1 Dietary Expo (Okky).cdr BIOTROPIA Vol. 18 No. 1, 2011: 1 - 12 1 DIETARY EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT FOR AFLATOXIN B FROM PROCESSED PEANUT PRODUCTS IN MUNICIPALITY OF BOGOR 1 SANTI AMBARWATI , OKKY SETYAWATI DHARMAPUTRA and INA RETNOWATI A research on dietary exposure assessment for aflatoxin B (AFB1) from processed peanut products in Municipality of Bogor was carried out. The objectives of this study were to determine the contents of AFB1 in processed peanut products at retail levels, and to obtain information whether there is a risk to public health caused by the consumption of processed peanut products contaminated by AFB1. Survey of processed peanut product consumption was carried out by interviewing each respondent using a questionnaire of weekly processed peanut product consumption. Sampling of processed peanut products was conducted at the locations where the respondents obtained processed peanut products. The number of roasted peanuts with skin pods, flour-coated peanuts and or sauces samples was 33, respectively, while the number of and sauces samples was 18 and 12, respectively. The total number of processed peanut product samples was 129. AFB1 content was determined using Thin Layer Chromatography method. Estimation of the dietary exposure assessment was determined using the actual survey data consisting of AFB1 content, consumption data and body weight. The highest contaminated sample percentage and mean of AFB1 content was found in roasted peanuts with skin pods i.e. 42% of 33 samples and 43.2 μg/kg, respectively, followed by flour-coated peanuts (30% of 33 samples and 34.3 μg/kg), and or (21% of 33 samples and 17.1 μg/kg). Mean of estimated dietary exposure for AFB1 found in children was 15.2 ng kg bw day and 95 percentile exposure was 38.9 ng kg bw day , while in adults 9.0 ng kg bw day and 95 percentile exposure was 27.0 ng kg bw day . The excess cancer risk of AFB1 exposure in Bogor from this study on children and adults was calculated as 193 and 115 cancers/year, respectively dietary exposure assessment, aflatoxin B , processed peanut products 1 1,2 1 -1 -1 th -1 -1 -1 -1 th -1 -1 * 1 2 SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, pecel gado-gado siomay satai pecel gado-gado Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, Indonesia ABSTRACT 1 1 . Key words: * Corresponding author : ambarwati@biotrop.org BIOTROPIA Vol. 18 No. 1, 2011 2 INTRODUCTION Peanuts are next to rice, maize and soybean as the most important secondary crop in Indonesia. Since Indonesia has a humid tropical climate, peanuts can easily be infected by fungi during the drying phase in the field, or under poor storage conditions. According to Sauer . (1992) fungal infection can cause a decrease in physical quality of kernels and nutritional content, rancidity, discoloration, and production of mycotoxin, among others aflatoxin. The toxin has been recognized as human and domestic animals carcinogen, and is produced following the infection of peanuts among others by certain strains of . In general, aflatoxins found in foodstuffs and their processed products are aflatoxins B , B , G and G . The most dangerous aflatoxin is B (AFB1). The adverse health effects of aflatoxins can be categorized as either acute or chronic. Acute aflatoxicosis occurs when moderate to high levels of the toxins are consumed and may result in hemorrhage, acute liver damage, rapid progressive jaundice, edema of the limbs, alteration in digestion, absorption and/or metabolism of nutrients, high fever, vomiting, swollen livers and possibly death (Fung & Clark 2004). Hepatocelullar Carcinoma (HCC), or liver cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with roughly 550 000-600 000 new HCC cases globally each year (WHO 2008). It has been known for several decades that aflatoxin causes liver cancer in humans, however, the exact burden of aflatoxin-related HCC worldwide was unknown. Liu and Wu (2010) conducted a quantitave cancer risk assessment i.e. using global data on food-borne aflatoxin levels, consumption