123 ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BELIK RIVER HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS ON PERIPHYTON COMMUNITY AS WATER QUALITY BIOINDICATOR Heni Wahyu Sartika1*, Suwarno Hadisusanto2, and Muhammad Sulaiman3* 1Graduate School of Environmental Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, DIY 55281. 2Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, DIY 55281. 3Vocational College of Civil Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, DIY 55281. ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS • Differences in river hydraulic characteristics affect ecological river health • The influence of flooding on the dynamics of physical and chemical characteristics of river water • Life strategy, adaptation of periphyton to environmental changes • Development of green infrastructure for river conservation Article Information Received 27 August 2021 Revised 7 March 2023 Accepted 8 March 2024 *Corresponding author, e-mail: heni.wahyu.s@mail.ugm.ac.id Research Article ABSTRACT Belik River is one of urban rivers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, which has hydrological problems both in quantity and quality. These problems triggered the construction of various types of channel modifications. This study aimed to identify water quality and the ecological effects of channel modifications based on the presence of periphyton communities as water quality bioindicators. Sampling was carried out in January 2021 and March 2021. Samples were taken from 4 sampling sites having different channel characteristics with 3 repetitions at each location. The physicochemical parameters measured included pH, detergent, nitrate, sulfate, total phosphate, TSS, TDS, DO, CO2, water temperature, depth, transparency, discharge, current velocity, and yearly rainfall data. Ninety-one (91) periphyton species dominated by Nitzschia improvisa, Nitzschia terricola, and Nitzschia philippinarum were found in January 2021, higher than the 61 species of periphyton dominated by Nitzschia improvisa found in March 2021. Results of the Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) indicated that the distribution and abundance of periphyton in Belik River were influenced by CO2, total phosphate, discharge, DO, nitrate, TSS, and depth. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index showed that water quality in January 2021 decreased compared to March 2021. Results of the cluster analysis showed differences in water quality and abundance of periphyton found in the four types of river channels. It can be concluded that differences in hydraulic characteristics affected water quality and the ecological health of Belik River. Keywords: canonical correlation analysis, cluster analysis, diversity index, Nitzschia, pennate diatom INTRODUCTION Land use changes in the Belik watershed area were influenced by the increase in population growth (Utami & Suprayogi 2014). These changes include the increase in asphalt/cement buildings (7.11%) and the reduction of vegetated land (3.64%) (Mubarok & Suprayogi 2018). Environmental deterioration may arise from development practices that do not prioritize ecological sustainability. Surface runoff in the rainy season can occur because of development activities, so that rainwater cannot infiltrate the soil (Utami & Suprayogi 2014). Human activities also cause groundwater quality to decline around the Belik River (Suprayogi et al. 2019). In addition, the waste input in the upstream part of Kali Belik cannot be accommodated due to surface water pollution (Suprayogi et al. 2019; Tofani & Hadi 2020). Wisdom Park (Taman Kearifan), through which the Belik River flows, is one of the developed areas designed to deal with hydrological problems. The modification of the river channel in Wisdom Park accommodate rainwater to reduce flooding (Lumuan et al. 2017). Channel modification is done by changing the hydraulic characteristics The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 31 No. 2, 2024: 123 - 133 DOI: 10.11598/btb.2024.31.2.1644 ISSN: 0215-6334 | e-ISSN: 1907-770X https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2024.31.2.1644 BIOTROPIA Vol. 31 No. 2, 2024 124 of the water. The changes include rivers that are straightened, deepened, and widened (Franklin et al. 2009; Harisnor & Amalia 2016). Many factors, including alteration in hydraulic