograndense; Desmanthus depressus; Gleditschia amorphoides; Syngonanthus elegans; Adesmia latifólia; Operculina macrocarpa; Passiflora cincinnata; Chaptalia nutans; Bauhinia monandra; Piper hispidinervum; Piper aduncum; Talinum triangulare; Passiflora setácea; Adesmia tristes; Centrosema plumieri; Acanthospermum hispidum; Stenachaenium megapotamicum; Zephyranthes sylvatica; Plukenetia volubilis. In this group are mostly plants of ornamental, food and medicinal value. The studied arboreal and shrub species also show plants with different functions, such as medicinal, traditional, extractive, and conservationist, among others. The survey also showed a high variation in the number of native plants studied among the different issues of the scientific journal, as there are volumes with several articles on native species, others with a few, and some without any study on native species. There was also no frequency of increase or decrease in the number of native species addressed in the publications of this scientific journal. Table 1. Publications on native species in Journal of Seed Science. Year Volume Specie 2002 Vol.24 nº1 Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia 2002 Vol.24 nº1 Oenocarpus mapora 2002 Vol.24 nº1 Bixa orellana 2002 Vol.24 nº1 Acacia polyphylla 2002 Vol.24 nº1 Dalbergia nigra 2002 Vol.24 nº2 Myrciaria dubia 2003 Vol.25 nº1 Bowdichia virgilioides 2003 Vol.25 nº1 Peltophorum dubium 2003 Vol.25 nº2 Bowdichia virgilioides Bioscience Journal | 2022 | vol. 38, e38081 | https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v38n0a2022-55923 3 GONÇALVES, T.S. and VELOSO, M.D.M. 2003 Vol.25 nº2 Amburana cearensis 2004 Vol.26 nº1 Cnidosculus phyllacanthus 2004 Vol.26 nº1 Senna multijuga 2004 Vol.26 nº1 Senna macranthera 2004 Vol.26 nº1 Salvia splenden 2004 Vol.26 nº1 Sesbania virgata 2004 Vol.26 nº2 Adesmia latifolia 2004 Vol.26 nº2 Platymiscium pubescens 2004 Vol.26 nº2 Tabebeuia serratifolia 2004 Vol.26 nº2 T. impetiginosa 2005 Vol.27 nº1 Mimosa caesalpiniifolia 2005 Vol.27 nº1 Drimys brasiliensis 2005 Vol.27 nº2 Bixa orellana 2005 Vol.27 nº2 Allophylus edulis 2005 Vol.27 nº2 Drimys brasiliensis 2005 Vol.27 nº2 Cecropia glaziovi 2005 Vol.27 nº2 Dinizia excelsa 2005 Vol.27 nº2 Sebastiana commersoniana 2005 Vol.27 nº2 Pouteria pachycarpa 2006 Vol.28 nº1 Balfourodendron riedelianum 2006 Vol.28 nº1 Dinizia excelsa 2006 Vol.28 nº1 Himatanthus drasticus 2006 Vol.28 nº1 Eugenia brasiliensis 2006 Vol.28 nº1 Eremanthus erythropappus 2006 Vol.28 nº1 Pterogyne nitens 2006 Vol.28 nº1 Schizolobium amazonicum 2006 Vol.28 nº2 Esenbeckia grandiflora 2006 Vol.28 nº2 Guazuma ulmifolia 2006 Vol.28 nº2 Ocotea porosa 2006 Vol.28 nº2 Macroptilium lathyroides 2006 Vol.28 nº3 Trifolium riograndense 2006 Vol.28 nº3 Desmanthus depressus 2006 Vol.28 nº3 Gleditschia amorphoides 2006 Vol.28 nº3 Schizolobium amazonicum 2006 Vol.28 nº3 Dictyoloma vandellianum 2006 Vol.28 nº3 Podocarpus lambertii 2006 Vol.28 nº3 Podocarpus sellowii 2006 Vol.28 nº3 Croton floribundus 2006 Vol.28 nº3 Campomanesia adamantium 2007 Vol.29 nº1 - 2007 Vol.29 nº2 Euterpe oleracea 2007 Vol.29 nº3 Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia 2007 Vol.29 nº3 Theobroma grandiflorum 2008 Vol.30 nº1 Syngonanthus elegans 2008 Vol.30 nº1 Clitoria fairchildiana 2008 Vol.30 nº1 Oenocarpus minor 2008 Vol.30 nº1 Guazuma ulmifolia 2008 Vol.30 nº1 Caesalpinia pyramidalis 2008 Vol.30 nº2 pseudima frutescens 2008 Vol.30 nº2 Cecropia pachystachya 2008 Vol.30 nº2 Adesmia latifolia 2008 Vol.30 nº2 Poecilanthe parviflora 2008 Vol.30 nº2 Schinopsis brasiliensis 2008 Vol.30 nº3 Syngonanthus