POTENTIAL OF MANGROVE SEEDLINGS FOR UTILIZATION IN THE MAINTENANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY WITHIN SILVOFISHERY PONDS ENDAH DWI HASTUTI* and RINI BUDIHASTUTI Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang , Indonesi 50275 a Received 10 January 2016/Accepted 24 June 2016 ABSTRACT Silvofishery system ha been applied to aquaculture activities and it has been developed in the coastal area of s Semarang City, Indonesia. However, information on the initial development of silvofishery ponds concerning the functionality of mangrove seedlings on environmental quality of fishponds had not been studied. This experiment aimed to determine the environmental conditions of silvofishery ponds and to analyze the effect of seedling stands of mangrove on environmental quality control. he presence of mangrove seedlings temperature T caused the decrease of and salinity. ANOVA showed that mangrove species significantly affected water salinity, while canal the increase of width and mangrove species significantly affected turbidity and pH Regression analysis showed . that the height of Rhizophora mucronata partially significant effect on otal uspended lids (TSS), rganic atter (OM), had T S So O M as well as N P concentrations. D a ed . The height and itrogen (N) and hosphorus (P) iameter of ffect temperatureR. mucronata diameter of a ed Dissolved Oxygen (DO) sAvicennia marina A. marina R. mucronata ffect . Mixed population of and had an effect on water turbidity, while population of only had a partial effect on water salinity. A. marina R. mucronata seedlings had dominant effect on the environmental quality. Mangrove seedlings can be used as environmental quality control within silvofishery ponds to maintain optimal conditions for fish growth. The application of silvofishery more abundant in early stage of mangrove seedlings should consider the plantation of compared to R. mucronata A. marina. : anal width environmental quality seedling silvofishery species compositionKeywords C , , , , INTRODUCTION The unsustainable utilization pattern of coastal areas has caused environmental damage (Primyastanto 2010), and the most affected et al. sectors by the damage is pond aquaculture activities (Pramudyanto 2014). However, the development of beach and upland areas also ha s contributed to degradation of environmental quality (Vatria 2010). One of the applied methods to maintain the sustainability of pond culture activity is the silvofishery culture system (Surtida 2000). Silvofishery is an aquaculture system which combines mangrove trees with shrimp/fish ponds. The integration of mangrove stands within silvofishery ponds are expected to improve the environmental quality and increase the carrying capacity of the system (Wibowo & Handayani 2006). According to Suwarto et al. (2015), the existence of mangrove vegetation in ponds will improve primary productivity as well as assimilation capacity of pond effluents. Several silvofishery pond models have been applied in many regions including , komplangan empang parit empang parit and enhanced (Bengen 200 ). All three models integrate the mangrove 2 community into the pond area (inlet/outlet). The function of mangroves within the ecosystem is to provide nutrients through nutrient trapping and litter production and to absorb pollutants. Mangrove should grow in both the inlet area as pollutant absorbers and in the outlet area to neutralize the pond effluent. However, the BIOTROPIA 3 1 6 63 Vol. 2 No. , 201 : 58 - DOI: 10.11598/btb.2016.2 . .3 1 606 * C orresponding author: endah_pdil@yahoo.com 58 mailto:endah_pdil@yahoo.com application of a mangrove community in both inlet and outlet of silvofishery systems had not been developed. The potential utilization of mangrove in environmental quality control within aquaculture ponds through the application of silvofishery is expected to decrease the risk of aquaculture activity as well as to improve pond productivity (Lewis III Gilmore 2007). However, the & optimal function of mangrove stands to the environment may not be achieved until trees are mature. In the meanwhile, the growth of mangrove from seedling stage to tree require a s long period of time. The influences of mangrove seedlings planted in plantations on the quality of pond seedling environment ha received very little attention. ve Although the effect of mangrove seedlings on the control of environmental quality is not hig ly h significant, the existence of mangrove seedlings should provide certain effects on water circulation pattern