SPATIAL PATTERN IN BETA DIVERSITY OF ECHINOIDEA
AND ASTEROIDEA COMMUNITIES FROM THE COASTAL

AREA OF TOMIA ISLAND, WAKATOBI MARINE NATIONAL
PARK, INDONESIA

KANGKUSO ANALUDDIN , NASARUDDIN , ANDI SEPTIANA , WA ODE SARLIYANA ,1 2 1 1 1, *

AGUS NURLYATI , WA MASA nd SABAN RAHIM1 1 2a
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,

Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93232 Indonesia,
2The Museum and Research Center of Wallacea, Halu Oleo University,

Kendari 93232 Indonesi, a

Received 15 December 2013/Accepted 16 January 2015

ABSTRACT

T e purpose of this was elucidate the spatial pattern in the beta diversity of marine benthic Echinoidea h study to
and Asteroid that inhabit the coastal area of Island Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia wo ea Tomia , . T
transect placed lines of 460 and 260 m in length with small quadrats of 1 m were at the open and protected beaches 2

perpendicular to the coastlines. similarity ind ( )ly The importance value index and ex SI of organisms on these taxa
were calculated along each transect. was the most dominant echinoid at open and protected Echinometra mathaei
beaches, while was the most dominant asteroid both areas. Most SI values of Echinoidea the Protoreaster nodusus in at
open beach were estimated less than 50%, which was lower than SI values of organisms protected beach. to be at the
On the other hand, most of SI values of Asteroidea at both areas were estimated more than 70% reflecting high
degree of similarity of its species composition among sites. The dis imilarity index of organisms taxa of s in the
Echinoidea and Asteroid increased significantly with increasing distance between sites, which suggested the ea that
pattern in beta diversity of these taxa was associated with spatial heterogen ity e .

Keywords: Asteroidea eta diversity, Echinoidea, Similarity ndex, Wakatobi Marine National Park, b I

INTRODUCTION

Now days, biodiversity of marine organisms a is
declin global scale (Gatson 2000; Roberts ing on et
al. 2002), and therefore, attention more should be
directed to conservation of marine biodiversity.
Many scientists use the term beta diversity as a key
component of biodiversity survey (Gray 2000).
Beta diversity defined as the changes in
composition of organi ms or species diversity s
between habitats (Whittaker 1960 . Beta diversity )
is known to provide useful information on
marine area relationship or connectivity, which
reflects the processes operating in those areas,

s and ha been considered to be essential in
environmental and conservation-based censuses
and establishment of nature reserves (Purvis &

Hector 2000; Cleary 2003; Tuomitso 2003; et al.
Koleff 2003). Marine organisms play very et al.
important roles of coastal for stabilizing ecology
ecosystem (Menge 1999), stabili inshore et al. zing
environments (Jie 2001), regulat et al. ing
atmospheric processes (Murphy Duffus 1996), &
providing forfood and pharmaceuticals human
(Hunt Vincent 2006), as well as & functioning as
recreational and aesthetic aspects (Ponder et al.
2002). However, human activities such as over-
fishing (Jackson 2008), bottom trawling and
dredging (Pauly 2005), as well pollution of et al. as
coastal waters (Halpern 2008) are known to et al.
have negative impact on bent ic ecosystems h
sustainability.

Wakatobi Marine National Park often called an
underwater paradise is among the orld's most w
popular Marine Parks. This Marine Park has very
high resource potential, in terms of biodiversity* Corresponding author : zanzarafli@gmail.com

BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1, 2015: 33 - 43 DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.1.355

mailto:zanzarafli@gmail.com

BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1, 2015

both species and uniqueness, and has become a
leading t urist destination and focus of research o
activities. However, most studies in this region
have been done for ecological asse sment on coral s
reef and fishes only, while few data are available s
regarding ecological organization for marine
be thic Echinoidea and Asteroidea, which are n
fundamental for sustainable conservation of this
Marine Park becau e of their significant role in the s
coastal food chain. These taxa also have high
aesthetic value for tourism. Therefore, analyses of
the spatial pattern in the beta diversity of these
taxa may be useful for the potential ecotourism
and conservation of biodiversity and the coastal
environment of Wakatobi Marine National Park,
Indonesia.

