ICHTYOFAUNA AT CIJALU RIVER, CILACAP REGENCY CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA AGUS NURYANTO, DIAN BHAGAWATI, M. NADJMI ABULIAS and INDARMAWAN Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 53122, Indonesia Received 22 January 2014/Accepted 21 June 2016 ABSTRACT Cijalu River is located in Western Cilacap Regency Central Java . The river runs through forestry, of Province housing and farming areas. This condition lead to a prediction that the river has altered its physico-chemical s been on characteristics inhabited by variety of fish species. This study aim to collect data about fish causing the river to be a ed species inhabit Cijalu River and its distribution. A survey method has been done with ing clustered random sampling technique The river was divided into three different areas, i.e. upper-, middle- and downstreams. Species diversity was . measured as the number of species, while distribution was measured as the presentation of fish species in each site . Nineteen fish species of 10 families were identified from Cijalu River. The 10 families were Anabantidae Bagridae, , Balitoridae, , Osphronemidae, and Sisoridae Cyprinidae was Channidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae Loricariidae, Poecilidae . the family spec , followed by ( species), Channidae having the highest number of species (6 ies) Bagridae 3 (2 species) and Osphronemidae A complex (2 species). The remaining respective families were represented by one species. pattern of fish distribution was observed during study. and were only found at the Glyptothorax platypogon Channa gacua the upper-streams, while was obtained in downstreams species could be Anabas testudineus . The other remaining observed either middle- to downstreams, or even from upper- to downstreams. D pattern of species from the ifferent distribution could be caused by physico-chemical character s from upper to lower parts of the river, istic variation especially substratewater velocity and types. Ci lu , , diversi , Keywords: ja River distribution ty fish INTRODUCTION Diversity indicate the presence of species at s certain ecosystem. In macrotaxonomy, diversity measurement is a measure of number of species in an area, whereas in ecology, diversity is represented by species number and its abu ances. igh species diversity prove that an nd H s ecosystem is in an equilibrium state and play s important role n keeping ecosystem in an i equil br um condition. According to Odum i i (1971) high diversity show by no dominant is n species in an ecosystem. Biodiversity is an integral part of nation development after Brundtland report was first published in 1987 (UNEP 1987). igh support of H international community on that report and followed by global consultation has led to the establishment of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1994, which provides guidance related to global issue on biodiversity and biodiversity initiative (Nguyen De Silva 2006) & . In general, biodiversity initiative focused on terre trial ecosystem. However, at present days, s aquatic ecosystem become among the most s discussed s topic , especially coral reef and about wetlands ecosystems. Later on, resea cher are r s also interested to study biodiversity aspect of freshwater ecosystem including freshwater fish diversity (Nguyen De Silva 2006). Previous & report showed that a total of 13,000 freshwater fish species ha been described and belong to ve 2,513 genera (Du geon . 2006; Leveque . d et al et al 2008). The majority of freshwater fish species inhabit tropical areas, mainly in Asia (Nguyen De & Silva 2006). Asia harbor approximately 121 s freshwater fish families, higher than those in freshwater ecosystems in Africa and Latin America which have only 50 and 55 fish families, respectively. On species level, 28 up to 32% of the 13,000 described freshwater fish species were BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1, 2016: 1 - 9 1 DOI: 10.11598/btb.2016.2 . .3623 1 * C orresponding author: yahoo.comanuryanto2003@ 2 recorded from Asia with approximately 462 spesies are threatened. The number is equivalent to 17.5% of total number of threatened species in the world (L vequ . 2008). A sum of 66 e e et al species were critically end gered or end gered an an and 32 species of them belong to yprinidC . Indonesia is among 12 sian ountries with the A c highest number of threatened fish species (Nguyen De Silva 2006).& High diversity of fish species in Asia is especially found in big rivers and their floodplains (Welcomme 2000; CBD 2003; Coates . 