as well as absorption of nutrients or pollutants. Thus the role of mangrove seedlings , in silvofishery ponds, especially in early plantations needs to be studied. Semarang City is a region in Indonesia that has experienced ecological disturbance from unsustainable development activities in the past as well as regional development to leading environmental stress in coastal areas. increase Pond culture occupying silvofishery system had been applied in Semarang City, but it is not optimized to support the productivity of aquaculture. aimed to determine This experiment the environmental conditions of silvofishery ponds and to analyze the effect of seedling stands of mangrove on environmental quality control. MATERIALS AND METHODS T h e e x p e r i m e n t wa s c o n d u c t e d i n Mangunharjo Village, Tugu District, Semarang City , Central Java Province, Indonesia from March to September 2015 by planting mangrove seedlings in silvofishery pond at the inlet and s outlet canals. aterials M used were height and diameter of as well as water and seedling stands sediment quality parameters representing environmental quality i.e. temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH, issolved xygen (DO), otal D O T S So O M as uspended lids (TSS), rganic atter (OM), well as N P itrogen (N) and hosphorus (P) concentrations. Experimental design involved treatments of canal widths and mangrove compositions. Canal widths were 1 2 nd 3 m anal length was 5 m , a . C for all treatments he size of culture ponds were . T 5 x 5 m with 1.5 m depth. The canals were build 2 on both sides of the ponds as inlet and outlet canals. Composition of the mangrove s seedling were (A) : 1. ; 2.Avicennia marina Rhizophora mucronata ; 3. mangrove (R) or a mixture of the two species among (M). The plantation space seedling stands was 1 x 1 m , so the number of mangrove 2 stands for each treatments were 5 stands (1 m – L1); 10 stands (2 m - L2) and 15 stands (3 m – L3). The experiment was conducted with 3 replications. design is The of the experiment shown in Table 1 and the diagram of the experiment is shown in Figure 1. and observations Data collections were conducted every 3 months i.e. in March, June and September 2015. D ed were: 1. ata collect water quality temperature, turbidity, parameters i.e. salinity, pH, DO issolved xygen and TSS (D O ) Table 1 Design of the experiment Seedling composition Canal width 1 m 2 m 3 m Avicennia marina L1-A L2-A L3-A Rhizophora mucronata L1-R L2-R L3-R Mixture of both mangrove species L1-M L2-M L3-M 59 P maintaining Endah Dwi Hastuti .otential of mangrove seedlings for environmental et al –quality in silvofishery ponds (T S So ); and 2.otal uspended lids sediment quality OM rganic atter , parameters i.e. (O M ) as well as (N ) (P ) N itrogen and P hosphorus concentrations. Data processing was conducted to determine the impact caused by mangrove stands on the environmental quality represented by water and sediment quality parameters value changes F in the inlet and outlet canals. actorial ANOVA and regression multiple analysis were used to analyze the collected data. Factorial ANOVA was conducted to analyze the impact of treatment involving the combination of canal s widths and mangrove composition on water and sediment quality parameters. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze the influence of seedling variations (including the combination of population, measurements and species compositions) on the changes of value environmental quality parameter . Multiple s regression involved independent s analysis : 1. variables for respective mangrove compositions i.e. seedling height, seedling diameter and population of mangrove seedling particularly for A. marina R. mucronata; and 2. and dependent variables changes of temperature, turbidity, i.e. salinity, pH, DO, TSS, OM, N and P concentrations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Data collected showed changes in water and sediment quality parameters in the silvofishery ponds (Table 2). consistently Water temperature decreased from first to the third observation the s, while salinity consistently increased Other parameters . did not show any specific pattern of changes. The observed water and sediment quality parameters within the inlet and outlet canals of silvofishery pond showed the decrease and increase of parameters values, before and after passing the canal with mangrove stands. The changes of water and sediment quality parameters value within the canals varied among treatments. This experiment