BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 1,2021: 74 - 83 DOI: 10.11598/btb.2021.28.1.1092 

LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR PATCHOULI 
(Pogostemon cablin) DEVELOPMENT A N D  ESSENTIAL OIL 

PRODUCTION 

AD1 SETIAWANl?'*, DEFFI ARMITA', ALDILA PUTlU RAHAYU' AND NUNUN BARUNAWATI' 

'Department ofAgronomy, FaczrlQ ofAgni.nltzlre, Universio ofBrawzjqa, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia 
21nstzt~te ofAtxim', Universitas Brawzjqa, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia 

Received 3 July 2018/Accepted 4 January 2020 

Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is one of the important crop species in Indonesia, since over 80% of patchouli oil 
global market is produced in Indonesia. Pacthouli oil is the key ingredients for fragrance and aromatherapy 
products. Patchouli oil is extracted from the stems and leaves of pathouli plants. Therefore, it is important to 
improve Patchouli plant productivity and increase resources for sustainable patchouli cultivation. The suitability 
of abiotic factors in the growing environment of crops remarkably determines the success of crop production. 
This study aimed t o  assess and evaluate land suitability for plant growth and development of Patchouli 
(Pogostemon cablin) in Dilem Wilis, Bendungan District, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia. Initially, a survey was 
conducted and then an analysis was done to classify the land suitability for crops cultivation. The research was 
conducted on 3 locations from May t o  July 2017 for land suitability and from July to November 2017 for 
Patchouli crops cultivation experiment. The results indicated that Location 1 had a land suitability of N class, 
implying that this location was not suitable due to its limiting factor of low I G O  content (0.08 me/100 g). 
Meanwhile, both Location 2 and Location 3 showed similar land suitability class of S3s, tc, f, n signifying as less 
appropriate. The results of this study also indicated the influence of land suitability classes on plant growth 
however, the different classification (in this case S3 compared to N) did not demonstrate a correlation between 
land classes and oil yield and Patchouli alcohol, where the element Potassium was the limiting factor. 

Keywords: abiotic factor, land suitability, Patchouli alcohol, potassium 

INTRODUCTION 

Patchouli (Pogostemon cabhz) is one of the 
important crop species in Indonesia, since 
Indonesia is one of top producers of patchouli 
oil. Patchouli oil is used as key ingredients for 
fragrance as well as for cosmetics and 
aromatherapy products (Ramya et al. 2013; 
Nugraha et al. 2019). Indonesia is the world's 
largest producer of patchouli oil, accounting for 
80% of the global market (I<usumaningrum et al. 
2017). Patchouli oil is difficult to synthesize or 
substitute. Therefore, patchouli oil produced by 
natural patchouli plant remains the only source 
of the oil (van Beek & Jouhan 2018). As 
patchouli oil is extracted from the stems and 
leaves of patchouli plants, it is important to 

improve patchouli plant productivity and 
resource use efficiency through suitable 
cultivation. 

Land suitability is known to significantly 
affect the growth and the quantity and quality of 
crop yields, especially in essential oils. 
Differences in land suitability classes is expected 
to be directly proportional to plant growth and 
yield. However, the essential oil produced from 
secondary metabolites, is strongly influenced by 
stress con&tions (Baher et al. 2002; Sangwan et 
aL 2001; Simon et al. 1992; Taarit et al. 2009). 
Land suitability determines the success of crop 
production, especially if the target output 
involves primary metabolites such as 
carbohydrates, proteins and fats. However, little 
is known on production targets that include 
metabolic secretions such as flavonoids, 

'Corresponding author, e-mail: adisetiawan@ub.ac.id alkaloids and terpenoids. Therefore, the 



Assessing and evaluating land suitability in the development of patchouli effect o n  patchouli essential oil - Setiawan e t  al. 

assessment of land suitability for essential oil- 
producing plants is necessary particularly for the 
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) plant. 

