724 Siti Sofiah (Flora Diversity) Revisi.cdr FLORA DIVERSITY, COMPOSITION AND ECOLOGY IN BESIQ BERMAI TROPICAL FOREST OF DAMAI DISTRICT, EAST KALIMANTAN * SITI SOFIAH , DESTARIO METUSALA, TRIMANTO and SITI NURFADILAH Purwodadi Botanic Garden Indonesian Institute of Sciences Pasuruan , , (LIPI), 67163 Indonesia Received 17 November 2016 / Accepted 16 November 2017 ABSTRACT Besiq Bermai Forest is part of Kalimantan forests known for vast plant diversity. The present study aimed to investigate flora diversity, composition, and ecology in Besiq Bermai Forest to support the management of biodiversity and forest conservation. Thirteen plots were established with different sizes of plots (100 m x 20 m plots for trees; 40 m x 5 m plots for saplings; and 5 m x 5 m plots for understory). Data recorded included plant species name and individual number of each plant species. Data analysed were Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and Important Value Index. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine relationship between edaphic components and flora occurrence. The results showed that there were 93 species of trees (belonging to 48 genera and 22 families), 112 species of saplings (belonging to 62 genera and 43 families), and 48 species of understory (belonging to 28 genera and 20 families). Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') were 6.05, 6.25 and 3.26 for tree, saplings and understory, respectively. The most common family for tree and saplings in the forest ecosystem in this area was Dipterocarpaceae (Shorea spp). Species of tree with the highest importance value index were Dillenia excelsa, Syzygium sp. and Shorea parvifolia. The highest importance value index for species of saplings were Macaranga triloba and Shorea parvifolia; and for species of understory were Phrynium jagorianum. Ecological (edaphic) factors affecting the occurence and establishment of flora in Bermai forest were total N and C/N ratio. The present study has implication for the management of biodiversity and forest conservation. Keywords: composition, ecology, flora diversity, Kalimantan, tropical forest INTRODUCTION Tropical forest is one of the hotspots-regions of biodiversity, with high plant diversity, complex ecosystems, and greatest variety of flora and fauna (Richards 1952; Whitmore 1988; de Bruyn et al. 2014). Borneo is recognised as one of the biodiversity hotspots regions, along with 24 other hotspot regions in the world (Marchese 2015). East Kalimantan, located in the eastern part of Borneo, possess thousands of potential plants in the flora diversity of Indonesia. Tropical forest along Indonesia-Malaysia (Indo-Malay region) is known for its largest tropical forest ecosystem in the world (Gaither & Rocha 2013). Inventory to investigate plant diversity and floristic composition in natural forests is important to the level of adaptation to the environment and their ecological significance (Reddy . 2011), and is absolutely essential et al understanding the forest ecosystem dynamics (Reddy . 2008). It plays an important role in the et al management of biodiversity as essential bioresources and in the management of conservation of species and forest ecosystem (Malouin . 2015; Lukác . 2013; Meng et al z et al et al et al. 2011; Nurfadilah 2015; You . 2016; Huang . 2016). Plant diversity and floristic et al composition in several tropical forests addressed for the management of biodiversity and ecosystem conservation have been widely studied accross the world, in Costa Rica (Gilman . et al 2016), in China (Meng . 2011), in Ghana et al (Addo-Fordjour . 2009), in Ethiopia (Kebede et al et al et al. 2016), in Tanzania (Giliba . 2011), in Bangladesh (Feroz 2016).et al. Despite its great diversity, tropical forests have experienced the highest diversity loss. Tropical * Corresponding author: sofie2291@yahoo.com BIOTROPIA 5 2 8 85 94 Vol. 2 No. , 201 : - DOI: 10.11598/btb.2018.25.2.724 85 forests in Indonesia, especially in Kalimantan, is amongst experiencing higher diversity loss those (Bruhl & Eltz 2010; Margono 2014; Hansen et al. et al. 2009). Approximately 57 % of low land rain forests in Kalimantan conservation area (hutan lindung) has disappeared 1885-2001 between ( et al. ; Stibig et al. 2007).Gaveau 2013 Exploitation of tropical forests, especially in Kalimantan, has occured for a long period (Gaveau 2016). et al. Generally, the loss of forests in Kalimantan has been caused by the land use change into agricultural areas (Busch 201 ), & Ferretti-Gallon 