BIOTROPIA Vol. 30 No. 3, 2023: 346 - 354 DOI: 10.11598/btb.2023.30.3.1956 346 POTENTIAL OF CARBON SINK IN MANGROVE SUBSTRATES IN LEMBAR BAY, WEST LOMBOK, INDONESIA FIRMAN ALI RAHMAN1*, DEWI PUTRI LESTARI2, ALFIAN PUJIAN HADI3&5, ANIS SYAKIRATUR RIZKI4, AISHA ZEA ALMAHYRA5, ARSYA ZAFRAN ALVARENDRA5, NUZULY ILMIA CERMINAND5, NENING LISTARI6, R. DIDI KUSWARA6, ZULKARNAIN GAZALI6, MAYA EKANINGTIAS6, SITI WARDATUL JANNAH6 AND BAIQ YULIA HASNI PRATIWI7 1Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram, Mataram 83127,West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 2Departemen of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Mataram, Mataram 83125, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. 3Departemen of Geography Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram, Mataram 83127, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. 4Department of Health Analyst, Faculty of Nursing and Health, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang 50273, Indonesia. 5Indonesian Tajuk Foundation, Mataram 83116, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. 6Departemen of Biology Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Nahdlatul Wathan Mataram, Mataram 83126, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 7Departement of Pharmacy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Bumigora, Mataram 83127, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. Received 20 March 2023 / Revised 25 July 2023 / Accepted 7 September 2023 ABSTRACT Mangroves are one of the coastal vegetation that can mitigate carbon (carbon sink and carbon storage). This study aimed to determine the potential for soil carbon stock found under stands of mangroves in Lembar Bay, West Lombok, and West Nusa Tenggara. The research began with the identification of the species and then proceeded toa sampling of the soil, which was then analyzed using the Walkley and Black method. The results showed that there were ten species of mangroves, namely, Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia lanata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Thespesia populnea, and Xylocarpus maluccensis. The highest soil carbon content percentage was found in the lower soil of the A. lanata (1.43 %C) mangrove, and the lowest was found in the lower-stand soil of E. agallocha (0.21 %C). Meanwhile, the carbon sinks per meter were 0.002-0.066 gC/m2, with an average of 0.020±0.020 gC/m2. The estimated total soil carbon sink in 10 mangrove stands was 0.20-6.60 tons C/ha, with an average of 2.18±2.010 tons C/ha. The average total estimated soil carbon stock found in 20.49 ha of the mangrove area studied was 44.67 tonsC, which is equivalent to 263.69 tonsC in a mangrove area of 120.96 ha in Lembar Bay. Keywords: carbon stock, c-organic, mangroves, soil INTRODUCTION Mangroves are one of the plants in coastal areas that play a role in disaster mitigation (abrasion, breakwater, sea wind barrier, and tsunami), biota habitats, and germplasms. The environmental benefits of mangrove ecosystems that have not been widely studied include their potential as carbon sinks and carbon storage, especially in mangrove ecosystem soil (Brath et al. 2015; Lovelock & Duarte 2019; Macreadie et al. 2019). Based on Murray et al.(2011), the average annual carbon sequestration potential of mangrove ecosystems is between 6 and 8 Mg CO2 e/ha (tonnes CO2 equivalent per hectare) and is two to four times greater than the carbon sink potential of tropical forests (Nellemann et al. 2009). One of the coasts in the Mangrove Corridor Essential Ecosystem Area is Lembar Bay, West Lombok, which is directly affected by the activities of the Lembar harbor. Lembar harbor is an inter-island sea and goods transportation route that continues to be developed as a port area (reclamation) covering 22 ha. It has a direct impact on the degradation of mangrove *Corresponding author, email: Potential of Carbon Sink in Mangrove Substrates – Rahman et al. 347 ecosystems, resulting in a decrease in the mangrove ecosystem area, which currently only has an area of ±120.96 ha (Saraswati 2019). The ecological potential of mangrove ecosystems as carbon sinks and carbon storage has been widely studied. The following data are some of those previous findings. The soil carbon stock of the Tanjung Lesung Banten mangrove ecosystem of 27.92 tons C/ha; the mangrove carbon stock in Dukuh Tapak, Tugurejo Village, Semarang amounted to 708.2 tons C/ha; mangroves in Timbulsloko Village, Demak, Central Java had carbon stock of 1,307.77 tons/ha; Perancak mangroves in Jembrana, Baliretain carbon stock of 119.75 tons C/ha; mangroves of the Batang Apar Estuary of West Sumatra had carbon stock of 2,561.90 tons C/ha (Handoyo et al. 2020); mangroves in Sungai Sembilan, Dumai had carbon stock of 1,819.31 tons C/ha (Handoyo et al. 2020); mangroves in Tambakbulusan Village, Demak, Central Java carbon stock of 57.74 tons C/ha; and Gili Meno mangroves, North Lombok had carbon stock of 154.62±99.78 tons C/ha, equivalent to a total soil carbon stock of 1,020.50 tonsC in a total 6.6 ha of the mangrove ecosystem area (Hilyana & Rahman 2022). In general, research on carbon sinks in mangrove ecosystems is still related to the potential for carbon sinks in certain locations, and not specifically related to the potential for soil carbon stock under mangroves. This is in line with the opinion of Mcleod et al. (2011) and Howard et al.