Patchouli plants are considerably easy to 
grow like other herbaceous plants. However, an 
optimum ecological condition is deemed 
necessary to obtain the maximum production. 
Patchouli can grow and develop in the lowlands 
up to a plateau at 1,200 m above sea level 
(m asl), although its best growth is at altitudes 
between 50 - 400 m asl. The oil content of 
Patchouli on the lowlands is higher but the 
alcohol content is lower (low plateau Patchouli 
plant would generate low oil content and high 
alcohol levels). Environmental factors greatly 
affect Patchouli alcohol (PA) levels (Singh et al. 
2002). 

For the optimal growth, Patchouli plants 
require hot and humid temperatures; with 
annual rainfall ranging from 2,000&2,500 
mm/year, evenly distributed throughout the 
year; optimum temperature of 24 - 28 "C; 
moisture of more than 75%, and radiation 
intensity ranging between 75 - 100%. In certain 
protected areas, Patchouli can still grow well 
with lower oil content. Patchouli planted under 
shady location will grow better, with wider, 
thinner and greener leaves, but with low oil 
content. Patchouli plants grown in the open area 
are considerably less dense with smaller plant 
habitus, small and thick leaves that are yellowish 
and slightly red, yet having hgher oil content. 
Therefore, the addition of little shade at the 
beginning of growth was suggested because 
Patchouli is vulnerable to stress drought (Rltung 
et al. 2007). 

Patchouli plants grow best on fertile and 
loose soil, which is rich in humus and properly 
drained. The most suitable soil types are those 
that have a crumb texture, such as Andosol or 
Latosol. For clays, a more intensive processing is 
required to obtain optimal conditions. In soil 
with less humus, the application of manure is 
highly recommended to improve soil fertility 
and humidity (Rltung et aL! 2007). A problem 
arises when the plant is cultivated in suitable 
condition, yet producing low essential oil 
content. Thus, to increase its essential oil 
production level, the plants require relatively 
stress-free environmental condtions. Several 
factors could affect the growth and yield of 
Patchouli plants (both quality and quantity) 
however, this study focused only on the 

assessment of land suitability for the growth of 
Patchouli and its oil production. 

MATERIALS A N D  METHOD 

Study Site 
This study involved two steps, namely: 

1. land suitability assessment conducted in May 
2017 to July 2017 and 2. Patchouli crop 
production conducted in July to November 
2017 at Dilem Wilis Plantation, Dompyong 
Village, Bendungan District, Trenggalek 
Regency, Indonesia (Figs. 1 & 2). Laboratory 
test was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory 
of Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, 
Universitas Brawijaya. Data were then analyzed 
at the Environmental Resources Laboratory, 
Department of Agronomy, Universitas 
Brawijaya. Steam distillation process was 
performed to extract the oil and to analyze the 
Patchouli alcohol content (PA) at the Institute 
of Atsiri, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia. 

Land Suitability Assessments 
The experiment involved the use of several 

tools, such as ruler to measure the depth of the 
soil, hoe to obtain soil samples from the 
different locations, clmometer to measure the 
percent slope of the land, GPS (Global 
Positioning System) to find the Location of 
coordinates and altitude of the place. Laboratory 
procedures and facilities were also used to 
analyze C-organic, CEC, I G 0 ,  and pH, as well 
as computer for map workmanship and data 
analysis. The soil texture and drainage were also 
analyzed. 

The first step in the evaluation of land 
suitability involved the ground check for the 
location of Patchouli plantation. Soil samples 
were then collected at some locations for 
observation of land physiography. The 
composite soil samples were obtained from each 
Location at a depth of 10 - 20 cm. These 
samples were analyzed for soil texture. 
Meanwhile, laboratory procedures were done to 
examine the organic matter content, K20, pH, 
and CEC level. Observations of land 
physiography included recording of coordinate 
Locations, altitude, and slope of the land. The 
land suitability assessment method in this study 
was based on Dengiz (2013). 