of aflatoxin- contaminated foods, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence. Aflatoxins have been classified as Group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and demonstrated carcinogenic effects on many animal species, including some rodents, non human primates, and fish (International Programme on Chemical Safety 1998). Groopman . (2008) reported that specific P450 enzyme in the liver metabolize aflatoxin into a reactive oxygen species (aflatoxin-8,9-epoxide), which may then bind to proteins causing acute toxicity (aflatoxicoses) or to DNA causing lesions that over time increase the risk of hepatocelullar carcinoma (HCC) or liver cancer. For cancer risk assessment, it is traditionally assumed that there is no threshold of exposure to a carcinogen below which there is no observable adverse effect. National Research Council (2008) stated that cancer potency factors are estimated from the slope of the dose response relationship, which is assumed to be linear, between doses of the carcinogen and cancer incidence in a population. According to IPSC/WHO (1998), aflatoxin risk assessment selected two different cancer potency factors for aflatoxin : 0.01 cases/ 100 000/year/nanogram/kilogram body weight per day aflatoxin exposure for individuals without chronic HBV infection, and 0.30 corresponding cases for individuals with chronic HBV infection. Kirk . (2005) and Ok . (2007) reported that several epidemiological studies confirm that aflatoxin's cancer potency is about 30 times greater among HBV-positive than among HBV-negative individuals. et al Aspergillus flavus et al et al et al 1 2 1 2 1 . . . 3 Dietary Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxin B from Processed Peanut Products - Santi Ambarwati .1 et al Acute outbreaks of aflatoxicosis have been reported from Kenya (Ngindu 1982, CDC 2004), India (Krishnamachari 1975) and Malaysia (Chao 1991, Lye 1995). Chronic aflatoxicosis results from ingestion of low to moderate levels of aflatoxins and the effects are impaired food convertion (Shane 1993), slower rates of growth (Gong 2002, 2004), and a decrease in various micronutrient levels (Pimpukdee 2004). Many countries have determined maximum tolerable levels of aflatoxins in peanuts and their processed products. Maximum tolerable levels of aflatoxins B , B , G and G in peanuts and their processed products in Australia, Canada, Philippines and Singapore were 15, 15, 20 and 5 μg/kg, respectively (FAO 2004). Based on SNI (2009) in Indonesia, maximum tolerable limit of AFB1 and total aflatoxins in peanuts and their processed products were 15 and 20 μg/kg, respectively. Researches on infection and aflatoxin contamination in raw peanut kernels collected from farmers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers at traditional markets have been conducted by Dharmaputra . (2005, 2007a). The results indicated that in general the highest aflatoxin contamination of raw peanut kernels was at retailers in traditional markets. Dharmaputra . (2007b) reported that the high AFB1 contents in raw kernels were due to among others by damaged kernels (discoloured, cracked and broken kernels). Lilieanny . (2005) stated that the highest aflatoxin content was found in compared to in roasted peanuts with skin pods, roasted peanuts without skin pods, flour-coated peanuts, , and . Data on aflatoxin level in processed peanut products and their consumptions are needed to prepare the dietary exposure assessment for aflatoxin. Most ASEAN countries (including Indonesia) have some data on aflatoxin content in foods, however, no formal risk assessment on aflatoxin has been conducted for the region. This may be due to the lack of technical and financial resources to develop the necessary data and information needed to support or to conduct risk assessment. More data on aflatoxin contents in processed peanut products are needed. In addition, a survey of individual processed peanut product consumption should be conducted to determine aflatoxin exposure assessment (Sparringa 2008). Dietary assessment is a