DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.450 DIVERSITY OF EPIPHYTIC ORCHIDS AND HOST TREES (PHOROPHYTES) IN SECONDARY FOREST OF COBAN TRISULA, MALANG REGENCY, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA SITI NURFADILAH Purwodadi Botanic Garden – Indonesian Institute of Sciences, J Surabaya-Malang Km. 65 Purwodadi Pasuruan East Java 67163alan , , , Indonesia Received 19 December 2014/Accepted 18 November 2015 ABSTRACT Epiphytic orchids are an integral component of forest ecosystems that contribute to a high proportion of plant diversity. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of orchids and their host trees (phorophytes) in a secondary forest of Coban Trisula (the Trisula waterfall) of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Javain East Province . E fifteen, Indonesia. Two line transects were established ach transect was 150 m long and composed of 10 x 10 m plots, resulting in the total number of 30 sampling plots at the study site. The following data were recorded in each plot: species name and individual numbers of epiphytic orchids, species name and individual numbers of the phorophytes and vertical distribution of the orchids on the phorophyte. 15 epiphytic orchid species There were found from 13 genera in the secondary forest of Coban Trisula. was the most abundant Appendicula angustifolia epiphytic orchid species (Relative abundance = 52 4%), followed by (29 9%). All recorded orchids . .Trichotosia annulata grew on 21 individuals from nine phorophyte species. and Castanopsis javanica (mean = 589.5 individuals/tree) Engelhardia spicata (mean = . )425 67 orchid individuals/tree were phorophytes hosting the largest number of individual orchids, respectively. The greatest abundance of epiphytic orchids was on the basal and the middle part of phorophyte branches (zone 3 and zone 4). This study indicated that orchid conservation management is required in the Coban Trisula to protect the survival of orchids in this area from potential human disturbances, as Coban Trisula is one of tourist destination. Keywords: Coban Trisula diversity, epiphytic orchid, phorophyte, secondary forest, INTRODUCTION Epiphytes are known as one of important components in forest ecosystems, contributing to a high proportion to floral diversity (Wolf 2005). The role of epiphytes is vital as the habitat for canopy invertebrates and as nutrient sources in the forest canopies (Nadkarni 2004; Cardelus et al. & Mack 2010). Contribution of epiphytes is also important to the total biomass and nutrient pools in the forest ecosystems (Nadkarni 2004). et al. The family Orchidaceae is among the most dominant groups of vascular epiphytes (Johansson 1974; Gentry Dodson 1987; & Annaselvam Parthasarathy 2001; Kromer & et al. 2005; Zotz Schultz 2008)& . Orchidaceae is one of the biggest families containing around 25 000-35 000 species , , (Dressler 1981; 1993), representing 1/10 of the tot al vasc ular plan t sp ec ies. H owever, Orchidaceae is also one of the threatened plant families (IUCN/SSC Orchid Specialist Group 1996; Mondragon Elliott 2013), due to & overexploitation, overcollection, deforestation and fire (Koopowitz Dixon 2003). Orchids & are h ly eigh sensitiv to environmental changes (Newman 2007) and high dependen on et al. ly t other organisms (mycorrhizal fungi and insects as pollinators) for their survival (Swarts Dixon & 2009). Orchid conservation efforts need to be done by considering , and the biology ecology the nature of threats . towards the orchids * Corresponding author : siti.nurfadilah@lipi.go.id; BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015: 120 - 128 120 mailto:siti.nurfadilah@lipi.go.id; Coban Trisula is a waterfall in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP), which is administratively located in Ngadas Village, Malang Regency, East Java . This Province waterfall is a frequent tourist destination in East Java, usually visited as part of regular tours to Mount Bromo and Mount Semeru. Coban Trisula can be reached a pathway a secondary through in forest lined by epiphytic orchids growing on trees (host trees or phorophytes) the orchids in , making this area vulnerable to human disturbances due to illegal orchid collection by visitors/tourists. Some studies showed the negative impact of tourism and recreation on vascular plants, various especially on orchids family (Orchidaceae) (Pickering Hill 2007; Ballantyne Pickering & & 2013; Rankin 2015). Rankin (2015) et al et al. . reported that more than 45 plant families have species listed as orchids were threatened, in which the most common species listed as at risk from threats. The most common threat plant is collection by visitors in protected areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of epiphytic orchid and the phorophytes along the s pathway to Coban Trisula to develop conservation management of orchids in that area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Site This study was conducted along the pathway to Coban Trisula located in secondary forestthe , Village Ngadas, Malang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia ( S and 08 00'213"o 112 8 E) with elevation of , m above o 7'82" , 1 475 sea level (asl). The site under the management is of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP). The dominant trees in this forest are Macropanax dispermus Lithocar pus (pampung), sundaicus Engelhardia spicata(pasang) and (danglu). Data ollectionC Records of diversity of epiphytic orchids and the phorophytes were in two line-conducted transects. Each transect was 150 m long and composed of 15 plots (each plot 10 x 10 's size is m), resulting in the total number of 30 sampling plots at the study site (Annaselvam & Parthasarathy 2001; Focho 2010). Species et al. name and individual number of the epiphytic orchids and the phorophytes were recorded. Further, the vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids on the phorophytes within the five zones determined by Johansson (1974) was recorded (Fig 1). . BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015 Vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids on the host tree in five zones: Zone 1 : the bottom part (1/3) of the main stem Zone 2: the upper part (2/3) of the main stem Zone 3: the bottom part of the branches Zone 4: the middle part of the branches Zone 5: the outer part of the branches. (Johansson 1974) Figure 1 Division of the phorophyte into five ones Johansson (1974) z determined by 121 Diversity of epiphytic orchids and host trees (Phorophytes) Nurfadilah – Data nalysisA Parameters z weremeasured and analy ed relative frequency of phorophyte (% Ft), relative abundance of orchids (% Fo), the average number of individuals of orchids of each phorophyte species (Ji/Jt), the average number of epip ytic h orchid species on a phorophyte species (Js/Jt), and the vertical distribution of the orchids on the phorophytes (Yulia Budiharta 2012a; 2012b).& a. Relative requency of phorophyte (% Ft)f Nt % Ft = x 100% Total number of all phorophytes where: Nt = the number of trees in the plot hosting a particular orchid species b a. Relative bundance of orchid (% Fo) No % Fo = x 100% Total number of all orchid species where: sNo = the number of individual of a particular orchid species within the plot c . The average number of orchid individuals on a phorophyte species = Ji Jt where: orchid Ji = the number of individuals sJt = the number of individual of each phorophyte species d orchid . The average number of species on a phorophyte = species Js Jt where: speciesJs = the number of orchid Jt = the number of individual of each phorophyte species e. Vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids on the phorophyte s specie were determined by mapping vertical distribution of each epiphytic orchid species on the phorophyte, from the trunk to outer branches in five zones (zone 1, zone 2, zone 3, zone 4 and zone 5) and by calculating the average number of individuals of epiphytic orchids in each zone. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The ccur ence of piphytic rchids on the O r E O Phorophytes There were 15 epiphytic orchid species and 9 phorophyte species (Table 1). The recorded results of the present study showed that the number of phorophyte species each hosting epiphytic orchid varied 1 5 phorophyte from to species (Table 1). Some epiphytic orchid species occu red on a single phorophyte species; such as r Appendicula elegans (100 individuals) found were exclusively on phorophyte ; Lithocar pus sundaicus Bryobium hyacinthoides (10 individuals) were recorded only on phorophyte ; Engelhardia spicata and (50 individuals) Dendrobium luxurians were only observed on phorophyte Castanopsis javanica (Table 1). Other epiphytic orchid species occurred on multiple phorophyte species; such as Appendicula angustifolia gr on four phorophyte ew species ( , Macr opanax dispermus Lithocar pus sundaicus Dr ypetes sumatrana Castanopsis , and javanica Parapteroceras odoratissimum). was hosted by 5 in the study site i.e. phorophyte species Engelhardia spicata Ficus Syzygium , sp , sp ,. . Lithocarpus sundaicus Drypetes sumatrana (Table and 1). The results of the present study were similar to other studies showed that the number of which phorophyte species epiphytic orchids hosting varied from a single to multiple phorophyte species. Adhikari (2012) reported that the et al . orchid occur ed on one rDendrobium nobile phorophyte