characteristics, can lead to changes in the ecology of an aquatic ecosystem. In addition, the linkage between river channel and flood plain can be disturbed by the construction of embankments along the river, causing harm to biodiversity (Franklin et al. 2009; Lennox & Rasmussen 2016). Water organisms respond to changes in abiotic conditions of an aquatic ecosystem (Amoatey & Baawain 2019). Changes to the distribution and abundance of organisms in an ecosystem can also indicate water quality (Manickavasagam et al. 2019). Periphyton is one of aquatic organisms that can be used as a water quality bioindicator (Larned 2010; Rashid et al. 2013; Rier & Stevenson 2006). The combination of physical, chemical, and biological parameters provide comprehensive water quality analysis. Therefore, this research examined the effects of river channel modification on ecological conditions of periphytic community as water quality bioindicator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area The research was conducted in the upstream region of the Belik River in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region. This study had 4 sampling sites in Belik River (BR1, BR2, BR3, BR4). Samples were collected in January 2021 (before the flood) and March 2021 (after the flood). The description of the research location is shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. Figure 1 Map of sampling sites at Belik River in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta Table 1 Sampling site and their characteristics Sampling site Code GPS (Lat-Long) Altitude (masl) Hydraulic characteristics Belik River BR1 7°46’03.5” S 110°22’56.3” E 1,135.38 natural bottom, straightened furrow, and stone masonry shorelines BR2 7°46’08.9” S 110°22’57.7” E 1,152.75 modified bottom, straightened furrow, and stone masonry shorelines BR3 7°46’14.2” S 110°22’53.0” E 1,135.69 modified bottom, straightened furrow, and gabions shorelines BR4 7°46’27.9” S 110°22’52.1” E 1,125.32 natural bottom, furrow, and shorelines Periphyton Collections Periphyton sample was collected by implementing scraping method using a soft brush based on the Periphyton Protocols literature (US Environmental Protection Agency 2012, 2012). At each sampling point, samples were taken from the stone masonry wall and the rocks in the river with a size of 5 cm x 5 cm. The west side of the river wall was used to take periphyton samples before the flood, while the east side wall was used to sample the periphyton after the flood. The periphyton was separated from the surface of the river wall with a soft brush, sprayed with distilled water, and collected on a tray. Ecological Effects of Belik River Hydraulic Characteristics on Periphyton Community – Sartika et al. 125 The water sample on the tray was put into a 10 mL vial bottle. After that, fixation was carried out by giving 3 drops of 4% formaldehyde in each vial bottle. Vial bottles were then wrapped in plastic, tied with rubber bands, and labeled. For each research station, periphyton samples were collected with 3 replications (the right side of the river, the middle side of the river, and the left side of the river) in order to increase the level of data accuracy and represent the heterogeneous condition of the waters in the river flow on each side. Water volume taken for each periphyton sampling was 10 mL. Therefore, with 3 replications, the total water sample volume at each sampling point was 30 mL. Periphyton samples that had been preserved were inserted into the Sedgewick Rafter Counting Chamber (SRCC) and observed under a microscope with a magnification of 10 x 10. The periphyton samples that had been obtained were then identified based on “The Freshwater Algae of The United States” (Smith 1950), “Plankton of South Vietnam” (Shirota 1966), and “How to Know Freshwater Algae” (Prescott 1981) literatures. Water Quality Collections Water samples for water physicochemical parameters measurement were taken based on the guidelines of APHA literature (1998). Physical and chemical parameters measured directly in the field include DO, CO2, pH, water temperature, depth, current velocity, discharge, and transparency. The floating method measured current velocity, and the discharge was calculated using the slope area method. Meanwhile, water samples for parameter measurement, including TDS, TSS, total phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, and