Echinoids are important food source for
human aily exploitation of these organisms . D
may threaten some species by over exploitation as
well as habitat destruc ion. Most people living at t
the coastal area at the Wakatobi Marine National
Park capture fish and also some species of marine
benthic organisms. Therefore, understanding the
spatial trends in beta diversity for Echinoidea and
Aster idea taxa may help to preserve their habitat o
and to ensure their future sustainability. Many
ecologists realize that good understanding of the
marine organisms in relation to enviro mental n
condition essential to generate effective is
conservation schemes and guidelines for the
sustainable exploitation of natural resources. In
this effort determination of beta diversity of
marine organisms plays an essential role (Gaston
2000; Lubchenco 2003; Tuomitso 2003). et al. et al.
Understanding the distribution and complexity of
benthic habitats will provide important
information for management goals (Kendall et al.
2005) and conservation strategy (Fortin et al.
2005), while identifying habitat characteristics for
particular species are being increasingly taken up
by marine ecologists to describe patterns of
benthic diversity (Barrett 2001).et al.

In the present study the spatial pattern in the ,
beta diversity of marine benthic organisms of
Echinoidea and Asteroidea inhabiting the open
and protected beaches of Tomia Island, Wakatobi

Marine National Park . he spatial was elucidated T
trend in abundance, similarity and di similarity s
index and ordination pattern of each taxon es
according to their distribution across the seashore
gradient . The spatial patterns of was described
beta diversity on these taxa were elucidated in
relation to environmental condition open and s at
protected beaches and distance from the beach.
To know whether distance between or sites
patches affects the similarity index in each taxon,
the relationship between distance and disimilarity
index among sites . Th analyses were analyzed ese
were estimating performed by interval ordination
from randomly selected paired , and then sites
generating regression model between interval
ordination and dissimilarity index.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study iteS

The present study was carried out along the
coast of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National
Park located at the 5 46' S and 123 55' E of 0 0
S Province . .outheast Sulawesi , Indonesia (Fig 1)
The study was December 2010. conducted in
Meteorological data taken from Kendari station
showed that annual temperature range was

C24-33 , while the minimum and maximum 0

temperature during study period were 24 C 0

C s ,and 32 , re pectively. Annual rainfall was 2 000 0

mm at mountain, while it was 200 mm at the
the coastal area. In addition, annual relative
moisture ranged 75% to 84%, whereas from
relative moisture was 76% at the study period with
six days. The beach condition of Tomia rainy
Island provides an excellent site for ecological
study of marine invertebrates. The beach
provides a unique panorama as it is surrounded by
some small islands, which protect the beach from
heavy wave action of Banda ea, while other the S
areas are exposed to direct heavy wave action. The
substratum is composed of rock and sand.
However, some species of seagrasses occur at the
study site, such as Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea
serulata, Halophila minorEnhalus acoroides and .

Spatial attern n eta iversity f ommunitiesp i b d o Echinoidea and Asteroidea c – et al.Kangkuso

Sampling Method

The two transe ct lines we re placed
perpendicularly to the costal area of Tomia Island
at the Wakatobi Marine National Park. Transect I
with a length of 460 m was placed open beach at
and divided into 13 sites or patches (400 m wide 2

each), while transect II with length of 260 m was
placed protected beach and divided into 7 sites at
(400 m wide each). Furthe more, five small r2

quadrats (1 m each) were placed purposively wide 2

in each site both open and protected beaches, at
respectively. The name of species and their
individual number for Echinoidea and s
Asteroidea in each small quadrat were directly
observed in the field using Shirai (1997), while
unknown species was brought to the aboratory l
for identification. For determining the organic
content, the sediment samples were taken from
both transects and brought to the Laboratory of

Ecology and Taxonomy, Halu Oleo University,
Kendari. The sediment samples were air dried for -
seven days hen 10 g . T of the air-dried sediment
samples were taken - Cand oven dried at 105 for 0

24 hours and weighed. The samples then dry-
ashed C at 700 for 2 hours and weighed. The 0

percentage of organic matter content of
sediment samples was estimated according to
Brower 1997et al. ( ).