part of risk assessment, i.e. the process of estimating potential exposure of a population to food chemicals (among others aflatoxin) from the diet and comparing the potential exposure against a reference health standard for risk characterisation purpose. Aflatoxin exposure assessment could be used to estimate the potential exposure/intake of the toxin, to assess the potential risk of health for a population group, and to maintain safe food supply. The objectives of this study were to determine the contents of AFB1 in processed peanut products at retail levels, and to obtain information whether there is a risk to public health caused by the consumption of processed peanut products contaminated by AFB1. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. A. flavus et al et al et al bumbu pecel bumbu pecel enting-enting gepuk 1 2 1 2 4 MATERIALS AND METHOD Pre-survey Survey of processed peanut product consumption Pre-survey consisted of : a. Determination of data consumption survey location of processed peanut products : The location of data consumption survey was carried out at (subdistrict) Bogor Tengah covering 11 (lowest local government), i.e. Babakan, Babakan pasar, Cibogor, Ciwaringin, Gudang, Kebon kelapa, Pabaton, Paledang, Panaragan, Sempur, and Tegallega. Bogor Tengah has the highest population density (13 445 inhabitants/km ) and was selected to conduct the survey and sampling. In addition the government center including business activities are also found in this (BPS Kota Bogor 2008). b. Determination of respondents : The data of Bogor Tengah office showed that the population at Bogor Tengah until March 2009 was 116 686 people. The number of respondents was determined based on the square root of population at Bogor Tengah, i.e. 342 respondents. In each , the number of respondents was determined proportionally based on the number of inhabitants. The respondents were grouped into two categories, i.e. children (6-15 years old, 169 respondents) and adults (16-44 years old, 173 respondents). It was assumed, that most children of 6 years and older like to eat processed peanut products, while the adults are more sensitive to hepatitic. Survey of processed peanut product consumption was carried out by interviewing each respondent using a questionnaire of weekly processed peanut product consumption concerning : - the kinds of processed peanut products ( or , , , , , , , or , , , and ) consumed by each respondent during the last one week - the frequency of processed peanut products to be consumed by each respondent during the last week - portion or product number consumed by each respondent during the last week - the location where each respondent bought the processed peanut products - the body weight of each respondent In addition to interviewing each respondent, observation was also conducted to obtain information about the number of processed peanut product sellers found in the surrounding of respondent domiciles. The information was used at the stage of sampling. During survey in each , the research team was accompanied by one or two staff of the who are familiar with the sites. Kecamatan kelurahan Kelurahan Kecamatan kecamatan Kecamatan Kecamatan Kecamatan kelurahan bumbu pecel gado-gado bumbu karedok bumbu siomay bumbu batagor bumbu satai bumbu ketoprak oncom hitam kacang garing kacang kulit kacang atom kacang telur kacang bawang kelurahan kelurahan 2 . . BIOTROPIA Vol. 18 No. 1, 2011 5 Sampling method of processed peanut products Determination of aflatoxin B content Estimation of the Dietary Exposure Assessment for AFB1 Sampling of processed peanut products was conducted at the locations where the respondents obtained processed peanut products, i.e. from or , and vendors , and small shops. The number of samples of each processed peanut product was determined based on the number of processed peanut product sellers found in the surroundings of the respondent domiciles. The number of roasted peanuts with skin pods, flour-coated peanuts and or sauces samples were 33, respectively, while the number of dan