Figure 1 Study site 

I DILEM WILLIS PLANTATION TRENGGALEK REGENCY I 
Settlements 
Location 
street 
Footpath 
Boundary 

0 40 80 160 240 320 
LI Meter 

Source : 
1. Google earth 
2. DEM SRTM 
3. RBI Bakosurtanal Map 

Figure 2 Location of assessment plot 

The data analysis was initiated by establishing 
the data base to cluster the land suitability by 
using the matching method adjusted to each 
parameter as growth requirement of Patchouli 
plant (FA0 1976; Djaenudin e t  al. 2003; Ritung 
e t  al. 2007; Safuan e t  al. 2013). The land 
suitability classification was determined by the 
most constraining limiting factor (Rossiter & 

van Wambeke 1997; Djaenudin 2008; 
Wirosoedarmo e t  al. 2011; Jayanti e t  ak. 2013). 
This study applied such basis to investigate the 
effect of land suitability on the agronomic 
aspects of plants. 

The assessment was performed by matching 
the requirement of Patchouli plant growth and 
the characteristics of the land which were 



Assessing and evaluating land suitability in the development of patchouli effect o n  patchouli essential oil - Setiawan e t  al. 

categorized into 3 groups based on: topography, Patchouli Growth and Result Evaluation 
soil and climate P t u n g  e t  aL 2007). The land 
suitability assessment was used to reveal the 
limiting factor of Patchouli cultivation, as 
reference to improve the Patchouli cultivation 
area. The land suitability classification based on 
F A 0  (1976) was consisted of four categories, 
namely: a. Order: indicating the general state of 
the land suitability; b. Class: indicating the order 
level of conformity; c. Subclass: inhcating the 
status of the class level based on the type of 
constraint or improvement as required in the 
class; and d. Unit: indicating the level in the 
subclass based on minor differences that affect 
the management. 

Three locations were identified to obtain the 
com~osite soil sam~les and the land 

After conducting land suitability analysis, the 
locations were classified based on suitability. To 
evaluate the effect of land suitabfity on growth 
and yields, the patchouli was planted without 
adding improvements to the soil conditions or 
to the existing topography. It is suspected that 
there is a positive correlation between patchouli 
yield and land suitabfity evaluation. 

The one-month old sidikalang variety of 
Patchouli seedlings were planted at a spacing 
distance of 50 x 100 cm. The soil was cultivated 
applying minimum ullage with weed control 
every 2 weeks. Soil was irrigated every 2 days to 
adjust the soil conditions with the same dosage 
equally given for each location without addition 

char~ctenstics, inclu&& the required pH, of  SO^ n~trients/fedIZer. This study utilized a 
C-Organic, N, P, I<, Na, Ca, Mg, and CEC. randomized block design with 3 replications at 
The slope, altitude, temperature, drainage and each location, each replication consisting of 27 
texture. plants with 3 plants for each replication. 

Table 1 Land suitability classification of Patchouli plants 

Land suitability classes 
Category 

S1 S2 S3 N 

Land position (s) 
Slope (YO) 
Altitude (m asl) 

Temperature (tc) 
Average temperature PC) 24 - 26 22 - 24 or 26 - 28 2 0 - 2 2 0 1 - 2 8 - 3 3  1 8 - 2 0 o r > 3 3  

Water availability (wa) 
Rainfalls (mm) 2300 - 3000 1750 - 2300 or 3000- 1200 - 1750 or > <I200 or >5000 

3500 3500 

Root media (rc) 
Texture 
Drainage 
Soil depth (cm) 

Sandy clay, sandy Clay and other sandy 
clay, Clay quartz clay Other Other 

Very Good Good Bad Very Bad 
> 100 cm 75 - 100 cm 50 - 75 cm < 50 cm 

Nutrient retention (f) 
Acidity (pH) Acidic (5.5 - 7) Acidic to Neutral Acidic to Very Very Acidic to 

(5.5 - 5) Acidic (4,5-5) Alkaline (< 4.5 
or > 7.5) 

C-Organic (YO) 2 - 3 3 - 5 < 2 
CEC (me/100 g) > 17 5.6 < 5 

Nutrition (n) 
I<2O (me/100 g) 
PZOS (ppm) 

Source: Djaenudin e t  al. (2003). 



BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 1,2021 

The plant growth was assessed based on the 
branch height and canopy diameter of the plant 
at 2, 4 and 6 months after planting. Results were 
obtained by destructive sampling based on 
wetlfresh weight and curing dry weight (t- 20% 
water content). The oil yield component was 
obtained by the 8-hour steam distillation 
method to obtain Patchouli alcohol (PA) level as 
an indicator of the quahty of essential oils (Idris 
e t  aL 2014; Bur6 & Selher 2004). The obtained 

768 m asl. The average altitude for optimum 
Patchouli cultivation was at 780 m asl. Average 
air temperatures at each location based on the 
formula of Braak (1928) were: Location 1 at 
21 OC, Location 2 at 21 OC, and Location 3 at 
22 OC. The air temperature got cooler as the 
altitude went higher. Based on the formula of 
Braak (1928), the temperature registered a steady 
decline by 0.61 OC with an increasing altitude of 
1 m. 

growth and yield data were tested by using The soil texture at the study site was 
analysis of variance (F-test) at significance level dominated by clay and dust. At Location 1, the 
P < 0.05). Furthermore, to test the significant soil texture was sandy clay, while at Location 2 
differences between treatments, the Tukey test and Location 3 it was clay. Drainage at Location 
performance by R statistics was applied. 1 is considerably good as water moves quickly or 

seeps into the soil through the infiltration 
process, supported by sandy clay texture having 

RESULTS A N D  DISCUSSION a larger pore than the sand fraction. Meanwhile, 

Land Suitability 

The differences among Location 1, Location 
2 and Location 3, were based on the land 
suitabhty class (Location 1 is N as not 
appropriate, Locations 2 and 3 are less 
appropriate (Table 2). The slopes of Mount 
Wilis is considered hilly to mountainous reliefs. 
Location 1 has a slope of 8%, Location 2 has 
10°/o, and Location 3 has 12%. At the 
observation point the altitude was about 600 - 
850 m above sea level (m asl). Location 1 lies at 
an altitude of 792 m asl, Location 2 at an altitude 
of 809 m asl, and Location 3 at an altitude of 

both Location 2 and Location 3 have a good or 
medium drainage class. Soil acidity (pH) at 
Location 1 is 4.6, at Location 2 is 4.9 and at 
Location 3 is 4.5 (where the soil pH at the 
observation point is acidic). Based on laboratory 
test, C-Organic at the observation site was 
1.63% at Location 1, 1.50% at Location 2 and 
0.71% at Location 3. The Cation Exchange 
Capacity (CEC) at Location 1 is 18.75 me/100 g, 
at Location 2 is 5.38 me/100g, and at Location 3 
is 18.45 me/100 g. The availability of I<20 
macro elements at Location 1 is 0.08 me/100 g, 
at Location 2 is 0.46 me/100 g, and at Location 
3 is 0.25 me/100 g. 

Table 2 Land suitabhty classification of location 1 , 2  and 3 at Dilem Wilis Plantation, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia 

Land characteristics data 
Category 

Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 
Land Position (s) 
Slope (O/o) 8% 10% 12% 
Altitude (m asl) 792 809 768 
Temperature (tc) 
Average temperature ("C) 21 2 1 22 
Water availability (wa) 
Rainfalls (mm) 1,428 1,428 1,428 
Root Media (rc) 
Texture Clay Dust Clay Clay 
Drainage Good Good Very bad 
Soil ~ e p t h  (cm) > 50 > 50 >-15 
Nutrient retention (f) 
Acidity (pH) 4.6 4.9 4.5 
C-Organic (O/o) 1.63 1.50 0.71 
CEC (me/100 g) 18.75 5.38 18.45 
Nutrition (n) 
IQO (me/ 1 00 g) 0.08 0.46 0.25 -. 
P205 (ppm) 
Land Suitability Class N n  S3s, tc, f, n S3s, tc, f, n 

Source: Primary Data (2017) 



Assessing and evaluating land suitability in the development of patchouli effect on patchouli essential oil - Setiawan e t  al. 

Crops Production Evaluation the number of branches and canopy diameter - .  - 
did not differ sigmficantly. 

Correiation between Cmp Production Yield and ~ h ,  dfferent land classes produced higher 
Suitabikp biomass in plant fresh/wet weight and curing 

The results showed that the different land dry weight, indicating the effect of land 
classes significantly affected the plant height at 6 suitabiliq on plant growth (Fig. 6). 
months after planting (Figs. 3, 4, 5). However, 

Month after planting 

Figure 3 Number of branches 
Notes: a = 2 months; b = 4 months; c = 6 months after planting. 