elegans 2008 Vol.30 nº3 Erythrina velutina 2008 Vol.30 nº3 Clitoria fairchildiana 2009 Vol.31 nº1 Ricinus Communis 2009 Vol.31 nº1 Bowdichia virgilioides 2009 Vol.31 nº1 Magnolia ovata 2009 Vol.31 nº2 Casearia Sylvestris 2009 Vol.31 nº2 Tabebuia impetiginosa 2009 Vol.31 nº2 Campomanesia adamantium Bioscience Journal | 2022 | vol. 38, e38081 | https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v38n0a2022-55923 4 The research effort on seeds of plant species native to the Brazilian flora 2009 Vol.31 nº2 Lychnophora pinaster 2009 Vol.31 nº2 Magonia pubescens 2009 Vol.31 nº2 Blepharocalyx salicifolius 2009 Vol.31 nº2 Schizolobium parahyba 2009 Vol.31 nº3 Operculina macrocarpa 2009 Vol.31 nº3 Magnolia ovata 2009 Vol.31 nº3 Passiflora cincinnata 2009 Vol.31 nº3 Chaptalia nutans (L.) 2009 Vol.31 nº4 Rollinia mucosa 2009 Vol.31 nº4 Dinizia excelsa 2009 Vol.31 nº4 Bauhinia monandra 2010 Vol.32 nº1 Euterpe oleracea 2010 Vol.32 nº1 Copaifera Langsdorffii 2010 Vol.32 nº1 Chrysophyllum gonocarpum 2010 Vol.32 nº2 Stryphnodendron 2010 Vol.32 nº2 Piptadenia moniliformis 2010 Vol.32 nº2 Caesalpinia echinata Lam. 2010 Vol.32 nº3 Blepharocalyx salicifolius 2010 Vol.32 nº3 Myrceugenia gertii 2010 Vol.32 nº3 Amburana cearensis 2010 Vol.32 nº3 Kielmeyera coriacea 2010 Vol.32 nº3 Melanoxylon brauna 2010 Vol.32 nº3 Piper hispidinervum 2010 Vol.32 nº3 Piper aduncum 2010 Vol.32 nº4 Erythrina velutina 2010 Vol.32 nº4 Talinum triangulare 2011 Vol.33 nº1 Piptadenia moniliformis 2011 Vol.33 nº1 Passiflora setacea 2011 Vol.33 nº1 Apeiba tibourbou 2011 Vol.33 nº1 Hymenaea stigonocarpa 2011 Vol.33 nº2 Psidium cattleianum 2011 Vol.33 nº2 Peltophorum dubium 2011 Vol.33 nº2 Caesalpinia pyramidalis tul. 2011 Vol.33 nº2 Anadenanthera colubrina 2011 Vol.33 nº2 Enterolobium contortisiliquum 2011 Vol.33 nº2 Chorisia glaziovii 2011 Vol.33 nº3 Bowdichia virgilioides 2011 Vol.33 nº3 Adesmia tristis 2011 Vol.33 nº3 Eugenia uniflora 2011 Vol.33 nº4 Tabebuia heptaphylla 2011 Vol.33 nº4 Curitiba prismatica 2011 Vol.33 nº4 Tabebuia avellanedae 2011 Vol.33 nº4 Tabebuia impetiginosa 2011 Vol.33 nº4 Centrosema plumieri Benth 2011 Vol.33 nº4 Schinus terebinthifolius 2011 Vol.33 nº4 Senna macranthera 2012 Vol.34 nº1 Melanoxylon brauna 2012 Vol.34 nº2 Poincianella pyramidalis 2012 Vol.34 nº2 Phenakospermum Guyannense 2012 Vol.34 nº2 Chrysophyllum amazonicum 2012 Vol.34 nº2 Chrysophyllum prieurii 2012 Vol.34 nº3 Tapirira obtusa 2012 Vol.34 nº3 Xylopia aromatica 2012 Vol.34 nº3 Tabebuia caraiba 2012 Vol.34 nº3 Acanthospermum hispidum 2012 Vol.34 nº4 Erythrina velutina 2012 Vol.34 nº4 Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. 2013 Vol.35 nº1 Dalbergia nigra ((Vell.) Fr All. ex Benth.) 2013 Vol.35 nº1 Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T. D. Penn. 2013 Vol.35 nº1 Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) 2013 Vol.35 nº1 Dalbergia nigra ((Vell.) Fr All. ex Benth.) 2013 Vol.35 nº1 Acrocomia aculeata Bioscience Journal | 2022 | vol. 38, e38081 | https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v38n0a2022-55923 5 GONÇALVES, T.S. and VELOSO, M.D.M. 2013 Vol.35 nº2 Bactris gasipaes Kunth 2013 Vol.35 nº3 Stenachaenium megapotamicum (Spreng.) 2013 Vol.35 nº3 Cereus jamacaru DC 2013 Vol.35 nº3 Casearia decandra 2013 Vol.35 nº3 Blepharocalyx salicifolius 2013 Vol.35 nº4 Genipa americana L. 2013 Vol.35 nº4 Caesalpinia echinata 2013 Vol.35 nº4 Annona crassiflora Mart 2014 Vol.36 nº1 Copernicia prunifera 2014 Vol.36 nº1 Tabebuia roseoalba 2014 Vol.36 nº2 Euterpe edulis 2014 Vol.36 nº2 Melanoxylon brauna 2014 Vol.36 nº2 Zephyranthes sylvatica 2014 Vol.36 nº2 Erythrina velutina 2014 Vol.36 nº3 Dalbergia nigra 2014 Vol.36 nº3 Eugenia involucrata 2014 Vol.36 nº3 Eugenia pyriformis 2014 Vol.36 nº3 Ormosia arborea 2014 Vol.36 nº3 Eugenia uniflora 2014 Vol.36 nº4 Eugenia brasiliensis 2014 Vol.36 nº4 Eugenia uniflora. 