2003). et al In is detail, Asia's freshwater fish dominated by C ,yprinid group (±1 000 spesies) and followed by Balitoridae and Cobitidae (±400 species, recently, Balitoridae d ivided intois Balitorid ae, G a s t r o m y z o n t i d a e , E l l o p o s t o m a t i d a e , Vaillantellidae, Barbuccidae, Serpenticobitidae and Nemacheilidae s; while Cobitidae become Cobitidae and Botiidae Kottelat 2012 Gobiidae ( ;) (300 species), catfishes Bagridae (±100 species) and Osphronemidae (85 species) (Nguyen De & Silva 2006). Specifically, Kar . (2006) also et al reported that Cyprinidae is a domina t freshwater n fish in India. family Previous studies reported freshwater fish diversity in Africa (Albaret . 2004; Leveque et al 1997; Harrison Whitfield 2006) Europe & and (Collares-Pereira . 2002). Several studies ha et al d also been done in Indonesia, however, those studies were mostly performed outside of Java; such as in Kalimantan (Haryono 2004 Sulistyarto ; et al. 2007) and Sumatera (Duya 2008). Studies in smaller rivers in Java ha also been done in ve Cileumeuh and Cikawung Rivers. A study in Cileumeuh 2 spe ies River found a total of 2 fish c within families In iver, 10 . Cileumeuh R Cyp inidae was the speciose family with 0r 1 species Bagridae and followed by with four spe ies (Nuryanto . 201 ). et al et al.c 2 Nuryanto (2015) also recorded a total of 19 species and nine families from Cikawung River. Cijalu River is located in Western Cilacap Regency, Central Java . Administratively, Province this river belong to District with s Majenang its headwater Padontelu . located in Mountains Cijalu River empties into Cijalu Cileume h River. u R siver belong to Citanduy Watershed together with Cileumeuh and Cikawung Rivers. There have been no data o fish diversity d sn an it distribution at ja Cijalu Ci lu River. In addition to the fact that River is subjected to several impacts from forestry, farming and house waste which alter the physico-chemical characteristics of the river, Cijalu River is overfished. , it is Therefore important to study fish diversity at River to Cijalu develop database on freshwater fish species in Banyumas Region which is important for further study, such as conservation strategy. This study aim collect on ed to data fish diversity and distribution Cijalu River, Cilacap egencyat R . MATERIALS AND METHODS C random sampling technique was lustered performed by dividing Cijalu River into three clusters - - i.e. upper , middle and downstream (Fig. 1) . amples , based on substrate types Fish s were collected at sampling sites:eleven five at upper-, three at m ddle- and three at downstreams i using and nets12 Volt with 0.5, electr shockeric BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1, 2016 Figure 1 Sampling sites across Ci Riverjalu (108 04' and 109 30', 7 03' and 7 52') o o o o Notes : 1- = m11 sa pling site numbers = border among partsriver's 3 0.75 and 1 inch in mesh sizes. Sampling was performed from April to July 2012. Electric- shocker and 0.5 inch nets were used during the sampling in the upper-stream, whereas 0.75 and 1 inch nets were used at the middle- and down- streams. Sampling efforts performed for one were hour netting and electroshocking each siteat . Biological variables and physico-chemical characteristics were examined during the study. B were number of iological variables measured fish distribution in species (S) and fish Cijalu R . Physic -chemical measured iver o parameters were water depth, light intensity, water temperature, water acidity (pH), c rbon dioxide, a water velocity and substrate river . Methods used in measuring physic -chemical areo parameters summarized n Table 1i . Fresh fish directly preserved samples were in labelled plastics bag filled with 70% ethanol. Direct fixation eth nol was due using a carried out to technical difficulties obtain formalinin ing . Upon arrival in the laboratory, the samples were washed running water and the used soaking under ethanol was replaced the fresh 70% ethanol. by For permanent preservation, the samples were fixed inside bottles containing fresh 70% ethanol (diluted from 100% pro-analysis ethanol). S a m p l e s we r e id e n t i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o identification key from Kottelat . (1993) and et al F B (Froese Pauly 2012)& .ish ase RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Species Diversity A total of 19 fish c were spe ies of 10 families found during sampling at Cijalu River (Table 2) which is considered as high diversity based on guideline from NCDENR (2006). This study found lower number of species (19) compared to previous study in Cimanuk River which found 40 species ( . Sjafei . 