Month after planting 

Figure 4 Plant height 
Notes: a = 2 months; b = 4 months; c = 6 months after planting; 

different letters in the figures indicate significant difference at 0.05 level. 



BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 1,2021 

Month after planting 

Figure 5 Canopy diameter among location (L) 1,2, and 3 on the 2, 4 and 6 months after planting 

Location Location 

Figure 6 Fresh weight (g per plant) 
Notes: a = curing dry weight (g per plant); b = harvested 6 months after planting; 

different letters in the figures indicate significant differences at 0.05 level. 

Although Location 1 has the lowest yield 
value, the average oil yield and Patchouli alcohol 
(PA) quality in each location were not 
significantly affected by the limiting factors 
(Table 3). 

Table 3 Average oil yield and quality PA (Patchouli 
Alcohol) of Patchouli 

Location Yield (?/o) PA (YO) 
Location 1 2.36 ns 23.40 ns 
Location 2 2.42 ns 22.82 ns 
Location 3 2.49 ns 24.14 ns 

Note: ns = no significant difference. 

have S3 class, tc, f, n indicating that the 
cultivation area was less suitable because of the 
limiting effect of the slope, altitude, temperature, 
pH, C-organic, and IGO. Potassium (I<) plays a 
key role in plant metabolism affecting the 
synthesis and accumulation of nutrients and 
secondary metabolites (Bihter e t  a l  2016). 

Limiting factors that have significant effects 
included the altitude and the s l o ~ e s .  The 
cultivation area was located on the southern 
slopes of Mount Wilis which is hilly to 
mountainous with an altitude of 600 - 850 m asl. 
The slope of the land varies. The land on slopes 

Patchouli Cultivation and Land Suitability were to erosion due to the lack of soil 
reinforcement plants and the absence of soil 

Matching the land characteristics with the protection from splashing rainwater. The land 
growth requirement of Patchouli resulted in on the slopes will be eroded if there is no 
Location 1 having a land suitability class "N", improvement on it. In the highlands with low 
indicating that the cultivated land was not temperatures, soil f e r a t y  wdl be preserved, but 
suitable because of the limiting effect of the very steep slopes and unstable lands wdl lead to 
low IGO content. Location 2 and Location 3 landslides making it more suitable for trees 



Assessing and evaluating land suitability in the development ( ~f patchouli effect o n  patchouli essential oil - Setiawan eta/ 

(Djaenudin 2008). The elevation of the observed 
location is in the range of > 700 m asl. Patchouli 
plants can grow and produce well at an altitude 
of 10 - 400 m above sea levels with air 
temperature ranging from 24 to 28 OC (Pujiharti 
et al. 2008). 

The other limiting factor was the acidic soil 
pH which has a value ranging from 4.5 to 4.9. 
The optimum growth and production of 
Patchouli plants requires optimum soil pH value 
of 5.5 to 7 which is quite acid to neutral. 
Nutrients and microorganisms are affected by 
the soil pH as nutrients are only available at 
certain pH level. The soil pH is influenced by 
the manner of land utiluation. The C-organic 
value, representing the organic matter 
percentage in the soil, at all the locations were 
also low (< 2%), as compared to the growth 
requirement of Patchouli plants whch is about 
2 - 3%. I<20 content at all three locations was 
also low (< 0.6 me/100 g), lower than the 
optimal growth requirement of Patchouli (> 10 
me/100 g of G O ) .  Low I<20 content is due to 
several factors such as lack of fertihzation. 
Potassium is an alkaline cation, which balances 
charges of organic and inorganic anions 
activating more than 50 enzymes (Nurzynska- 
Wierdak et al. 201 1). 