sauces samples were 18 and 12, respectively. The total number of processed peanut products samples was 129. Each sample consisted of 5 portions of processed peanut products in the form of sauce ( or , , and sauces) and 2 kg (= 100 small packs, weight @ 20 g) of other processed peanut products (roasted peanuts with skin pods and flour-coated peanuts). At the time of purchase, the main materials of or , and were packed separately from their peanut sauces. One portion of , and contained 75, 50 and 60 g peanut sauces, respectively. Each sample was mixed manually and homogenously, and then divided into two parts to obtain working samples for AFB1 content determination and a reserve sample. AFB1 content was only determined in peanut sauces. AFB1 content was determined using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method (AOAC 2005). Two replicates were used from each sample. AFB1 was extracted from ground processed peanut products using methanol-H O. The filtrate was diluted using NaCl solution and defatted using hexane. AFB1 was partitioned into chloroform, then it was removed through evaporation, and quantitated using TLC on silicagel plate by visual estimation, i.e. by comparing the spot of standard and sample. Exposure assessment involves estimating the intensity, frequency, and duration of human exposures to a toxic agent. Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B in Bogor Tengah was estimated using the AFB1 concentration data, food consumption data and mean body weight. AFB1 exposure was calculated on the group of average consuming (mean) and high consuming (95% percentile). Consumption data were obtained from Food Frequency Questionnaire. The estimation of dietary exposure assessment for AFB1was determined based on the following formula (WHO 2008): warung pecel gado-gado siomay satai pecel gado-gado siomay satai pecel gado-gado siomay satai pecel gado-gado siomay satai gado- gado siomay satai Kecamatan 2 1 1 Food consumption (kg/day) × B1 Aflatoxin concentration (μg/kg) Body weight (kg) ×Dietary exposure = (ng/kg bw/day) 1,000 Dietary Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxin B from Processed Peanut Products - Santi Ambarwati .1 et al 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pattern of Processed Peanut Product Consumption Aflatoxin B Content Based on five big ranks of consumers, roasted peanuts with skin pods (63% of the total respondent number) ranks first among 11 kinds of consumed processed peanut products in Bogor Tengah, followed by flour-coated peanuts (54.5% of the respondents ), sauce (54% of the respondents), or sauce (49% of respondent number) and sauce (34% of the respondents) (Table 1). In general, either child or adult respondents, bought roasted peanuts, flour-coated peanuts, or , and from , or and vendors. In general child respondents bought from vendors, while adult respondents bought it from . The mean highest number of processed peanut product consumption of child and adult respondents was 0.0110 kg/day and 0.0149 kg/day, respectively, for or (Table 2). The mean consumption number was obtained from the mean consumption frequency in one day multiplied by the mean consumption portion. AFB1 contents were determined in five most consumed processed peanut products i.e. roasted peanuts, flour-coated peanuts, or sauce, and sauces. The highest contaminated sample percentage and mean of AFB1 conteent was found in roasted peanuts with skin pods (42% of 33 samples and 43.2 μg/kg), followed by flour-coated peanuts (30% of 33 samples and 34.3 μg/kg), and or (21% of 33 samples and 17.1 μg/kg). (Table 3). Kecamatan siomay pecel gado-gado satai pecel gado-gado siomay warung warung pecel gado-gado satai warung satai pecel gado-gado pecel gado-gado siomay satai pecel gado-gado 1 Respondent Gender Number of respondents Kind of processed peanut products Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Childs 73 96 169 70 (21%) 12 (4%) 109 (32%) 84 (25% ) 59 (17%) 25 (7%) 11 (3%) 125 (37%) 109 (32%) 23 (7%) 9 (3% ) Adults 33 140 173 97 (28%) 28 (8%) 75 (22%) 25 (7%) 