Data Analysis

The similarity and dissimilarity indexes of
organisms among s s for Echinoidea and ite
Asteroidea both transects open and in at
protected beaches were calculated using formula
of Bray and Curtis (1957). In addition, ordination
analyses were applied for elucidation the of
multidimensional pattern. The spatial pattern in
the beta diversity of each taxon was elucidated in

Figure 1. Study sites of open and protected beaches ( ) in the coastal areas of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National circled
Park, Indonesia

Protected
beach Open beach

relation to the condition of open and protected
beaches, distance from shore and substrate types
of the beach. To know whether interval among
sites affects the similarity for each taxon, the index
relationship between distance among sites and
di similarity each taxon . s index of were analyzed
Th analys s performed by estimating the ese e were
interval ordination from randomly selected paired
sites, and then regression model generated
between ordination and dissimilarity for the index
both taxa. The coefficient correlation of
regression line was estimated, and a statistical test
was done for determining whether there s any wa
or no correlation between distance among sites
and dis imilarity index for each taxon.s

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present study showed a little variation of
organic matter content of sediment among
habitats: 1 sandy areas with the seagrasses )
estimated at 14.62%; 2 rocky habitat at 14.43%; )
and 3 mixed rocky and sand habitat at 13.78%. )
However, diversity of the marine benthic for
Echinoid and Asteroid communities inhabited the
coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine
National Park varied at open and protected
beaches. species of Echinoids occurred on Nine
open beach, while eight species were found only at
protected beach in the coastal area of Tomia
Island (Table 1) .

was the dominant Echinoid Echinometra mathaei
both open and protected beaches of Tomia at
Island, indicating its high important role for
susta nability of coastal ecosystem. On the other i
hand, was the rarest Echinoid in Diadema setosum
this coastal area, which might be less adaptable
with environmental condition (Fig 2) . .
Meanwhile, few Aster ds species were found oi
in this coastal area with only four species on both
open and protected beaches (Table 2).
Protoreaster nodusus was the dominant steroid A
in both areas, while was the rarest Archaster typicus
A .steroid (Fig 3). Differences in species
compostion of marine benthic at present study
might be determined by habitat characteristics
and organic matter content. Beaman (2005) et al.
found that habitat characteristic affect marine ed
benthic composition. Rocky reef habitats
influence the behavior of benthic organisms, d
and edin turn influenc higher level processes
of population dynamics and community
structure (Knight Morris 1996). Sandy habitats &
are important for burrowing organisms and
their predators and provide foraging areas for
species which may also use nearby firm substrate
areas for sheltering purposes (Ross 2007). et al.
Therefore, spatial pattern in the community
composition of Echinoidea and Asteroidea
might be associated with substrate types at small
patches in particular the coastal area of Tomia
Island.

BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1, 2015

Table 1 Species composition of open and protected beaches in the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi . Echinoidea at
Marine National Park, Indonesia

No. Family Species
Open beach
(Transect I)

Protected beach
(Transect II)

1 Echinometridae

Echinostrephus aciculatus
Echinometra mathaei
Echinometra sp. A
Echinometra sp. B

2 Temnopleuridae

Salmacis sphaeroides -
Temnopleurus alexandrii

Diadematidae

Astropyga radiate
- -

Diadema setosum

Echinotrix calamaris

Toxopneustidae

Toxopneustes pilieolus

Tripneustes gratilla

5 Brissidae Brissus latecarinatus -

Note (present), - (absent)s : √

The similarity indexes of Echinoid community
both open and protected beaches are described at
in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.
As shown in Table 3 the similarity indexes of
Echinoids varied among sites, while three values
of imilarity ndexes (SI) were estimated more S I
than 85%, i.e. the SI values of paired sites I-II, V-
VII and of paired sites I-XII. However, twenty-
three SI values paired sites of Echinoids were of
estimated more than 50%, while more than half of
the SI values of Echinoids were less than 50%,
even five SI values paired sites were zero. These of
results suggested that there was a lower degree of

similarity species of Echinoids among sites at
open beaches of Tomia Island. On the other hand,
Table 4 shows that more than half the SI values of
of Echino ds protected beaches were estimated i at
to be more than 50%, indicating a high degree of
similarity among sites for Echinoids protected at
beaches, although two SI values were estimated as
zero or completely different. These trends
demonstrate the change in the Echino ds species i
composition across open beaches, which might be
due to heavy wave action. There was only small
change in species composition of Echinoids
across protected beach from heavy wave action.