2001)et al Cimanuk River was chosen as compar the ison because Cimanuk River is located in the same biogeographic region in the same island and is with Cijalu River ifferen result between . D t s this study and study Cimanuk at Cijalu River the at River could be caused by different ecological characteristics river river such as length, size and annual water volumes. Based on survey at Cijalu River in 2012 and at Cimanuk River in 2011 (Nuryanto Sugiharto 2011), Cijalu River is & shorter and smaller than Cimanuk River. Cijalu River is only about 40 km in length, spanning only from orthern to outhern part of Majenang n s District in Cilacap Regency, whereas Cimanuk River has more than 100 km in length spanning from Garut Regency up to offshore of Java the Sea in Indramayu Regency, West Java . Province Moreover, Cijalu River is appr ximately 40 m in o width, while Cimanuk River reaches 100 m in width at the lower part. In addition, Cimanuk River has constant annual water volumes more than Cijalu River. According to Kottelat . et al (1993) longer and wider ecosystems usually are assumed to have higher microhabitat variation than smaller and shorter areas igh habitat . H variation supports high variety of inhabitants. Therefore, it is reasonable that Cimanuk River which is longer and wider than Cijalu River has high number of species. These conditions agree with Woo ton (1991) t who noted that larger streams are inhabited by higher number of species due to higher microhabitat variety than the smaller one. Similar phenomenon was also reported by Clavero . (2004) in 27 Iberian et al Mediterranean river basins, where wider rivers (Tajo, Guadiana and Jucar Rivers) support ed higher number of fish species than the r maining e twenty four smaller rivers. In addition Mazeika , et al reported . (2006) that stream geomorphic, including stream size, has significant effect on fish community diversity. Table 1 P o parameters mea methods hysic -chemical surement Physico-chemical parameter Measurement methods Water depth (m) Light intensity (m) Water temperature (°C) Water pH Carbon dioxide (CO2) Water velocity (m/sec) Substrate Sechi disk Sechi disk Thermometer Universal pH papers APHA 1985 Linear measurement Visual Ichtyofauna t Cijalu River Central Javaa , Province Agus Nuryanto, Indonesia – et al. 4 BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1, 2016 Species diversity comparison to the studies outside Indotropic or Oriental Region showed complex pattern of similarit and differences. ies For example, our study obtained similar number of species with a study Clavero . carried out by et al (2004) in Guadalquivir Rivers. However, different phenomena were observed when comparing our study to other studies. In one hand, our species record in Cijalu River was lower compared to the reported by et alstudy Clavero . (2004) conducted in three Iberian Mediterranean river basins. other hand, a slightly higher species On the number was recorded in our study compared to a study r r t epo ted by Cassa ti (2005) from the Morno do Diabo State Park, southeastern Brazil. Our result also recorded higher species number than the collection by . reported t al Clavero e (2004). s ereThe above comparison w not equal since our study and those studies from Cl v ro . a e et al (2004) and Cassa ti (2005) re located in t we d iff e rent biog e og raphi c r egions. T hese differences might cause different inhabitants. Therefore, it is reasonable to find that results on fish species composition from our study conducted in Indotropic or Oriental Region showed results from the studies different conducted in Brazil (Neotropic Region) and Europe (Palearctic Region) According to Gaston . and Williams (1997), each biogeographic region has their own organisms and most of the organisms are different among regions. This study at Cijalu River found 10 famil ies i.e. Anabantidae, Bagridae, Channidae, Balitoridae, C i c h l i d a e , C y p r i n i d a e , L o r i c a r i i d a e , Osphronemidae, d SisoridaePoeciliidae an . Cyprinidae was the most speciose family with 6 species fol owed by with species, and , l Bagridae 3 then Channidae and Osphronemidae with two species, respectively. The remaining six families only had one species, respectively (Table ) 2 . Comparison on family level also showed similarit and difference among studies. ies s Our study at Cijalu River recorded lower number of families compared to a study conducted at Cimanuk River which recorded 20 families (Sjafei et al. 2001). This difference could be caused by different ecological characteristics as previously discussed. However, both studies agreed on Cyprinidae being the most speciose family High . number of cyprinids species was also repo ted r from Musi River Kejalo Curup Bengkulu with , , seven species (Duya 2008). It seems that high number of Cyprinids species is a common phenomenon in the river systems. This phenomenon was also reported in previous studies at different river systems either in Indonesia or outside Indonesia n . I Rawa Table Fish species at Ci l River2 and distribution ja u No Species Distribution Upper Middle Lower 1 Anabantidae a. Anabas testudineus - - + 2 Bagridae a. Mystus gulio b. Mystus micracanthus