58 (17%) 30 (9%) 48 (14% ) 90 (26%) 77 (22.5%) 23 (7%) 19 (6% ) Total 106 236 342 167 (49 % ) 40 (12% ) 184 (54% ) 109 (32% ) 117 (34 % ) 55 (16%) 59 (17% ) 215 (63 % ) 186 (54.5 % ) 46 (13.5% ) 28 (9%) Rank of the products consumed 4 3 5 1 2 Note : 1 = 7 = (Black oncom) 2 = 8 = (Roasted peanuts with skin pods) 3 = 9 = (Flour-coated peanuts) 4 = 10 = (Egg-coated peanuts) 5 = 11 = (Garlic peanuts) 6 = Pecel/gado-gado Oncom hitam Karedok Kacang kulit Siomay Kacang atom Batagor Kacang telur Sate Kacang bawang Ketoprak Table 1. Number of respondents who consumed processed peanut products in (subdistrict) of Bogor Tengah kecamatan st up to 5thfrom 1 BIOTROPIA Vol. 18 No. 1, 2011 7 Table 2. Frequency, portion and consumption number of processed peanut products in Bogor TengahKecamatan Respondent Kind of product Place of purchase * ) Mean of consumption frequency per day Mean of portion (kg) Mean of consumption number (kg/day) Children Roasted peanuts with skin pods Warung (small shop) 0.40 0.0204 0.0082 Flour-coated peanuts Warung 0.31 0.0096 0.003 Pecel/gado -gado sauce Warung pecel/gado -gado 0.24 0.0460 0.0110 Siomay sauce Vendor 0.31 0.0164 0.00 Satai sauce Vendor 0.28 0.0224 0.00 Adults Roasted peanuts with skin pods Warung 0.34 0.0290 0.009 Flour-coated peanuts Warung 0.32 0.0090 0.00 Pecel/gado -gado sauce Warung pecel/gado -gado 0.26 0.0572 0.014 Siomay sauce Vendor 0.30 0.0263 0.007 Satai sauce Warung satai 0.21 0.0305 0.0064 51 63 29 0 9 9 9 * Small part of the respondents bought processed peanut products in traditional- and supermarkets or they prepared the products by themselves Table 3. Aflatoxin B content of processed peanut products at Bogor Tengah and maximum tolerable limit (MTL) of AFB1 based on SNI (2009) ) 1 Kecamatan Kind of processed peanut products No. of samples Number (%) of samples contaminated by AFB 1 Number (%) of samples contaminated by AFB 1 > 15 μg/kg Roasted peanuts with skin pods 33 14 (42%) 14 (42%) Flour-coated peanuts 33 10 (30%) 10 (30%) Pecel/gado -gado sauce 33 9 (27%) 7 (21%) Siomay sauce 18 2 (11%) 2 (11%) Sat ai sauce 12 2 (17%) 2 (17%) MTL (SNI 20 09) Range and mean of AFB 0 0 0 0 0 – – – – – content (μg/kg) 316.80 (43 160.00 (34.28) 197.80 (17.11) 39.90 (4.41) 198.58 (23.17) 15 .21) 1 The best way to control the presence of aflatoxins in foods and feeds is through good agricultural and manufacturing practices which could prevent fungal growth. Aflatoxins are thermostable compounds and, once formed, they can persist in animal feeds and food. The usual methods of processing peanuts to make peanut butter and processing nuts for confectionery may appreciably reduce aflatoxin contamination. Effective means of reducing aflatoxin contamination include removing undersized nuts, removing nuts that resist splitting and blanching, and removing discoloured nuts by hands or electric sorting (Cole 1989). Percentage of samples contaminated by AFB1 and AFB1 content of or sauce was relatively high. It was probably due to the low quality of peanuts used to prepare the sauces or containers used to store peanut kernels and to prepare the sauces were not clean. Percentage of samples contaminated by AFB1 and the mean of AFB1 content in sauce were relatively low (11% of 18 samples and 4.4 μg/kg). The percentage of sauce samples contaminated by AFB1 was also relatively low, i.e. 17% of 12 pecel gado- gado siomay sate Dietary Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxin B from Processed Peanut Products - Santi Ambarwati .1 et al samples, but the mean of their AFB1 contents was relatively high, i.e. 23.2 μg/kg (Table 3). In Indonesia the maximum tolerable limit (MTL) of AFB1 for peanuts and their processed products is 15 μg/kg (SNI 2009). Percentage of roasted peanuts with skin pods, flour-coated peanuts, or sauce, sauce and sauce samples contaminated by AFB1 exceeded 15 g/kg i.e. 42% of 33 samples, 30% of 33 samples, 21% of 33 samples, 11% of 18 samples, and 17% of 12 samples, respectively (Table 3). Based on the mean of AFB1 content, among the five processed peanut products, sauce has