BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK ESTIMATION INVENTORY OF INDONESIAN BANANAS ( spp.) AND Musa ITS POTENTIAL FOR NROLE LAND REHABILITATIO SETYAWAN AGUNG DANARTO* LIA HAPSARIand Purwodadi Botanic Garden – Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jalan Surabaya-Malang Km. 65 Purwodadi, Pasuruan, East Java 6716, Indonesia Received 24 February 2014/Accepted 30 November 2015 ABSTRACT Bananas ( spp.) are widely cultivated in Indonesia. They are extensively grown in backyards, home gardens, Musa intercropped with short term crops and also in agroforestry sy . stem The potential of bananas to sequester carbon has been reported but there is limited knowledge on the performance of various cultivars. An inventory of biomass and C-stock estimation on banana accessions has been conducted in germplasm plots - Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Musa Pasuruan. Estimation on biomass and C-stock have been conducted for 42 individual banana accessions, comprised 5 wild banana species and 37 cultivars using non-destructive method i.e. allometric equation for banana. The objectives ere conduct inventory on the biomass and C-stock estimation of Indonesian bananas in of this study w to germplasm collection of Purwodadi Botanic Garden, to make the projections of time average above ground for C- stock of banana farming system in Indonesia and to discuss the potential role of bananas in land rehabilitation. The results showed that estimation value of biomass and C-stock varied from one to another. Wild banana accession Musa balbisiana Musa acuminataspecies had higher biomass and C-stock value than wild species. Banana cultivars containing one or two “B” genome (ABB and AAB) were more vigorous and contributed higher biomass and C-stock than AAA and AA cultivars. Among cultivars, the highest C-stock was contributed by Pisang Kepok Bung (average of 6.92 kg C/plant) whereas the lowest C-stock was contributed by Pisang Rayap (average of 0.67 kg C/plant). In average, various Indonesian bananas studied contributed around 2.26 kg C/ or 0.98 tonnes C/ha. plant The growing area of bananas increased from 73,539 ha in 2000 to 101,822 ha in 2010, which was decreased to 100,600 ha in 2014, contributing C-stock around 72.28 tonnes C in 2000 increasing to 100.07 tonnes C in 2010 with a decrease to 98.97 tonnes C in 2014. These numbers are still limited only to the recorded areas. anana plants in combination with B woody tree crops, are potential as important component of agroforestry r and mixed farming systems , home ga dens to rehabilitate and reforest landscape, to decrease carbon emission in atmosphere in the form of biomass and C- stocks and to meet the economic needs for local surrounding community. Keywords: banan stock estimation, Purwodadi a, biomass, carbon (C-stock), , , Musa acuminata Musa balbisiana Botanic Garden r, ehabilitation INTRODUCTION Climate change is environmental issue an that has been discussed limate change is always . C caused by energy absorbed from sun as short wave then reflected in atmosphere as infrared long wave radiation. Greenhouse gas absorb es effect s infrared radiation which is retained in atmosphere as heat energy causing the in of the earth's crease temperature, , efforts mitigate therefore to greenhouse gas needed Saharjo & es are ( Wardhana 2011 . World Bank stated that ) In 2003, the CO about 2earth's concentration was 27 billion metric ton, which a 9% increase from was 1 the year IPCC noted that 1990. (2014) the earth's temperature 1880 to 2012 showed from an increas from 0 65 C to 1 06 C. tudy by o oe . . A s Ollivier (2014) reported countries et al. that contributing large amount of CO in 2a atmosphere re China (29%), (15%), we USA European Union (11%) India 4 4% , Brazil , ( . ) ( . ) ( . The forests 6 2% and Indonesia 2 3%). peat and fire in Indonesia responsible for s were estimated the released of 2 CO emission to the atmosphere a b o u t C t o C0 . 8 1 G t 2 . 5 7 G t in 1997 (Page 2002). Particular in Borneo et al.* Corresponding author : setyawan.10535@gmail.com BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015: 102 - 108 DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.376 102 mailto:setyawan.10535@gmail.com Island, the annual average carbon emission from forest fires was estimated about 0.02 to 0.06 Gt C per year (Kuntoro . 