c. Hemibagrus nemurus - - - + + + + + + 3 Balitoridae a. Nemacheilus fasciatus - + + 4 Channidae a. Channa striata b. Channa gachua - + + - + - 5 Cichlidae a. Oreochromis niloticus - + - 6 Cyprinidae a. Labiobarbus kuhlii b. Mystacoleucus obtusirostris c. Osteochilus vittatus d. Barbodes binotatus e. Barbodes microps f. Rasbora argyrotaenia - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7 Loricariidae a. Pterygoplichthys pardalis - + + 8 Osphronemidae a. Osphronemus gouramy b. Trichopodus trichopterus - - + + - + 9 Poeciliidae a. Poecilia reticulata + + + 10 Sisoridae a. Glyptothorax platypogon + - - Notes: - = ; = Absent + present Family 5 Lebak there wereRungan River 19 Cyprinidae species number recorded (Sulistyarto . 2007). Aet al of 26 cyp inids species was in Bukit recordedr Batikap Central Kalimantan (Haryono 2002), , while a study in Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan 19 c of recorded spe ies C prinidae Java Island, several y (Haryono 2004). In stud also found number of cyp inids ies various s r species. ll stud reported that Cyp inidae the A ies isr dominant family (Cileumeuh River (Nuryanto . et al 2012); Cikawung River (Nuryanto . 2015)). et al Our present study and those previous studies agree with Nguyen and De Silva (2006) who reported that cyprinid group dominated freshwater fish species in Asia. Ahmad 2014 et al. ( ) also reported that Cyprinid dominated fish species in Sungkai Wildlife Reserve. The dominance of Cyprinidae was also reported in the river basins throughout Europe (Reyjol . 2007). However, et al the trend of Cyprinidae dominance was not observed in southeastern Brazil where the speciose familiy were Characidae followed by Cichlidae and Loricariidae no Cyprinid ; there were species recorded (Langeani in southeastern Brazil et al. 2005). It was not possible to compare this study at Cijalu River wi conductedth the study in the Iberian Mediterranean rivers at family level, because there was no family information availa le b in study (Clavero the Iberian Mediterranean rivers et al. 2004). As it was discussed previously, the different results were caused by these studies being conducted in different biogeographic regions. However, the comparison itself is important to enrich our knowledge of other taxa (species and family) occurred in other biogeo raphic regions.g resultedAnother important information from this study was that 3 19 species were of found non-native or introduced or exotic species i.e. Pterygoplichthys ardalisp (Page Robins 2006; Levin & et al Poecilia reticulata O. niloticus et . 2008), and (Paller al. 2011). Therefore, high species diversity Cijalu at River could not be used as an indicator of river health it is inhabited by three exotic because species which might become problem for native species, though Maitland (2004) that if the al stated number of exotic species less than 25%, the is ecosystem is still .in healthy condition ofNevertheless, we have to be aware the presen of and in Cijalu ce P. pardalis O. niloticus River it become a major problem in because may the future. It has been reported by Maitland (2004) and Pimentel . (2005) that exotic species might et al threaten native species through ecological alteration. Moreover, introduced species has caused native species declining due to in numbers competition, disease transmi sion etc. (Gozlan s et al. 2010). Previous studies negative had shown impact of introduce species Hermoso . d . et al (2011) reported that the declining numbers of native species in Iberian Streams was due to high abun ance of exotic species. A study from Albins d and Hixon (2008) had also a negative shown impact of exotic species on native with species 79% a aver ge value of reduction. It has been reported that nile tilapia in becomes competitor an ecosystem (Cag uan 2007) or predator for a native species (Morgan 2004). Nile tilapia et al. win the competition because this species is mores a gre sive and voracious (Morgan . 2004). A g s et al study from Hoover . (2004) has also reported et al a negative impact of to native species P. pardalis in USA waters. In Indonesia, Yuniartiningisih (2011) has reported that nile tilapia has caused . .R argyrotaenia R lateristriata and declining to be in numbers in Pelus River, Purwokerto, Central Java Province decrease. This was due to niche overlap among those species. In case of Cijalu River, high awareness should be paid because introduced species have higher biological advantages than those native of species, so they can better adapt to aquatic habitat with poor water quality than that native of species. For instance, mouth sucker catfish ( ) live well in aquatic ecosystem with P. pardalis s low oxygen content because this species is equipped with arborescent organ for effective respiration in such ecological condition