showed the value changes on water and sediment quality parameters within the pond canals i.e. changes ranged temperature from (-)5.5 (+)6.4 °C; turbidity to ranged from to changes ranged (-)710 (+)769 NTU; salinity from to ranged from to (-)6.3 (+)6.1‰; pH (-)6.1 (+)6.2; DO (-)4.1 (+)4.5 mg/ ; ranged from to L TSS (-)343.2 (+)509.4 mg/ ; OM ranged from to L ranged from to concentration (-)2.7 (+)2.5%; N ranged from to (-)0.7 (+)0.7%; and P concentration ranged from to (-)50.9 (+)52.8 Figure 1 xperiment Diagram of the e PONDS MANGROVE SILVOFISHERY WIDTHS (1 m; 2 m; 3 m) COMPOSITIONS (Avicennia marina; Rhizophora mucronata; Mixture) EXPERIMENT ENVIRONMENT QUALITY (ENTRANCE) INLET ENVIRONMENT QUALITY (INSIDE) OUTLET ENVIRONMENT QUALITY (EXIT) MAINTENANCE / ENHANCEMENT CAPABILITY 60 BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1, 2016 ppm. The changes indicated that water and sediment quality changed during the 3 observation periods. The range of parameter value varied among periods.s observation Height and diameter measurements on mangrove seedling stands also showed variations among the 3 observation periods. Height of A. marina stand ranged from 41 106 cm; 43 to from to 101 cm; and 39 106 cm with from to stand diameter range of 0.20 – 0.89 cm; 0.32 – 0.88 cm; and 0.15 – 1.94 cm for the first, second and third observations . Height of , respectively R. ucronata m stand ranged from 28 60 cm; 24 76 cm; to from to and 38 78 cm with stand diameter range from to of 0.22 – 1.90 cm; 0.30 – 1.32 cm; and 0.55 – 2.36 cm , for the first, second and third observations respectively Decreased height and . seedling diameter f each mangrove species was caused by o the mortality of seedlings, hence seedlings replacements were conducted several times. Data analysis with ANOVA to measure the effect of canal width and mangrove compositions (treatments) on water and sediment quality parameters that several parameters were showed significantly affected by the treatments, such as mangrove composition affected salinity, canal width and mangrove composition affected turbidity and pH. S effectignificant on water salinity was achieved from silvofishery pond canals with and . While A. marina R. mucronata significant water turbidity w achieved effect on as from different canal widths and from different mangrove seedling species. Si effectgnificant on pH was achieved from combination of canal width and mangrove seedling species. Multiple regression a to determinenalysis the effect of mangrove stands on the water and sediment parametersquality of silvofishery pond showed there were significant effect of that s mangrove stand on several observed parameters (Table 3) . Data analysis was conducted partially for each mangrove composition structure as well as water and sediment quality . parameters parametersChanges in environmental quality within silvofishery pond canals were dominantly influenced by seedlings of (Table ). R. mucronata 3 Parameters influenced by partially R. mucronata stands included change in TSS concentration, s temperature, OM concentration, N concentration and P Seedlings concentration. combination of and R. mucronata A. marina influenced water turbidity and DO concentration. A. marina seedlings influenced water salinity. R. mucronataThere was significant effect of on TSS concentration. According to Furukawa and Eric (1996), mangrove stands can function as sediment trap. Sediment trapping processes by mangrove stands begins with the slowing down of water current, and this leads to the accumulation of TSS which finally gravitate . s Also, sediment trapping is influenced by the tide condition (Kathiresan 2003). sMangrove stand ha negative effect on the change of temperature, which means that as the height and diameter of mangrove stands increase, water temperature decrease . According to s Hadikusumah (2008), mangrove vegetation is capable of bsorbing heat. The photosynthetic a capability of mangrove seedling of Rhizophora occur in the leaves and green stems, hence as the s Table 2 Changes in water and sediment quality parameters observed during the experiment value No. Parameter Observation I Observation II Observation III 1. Temperature (°C) 34.2 31.4 30.6 2. Turbidity (NTU) 379.7 313.0 353.7 3. Salinity (‰) 22.0 31.0 39.8 4. pH 7.49 9.26 8.11 5. DO (mg/L) 6.56 6.99 5.72 6. TSS (mg/L) 411.37 492.04 218.00 7. OM (%) 1.64 1.74 1.62 8. N (%) 0.53 0.55 0.55 9. P (ppm) 33.86 39.68 34.44 61 P maintaining Endah Dwi Hastuti .otential of mangrove seedlings for environmental et al –quality in