2015)et al . Process amount 2 of decreasing CO in the atmosphere through the process of plant photosynthesis is called c sequestration. In arbon the photosynthetic process, CO in the 2 atmosphere a by plant, transformed to is bsorbed carbohydrate compound dispersed to alls and parts of plant. Carbon sequestration describes long-term storage of CO or other forms of 2 carbon to either mitigate or defer global warming and avoid dangerous climate change. It has been proposed as a way to slow the atmospheric greenhouse gases, which are released by burning fossil fuels (Hairiah & Rahayu 2007). Therefore, it is important to conduct the study to examine ability of plant to a carbon, different species bsorb especially in the climate change mitigation efforts. Agroforestry system is cultivation a practice combining trees and annual crop or other farm activities adopted by smallholders to meet their needs for food, medicine, timber, fuel, fodder and market commodities provides valuable . It also environmental services such as soil fertility replenishment, water catchment protection, carbon sequestration, conservation biodiversity and landscape restoration (Garrity 2004) Bananas . ( spp.) are extensively grown in backyards, Musa home gardens, agroforestry system and are intercropped with short term crops. anana B s are the favorite s grown most plant in agroforestry system intercropped with other imp rtant tree o crops commodities (coffee, cacao, rubber), fruit trees timber bout 9 5% and . A . of bananas species occur in home gardens system contributing the to ecosystem services individual . Only a handful of smallholder agroforestry systems store small amount of carbon per area basi , while the c systems store as much arbon as secondary c several forests (Roshetko 2002). et al. The potential of bananas to sequester carbon has been reported by Daphine (2014) on East African Highland bananas, but there is limited knowledge on the performance of various cultivars in Indonesia. Being part of the primary center of origin and diversity so that has large number of bananas (Musaceae) both wild seeded species and edible seedless or cultivar with many local names and synonimies (Espino 1992; et al. Valmayor . 2000)et al . There is no less than 200 local cultivars cultivated and developed across Indonesia archipelago (Nasution & Yamada 2001). objectives ereThe of this study w to conduct inventory on the biomass and C-stock estimation of Indonesian bananas in germplasm collection of Purwodadi Botanic Garden, to make the projections of time average above ground for C-stock of banana farming system in Indonesia and to discuss the potential role of bananas in land rehabilitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Site The was conducted at banana collection study plots of Purwodadi Botanic Garden – Indonesian Institute of Sciences from . April to May 2012 Purwodadi Botanic Garden collect has a ion of Musa germplasm both wild and cultivated species varieties o ethr ugh exploration, plant exchang , grants community or personal contribution and from several regions all over Indonesia, mostly from Eastern Indonesia. Current collections in 201 accessions comprise 7 wild 4 is about 134 d species 127 cultivated varieties.and Materials The materials were 4 selected banana studied 2 accessions of Purwodadi Botanic Garden co lections comprise 5 wild species and 3 l d 7 cultivars. The diameter at breast height (DBH) of the i o wasndividual pseud stem measured at mature age (already flowering) using tape meter with of replicationsminimum two per accession. As reported by Daphine (2014) that C-stock of banana plants was significantly influenced by growth stages in which maturity stage was the optimal stage to be measured (Daphine 2014). Biomass and C-Stock Estimation Biomass was estimated using non-destructive method i e. allometric equation for banana . ( ) and then -stock was Kurniawan . 2010 C et al estima e by its mass tot d crossing bio average value of in plants which is 0.46 (Hairiah C-stock et al. 2010). The development of allometric equations has been investigated specific , based on condition species and or communit (Ketterings plant ies et al. 2001; Wibowo 2010):et al. BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015 103 Y = 0.0303 x D2.1345 Z= Y x 0.46 w :here Y = Plant biomass ( g)k D = Diameter at breast high (cm) Z = C-stock (kg C/plant). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Biomass in was affected by interaction plants of genetic and environmental factor. In this study, the Purwodadi Botanic Garden provides homogenous environmental condition, i.e. soil type p and . , water su plies culture practices Therefore, the biomass results were mostly affected by its genetic factor. results showed The that the estimation value of biomass and C-stock tended to vary from one to banana accession another. Pseudostem DBH was confirmed as the best predictor for biomass estimation in banana plants and it is recommended to be used in most carbon related studies. The more vigorous banana plants estimation value of contribute higher biomass and C-stock . (Fig. 1) C stock related to photosynthesis- level is plant process its. Based on photosynthesis pathway, banana C3 plant. In C3 plants are classified as plants 2, CO and water from the environment are enzymatically combined with a five-carbon acceptor molecule to