7 plantation of oil palms, and mining. Restoration should be conducted for the recovery of forest ecosystems. Restoration is vital for recovery of tropical deforestation and degraded land, and for conservation of biodiversity (Ashton 2014; et al. Kettle 2012). In the management of restoration, biodiversity and forest conservation, analysis of the flora diversity and composition, and combined understanding of ecolog y and environmental factors that influence the diversity in forests is important. The present study aimed to investigate the flora diversity, composition and ecology in Besiq Bermai forest Damai District of in East Kalimantan. The study site was coal mining area and targeted for reforestation restoration after mining (post-mining). The results of the present study on the flora diversity, composition, and ecology of forests is important for the rehabilitation of coal mining program areas. 86 BIOTROPIA Vol. 25 No. 2, 2018 Figure 1 A map of study site area in Besiq Bermai Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in low land rain tropical forests of village Besiq Bermai of Damai 0 District in East Kalimantan, GPS coordinate 00 0 51'.02.6”S, 115 26'30.7”E (Fig. 1). This forest area was a primary forest that started undergoing degradation and becoming a secondary forest. In the present study, nested plots were established, with stratified random sampling method. Thirteen plots were made with different sizes of plots, out of the total forest area of about 2000 ha; 100 m x 20 m plots for trees, 40 m x 5 m plots for saplings, and 5 m x 5m plots for understory. Category of trees and saplings were determined by the size of diameter at breast height (DBH) of woody plants; tree (DBH > 30 cm) and saplings (DBH between 5 cm - 30 cm). Understory are groundcover plants growing on the forest floor which are typically herbs. All plant species within the plots were recorded. To investigate the floristic composition, some parameters including Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, Important Value Index, Density (D), Relative Density (RD), Frequency (F), Relative Frequency (RF), Dominance (C) and Relative Dominance (RC) for each species, were analysed. Number of individuals of a taxon x 100RD = Total number of individuals Number of plots containing a taxon x 100RF = Total frequencies of all taxa and the establishment of flora in their habitats, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method with Minitab 16 software was used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Flora Diversity The study showed that the flora diversity in Besiq Bermai forest, East Kalimantan was relatively high. An index of plant diversity of greater than 3 (>3) is regarded as high-value area (Khan et al. 2012). Plant diversity index indicating the degree of diversity of plants at the study site in the study was high, with the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') for trees, shrubs and understory in this area being 6.05, 6.25 and 3.26, respectively (Fig. 2). Comparatively, the diversity index at the study site was higher than that of other parts of Kalimantan or Borneo, such as in Lubuk Kakap, West Kalimantan with H' for tree being 3.54 (Budiharta 2010) and in a lowland dipterocarp forest of North Borneo with H' for tree was less than 3.5 (Godoong et al. 2014). The difference in the degree of diversity at the study site which is located in East Kalimantan and other parts of Kalimantan/Borneo might be due to the difference in regions within Borneo. Guhardja et al. (2012) reported that the diversity varied within Kalimantan/Borneo, with one of the highest diversity found in East Kalimantan. Furthermore, Kurniawan and Parikesit (2008) reported that plant diversity and composition in an area depends on some factors including altitude, humidity, nutrient availability, illumination, topography and soil types. Basal area of a taxon x 100RC = Total basal area of taxa H'= -∑ pi ln pi ; pi= ni/ ni = number of individual from species-i N = total number of individual To analyse edaphic factors that influence the growth and the establishment of flora at the study site, soil samples were collected. Soils were collected in each plot for 3 replicates. The collection of soils for soil physical and chemical profiles were collected from the depth of 0 cm - 30 cm, and 30 cm - 60 cm and 3 replicates for each plot. The soil physicochemical properties were assessed in the soil science laboratory of Agriculture Research Institute of Mulawarman