species, while the orchid Rhynchostylis retusa was found on many different phorophyte species. Rosa-Manzano (2014) also reported et al . that most epiphytic orchids in tropical dry forests of Yucatan, Mexico occu red on a single tree r species. Tremblay (1998) also showed a et al . Puerto Rican orchid, Lepanthes caritensis hosted by one phorophyte species ther epiphytic , while o orchids were reported to occur in many p h o r o p hy t e s p e c i e s. A n n a s e l va m a n d Parthasarathy (2001) reported that epiphytic orchids in tropical evergreen forest at Varagalaiar, Western Ghats, India g w on many phorophyte re species. Trapnell and Hamrick (2006) also showed 33 hosting phorophyte species epiphytic orchid Laelia rubescens at one site. 122 Epiphytic rchidsO The present study showed the secondary that forest of Coban Trisula contained 15 epiphytic orchid species lower , in which the diversity was compared to the diversity of epiphytic orchids in other areas within the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park; such as in Resort Senduro that had 42 epiphytic orchid species (Utama 2005). The lower diversity of epiphytic orchids in Coban Trisula compared to Resort Senduro may have been caused by the in difference ecosystem types in which Coban Trisula is secondary forest, while Resort Senduro is a primary forest. The difference of primary forest and secondary forest in terms of their plant diversity has been widely studied. Primary forest ha higher plant diversity than s that of secondary forest, including epiphytic orchid diversity (Barthlott 2001 Kubota 2005). et al et al . .; Studies in the Venezuelan Andes and Japan comparing the diversity of vascular epiphytes in BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015 Table 1 The epiphytic orchid species and the phorophytes in the secondary forest of Coban Trisula No Epiphytic orchids Number of phorophyte species Phorophyte species 1 Appendicula angustifolia Blume 4 Macropanax dispermus (Blume) Kuntze Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder Drypetes sumatrana (Miq.) Pax & K.Hoffm Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 2 Appendicula elegans Rchb.f 1 Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder 3 Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) Y.P.Ng & P.J.Cribb 1 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall. ) Koord. & Valeton 4 Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall. 1 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton 5 Ceratostylis brevibrachiata J.J. Sm . 2 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton Actinodaphne procera 6 Cymbidium sp. 1 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton 7 Dendrobium luxurians J.J.Sm. 1 Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 8 Dendrobium spathilingue J.J.Sm. 2 Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 9 Dendrochilum abbreviatum Blume 1 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton 10 Mycaranthes oblitterata Blume 1 Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 11 Parapteroceras odoratissimum (J.J.Sm.) J.J. Wood 5 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton Ficus sp. Syzygium sp. Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder Drypetes sumatrana (Miq.) Pax & K.Hoffm 12 Schoenorchis juncifolia Reinw. Ex Blume 3 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder Ficus grossularioides Burm.f. 13 Thrixspermum subulatum (Blume) Rchb.f 1 Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 14 Trichotosia annulata Blume 4 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton Lithocarpus sundaicus, (Blume) Rehder Drypetes sumatrana (Miq.) Pax & K.Hoffm Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 15 Vanda tricolor Lindl. 2 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 123 primary forests and secondary forests showed that primary forests had higher diversity of epiphytic orchids compared to secondary forests (Barthlott et al et al . . ; 2001 Kubota 2005). The present study also showed that the most abundant epiphytic orchid was Appendicula angustifolia with r (% Fo)elative abundance of 52 41%, followed by % . with Trichotosia annulata Fo 29 9% (Table 2). The most abundant of . orchid in this study site, is a Appendicula angustifolia sympodial orchid, that ha continuous s lateral growth of the the stems through rhizome, which is an effective vegetative reproduction to grow a large number of individuals. Appendicula angustifolia also ha many flowers along the stems, s with each rachis bear 10–15 flowers (Comber s 1990; 2001). The large number of A. angustifolia flowers and seedincrease the chance for the fruit set to produce large population. All these s characters of support the