contribute two molecules of a three-carbon intermediate. C3 plants respond favorably to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than C4 and CAM. C4 plants include corn, sugar cane and many other tropical grasses, whereas CAM plants include orchids, bromeliad and succulent plants (Taiz & Zeiger 2002). Biomass and C-stock Inventory Results in Wild Banana Species Wild bananas are pioneer plants and can grow in various conditions. It commonly grows wild in the forests, road sides and river banks Musa . Wild balbisiana species is also being cultivated by farmers to get the leaves for various wrapping purposes he immature fruits also edible for . T are any traditional side dishes ild is . W Musa acuminata rarely cultivated. There are also some other species of bananas (not studied here) such as Musa velutina Musa ornata Musa borneensis , , etc. that are commonly cultivated for ornamentals due to its beautiful performances Nasution Yamada ( & 2001; Hapsari . 2015a).et al Among the wild studied, species Musa balbisiana much species contributes higher level of biomass and C-stock estimation than Musa acuminata Musa balbisianaspecies (Table 1). is considered to be more vigorous robust and , as well as , while Musa drought and disease resistant acuminata species is slender but has attractive more morphology .et al(Daniells 2001; Nasution & Yamada 2001). species (Pisang Musa balbisiana Figure relation of pseudostem DBH to biomass and C-stock 1 Positive cor values in banana plants 104 Biomass nd carbon stock estimation inventory f ndonesian bananas ( spp.)a o I Danarto and HapsariMusa – Klutuk Wulung) has pseudostem diameterlarge ( ) contribut21.47 cm ing around 21.09 kg/plant biomass and around 9.7 kg/plant C-stock. M . acuminata utilifes. r var with slender pseudostem (4 99 cm) contributed 0 94 . around . kg/plant biomass around . kg C/plant C-stock and 0 43 (Table 1). Biomass and C-stock Inventory Results in Various Banana Cultivars Edible banana cultivars biomass have lower and C-stock s than bananas. The genetic value wild composition of is the combination Musa balbisiana of wild (donor A genome) and Musa acuminata Musa balbisiana (donor B genome). Genomic composition can be identified using morphology (Jumari & Pudjoarinto 2000) and genetic (Hapsari et al. 2015b). Banana cultivars containing one or two “B” genome (ABB and AAB cultivars) are more vigorous and contribute higher biomass and C-stock than the AAA and AA cultivars. Pisang the Kepok Bung (ABB) is most vigorous cultivar with pseudostem diameter of 18.32 cm ing around 15.04 kg/plant contribut biomass and around 6.92 kg C/plant C stock. - Pisang slender cultivarRayap (AA) is the most with pseudostem diameter of 6.14 cm contribut ing around 1.46 kg/plant biomass and around 0.67 kg C/plant C stock. Pisang Triolin - having AAB genome biomass and contributed C-stock values in between Pisang Kepok Bung (ABB) and Pisang Rayap (AA) (F . . The ig 2) average value of C-stock contributed by banana plants per genome group from the highest to the lowest as follows: BB wild (7.22 kg values are C/plant), ABB cultivars (2.74 kg C/plant), AAB cultivars (2.11 kg C/plant), AAA cultivars (1.73 kg C/plant), AA cultivars (1.55 kg C/plant) and AA wild (0.72 kg C/plant). In traditional home gardens and in agroforestry, farmers plant various local cultivars. However, the commercial scale farmers plant bananas cultivars based on consumers' preference and agroclimate condition in an area. Pisang Kepok (ABB) is the most favorite cultivar to be cooked, while Pisang Raja (AAB), Pisang Ambon (AAA) and Pisang Mas (AA) are often processed for dessert. Wild species and cultivars studied contributed an average of 2.26 kg C/plant C- stock. T A in Banana Fime verage C-Stock arming S ystem in Indonesia Banana s farming system recognize 3 different planting distance based on its canopy size s s, i.e. 6 x 6 m for wide canopy, 5 x 5 m for medium canopy and 4 x 4 m for small canopy (Cahyono 1996). Banana plants may contribute an average of 0.98 C tonnes/ha C-stock. This number is quite high if compared to C-stock contributed by understory of agroforestry system which only contributed 0.2-0.3 C tonnes/ha. However, agroforestr y of coffea plants contributed higher C-stock than banana plants, i.e. 2.0-12.0 C tonnes/ha (FORDA 2010). The growing area of bananas increased from 73,539 ha in 2000 to 101,822 ha in 2010, which was decreased to 100,600 ha in 2014 (Ministry of Agriculture 2015), contributing C-stock around 72.28 tonnes C in 2000 increasing to 100.07 tonnes C in 2010 with a decrease to 98.97 tonnes C in 2014. These numbers are still limited only to the recorded areas. Potential Role of Banana Plants for Land Rehabilitation Tropical forests in Southeast Asia are constantly changing as a result of and logging land such asconversion logging activities, complete deforestation conversion