University, Samarinda and were analysed through the drying stage temperature of 105°C. Soil physical factors analysed included soil texture (sand, silt and clay), while chemistry factor s included soil acidity (pH), organic C, C/N Ratio, organic matter (OM) and N-total. Soil texture analysis was conducted by separating sand, silt and clay particles by quantitative method through mechanical analysis process. This process consists of spreading aggregate soil into single grains, followed by sedimentation. Soil acidity (pH) was measured in soil and water mixture extracts with a ratio of 1: 5, C content was analysed by Walkley and Black (1934) method, while total N was determined by Kjeldahl (188 ) method. To 3 investigate ecological factors focussing on edaphic variables that influenced the occurence 87 Flora diversity, composition and ecology in Besiq Bermai Tropical Forest – Sofiah et al. Figure 2 Shannon – Wiener diversity index (H') of tree, sapling and herb in Forest of Besiq Bermai trees 6.05 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 6.247 3.264 saplings Habitus S h a n n o n -W ie n er d iv er si ty i n d ex ( H ’) herbs Floristic Composition of Trees This study showed that, there were 93 species of trees from 48 genera and 22 families in Besiq Bermai Forest. Some of the most important species for tree included Dillenia excelsa, Syzygium sp. and (Fig. 3). , Shorea parvifolia Dillenia excelsa was the most important species in terms of basal area based on RC, however, it had the lowest number of plants. sp. was the second Syzygium most important species in terms of species frequency, which was often found in plots at the study site. ranked number Shorea parvifolia three in ten most important species, it had the largest number of plants (Fig. 3). Genus of Shorea dominated the study site with nine species, and three of the species were in the list of ten most important species in terms of their abundance. The present study also demonstrated that the most important plant family for trees was Dipterocarpaceae, followed by Lauraceae and Myrtaceae (Fig. 4). Dipterocarpaceae also had the largest number of species (17 species) including the genera Shorea, Hopea and Dipterocarpus; followed by Lauraceae with 12 species (i.e genera of Eusideroxylon, Litsea and Actinodaphne), Burseraceae with seven species (i.e. genera of Canarium, Dacryodes and Santiria), Leguminosae with seven species (i.e. genera of Sindora, Koompassia and Dialium), and Myrtaceae with six species in a single genus of Syzygium. 88 Figure 4 Ten most important plant families in the category of trees in Besiq Bermai Forest. Family important value is the sum of Important Value Index of all species contained in a single family. BIOTROPIA Vol. 25 No. 2, 2018 Figure 3 Ten most important tree species in Besiq Bermai Forest (Note: RD = Relative Density; RF = Relative Frequency; RC = Relative Dominance; IVI=Important value Index) The results of this study was similar with other studies that showed that the most important family in other forests within Borneo/Kalimantan was Dipterocarpaceae. Kartawinata (2008) et al. reported that a family with the highest important value index in the lowland Dipterocarp forest at Wanariset Saboja, East Kalimantan, was Dipterocarpaceae. Arbainsyah (2014) also et al. reported that the most abundant seedling of the species in the primary forest in Labanan East Kalimantan was Dipterocarpaceae. Budiharta (2010) also showed that Dipterocarpaceae dominated the biodiversity protection area of Lubuk Kakap, West Kalimantan. Saner (2012) et al. also reported that tropical lowland dipterocarp rain forests in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, was also dominated by Dipterocarp species. The dominance of Dipterocarpaceae in the forests might be in part due to its mast fruiting, the synchronous production of fruits in multi-years cycle at intervals of several years. This irregular fruiting may enhance pollination efficiency, seed survival, and seedling establishment (Visser et al . 2011; Rodriguez et al. 2013; Oshima et al 2015). . The predator satiation hypothesis stated that starvation of seed predators in time of no production of fruits decreases seed predation and therefore, increase tree regeneration (Visser et al . 