A. angustifolia high abundance of at the study Appendicula angustifolia site. Comber (1990) also reported a tree covered by high density In Indonesia,of A. angustifolia. Appendicula angustifoli a is i and widely distr buted found all over Java and Sumat ra, from 800e to 1 700 m asl (Comber 1990), elevation . Host ree (Phorophyte) peciesT S The results of the present study also showed that there were 9 phorophyte species in Coban Trisula, which the diversity is lower than that in Resort Senduro located within the same national park ( ) Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park . Utama (2005) reported 16 phorophyte species in Resort Senduro. The lower diversity of phorophyte in Coban Trisula compared to Resort Senduro caused by different may have been ecosystem types (secondary forest in Coban Trisula and primary forest in Senduro). Resort Other studies also showed similar results. T able 2 The epiphytic orchid species in Coban Trisula and the parameter values No Epiphytic orchid species Nt No % Ft % Fo 1 Appendicula angustifolia Blume 6 2 ,056 15 52 .4 2 Appendicula elegans Rchb.f 1 100 2 .5 2 .55 3 Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) Y.P.Ng & P.J.Cribb 1 10 2 .5 0 .25 4 Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall. 1 120 2 .5 3 .06 5 Ceratostylis brevibrachiata J.J. Sm. 2 50 5 1 .27 6 Cymbidium sp. 1 2 2 .5 0 .05 7 Dendrobium luxurians J.J.Sm. 1 50 2 .5 1 .27 8 Dendrobium spathilingue J.J.Sm. 2 16 5 0 .41 9 Dendrochilum abbreviatum Blume 1 75 2 .5 1 .91 10 Mycaranthes oblitterata Blume 1 100 2 .5 2 .55 11 Parapteroceras odoratissimum (J.J.Sm.) J.J. Wood 9 74 22 .5 1 .89 12 Schoenorchis juncifolia Reinw. Ex Blume 4 41 10 1 .05 13 Thrixspermum subulatum (Blume) Rchb.f 1 50 2 .5 1 .27 14 Trichotosia annulata Blume 5 1 ,172 12 .5 29 .9 15 Vanda tricolor Lindl. 4 7 10 0 .18 Notes: Nt = the number of trees in the plot hosting a particular orchid species No = the number of individuals of a particular orchid species within the plot s% Ft = relative frequency of phorophyte % Fo = relative abundance of orchids 124 Diversity of epiphytic orchids and host trees (Phorophytes) Nurfadilah – BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015 Barthlott (2001) reported that the diversity et al . of phorophytes in the secondary forest was lower than that of the primary forest in the Venezuelan Andes. The individual number of orchids growing on a phorophyte ranged from to 589.5 6.5 individuals/tree (Ji/Jt) (Table 3). The largest individual numbers of epiphytic orchids were found on (Ji/Jt = 589.5 Castanopsis javanica individuals of orchids/tree), followed by Engelhardia spicata (Ji/Jt = 425.6 individuals of orchids/tree). and Castanopsis javanica Engelhardia spicata not only had a large individual number of epiphytic orchids, also had the highest species but richness of epiphytic orchids. Eight orchid species ha been recorded growing on the phorophyte d Engelhardia spicata and seven species on the p h or o p hy t e . O t h e r C a st a no p s i s j a v an i c a phorophytes such as and Actinodaphne procera Macropanax dispermus only hosted one orchid species. were All recorded phorophytes specialized on sub-montane and montane areas (Hardyanti & Hakim 2014). Most of them such as Castanopsis javanica, Engelhardia spicata, Macropanax dispermus and ha rough or fissured Lithocarpus sundaicus d bark. This bark structure might support litter accumulation and therefore build a nutrient and , humidity reservoir providing a comfort habitat for epiphytic orchids (Annaselvam Pathasarathy & 2001). The thickness of organic substrates layer on the tree bark varied within the vertical distribution of a single tree species from bare bark (thin substrates < 1 cm) to 5 cm thick substrates. The variety of substrat thickness covering the e phorophyte was also observed by Johansson (1974) in West African rainforests and Barthlott et al. (2001) in the Venezuelan Andes. In our study the highest abundance of orchids occur ed on thick substrates. This is consistent r with the results of the study conducted by Annaselvam and Parthasarathy (2001) showing that most thick branches densely covered were with vascular epiphytes, accumulating substantial amounts of humus, nutrients and moisture. Rosa- Manzano (2014) also reported that bark et al . roughness and substrate were the most area important phorophyte characteristics affecting the epiphytic orchids abundance. Vertical istribution of piphytic rchids on D E O P Specieshorophyte The present study showed a range of vertical distribution of epi hytic orchid species from p zone 2 to zone 5 (Table 4). The most abundant orchid, was found to have Appendicula angustifolia, the widest vertical distribution ranging from zone 2 to zone 5. The ability of to occupy A. angustifolia a large area and different zones supported population growth resulting in the abundance of Table 3 The phorophyte species in Coban Trisula and the parameter values No Phorophyte species Jt Js Ji Js/Jt Ji/Jt 1 Actinodaphne procera Nees 1 15 2 Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 3 Drypetes sumatrana (Miq.) Pax & K.Hoffm. 