from forest , to grassland or annual crops, tree plantations and other woody perennial crops (Lasco 2002; Monde 2009). Those vast area of degraded land are in need of rehabilitation. Agroforestry system may become approach prevent deforestation by an to BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015 Table estimation 1 Pseudostem DBH, biomass and carbon stock of wild banana species Species Local name Pseudostem DBH (cm) Biomass (kg/plant) C-stock (kg C/plant) Musa balbisiana Klutuk Wulung 21.47 21.09 9.70 Musa balbisiana Klutuk Ijo 15.35 10.30 4.74 Musa acuminata var. alasensis Pisang Hutan 6.78 1.80 0.83 Musa acuminata var. rutilifes Pisang Cici Hutan 4.99 0.94 0.43 Musa acuminata var. tomentosa Unti Darek 7.07 1.97 0.91 105 Figure Pseudostem DBH, biomass and C-stock of various Indonesian banana cultivars 2 estimation 106 providing on-farm source trees s. Agroforestry system provides better carbon storage than the usual annual crops farming system because agro- forestry system intercropped trees with annual crops, continuously giving much higher biomass and litters in varied quality (Utami 2003).et al. Home garden as smaller level of agroforestry is species rich and tree-based system producing wood and non-wood products and therefore, producing high biomass. Due to high biomass produced, this system potentially offers carbon storage. In terms of aboveground biomass, home garden contains more carbon per hectare than grasslands, cassava fields and Imperata young rubber agroforestry (Roshetko . et al 2002). Biomass nd carbon stock estimation inventory f ndonesian bananas ( spp.)a o I Danarto and HapsariMusa – BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015 107 Table 2 ime average C-Stock in Indonesia banana farming systems T in 2000-2014 Planting distance Number of plants/ha C-Stock (C kg/ha) Time average C-stock contribution Year 2000 (C tonnes) Year 2010 (C tonnes) Year 2014 (C tonnes) Wide canopy 6 x 6 m 278 628.67 46.23 64.01 63.24 Medium canopy 5 x 5 m 400 905.29 66.57 92.18 91.07 Narrow canopy 4 x 4 m 625 1,414.52 104.02 144.03 142.30 Average 434 982.83 72.28 100.07 98.87 Banana as a component of mixed agroforestry system has moderate C-stock contribution. This study showed that one hectare of banana plants store more carbon (0.98 tonnes) than cassava (0.5 tonnes) and grassland (0.7 tonnes) Imperata (Hairiah 1997). Banana plants store much less carbon than perennial woody plants or trees, however, banana has high economic value and provide shades to tree crops commodities (coffee, cacao, rubber), fruit and timber (Roshetko . 2002). Also, et al banana plants produce fruit all year round which continuously contribute food to smallholder farmers in the area (Hapsari 2011). The role of agroforestry in absorbing CO as 2 well as in storing and maintaining carbon stocks is lower than that of natural forests, but this system can increase carbon stocks on degraded lands (Widianto . 2003)et al . CONCLUSIONS Banana accessions contributed varied estimated per value of biomass and C-stock accessions depend on their characteristic ing s performance. Pseudostem DBH was confirmed as the best predictor for biomass estimation in banana plants and it is recommended to be used in most carbon related studies. The more vigorous banana plants estimation value contribute higher of biomass and C-stock The C-stock value . ranged from / / . 0.67 kg C plant to 6.92 kg C plant In average, various Indonesian bananas studied contributed around 2.26 kg C/ or 0.98 plant tonnes C/ha. The growing area of bananas increased from 73,539 ha in 2000 to 101,822 ha in 2010, which was decreased to 100,600 ha in 2014, contributing C-stock around 72.28 tonnes C in 2000 increasing to 100.07 tonnes C in 2010 and decreasing to 98.97 tonnes C in 2014. Agroforestry is species rich and tree-based system producing wood and non-wood products and therefore, producing high biomass. Due to high biomass produced, this system potentially offers carbon storage. anana plants in combination B with woody tree crops, are potential as important component of agroforestry r and , home ga dens mixed farming systems to rehabilitate and reforest landscape, to decrease carbon emission in atmosphere in the form of biomass and C-stocks and to meet the economic needs for local surrounding community. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge Ahmad Masrum and Lamiran for their technical guidance during the study observation in banana collection Purwodadi Botanic Garden. field of REFERENCES Cahyono B. 1996. . Pisang (Budidaya dan nalisis saha ani)A U T Yogyakarta (ID): Kanisius. p 80. Daniells J, Jenny C, Karamura D Tomekpe K. 2001. , Musalogue: a atalogue of Musa ermplasm. Diversity in C G the enus MusaG . Montpellier (FR): International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). 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