2011). Floristic omposition of SaplingsC revealed The present study also the floristic composition of saplings. The most important species for saplings was in terms Macaranga triloba of basal area, followed by . Shorea parvifolia Syzygium . Xylopia malayana sp and (Fig. 5). The pattern of the most important species for trees 89 Figure 5 Ten most important species for sapling in Besiq Bermai Forest (Note: RD=Relative Density; RF=Relative Frequency; RC=Relative Dominance; IVI=Important value Index) Figure 6 Ten most important plant families in Besiq Bermai Forest in the category of saplings. Family important value is the sum of Important Value Index of all species contained in a single family. Flora diversity, composition and ecology in Besiq Bermai Tropical Forest – Sofiah et al. 90 and saplings in study was different. Budiharta this (2010) also showed variation of pattern of the flora composition between tree and saplings in West Kalimantan that might be due to the difference in mast flowering and fruiting frequencies between species which influence the survival of seedlings. The most important family for saplings was Dipterocarpaceae, followed by Euphorbiaceae and Annonaceae (Fig. 6). Dipterocarpaceae also had the highest number of species (10 species) including the genera Shorea and Hopea; followed by Euphorbiaceae with 9 species (i.e genera of Xylopia and Monocarpia). Floristic omposition of UnderstoryC The results of the study also showed the flora composition for understory. The most important species for understory was Calathea sp., followed by Pandanus sp., and Alpinia sp. (Fig. 7). Analysis of compositional diversity of understory flora in the study showed that the understory flora was dominated by Calathea sp. that belongs to the plant family Marantaceae (Fig. 7). The dominance of Calathea in the shaded forest canopy with low light intensity in the forest floor in this study may be related to its low tolerance of light intensity and its capacity to grow in shaded areas with low Figure 7 Ten most important species for understory (Note: RD=Relative Density; RF=Relative Frequency; IVI=Important value Index) BIOTROPIA Vol. 25 No. 2, 2018 Figure 8 Ten most important families for understory Bl ec hn um o ri en ta le 91 light intensity. Matlaga (2008) reported that clonal offspring of Calathea grew and survived well in shaded understory. The most important family for understory in Besiq Bermai forest was Marantaceae, followed by Zingiberaceae and Pandanaceae (Fig. 8). In terms of the number of species, Marantaceae and Zingiberaceae were high with six (6) species from the genera Calathea, Phrynium and Stachyphrynium. Zingiberaceae at the study site consisted of 6 species from the genera Zingiber, Amomum and Alpinia. Ecology of Flora in Besiq Bermai Forest The establishment of flora in their habitats showed the adaptation of the flora to their environment. The diversity and distribution of many plant species are influenced by the ecological factors including edaphic factors (Heineman et al. 2015; Vleminckx et al. 2015). Through (PCA),Principal Component Analysis environmental (soil) factors consisting of five soil variables (pH, organic C, total N, organic matter, and C/N ratio) and environment variables (temperature, humidity, light intensity and elevation) could be classified into two principal components. The two components principal explain 68.8% of all edaphic factors measured. s The first component explained 35.4% of all edaphic factors measured, while the second component only explained 33.4%. This showed that the first component provided more information than the second component in describing and identifying environmental conditions in Besiq Bermai Forest in which many plant species occured. C/N ratio of soils was the most influential variable towards the factors in the first component (PC1), while total N was the most influential variable towards the factors in the second component (PC2) (Table 1). The model of the habitat of flora in Besiq Bermai Forest with its edaphic factors can be formulated based on Table 1. PC1 = 0.27 pH + 0.35 OC + 0.17 TN+ 0.36 OM + 0.37 C/N R; PC2 = -0.35 pH + 0.26 OC+0.46 TN + 0.27 OM -0.10 C/N R. Each soil variable in PC 1 and in PC2 was not strongly correlated (Table 1). There are many soil factors (variables) that influence the diversity and distribution of plant species, such as organic matter, exchangable cation, soil types and other soil factors. These soil factors form the characteristics of habitats and can be the determinants of the distribution and diversity of flora in their habitats (Peña-Claros et al. 2012; Vleminckx et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2016). Some studies have shown that species diversity and composition