100

150

200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Protected beach

Echinometra mathaei
Echinometra sp A
Echinotrix calamaris
Echinostrephus aciculatus

Temnopleurus alexandrii
Echinometra sp B
Brissus latecarinatus
Diadema setosum

Distance from the land (m)

Figure 2. Spatial trends in the mportance alue ndex IVI of Echin idea community at open beach (upper) and protected I V I ( ) o
beach (below) in the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia

Table 2 Species composition of Astero open and protected beaches in the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi . idea at
Marine National Park, Indonesia

No. Family Species
Open beach
(Transect I)

Protected beach
(Transect II)

Ophidlasteridae

Protoreaster nodusus
Linckia laevigata

2 Oreasteridae Culcita novaeguineae
-

3 Archasteridae Archaster typicus
4 Astropectenidae Astropecten scoparius -

Note (present), - (absent)s : √

Spatial attern n eta iversity f ommunitiesp i b d o Echinoidea and Asteroidea c – et al.Kangkuso

BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1, 2015

100

150

200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Open beach
Linckia laevigata
Protoreaster nodusus
Archaster typicus
Culcita novaeguineae

Distance from the land (m)

100

150

200

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Protected beach

Linckia laevigata
Protoreaster nodusus
Archaster typicus
Astropecten scoparius

Distance from the land (m)

Figure 3. Spatial trends in the mportance alue ndex IVI of Asteroidea community at open beach (upper) and protected I V I ( )
beach (below) in the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia

Table 3. Similarity and i similarity of chinoids open beaches in the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi D s Indexes E at
Marine National Park, Indonesia

SI\DI I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII
1 - 12.5 61.46 28.27 62.57 56.25 53.33 46.96 100 54.58 70.83 62.5 14.89
2 87.5 - 61.46 21.19 67.98 61.67 58.75 52.38 100 60 70.83 50 26.36
3 38.55 38.54 - 66.47 61.46 58,33 61.46 53.91 67.71 38.55 67.71 61.46 52.78
4 71.73 78.81 33.53 - 46.79 44.44 37.55 38.10 100 63.41 84.52 50 41.8
5 37.43 32.05 38.54 53.20 - 36.23 13.44 42.58 63.19 57.78 89.01 47.83 62.23
6 43.75 38.33 41.67 55.56 63.77 - 47.22 25.24 63.89 51.11 61.11 58.33 55.91
7 46.67 41.25 38.55 62.45 86.56 52.78 - 53.57 76.62 57.78 100 49.58 57.27
8 53.04 47.62 46.09 61.91 57.42 74.77 46.43 - 75.71 49.60 58.57 70.71 46.62
9

0 0 32.29

36.81

36.11

23.38

24.29

- 63.33

45.83

100

45.42 40 61.46

36.59

42.22

48.89

42.22

50.40

36.67

- 57.78

78.89

39.7

29.17 29.17 32.29

15.48

10.99

38.89

41.43

54.17

42.22

79.17

70.83

37.5

38.54

52.17

41.67

50,42

29.29

21.11

20.83

76.36

13 85.11 73.65 47.22 58.20 37.77 44.09 42.73 53.38 0 60.30 29.17 23.65 -

S Indexes ( )Table 5 hows the imilarity SI for
A atsteroids open beaches. The SI values of
Asteroids were less variable with only a few SI
values of steroids estimated less than 50%, A to be
while many SI values were estimated more to be
than 80%, and even some SI values estimated to
be indicatednearly 100%. These results that there
was high similarity of species composition of
A atsteroids open beaches of Tomia Island. A
similar trend in the SI values of steroids was A
found protected beaches.at
As shown in Table 6 there only three SI is
values of steroids protected beaches were A at
estimated less than 50%, while more than to be
half of SI values of steroidea were estimated A to
be above 70%, indicating the high degree of
similarity in species of steroids protected A at
beaches of Tomia Island.
Multidimensional patterns of the benthic
community of chinoids and steroids at the E A
study site were elucidated by ordination analyses.

The ordination pattern of chinoids at open E
beach (Fig 4, upper) showed four groups: 1) .
Group A consisted of four sites or patches
including sites I, II, IV and sites XIII; 2) Group
B consisted of five sites (sites III, VI, VIII, X
and sites XII); 3) Group C consisted of sites V
and VII; and 4) Group D consisted of sites IX
and XI. The sites located at the same groups
indicated that chinoids might have E species
similar or matching resource requirement and
enviro mental preferences. The ordination n
pattern of chinoids along transect II or E
protected beaches (Fig , below) could be also . 4
divided into 4 groups, though the sites in each
group differed as compared to the ordination
pattern of chinoids open beaches. These E at

wefour groups re as follows: 1) Group A
consisted of sites III and V; 2) Group B consisted
of sites I, II, and IV; 3) Group C consisted of
site VIII only; and 4) Group D included sites VI
and VII.