detergent, were collected and taken to the laboratory for analysis. Data Analysis The calculation of periphyton on the SRCC was carried out using the total strip counting method. The periphyton identification results were counted using a hand counter and analyzed in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 to determine the density of the species (D). Furthermore, the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index was calculated using a formula as follows (Kent & Paddy 1992): where: H’ = index of species diversity ni = number of individuals of an I species N = number of individuals of all species pi = proportion of the number of individuals of the I species to the number of individuals of all species. The data were analyzed using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) with Paleontological Statistic (PAST) software version 3 to determine the relationship between periphyton and physico- chemical parameters (Venkateswarlu et al. 2020). Then, cluster analysis was carried out to classify and determine differences in the characteristics of the sampling sites (Hossain et al. 2013). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Periphyton species found in Belik River were classified into 96 species and grouped into 6 functional groups, namely filamentous algae, pennate diatoms, unicellular algae, colony algae, centric diatoms, and dinoflagellates. The species composition in January 2021 differed from the periphyton composition in March 2021 (Table 2). Several periphyton species were only found in January 2021, such as Mougeotia sp., Spyrogyra sp., Melosira granulata, Malleochloris sessilis, Spondylosium planum, Desmidium baileyi, Sphaeroplea annulina, Nitzschia sp., Nitzschia acicularis, Nitzschia vermicularis, Navicirula sp., Navicirella elegans, Pinnularia giba, Tabellaria fenestrata, Diatoma vulgaris, Cocconeis sp., Anomoeneis sp., Frustulia rhomboides, Gyrosigma attenuatum, Pleurosigma sp., Straurastrum notula, Cosmarium reniforme, Pleurotaenium sp., Chroococcus turgiderius sp., Palmella miniata, Protococcus viridis, Peridinium gatunense, Gonyaulax sp., Prorocentrum sp., and Dinobryon sp. In contrast, several species of Spirulina major, Fragilaria crotonensis, Epithemia turgida, Stauroneis sp., and Cosmarium turpinii were only found in March 2021. BIOTROPIA Vol. 31 No. 2, 2024 126 Table 2 List of Belik River periphyton species found in January 2021 and March 2021 No. No. Periphyton species Presence January March Filamentous Algae 1 1 Lyngbya birgei + + 2 2 Oscillatoria sp. + + 3 3 Mougeotia viridis + + 4 4 Mougeotia sp. + - 5 5 Spyrogyra sp. + - 6 6 Spirulina major - + 7 7 Hyalotheca dissiliens + + 8 8 Hyalotheca mucosa + + 9 9 Hyalotheca sp. + + 10 10 Melosira varians + + 11 11 Melosira islandica + + 12 12 Melosira granulata + - 13 13 Plectonema tomasiniana + + 14 14 Zygnemopsis sp. + + 15 15 Schizogonium murale + + 16 16 Malleochloris sessilis + - 17 17 Spondylosium planum + - 18 18 Desmidium baileyi + - 19 19 Sphaeroplea annulina + - Pennate Diatom 20 1 Nitzschia improvisa + + 21 2 Nitzschia acicularis + - 22 3 Nitzschia terricola + + 23 4 Nitzschia filiformis + + 24 5 Nitzschia sp. + - 25 6 Nitzschia sigmoidea + + 26 7 Nitzschia philippinarum + + 27 8 Nitzschia ligowskii + + 28 9 Nitzschia hassall + + 29 10 Nitzschia vermicularis + - 30 11 Navicula sp. + - 31 12 Navicula cryptocephala + + 32 13 Navicula gregaria + - No. No. Periphyton species Presence January March 33 14 Navicula gastrum + + 34 15 Synedra acus + + 35 16 Synedra ulna + + 36 17 Synedra sp. + + 37 18 Surirella robusta + + 38 19 Surirella terera + - 39 20 Surirella elegans + - 40 21 Pinnularia giba + - 41 22 Pinnularia sp. + + 42 23 Pinnularia viridis + + 43 24 Denticula elegans + + 44 25 Tabellaria fenestrata + - 45 26 Neidium affine + + 46 27 Fragilaria crotonensis - + 47 28 Diatoma vulgaris + - 48 29 Diatomella balfouriana + + 49 30 Diatoma sp. + + 50 31 Diatoma elongatum + + 51 32 Epithemia turgida - + 52 33 Gomphonema micropus + + 53 34 Gomphonema sp. + + 54 35 Odontidium mesodon + + 55 36 Cocconeis sp. + - 56 37 Anomoeneis sp. + - 57 38 Frustulia rhomboides + - 58 39 Brachysira microcephala + + 59 40 Amphora ovalis + + 60 41 Gyrosigma attenuatum + - 61 42 Licmophora sp. + + 62 43 Pleurosigma sp. + - Unicellular Algae 63 1 Closterium littorale + + 64 2 Closterium lunula + + 65 3 Closterium sp. + + 