2014 Vol.36 nº4 Eugenia pyriformis 2014 Vol.36 nº4 Elaeis oleifera 2015 Vol.37 nº1 - 2015 Vol.37 nº2 Caesalpinia echinata 2015 Vol.37 nº2 Handroanthus serratifolius 2015 Vol.37 nº2 Plukenetia volubilis 2015 Vol.37 nº2 Poincianella pluviosa 2015 Vol.37 nº3 Melanoxylon brauna 2015 Vol.37 nº3 Eugenia uniflora 2015 Vol.37 nº4 Ormosia paraensis 2015 Vol.37 nº4 Piptadenia moniliformis 2015 Vol.37 nº4 Psidium guineense 2015 Vol.37 nº4 Senna macranthera 2016 Vol.38 nº1 Simira gardneriana 2016 Vol.38 nº1 Sesbania virgata 2016 Vol.38 nº2 Allophylus edulis 2016 Vol.38 nº2 Dalbergia nigra 2016 Vol.38 nº2 Anadenanthera colubrina 2016 Vol.38 nº3 Balfourodendron riedelianum 2016 Vol.38 nº3 Eugenia brasiliensis 2016 Vol.38 nº3 Eugenia pyriformis 2016 Vol.38 nº3 Hymenaea courbaril 2016 Vol.38 nº3 Sesbania virgata 2016 Vol.38 nº4 - 2017 Vol.39 nº1 Libidibia ferrea 2017 Vol.39 nº1 Senna multijuga 2017 Vol.39 nº1 Peltophorum dubium 2017 Vol.39 nº2 Bactris gasipaes 2017 Vol.39 nº2 Caesalpinia echinata 2017 Vol.39 nº2 Platymiscium floribundum 2017 Vol.39 nº2 Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus 2017 Vol.39 nº2 Acacia polyphylla 2017 Vol.39 nº3 Campomanesia pubescens 2017 Vol.39 nº3 Arachis pintoi 2017 Vol.39 nº4 Magonia pubescens 2017 Vol.39 nº4 Anadenanthera colubrina 2017 Vol.39 nº4 Amburana cearensis 2018 Vol.40 nº1 Senna spectabilis 2018 Vol.40 nº1 Campomanesia guazumifolia 2018 Vol.40 nº2 Euterpe oleracea 2018 Vol.40 nº3 Ormosia paraensis Bioscience Journal | 2022 | vol. 38, e38081 | https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v38n0a2022-55923 6 The research effort on seeds of plant species native to the Brazilian flora 2018 Vol.40 nº3 Senna macranthera 2018 Vol.40 nº3 Erythrina speciosa 2018 Vol.40 nº4 - 2019 Vol.41 nº1 Myracrodruon urundeuva 2019 Vol.41 nº1 Inga vera 2019 Vol.41 nº1 Eugenia brasiliensis 2019 Vol.41 nº1 Eugenia pyriformis 2019 Vol.41 nº1 Eugenia uniflora 2019 Vol.41 nº1 Eugenia involucrata 2019 Vol.41 nº1 Senna macranthera 2019 Vol.41 nº2 Eugenia candolleana 2019 Vol.41 nº2 Cedrela fissilis 2019 Vol.41 nº3 Calophyllum brasiliense 2019 Vol.41 nº4 Pentaclethra macroloba 2019 Vol.41 nº4 Tabebuia aurea Year (publication date); Vol. (edition in which it is published); Specie (native flora species). Source: Journal of Seed Science. 4. Discussion Further studies are needed on the seeds of Brazilian native plants, which are essential for managing and preserving biodiversity, mainly because the trophic interaction network uses seeds to integrate people, animals, and plants in different ecosystems (Nascimento et al. 2002; Gressler et al. 2006; Souza et al. 2006; Santos et al. 2011). The initial motivation of this research was the need to identify species through seeds in the scope of a chapter of the doctoral thesis by (2021). When seeds were collected to monitor the phenological cycle of some species in the forests the author studied. Considering the absence of specialized guidelines in the literature for identifying species through seeds in the case of seasonal forests, scientific articles were searched to find studies on the species identified in the local floristic composition. In this sense, it was expected that Revista Brasileira de Sementes would have the highest number of publications on seeds of native species of the Brazilian flora. The results of this search