4 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton 5 Ficus grossularioides Burm.f. 6 Ficus sp. 7 Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder 8 Macropanax dispermus (Blume) Kuntze 9 Syzygium sp. 1 4 2 3 2 1 5 2 1 7 3 8 1 1 6 1 1 2,358 13 1,277 30 10 175 35 10 1 1.75 1.5 2.67 0.5 1 1.2 0.5 1 15 589.5 6.5 425.67 15 10 35 17.5 10 Notes: Jt = the individual number of each phorophyte species Js = number of orchid species orchidJi = number of individuals Js/Jt = the average number of epiphytic orchid species on a phorophyte species epiphytic orchid phorophyte Ji/Jt = the average number of individuals on a species 125 the orchids. sp. and Cymbidium Dendrobium luxurians were observed to occur in zone 5 only (Table 4). Most epiphytic orchid species grew on zone 3 and zone 4. A small number of orchid species occu red on the trunk (only two orchid r species on zone 2 and no orchid species grew grew on zone 1. The pattern of vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids in the forest of Coban Trisula was similar to that of other regions Africa, i.e. in South America and Mexico where vascular epiphyte abundan were higher in zone 3-5 tree ce ( crown than in zone 1-2 along the trunk ) ( ) due to better light the crown intensity nearby tree (Johansson 1974 Kromer 2005 Rosa-; ; et al . Manzano 2014)et al. . Implications for onservationC Coban Trisula is one of tourist destination within area of Bromo Tengger Semeru the National Park. The tourist number Bromo to Tengger Semeru National Park very high was (Table 5). The number of visitors increased sharply from 2011 to 2014, with the peak of tourist number reached 551 644 visitors in 2013 , (Table 5). Table 4 Zones of the occur ence of epiphytic orchids on their phorophytes and the number of rchid individuals in each r o zone No Epiphytic orchid species Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 1 Appendicula angustifolia Blume 2 Appendicula elegans Rchb.f 3 Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) Y.P.Ng & P.J. Cribb 4 Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. Ex. Wall. 5 Ceratostylis brevibrachiata J.J. Sm. 6 Cymbidium sp. 7 Dendrobium luxurians J. J. Sm. 8 Dendrobium spathilingue J. J. Sm. 9 Dendrochilum abbreviatum Blume 10 Mycaranthes oblitterata Blume 11 Parapteroceras odoratissimum (J. J. Sm.) J.J. Wood 20 5 12 Schoenorchis juncifolia Reinw. Ex Blume 13 Thrixspermum subulatum (Blume) Rchb.f 14 Trichotosia annulata Blume 15 Vanda tricolor Lindl. 796 10 20 45 11 33 34 25 152 3 800 100 10 100 5 5 30 33 35 6 50 1,020 77 Total number of orchid individuals 0 25 1,129 2,271 200 2 50 33 10 2 297 Table 5 The number of visitors Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park to Visitors Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 Domestic Foreign Total visitors 103,091 22,380 125,471 249,577 26,297 275,874 518,746 32,898 551,644 512,887 23,451 536,338 Source: Balai Besar Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru 126 Diversity of epiphytic orchids and host trees (Phorophytes) Nurfadilah – BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015 Management of orchid conservation is required to protect the orchids in Coban Trisula and other places within Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park rom population and loss f decrease of diversity. This is related to the impact of tourism and recreation the survival of activities on plants, especially orchids (Pickering Hill 2007; & Rankin 2015). he most common type of et al. T threat in area isthe tourism and recreation plant collection by visitors which can decrease plant species diversity . (Rankin 2015; Calderon-et al Aguilera 2012). A recommendation to et al . protect the epiphytic orchids in this area from human disturbances is required. CONCLUSIONS Fifteen epiphytic orchid species from 13 genera were found in the secondary forest of Coban Trisula, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. Nine phorophyte species were found to be the host the epiphytic orchid species in Coban of Trisula. The most abundant orchid species was Appendicula angustifolia and the phorophyte species hosting the largest number of orchids was Castanopsis javanica. Management of orchid conservation is required to protect the survival of orchids in Coban Trisula. 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