Agronomic Factor 

Land suitability increased the plant growth 
despite the insignificantly different oil quantities 
(Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6; Table 3). The current study 
showed that the effect of limiting factors 
(potassium) and land suitability does not affect 
Patchouli oil and alcohol yields, similar results 
with Singh (201 4). However, distinguishable 
differences were observed in the potassium 
content among location 1, 2 and 3 (Table 2). 
Potassium is considered a plant essential mineral 
which has h g h  concentration in the 
meristematic tissues and in the phloem. 
However, I< uptake by the plant roots is 
accomplished by at least two distinct hnetic 
systems such as the h g h  and low affinity I<+ 
transporters (Hafsi et al. 2014). Potassium serves 
as an important element in plant metabolism, 
promoting carbohydrates, fats and protein 
synthesis, increasing crop yield and improving 
fresh produce quality. Moreover, I< enables 
plants efficacy to resist pests and diseases as well 
as acting as enzymes co-factor, including 

enzymes related to the essential oil synthesis 
(Hafsi et al. 2014). The application of I< has also 
affected the growth and essential oil yield of 
lemongrass (Cymbopogon flxaoszls), dittany 
(Origdnum dictamnas), basil (Ocimm basilicam) and 
rosemary (Rosmrinus ofiknalis) (Economakis 
1993; Puttanna et al. 2010). 

Improvement of Land Characteristics and 
Cultivation 

The improvement of land characteristic was 
aimed at optimizing the land condition for 
Patchouli cultivation by using the limiting 
factors as a reference. The slope of the land is 
unchangeable, yet such condition could still be 
addressed by constructing terraces to reduce 
surface runoff that leads to erosion (Wkunan et 
al. 1985); and the position of the porch slope 
affects the reception of light (Auslander et al. 
2003). Fertilization is another alternative to 
improve the soil pH value, I<20 content, and c- 
organic percentage, including appropriate 
fertilization system such as: fertilization time and 
method, and fertilizer type selection. The 
application of organic fertilizer is intended to 
supply the nutrients that could not be provided 
by the chemical fertilizer, and also to improve 
the physical and biological properties of the soil 
(Abdurachman e t  al. 2008). Liming is another 
method applied to increase soil acidity values 
(pH) to be more neutral during land cultivation. 
Potassium (I<) affects the growth and essential 
oil synthesis in aromatic plants as it is required 
by plants to build abundant organic compounds 
such as amino acids, proteins, enzymes and 
nucleic acids. These minerals affect the function 
and levels of enzymes involved in the 
terpenoides biosynthesis (Hafsi et al. 2014). 

The low potassium content at Location 1 is a 
h t i n g  factor. However, certain strategies could 
be applied to ensure the quantity of essential oil 
yields, where the main target of the harvest is 
secondary metabolites. It is necessary to 
synchronize the suitabihty of the growth 
conditions for secondary metabolite-producing 
plants in as much as both the growth and yield 
targets also implied the achievement of good 
quality essential oils. The planting patterns are 
also considered as a solution to increase stress as 
the harvesting period approaches (Sacks et al. 
2010). 



BIOTROPIA Vol. 28 No. 1,2021 

CONCLUSION 

The land suitability analysis of the three 
sampling locations (Location 1, 2, 3) revealed 
that Location 1 is not suitable for the growing of 
Patchouli because of its low IG0 content at 0.08 
me/100 g. Both Location 2 and Location 3 
showed similar land suitability class of S3s, tc, f, 
which is less appropriate, because of the limiting 
effects of land, altitude, rainfall, air temperature, 
C-organic, soil pH (acidity), and I<zO. However, 
the dfferent locations did not significantly 
demonstrate any inhibiting effects on the growth 
and yleld of the Patchouli plants. Although the 
land suitability test indicated differences in 
growth as well as quality and quantity of yields, 
h s  correlation between land suitability and 
growth becomes less relevant to Patchouli oil 
yield and alcohol level (indication of the quality 
of oil obtained). Differences in locations under 
certain conditions, in this case S3 compared to 
N, did not affect the Patchouli alcohol (PA) 
content of the essential oil. Lastly, potassium 
was a limiting element on the growth of the 
essential oil-producing plant Patchod, 
Pogostemon cablin. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

The authors would like to acknowledge and 
thank the Director of the Institute of Atsiri for 
providing the research fund and the Dilem Wilis 
Plantation Company of Trenggalek as the 
research area. 

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