a mean AFB1 content lower than the MTL (4.41 g/kg). Two out of 18 samples were contaminated by AFB1 exceeding 15 g/kg. The other four processed peanut products contained mean of AFB1 contents higher than MTL. Consequently, risk management of the four products is suggested to be applied. Lilieanny . (2005) stated that total aflatoxin contents of roasted peanuts with skin pods (47 samples), flour-coated peanuts (22 samples), (12 samples) and (4 samples) collected from several factories, supermarkets, and traditional markets in Bogor, Malang, Pati and Yogyakarta from January up to August 2002, were 1.8, 5.2, 41.6 and 20.8 μg/kg, respectively. Aflatoxin was not detected in roasted peanuts without skin pods (3 samples). Mean of estimated dietary exposure for AFB1 in children was 15.2 ng kg bw day and 95 percentile exposure was 38.9 ng kg bw day , while in adults 9.0 ng kg bw day and 95 percentile exposure 27.0 ng kg bw day (Table 4). The major contributing foods for AFB1 in children and adults was roasted peanuts with skin pods, followed by sauce, sauce, flour-coated peanuts and sauce, while the highest contaminated level was roasted peanuts with skin pods, followed by flour- coated peanuts, sauce, sauce and sauce. The estimated highest exposures to AFB1 by consuming roasted peanuts with skin pods were 44.5% (adult respondents) and 43% (child respondents) of total exposure to AFB1 (Table 4). Further researches on the risk management of roasted peanuts with skin pods are needed. The mean dietary intake of aflatoxin for Australian and Swedes were 0.15 and 0.8 ng kg bw day , respectively (Thuvander . 2001), for Americans 0.26 ng kg bw day (JECFA 1998), for French adults (>15 years old ) was 0.1 ng kg bw day , while for children (ages 3-14 ) was 0.3 ng kg bw day. It was assumed, that Bogor community consumed processed peanut products containing higher content of AFB1 compared to other countries. However, Li (2001) reported that in Guangxi, China, the probably daily intake of processed peanut products was estimated 3,680 ng kg bw day . From the five processed peanut products, the lowest dietary exposure for AFB1 was sauce, either on children or adult respondents. Dietary exposure for AFB1 of the five products on children respondents was higher than that of adult respondents (Table 4). This was due to the body weight of children which was lower than that of adults. The lower the body weight of the consumer, the higher the dietary exposure of AFB1. pecel gado-gado siomay satai siomay et al bumbu pecel enting-enting gepuk pecel/gado-gado satai siomay satai gado-gado siomay et al et al. siomay Estimation of the Dietary Exposure for Aflatoxin B1 -1 -1 th -1 -1 -1 -1 th -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 BIOTROPIA Vol. 18 No. 1, 2011 8 9 Respondent Kind of product Mean of consumption number (kg/day) Mean of AFB1 content (μg/kg) Mean of body weight (kg) Dietary exposure for AFB1 (n g/kg body weight /day ) Percentage of total daily intake Childs Roasted p eanuts with skin pods 0.0082 43.21 33 10.6 43.0 Flour-coated peanuts 0.0030 34.28 32 3.4 13.7 Pecel/gado-gado sauce 0.0110 17.11 32 5.6 22.8 Siomay sauce 0.0051 4.41 32 0.7 2.8 Satai sauce 0.0063 23.17 31 4.4 17.7 Adults Roasted peanuts with skin pods 0.0099 43.21 56 7.4 44.5 Flour-coated peanuts 0.0029 34.28 57 1.8 10.7 Pecel/gado -gado sauce 0.0149 17.11 56 4.4 26.3 Siomay sauce 0.0079 4.41 56 0.6 3.5 Satai sauce 0.0064 23.17 57 2.5 15.0 Table 4. Dietary exposure assessment for aflatoxin B from processed peanut products at Bogor Tengah 1 Kecamatan Risk Assessment To evaluate the potential health risk of Bogor community to AFB1, a risk assessment of AFB1 should be conducted by comparing the estimation of dietary intake and Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intakes (PMTDI). As AFB1 is a genotoxic carcinogen, the safety factors used for non-genotoxic carcinogens cannot be applied. Therefore, most agencies, including JECFA and US FDA, have not determined yet a tolerable daily intake for AFB1. JECFA proposed the potency value of 0.3 cancer cases