Table 4. Similarity and is imilarity of chinoids protected beaches in the coastal area of Tomia Island, D s Indexes E at
Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia

SI \ DI I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 - 24.78 47.69 36.52 59,83 47.81 35.31 76.97
2 75.22 - 46.43 11.74 58,57 35.42 35.42 64.58
3 52.31 53.57 - 46.43 24,29 58.57 58.57 70.71
4 63.48 88.26 53.57 - 58,57 43.18 43.18 58.33
5

40.17

41.43

75.71

41.43

- 58.57

58.57

82.86

52.19

64.58

41.43

56.82

41.43

20.83

100

64.69

64.58

41.43

56.82

41.43

79.17

100

8 23.03 35.42 29.29 41.67 17.14 0 0 -

Table 5. Similarity and is imilarity of steroids open beaches in the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi D s Indexes A at
Marine National Park, Indonesia

SI \

DI I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

1 - 22.5 24.28 34.16 14.16 14.16 20.83 18.33 22.12 18.75 36.66 36.67
2 77.5 - 19.82 25.41 22.5 22.5 25.41 38.75 24.20 27.5 38.75 38.75
3 75.71 80.17 - 7.38 36.07 36.07 37.73 24.28 44.02 33.57 33.57 38.75
4 65.83 74.58 92.61 - 19.16 19.16 20.83 18.33 27.12 18.75 33.57 38.75
5 85.83 77.5 63.92 80.83 - 19.16 20.83 18.33 27.12 18.75 41.66 41.67
6 85.83 77.5 63.92 80.83 100 - 20.83 32.5 85.45 21.25 31.11 22.5
7

79.16 74.58 62.26 79.16 79.16

79.16

- 32.5

19.09

21.25

31.11

22.5

81.66 61.25 75.71 81.66 67.5 67.5

84.16

- 8.03

4.166

20.83

100

77.87 75.79 55.97 72.87 14.54

80.90

91.96

77.87

- 11.66

14.54

38.75

81.25 72.5

66.42 81.25 78.75

78.75

95.83

88.33

89.54

- 14.54

17.36

63.33 61.25 66.42

58.33

68.88

79.16

63.33

85.45

27.5

12 63.33 61.25 61.25 58.33 77.5 77.5 74.58 61.25 82.61 72.5 85.13 -

Spatial attern n eta iversity f ommunitiesp i b d o Echinoidea and Asteroidea c – et al.Kangkuso

BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1, 2015

Table 6. Similarity and i similarity of steroids protected beaches in the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi D s Indexes A at
Marine National Park, Indonesia

SI \ DI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 - 57.38 45 40 31.66 55.53 58.33
2 42.61 - 20.79 24.28 26.07 17.14 6.19
3 55 79.20 - 44.72 36.08586 36.08 15.55
4 60 75.71 55.27 - 50 40 29.16
5 68.33 73.92 86.66 50 - 41.36 26.67
6

44.46

82.85

63.91

58.63

23.33

7 41.66 93.80 84.44 70.83 73.33 76.66 -

Figure 4. Ordination pattern of community at open beach ( ) and protected beach ( ) in the coastal area of Echinoidea left right
Tomia katobi Island, Wa Marine National Park, Indonesia

Statistical analysis regression model using
D s(Fig. 5) showed that the i similarity Indexes (DI)

of Echinoids among sites both open and at
protected beaches increased significantly with
increasing interval ordination or separation of
sites or patches ( < 0.001). This means that the p
degree of similarity of Echinoids both open at
and protected beaches decreased with increasing
distance sites.among
The ordination pattern of asteroids on open
beach (Fig. 6) could also divided into 4 group: (1)
Group A consisted of site XII only; (2) Group B
consisted of sites III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX and site
XI; (3) Group C included sites I and II; and (4)
Group D consisted of site VIII only. The same
ordination pattern of asteroids was found at the
transect II (Figure 6), although the sites in esch
froup were different as compared to the grouping
in the transect I. These groups at transect II are:
(1) Group A contained sites, II, IV and VI; (2)
Group B consisted of site IV only; (3) Group C
contained site I only; and (4) Group D included
sites III and V.
Statistical analysis a regression model using