in some ecosystems were related to the site characteristic including edaphic factors (Gautam et al. 2016; Khan et al. 2017). Gautam et al. (2016) showed that the most important factors influencing tree diversity in the north Indian moist deciduous forests were exchangeable base cations and phosphorous. Furthermore, Peña- Claros et al. (2012) showed that in the dry forest in Bolivia, correlation between soil characteristics and plant diversity was more related to Ca, organic matter, N, Mg and Na. In this study, the first factor that mostly influenced the diversity and establishment of flora in Besiq Bermai forest was total N in the soil. Nitrogen is an essential element for the growth and development of plants. The availability of N in the soil affect the growth, development, and establishment of flora in Besiq Bermai forest. Table 1 Eigen value of soil elements in Besiq Bermai Forest PC1 (component factors 1) PC2 (component factors 2) Eigen value 5.11 2.92 Proportion 0.3 0.17 Cumulatif 0.3 0.47 Variabels: pH (pH) 0.27 -0.35 Organic C (OC) 0.35 0.26 Total N (TN) 0.17 0.46 Organic matter (OM) 0.36 0.27 C/N ratio (C/N R) 0.37 -0.10 Flora diversity, composition and ecology in Besiq Bermai Tropical Forest – Sofiah et al. 92 The second factor that influenced the occurence and establishment of flora in Besiq Bermai forest was C/N Ratio. C/N ratio shows the rate of decomposition of organic matter and mineralisation of nutrient elements in soils (Tisdale 1985). Ross et al. (2011) showed the relationship between the establishment of plant species and C/N ratio indicating that C/N ratio influenced the diversity of plant species in their h a b i t a t . T h e C / N r a t i o i n d i c a t e s t h e decomposition of organic matter and in relation to the nutrient provision in soils plays key roles in the function of forest ecosystem for the establishment of the flora. Implications for Conservation The present study has shown the flora diversity, compositon, and ecology in Besiq Bermai forest. The selected study site was a coal min in g a rea . W ith th e o b lig a tio n a n d responsibility to rehabilitate and restore sites after the coal is mined, the results of the present study is required for the reconstruction of the sites and reverting the flora diversity and composition, and ecology of the forest. The present study contributes to support the management of biodiversity and forest conservation after coal mining. The study is also required for rehabilitation program of degraded post mining lands. The soil chemistry that most influences the existence of species of the Shorea family is C/N ratio and total nitrogen. The C/N ratio can explain the speed of overhauling organic matter in the form of chemical-bound nutrient decomposition and mineralization in the form of complex compounds. When planting at post-mining areas, it's advisable to use additional organic materials, such as compost, manure, or the addition of calcium, depending on the deficiency in organic matter and acidity level of the soil. There are several species included in the IUCN red list, with critically endangered category, namely , and Shorea leprosula Dipterocarpus cornutus Hopea ferruginea. The dominance of the various Shorea plants that are included in the IUCN redlist, as well as other dominant local species should be given priority as the species used in the restoration of post-mining areas due to their ecological suitability with forest ecosystems in the study sites. CONCLUSION The diversity of plants in Besiq Bermai forest was relatively high, with Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') 6.05, 6.25 and 3.26 for tree, s a p l i n g a n d u n d e r s t o r y, r e s p e c t i v e l y. Dipterocarpaceae was the most commmon plant family for tree and saplings, while Marantaceae was the dominant family for understory. Edaphic factors that had the highest influence on the occurence and establishment of flora in Besiq Bermai forest were total N and C/N ratio. The present study has an implication to support management of biodiversity and forest conservation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the team of exploration for the assistance in the field. This research was supported by Research Program on Plant Diversity and Habitat in coal mining exploration areas of PT. Bharinto Ekatama and PT. Indo Tambangraya Megah Tbk branch, West Kutai, East Kalimantan. REFERENCES Addo-Fordjour P, Obeng S, Anning AK, Addo MG. 2009. 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