silvofishery ponds stand height and diameter increase the amount of photosynthetic surface increases. Water turbidity was affected significantly by both and . eedling stands A. marina R. mucronata S of inhibited water flow which R. mucronata increased the concentration of suspended sediment (Yang 2013). , et al. On the contrary A. marina seedlings had negative effect on the change of water turbidity. According to Weiffen et al. (2006), turbidity could be formed by the increasing population of plankton caused by the accumulation of sediment within the canal. The consumption rate of dissolved nutrient by A. marina probably was the cause of its negative effect on the water turbidity. a Water salinity was ffected significantly by A. marina R. mucronata by but not , due to higher evaporation capacity of than A. marina R. mucronata. Evapotranspiration within a pond is able to decrease water concentration, while salt is excreted back to the environment through the leaves (Ball . 1988). Hence, the concentration et al of salt (salinity) increase .d Concentration of DO was negatively affected by height of both and , but A. marina R. mucronata was positively affected by diameter of . A. marina Stand height of mangroves were suggested to affect the canopy coverage which leads to the decreased light penetration (Kennedy 2002). et al. As the mangrove stand increase , so does height s canopy coverage. , mangrove On the contrary seedlings still have chlorophyll in the stem, which means they are able to conduct photosynthesis. Photosynthesis has positive effect o seedling n diameter and on the increas dissolved oxygen e of concentration. Nutrient concentration, including OM, N and P within the sediment was significantly affected by the height of , but not . R. mucronata A. marina Nielsen and Andersen (2003) stated that nutrient accumulation by is higher than that R. mucronata of . In the seedling stage, the capability A. marina to accumulate nutrients is related to diameter size of mangrove stand which is generally larger for R. mucronata A. marinafor herefore, than stands. T R. mucronata has higher capacity to inhibit water flow and influence the accumulation rate of sediment which binds nutrients than more A. marina. CONCLUSIONS Silvofishery pond canals random showed pattern of parameter environmental quality s value changes of turbidity, pH, DO, TSS, OM, N and P emperature consistently decreased . T was Table Effect of angrove tands on hanges of uality within anals of ilvofishery 3 m s c water and sediment q parameters c s p sond No. Mangrove composition Independent variable Dependent variable Equation 1. Single Height of R. mucronata (X1) TSS Y = 524.574 – 8.483(X1) 2. Mixed Diameter of R. mucronata (X1); Height of R. mucronata (X2) Temperature Y = -1.091 + 0.057(X1) – 1.799(X2) 3. Mixed Population of A. marina (X1); Population of R. mucronata (X2) Turbidity Y = -81.627 – 209.753(X1) + 213.887(X2) 4. Mixed Population of A. marina (X1) Salinity Y = -0.432 + 0.103(X1) 5. Mixed Height of A. marina (X1); Diameter of A. marina (X2); Height of R. mucronata (X3) DO Y = 2.127 – 0.046(X1) + 7.410(X2) – 0.050(X3) 6. Mixed Height of R. mucronata (X1) OM Y = -1.796 + 0.050(X1) 7. Mixed Height of R. mucronata (X1) N Y = -0.587 + 0.017(X1) 8. Mixed Height of R. mucronata (X1) P Y = -41.303 + 1.142(X1) 9. Mixed Height of R. mucronata (X1) TSS Y = -248.833 + 6.794(X1) 62 BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1, 2016 and salinity consisten ly increased. Mangrove was t seedling stands for or had A. marina R. mucronata sign if ic ant e f f ec ts on t he chan g es of environmental quality involving parameters vari combinations on temperature, turbidity, ous salinity, DO, TSS, OM, N and P. pecies that had S most effect on environmental quality parameters value changes was R. mucronata. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T d thehe authors acknowledge Director of Research and Community Services (Ditlitabmas), General Directorate of Higher Education (Ditjen Dikti), Ministry of Education and Culture, Government of Indonesia for financial support. REFERENCES Ball MC, Cowan IR, Farquhar GD. 1988. Maintenance of leaf temperature and the optimisation of carbon gain in relation to water loss in a tropical mangrove forest. Aust J Plant Physiol 15:263 76- . Bengen DG. 2002. Technical Guide on the ntroduction and I M M Eanagement of angrove cosystem. Center Bogor (ID): of Coastal and Marine Resources Studies, IPB. Furukawa K, Eric W. 1996. 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