per year per 100 000 population per ng aflatoxin per kg body weight for hepatitis B positive individuals, while the potency value for the non-hepatitis B population was 0.01 cancer cases per year per 100 000 population per ng aflatoxin per kg body weight (JECFA 1997). Based on the potency value of 0.3 and 0.01 cancers per year per 100 000 population per ng aflatoxin per kg body weight, prevalence of hepatitis B in Bogor was 1.4% (Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia 2008), while the population of Bogor end 2007 was 905 132 (BPS Kota Bogor 2008). Consequently, the results of this study showed that the cancer risk of AFB1 exposure in Bogor on children and adults was 193 and 115 cancer cases/year, respectively. Therefore, cancer risk could increase due to the consumption of highly AFB1 contaminated processed peanut products. AFB1 is an unavoidable food contaminant. To evaluate the potential health risk of AFB1 caused by food consumption, it is important to determine the natural occurrence of AFB1 in food and to estimate the risk for liver cancer through dietary exposure to AFB1. Ok (2007) reported that the level of AFB1 contamination in 28 of the 32 food products in South Korea was less than 10 kg , which is the legal tolerance limit in Korea. From data on daily food consumption, the exposure dose of AFB1 was estimated to be 6.42 x 10 mg kg body weight day . The risk of liver cancer et al. -1 -7 -1 -1 . . . . Dietary Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxin B from Processed Peanut Products - Santi Ambarwati .1 et al 10 for those exposed to AFB1 through food intake was estimated to be 5.78 x 10 for hepatitis B-negative individuals and 1.48 x 10 for hepatitis B-positive individuals. The highest contaminated sample percentage and mean of AFB1 content was found in roasted peanuts with skin pods (42% of 33 samples and 43.2 μg/kg), followed by flour-coated peanuts (30% of 33 samples and 34.3 μg/kg), and or (21% of 33 samples and 17.1 μg/kg). The percentage of sauce samples contaminated by AFB1 was also relatively low, i.e. 17% of 12 samples, but the mean of their AFB1 contents was relatively high, i.e. 23.2 μg/kg. Among the five processed peanut products, sauce has a mean AFB1 content lower than the MTL (4.41 g/kg). The other four processed peanut products contained AFB1 higher than MTL. Consequently, risk management of the four products is suggested to be applied. In addition, aflatoxin contamination can be minimized by using good practices, from farm up to table. Mean of estimated dietary exposure for AFB1 on children was 15.2 ng kg bw day and 95 percentile exposure was 38.9 ng kg bw day , while on adults 9.0 ng kg bw day and 95 percentile exposure was 27.0 ng kg bw day . The cancer risk of AFB1 exposure in Bogor from this study on children and adults showed 193 and 115 cancer cases /year, respectively. Therefore, cancer risk could increase due to the consumption of highly AFB1 contaminated processed peanut products. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Indonesia. Thanks are due to the Office of for the permission in conducting the survey, to the Office of and 11 offices of which belong to for the cooperation during the survey; to Mr. Edi Suryadi, Ms. Amanda Windyarini, Mr. Rahadian Pratama, Mr. Putra Hidayat Nasution, Ms. Rena Yulia Vernanda, and to the technicians of the Laboratory of Food Analysis, SEAMEO BIOTROP, for their assistance. We would like also to express our appreciation to the reviewers of this manuscript. -6 -4 -1 -1 th -1 -1 -1 -1 th -1 -1 CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES pecel gado-gado sate siomay Kesatuan Bangsa dan Perlindungan Masyarakat (KESBANGLINMAS) Kecamatan Bogor Tengah Kelurahan Kecamatan Bogor Tengah AOAC. 2005. Natural toxins. In : Horwitz W, editor. Official methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Gaithersburg. 18 ed. Ch.49. p 11 BPS Kota Bogor. 2008. Kota Bogor dalam Angka 2008. Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bogor, Bogor. 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