This . species is also well adapted to aquatic ecosystems with high organic matter content because it fe d e s on detritus and algae (Page Robin 2006). & Whereas, nile tilapia ( ) well adapted to O. ni o icusl t is poor water quality ecosystems (Figueredo & Giani 2005). Therefore, it is necessary to control the developmenet of and P. pardalis O. niloticus population in Cijalu River to minimize the threat to native species. Fish istributionD s F species was collectedive at the upper- streams se. ,The species were Barbodes binotatus Rasbora argyrotaenia, Poecilia reticulata, Channa gac ua Glyptothorax platypogon. h and Sampling conducted the middle part of Ci River at jalu Ichtyofauna t Cijalu River Central Javaa , Province Agus Nuryanto, Indonesia – et al. 6 BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1, 2016 obtained a 6 fish total of 1 species The obtained . species were Pterygoplichthys pardalis Mystus gulio, , Mystus micracanthus Hemibagrus nemurus Hemibagrus , , nemurus, Trichopodus trichopterus, , Channa striata Oreoch omis niloticus, Labiobarbus kuhlii, Mystacoleucus r obtusirostris, Barbodes binotatus Barbodes microps, , Osteochilus vittatus Rasbora argyrotaenia Poecilia , , reticulata Osphronemus gouramyand . At the downstream area, total of 1 fish species a 5 was found during the study, i.e. Pterygoplichthys pardalis, Mystus gulio Mystus micracanthus Hemibagrus , , nemurus Nemacheilus fasciatus, Trichopodus trichopterus, , Channa striata, Labiobarbus kuhlii, Mystacoleucus obtusirostris, Barbodes binotatus Barbodes microps, , Osteochilus vittatus Rasbora argyrotaenia Poecilia , , reticulata Anabas testudineus and . It seems that different species compositions were observed in each part. There was also a river tendency that some species only at occurred certain part of the river, such as in G. platypogon upper-stream and in down-streamsA. testudineus areas; while the other species were widely distributed at most part , such as river s L. kuhlii and or even along the river i.e.M. obtusirostris B. binotatus R. argyrotaenia and (Table 2). This complex distr bution pattern could be i caused by some species hav specific preference to certain ing ecological condition, while the other species can adapt to wide range of ecological factors. For a example, prefer ed upstream area of G. platypogon r the river with stong current and stony substrate. G. platypogon is equip ed with ventral disc to attach p itself on the substrate in strong current upper- stream area. Anabas testudineus Typical downstream species, were found. The finding was already assumed before sampling since s ecological everal characteristics observed at the lower part of Cijalu River such as average water temperature range , d from 28 to 30 ºC, pH 5.7 to 6.8, ranged from carbon di xide range between 0.1 and 0.5 ppm o d , as well as s ,muddy and sandy sub trates fit well with the need of that species. This species adapted to poor aquatic habitat since it is equipped with arborescent organ for effective respiration in such ecological condition. This finding was congruent with Tay . (2006)the finding from who et al reported sA. testudineus that inhabit swamp areas, stagnant water bodies, estuaries and ponds. The finding of along part of the B. binotatus river was not surprising since this species normally inhabits wide range of habitats from strong to weak current. A similar finding was also reported in Cileumeuh River (Nuryanto 2012) and et al. Cikawung River (Nuryanto . 2015). et al B binotatus . commonly inhabit mountain stream, river and s lake. This mean that can adapt to B. binotatuss a wide range of habitat conditions. The remaining Cyprinidae species was found at middle- and downstream of Cijalu River, ranging from stone to sandy bottom and from high to low water velocity. This means that Cyp inids species were distributed in all part of r s the river. The finding was normal since it is agreed with Nikolsky (1963) who has the finding from noted that Cyprinidae commonly inhabits river with either high or low velocity. G platypogon . A typical upstreams species were found during the sampling. This result was different to Nuryanto . (2012; 2015) who et al find G. platypogondid not in Cileumeuh and Cikawung Rivers. The difference could be caused by different fishing gear used to collect samples at the upstream areas in the present and previous studies. the In present study, we used electricshocker during sampling at the upstream, while Nuryanto . (2012; 2015) only used et al nets. Both sampling gears had different effectiveness to used atbe the areaupstream . Electricshocker more effective than nets is because electricshocker can induce fish in any water velocity conditions and in any fish-hiding places to . The electricity induction caused fish become weak and easily to be caught. In