66 4 Straurastrum notula + - 67 5 Stauroneis sp. - + Ecological Effects of Belik River Hydraulic Characteristics on Periphyton Community – Sartika et al. 127 No. No. Periphyton species Presence January March 68 6 Cosmarium reniforme + - 69 7 Cosmarium turpinii - + 70 8 Pleurotaenium sp. + - 71 9 Chroococcus turgidus + - 72 10 Chlorococcum sp. + + 73 11 Ankistrodesmus densus + + 74 12 Oocystis borgei + - 75 13 Cylindrocystis gracilis + + 76 14 Cylindrocystis sp. + + 77 15 Colacium vesiculosum + + Colony Algae 78 1 Pediastrum biradiatum + + 79 2 Scenedesmus dimorphus + + 80 3 Scenedesmus quadricauda + + 81 4 Anabaena circinalis + + 82 5 Merismopedia tenuissima + + 83 6 Pandorina morum + + 84 7 Sphaerocystis schroeteri + - 85 8 Gloeocapsa gelatinosa + + 86 9 Coelosphaerium sp. + - 87 10 Palmella miniata + - 88 11 Protococcus viridis + - Centric Diatom 89 1 Biddulphia sp. + + 90 2 Cyclotella meneghiniana + + Dinoflagellate 91 1 Peridinium gatunense + - 92 2 Peridinium umbonatum + + 93 3 Peridinium sp. + + 94 4 Gonyaulax sp. + - 95 5 Prorocentrum sp. + - 96 6 Dinobryon sp. + - Table 2 data shows that in March 2021, 35 periphyton species were missing, and 5 periphyton species were present as new species in Belik River. The reduction of periphyton species number in March 2021 occurred in almost all sampling sites compared to that in January 2021 (Fig. 1). This can be caused by several flood events in February 2021. The average amount of rainfall has increased significantly in 2020 and 2021 (Table 3). Floods in March 2021 could be caused by an accumulation of rainfall during January - March 2021 (the peak of heavy rains at the research location). Flood is one of the disturbances for periphyton because these creatures live by sticking to the substrate (benthic). The flood caused the current velocity and discharge to increase, thus periphyton, especially the immobile periphyton, were swept away by the water. In addition, periphyton density was influenced by the presence of nutrient content and sediment from floods (Wang et al. 2018; Whorley & Wehr 2016). Figure 2 Number of periphyton species found in Belik River in (A) January 2021 and (B) March 2021 TDS average in January 2021 (97.5 mg/L) increased to 208.5 mg/L in March 2021. Likewise, TSS increased in March 2021 from an average of 90.15 mg/L to 217.5 mg/L. Transparency decreased from 0.12 m to 0.06 m (Table 4). Transparency less than 20 cm indicates that the water was very turbid (Pal et al. 2015), which is the very turbid water ecosystem category. In a very turbid water ecosystem, photosynthetic process can be disrupted because turbidity reduces light penetration into the water (Bahri & Maliga 2018; Butler & Ford 2018; Rashid et al. 2013; Singh et al. 2017). BIOTROPIA Vol. 31 No. 2, 2024 128 Table 3 Yearly rainfall data (last 5 years) in the study area Month Rainfall (mm3/day) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 January 384.16 533.61 216.78 1,005 1,182 February 258.18 329.07 453 1,089 811.5 March 277.16 305.12 1,326 1,963.5 1,038 April 294.4 19.16 672 955.5 226.5 May 135.56 19.10 16.5 736.5 189 June 51.73 12.15 1.5 4.5 595.5 July 21.08 74.48 1.5 3 154.5 August 4.78 0.78 6 66 72 September 85.26 104.27 139.55 124.5 379.5 November 124.54 95.52 28.5 715.5 589.5 December 761.13 215.99 114 394.5 849 Total 362.60 186.2 1,360.5 621 247.5 Average 2,760.57 1,895.47 4,335.83 7,678.5 6,334.5 Maximum 230.05 157.96 361.32 639.88 527.88 Table 4 Physicochemical characteristics of Belik River in January and March 2021 Physicochemical parameters BR1 Jan BR2 Jan BR3 Jan BR4 Jan BR1 Mar BR2 Mar BR3 Mar BR4 Mar DO (ppm) 7.33 7.90 7.87 6.17 5.40 6.13 5.43 4.93 CO2 5.33 2.00 2.00 2.67 4.25 2.92 4.75 3.25 pH 7.30 6.93 7.03 7.00 6.90 7.10 7.13 7.00 Water temperature (oC) 28.67 27.00 27.17 27.00 27.33 26.33 27.00 26.00 Depth (m) 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.22 0.17 0.27 0.24 0.18 Current velocity (m/s) 0.72 0.54 0.67 0.20 0.84 0.52 0.43 0.34 Discharge (m3/s) 0.32 0.28 0.60 0.98 0.50 0.31 0.35 0.28 Transparency (m) 0.08 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.08 TDS (mg/L) 112 120 70 88 296 218 144 176 TSS (mg/L) 48.6 152 90.8 69.2 216 125 123 406 Total phosphate as PO4 (mg/L) 0.24 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.81 0.32 0.33 0.29 Nitrate as NO3-N (mg/L) 4.19 4.83 3.81 3.46 1.45 1.38 1.12 1.63 Sulfate as SO4 (mg/L) 18.34 16.20 21.66 