show that the referred journal focuses on publishing studies on seeds of exotic plants cultivated in Brazil, although it occasionally addresses native species. This is more representative of the state of priority in seed research by Brazilian institutions than the state of the art of knowledge. There are surely other scientific journals publishing studies on seeds of native species of the Brazilian flora, but, remarkably, Revista Brasileira de Sementes, although this has not been verified, had the function of beinga reference for the knowledge on seeds of native species. The Fabaceae and Myrtaceae families are expected to be the most studied because they are among those with the highest distribution and occurrence in the territory (Gonçalves, 2014). However, the number of studies on the Arecaceae family is positively surprising because, despite its abundance throughout the tropical and subtropical region, it is not always among the most studied in the botanical groups of the Brazilian phytogeography (Gonçalves, 2019). Such focus on the study of palm seeds and their ecological importance may relate to the high agroextractive potential of several species of this botanical family (Eiserhardt et al. 2011). Regarding phytogeography, seed research across biomes is proportionally distributed to the biological research in each domain, although there are asymmetries in the number of studies on each biome for reasons inherent to scientific research (Gonçalves, 2020). 5. Conclusions The scientific production of knowledge in Brazil is dissimilar from the number of studies on plants of native and exotic species. Several species of Brazilian flora do not have available information about their seeds. A low number of species is addressed in more than one study, indicating the need to extend the basic knowledge about native species. Bioscience Journal | 2022 | vol. 38, e38081 | https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v38n0a2022-55923 7 GONÇALVES, T.S. and VELOSO, M.D.M. Governmental agencies that promote scientific studies should increase research resources focusing on the seeds of native species and provide more lines of scientific research in graduate programs specific to seeds of native species in Brazil. There should be higher visibility for these knowledge gaps in Brazilian biodiversity because unavailable scientific information complicates the development of different aspects of relevant questions in Brazil, such as biotechnology, cosmetology, plant production, and biodiversity management. Further research on the seeds of native species is required because the available production is insignificant considering the biodiversity of the numerous plants in the Brazilian native flora. Authors' Contributions: GONÇALVES, T.S.: conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the article and critical review of important intellectual content. VELOSO, M.D.M.: supervising the work and critical review of important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: CAPES for the doctoral scholarship. To the farmers who taught me so much about seeds. References BENCKE, C.S., and MORELLATO, L.P.C. Comparação de dois métodos de avaliação da fenologia de plantas, sua interpretação e representação. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 2002, 25(3), 269-275. CHUINE, I., and RÉGNIÈRE, J. Process-based models of phenology for plants and animals. 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Received: 16 January 2021 | Accepted: 4 October 2021 | Published: 23 September 2022 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.