D I(Fig. 7) showed that issimilarity ndexes (DI)

atof Asteroids among sites both open and
protected beaches also increased significantly
with increasing interval ordination or separation
of sites ( < 0.01). This mean that the degree of p s
similarity of Asteroids among sites open and at
protected beaches decreased with increasing
distance sites both open and protected among at
beaches.
These spatial heterogeneities might be
correlated to the environmental condition of the
beach, such as substrate types and distance from
the offshore. This because the happened
Echinoids and Asteroids communites showed
high similarity among sites in general both open at
and protected beaches. The degree of similarity in
some sites for both taxa were completely different
although they responded to the same sets of
substrate types, which might influence the
community structure of marine benthic
community in the Tomia Island.
The community composition of Echinoids
and Asteroids in each site might be significantly
associated with substrate types in small patches.
For species that have limited dispersal abilities,
distance or spatial component expected to be is

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Open beach

Interval ordination

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

Protected beach

Interval ordination

Figure 5 Relationship of i o tion to the i similarity ndex of Echinoidea community at the oastal area of . nterval rdina D s I c
Tomia Island, Indonesia

Figure 6 Ordination pattern of Asteroidea community at open beach ( ) and protected beach ( ) in the coastal area of . left right
Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia

Spatial attern n eta iversity f ommunitiesp i b d o Echinoidea and Asteroidea c – et al.Kangkuso

important structuring factor in community
similarity, which would result in assemblages of
sites close together being more similar which are
than assemblages further of those which are
apart. Many previous studies revealed that
distance between sites can be a function of
differences in spatially explicit environmental
variables (Borcard . 1992; Harrison . 1992; et al et al
Ohmann Spies 1998). The present result clearly &
found a significant association between distance
of sites and community similarity for Echinoids
and Asteroids both at open and protected
beaches, because they showed a highly significant
relationship between interval ordination and
di similarity indexes for those two taxa. Many s
previous studies that pattern in beta indicated
diversity can differ among taxa due to community-

wide differences in dispersal ability and other
taxon-specific factor (Gatson 2000; Reyers . et al
2000). Beta diversity of organisms in many taxa
ha been affected by not only distance between s
sample stands but also enviro mental variables n
(Ellingsen Gray 2002; Clearly . 2004). In & et al
addition, Barros . (2004) found that et al
sedimentary bedforms such as ripples, sand and
waves are known to affect the abundance and
distribution of benthic organisms.
aBiotic factors such as human disturb nce
might be factor the individual number, a reducing
and even the species number of these benthic
communities. It is known that sea urchins are
frequently collected by people for consumption,
which might have strong effects on their
abundance and distribution. On the other hand,

OPEN BEACH PROTECTED BEACH

BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1, 2015

interaction wit in benthic community itself s h
become biological control for the community
stability. Meanwhile, steroids act as predator for A s
sea urchin in general, and might reduce the
number of sea urchin in the coastal of Tomia
Island. The association with distance itself may
also be due to distance-dependent environmental
variable. Several studies showed that the
distribution of chinoderms French Polynesia E at
beach was primarily inf luenced by the
concentration of carbonates (Adjeroud 1997).
However, Ellingsen and Gray (2002) also found in
a Norwegian coastal area that sea urchins were ,
more restricted in their distribution than other
macrobenthos, and the beta-diversity of
Echinoderms had the weakest association with
environmental variables of all the observed taxa.

CONCLUSIONS

Spatial patterns of the benthic community of
Echinoidea and Asteroidea that inhabit the coastal
area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National
Park varied habitat. ultidimensional pattern by M
of each taxon created four groups in general ,
although the sites or patches in each group were
quite different. The trend in beta diversity of
Echinoidea and Asteroidea seem toed be
associated with spatial heterogen ity because e
there was a significant correlation between
separation of sites and community similarity of
benthic community. This infor mation is

fundamental for conser vation wit in the h
Wakatobi Marine National Park.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

edWe thank Halu Oleo University for financial
support this research. the for We also thanked
staff of Wakatobi Marine National Park for
coopera-tion and support our . We of field work
would also like to thank the student and general s
volunteers who had provided assistance during the
field work.

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