25.23 9.40 7.50 12.70 4.82 Detergent as C18H29NaO3S (µg/L) < 2 < 2 < 2 < 2 198 21 < 2 21 The number of periphyton species in BR2 January 2021 and BR2 March 2021 was the lowest number of species compared to that in other sampling points (Fig. 2). BR2 is a canalized river channel with a pavement-modified riverbed. The sediment transport rate was accelerated by the pavement of the river channel so that sediment tends to be deposited in the downstream area of the river. Sediment was used by mobile periphyton as a shelter during the flood, while immobile periphyton will be immediately carried away by the current (Hoyle et al. 2016). BR1, BR3, and BR4 had the natural characteristics of riverbed, formed by soil and mud. In addition, in BR4, the periphyton was protected by water plants when the current velocity and discharge increased. The release of nutrients plants can also be used by periphyton for their growth. Aquatic plants also had an important role as agents in the phytoremediation process of water (Kemalasari & Choesin 2011; Kukuryk & Mieczan 2012; Swanson et al. 2017; Ummi et al. 2019). Therefore, the BR2 channel was unsuitable Ecological Effects of Belik River Hydraulic Characteristics on Periphyton Community – Sartika et al. 129 for periphyton to live because of the absence of sediments and aquatic plants . The Shannon Wiener Diversity Index showed that water quality in BR1, BR2, and BR3 in January 2021 and March 2021 was lightly polluted. Meanwhile, water quality of BR4 in January 2021 was very lightly polluted. Subsequently, water quality changed to medium pollution in March 2021 (Table 4), in which that carbon dioxide, total phosphate, and detergent levels increased. Meanwhile, DO has decreased below class II water quality threshold. Nitrate levels in BR4 were the highest compared to that in other sampling points (Table 4). This drastic change can be caused by the flow of water from the upstream area, especially BR2, on a canalized river. The water flow brought sediment when it flooded in February 2021, which was deposited in BR4. According to Walalite et al. (2016), canalized channels do not have floodplains and substrates to filter nutrients and sediment in water when the flood occurs. The periphyton genus most commonly found in this study was Nitzchia. The most abundant species in January 2021 were Nitzschia improvisa (BR1, BR2), Nitzschia philippinarum (BR3), and Nitzschia terricola (BR4). Meanwhile, the most abundant species in March 2021 was Nitzschia improvisa at all sampling points (Fig. 3). Nitzschia is part of the pennate diatom, a functional group with the highest number of species (Fig. 2). Diatoms have an important role in the silica cycle. Silica is one of the compositions for making detergent, so the high detergent content in waters can be indicated by the presence of diatom pennate (Biranje et al. 2015; Singh & Parikh 2020). This finding is consistent with the condition of BR1 in March 2021, which experienced a significant detergent increase (Table 4). The river flow at the BR1 sampling point was in the middle of a community settlement dominated by economic activities, such as student boarding houses and laundry facilities, which disposed washing waste into the river body. The presence of Nitzschia, Navicula, and Synedra indicates that the river waters are turbid and contain excessive organic matter. Meanwhile, the existence of a genus that has tolerance for pollutants, such as Cyclotella, Amphora, Melosira, and Surirella showed that the waters contain anthropogenic waste (Singh & Parikh 2020). This statement can be proven by high levels of total phosphate in BR1, BR2, BR3, and BR4 in March and January 2021, which exceeded class II water quality (Table 3). Phosphate in waters can be caused by domestic waste (54%), agriculture (38%), and industry (8%). High phosphate content indicated the presence of high household waste. One of the wastes that can cause high phosphate content in waters is domestic waste from community settlements, especially related to washing waste because detergent also contains phosphate (Mekonnen & Hoekstra 2018; Puijenbroek et al. 2018). The upper reaches of settlements of Belik River, which tend to be congested and are very close to the river, can be one of the causes of river pollution. In this study, cluster analysis was carried out to classify the conditions of the sampling locations based on their characteristics. Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) was also carried out to find out the water quality parameters that contributed most impacts to periphyton community. Results of cluster analysis showed that the environmental conditions at the 4 sampling sites were divided into 2 clusters. In January 2021, the first cluster consisted of BR3, BR4, and BR1, while the second cluster consisted of BR2 (Fig. 4). In March 2021, the first cluster consisted of BR4, while the second cluster consisted of BR2, BR3, and BR1 (Fig. 5). Based on these data, it can be concluded that there have been changes in the dynamics of physical, chemical, and biological conditions at different sampling times resulting in cluster shifts. In January 2021, BR3 had a close relationship with BR4, but changed to be closer to BR2 in March 2021. Table 5 Water quality based on Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) H’ and Water Quality BR1 Jan BR2 Jan BR3 Jan BR4 Jan BR1 Mar BR2 Mar BR3 Mar BR4 Mar Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index 2.40 2.79 2.90 3.14 2.75 2.32 2.45 1.99 Water quality Lightly polluted Lightly polluted Lightly polluted Very lightly polluted Lightly polluted Lightly polluted Lightly polluted Medium polluted BIOTROPIA Vol. 31 No. 2, 2024 130 Figure 3 The 5 highest Belik River periphyton species in (A) sampling site 1 (BR1), (B) sampling site 2 (BR2), (C) sampling site 3 (BR3), and (D) sampling site 4 (BR4) Figure 4 Dendrogram of the 4 sampling sites in January 2021 (based on the results of Cluster Analysis) Figure 5 Dendrogram of the 4 sampling sites in March 2021 (based on the results of Cluster Analysis) That change was caused by the floods happened in February 2021, which brought the nutrients present in BR2, which had a modified riverbed and were retained in BR3, which had a natural riverbed. In addition, BR2 and BR4, separated into different clusters, indicated a significant difference in conditions between the modified and natural river. According to Kennedy & Turner (2011), the canalization in BR2 hinders connectivity in the riparian zone that connects aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The existence of riparian zone changes affected the water dynamics physically and chemically (nutrients), thus affecting periphyton dynamics. Meanwhile, BR4 has a riparian zone which is more natural to support the organisms’ life. Ecological Effects of Belik River Hydraulic Characteristics on Periphyton Community – Sartika et al. 131 Figure 6 Canonical Correlation Analysis ordination diagram of Belik River physicochemical and the presence of periphyton in January 2021 Figure 7 Canonical Correlation Analysis ordination diagram of Belik River physicochemical and the presence of periphyton in March 2021 The Canonical Correlation Analysis indicated that, in general, the distribution and abundance of periphyton in Belik River were influenced by CO2, total phosphate, discharge, DO, nitrate, TSS, and depth (Figs. 6 & 7). Specifically, in January 2021 periphyton had the highest diversity in BR4, influenced by discharge and sulfate parameters (Axis 1), and depth (Axis 2). Meanwhile, in March 2021, there was no big difference in periphyton diversity at the 4 sampling sites. However, BR3 had the highest diversity of centric diatoms, influenced by depth (Axis 1) and sulfate (Axis 2). This occurrence was consistent with the condition of BR3 in March 2021, having the highest sulfate levels compared to other sampling points. According to Olszynski & Wieczorek (2018), it is known that centric diatoms have a wide tolerance range so that they can live in waters containing extreme sulfates. BIOTROPIA Vol. 31 No. 2, 2024 132 CONCLUSION Belik River water had been very lightly to medium polluted. Water quality changes temporally mainly due to flooding. The type of hydraulic characteristics of the river channel influences the distribution and diversity of periphyton. The presence of pennate diatoms as periphyton with the highest species number indicates that the levels of organic pollutants in the water are quite high. Human activities, especially household activities in the upper reaches of the Belik River, greatly affect the quality of river water. This is indicated by the high levels of detergent, TDS and TSS in BR1 and BR 2. 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