contrast, strong current at upstream area washed away the nets before fishes. According to even trapping Lapointe . (2006), sampling ef ectivity at each et al f part of river depend upon the fishing geara s , while the gear fish electricshocker is best for sampling upstream . at area Mystus nigriceps H. nemurus Bagridaeand ( ) were only found at the middle and lower part of s Cijalu R conducted at Serayu Iiver. n another study River Mystus nigriceps, it has been reported that and H. nemurus along the r were distributed iver (Setijanto Sulistyo 2008). The differen could & ce be due to different microhabitat of Cijalu and Serayu Rivers. fCijalu River has many plain or lat and shallow areas with sandy substrates, while Serayu River has many sites with swamp and y deep areas muddy susbtrates (Nuryanto with & Sugiharto 2011). These types of habitats in Serayu River most likely the reason that both bagrids are species were distributed along iver.Serayu R 7 Physico-chemical Characteristics A ver ag e valu e s o f physi c o-c he mic al parameters in Cijalu Rivers are presented in Table 3. Water velocity and substrates were the two parameters showing quite differences among parts of Cijalu River; while the remaining parameters were almost similar among part of s the river. Therefore, the discus ion focused on s species distribution comparison based on was those two parameters. fThe di ferences on water velocity and substrates were suggested to e responsib b le for different ish distribution along the river. f pattern It has been well known that water velocity or current is a key factor caus differences among ing river parts (Odum 1971) affect distribution, ing movement and adaptive behaviour of riparian organisms (Brown 1975). In this study, G platypogon C gac ua. . h were found and only at the u per part of the river with high water velocity p and stony substrate. This may be due to the adaptation capability of these species to river part which has strong current and stony substrate. According to Ng and Rachmatika (2005) Glyptothorax is able to survive in strong water current because it is equipped with thoracic adhesive organ attach on stony , so that it can substrate. Whereas, is adapted to strong C. gac uah current and stony substrate by hiding inside crevices or between stones. T he finding of ,P pardalis T trichopterus A . . . and testudineus parts of Cijalu in the middle and lower River agreed with our expectation since those three species adapt to water ecosystem with can low oxygen content, high c rbon diox de, low a i acidity and muddy substrate. This finding was in agreement that of stating with Pethiyagoda (1991) that well adapted to poor habitatA. testudineus is quality. inhabit swamps areas and T. trichopterus s ponds with high density of freshwater vegetations Low Lim 2012). In addition, ( & Pethiyagoda (1991) that reported P. pardalis, T. trichopterus A. testudineus are able and to live in poor habitat because they tohave the ability directly breathe oxygen from the air using additional respiratory organ. The remaining species were not specific site, so they were - distributed almost along the river. The ir distribution along part the rivers is well s of supported ecological char cteristic which by a s are relatively d ra . mo e te, especially water velocity CONCLUSIONS Nineteen species offish 10 families were collected during the at Cijalu Riverstudy , which indicated that the river has high fish diversity. Cyp inidae speciose family with six species. r is the Some species were distributed along the river, while other species were limited at certain parts of the rivers. The d ce in species ifferen distribution could be due to various physico- chemical characteristics parts of the river, along especially water velocity and substrate. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Jenderal Soedirman University for the funding. We greatly appreciated students who involved during the sampling were and laboratory works. We also greatly appreciated fishermen and driver for their help during the study. Tabl e 3 Average value of physico-chemical characteristics of Cijalu River Physico-chemical characteristic Upper Middle Lower Depth (m) 0.66 0.48 0.60 Light intensity (m) 0.47 0.35 0.39 Temperature (°C) 28.0 27.0 30.0 Velocity (m/s) 1.47 0.67 0.33 Acidity (pH) 6.80 6.3 5.7 Carbon dioxide (CO2) (ppm) 0.1 0.5 0.3 Substrate Big to medium stones Small stones to gravel Sand to mud Ichtyofauna t Cijalu River Central Javaa , Province Agus Nuryanto, Indonesia – et al. REFERENCES Ahmad AB, Fahmi-Ahmad M, Rizal SY. 2014. Fish diversity in sm ll streams of Sungkai Wildlife Reserve, Perak, a Malaysia. J Wildlife and Park 29:13-21 . Albaret JJ, Simier M, Darboe FS, Jean-Marc E, Raffray J, de Morais LT. 2004. 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