(2017) that in-depth analysis related to the potential of mangroves as carbon sinks and carbon storage in different species and habitats is very important. Due to this, this study can be a source of information on the potential for soil carbon storage found under ten types of mangroves in the harbor area of Lembar Bay, West Lombok, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out in the mangrove ecosystem located in Lembar Bay, Lembar, West Lombok, in February-March 2023 with a research site encompassing an area of 20.49 ha (located at 116°3’-116°4’ E and 8°43’-8°44’ S) (Fig 1). This was a quantitative descriptive study that began with the identification of mangroves and sampling of soil found under mangrove stands. Soil samples were collected fromunder ten mangrove standsat the research site. These stands represented various species, including Avicennia lanata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora stylosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Thespesia populcarapus, and Xylocarpus maluccensis. Figure 1 Mangrove ecosystem of Lembar Bay, West Lombok, Indonesia BIOTROPIA Vol. 30 No. 3, 2023 348 Mangrove Identification Mangroves were identified in situ based on morphological characteristics by referring to the introductory guide to Mangroves in Indonesia (Noor et al. 2006). Analysis of Soil Organic Carbon Content Soil sampling was carried out to a depth of 30 cm around the roots and a slope of 30o using pipes with a diameter of 5 cm and a length of 35 cm. The soil’s carbon organic content was analyzed using the Walkley and Black method (Walkley & Black 1934). A soil sample weighing 0.5 g with a size of less than 0.5 mm was placed in a 100 ml volumetric flask. Then, 5 ml of 1 N K2Cr2O7 was added, and the mixture was shaken. Following that, 7.5 ml of concentrated H2SO4 was added, and the mixture was shaken and left to stand for 30 minutes. It was then diluted with ion-free waterand the clear solution sample’s absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 561 nm. As a comparison, 0 and 250 ppm standards were made by pipetting 0 and 5 ml of the 5.000 ppm standard solution into a 100 ml volumetric flask with the same treatment as the sample procedure. Data Analysis Soil Carbon Content The soil’s carbon content was calculated using the following formula (Sulaeman et al. 2005): Soil c – organic content = Ppm curve 500 x correction factor where: ppm curve = The sample content obtained from the curve of therelationship between the standard series contentand its reading after corrected for blanks Correctio n factor = 100/(100 - % water content) Soil Carbon Stock The soil’s carbon stockwas calculated using the following formula (Badan Standarisasi Nasional, 2011): Ct = Kd x ρ x % c-organic where: Ct = Soil carbon stock (g/cm2) Kd = Soil sample depth or soil depth (cm) ρ = Bulk density is the ratio of the soil’s dry weight to its volume (g/cm3) % c- organic = Value of carbon content percentage (0.47) Soil Carbon Stock in Hectare Area The soil’s organic carbon content in hectare area was calculated using the following formula (Badan Standarisasi Nasional 2011): C soil (ton C/ha) =Ct x 100 where: Csoil = Soil carbon stock (tons C/ha) Ct = Soil organic carbon (g/cm2) 100 = Conversion factor from g/cm2 to tons C/ha Total Carbon Stock Area The total carbon stock area was calculated using the following formula (Lugina et al. 2017): Ctotals=Cn+Csoil Description: Ctotals = Total carbon stock (tons C/ha) Cn = Carbon stocks per hectare in each carbon pool in each plot (tons C) Csoil = Soil carbon stock (tons/ha) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mangrove Species A total of 10 mangrove stands were identified in Lembar Bay, namely, Avicennia lanata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora stylosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Thespesia populnea, and Xylocarpus maluccensis. There were more strands discovered in this study than that of Syarifuddin & Zulhamran (2012), which found five species, namely, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia alba. On the other hand, Sukuryadi et al.(2021) found 12 species in a Lembar Bay mangrove area of 168.9 ha, those species being Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriop decandra, Ceriop tagal, Lumnitzera littorea, Lumnitzera racemosa, Phemphis acidula, Rhizhopora Potential of Carbon Sink in Mangrove Substrates – Rahman et al. 349 stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Sonneratia alba. These different findings may have occurred due to differences in research areas in the port. This has the potential to disrupt the mangroves’ growth and development due to potential contamination from port activities and the loading and unloading of goods. Besides that, the research methodology utilized quadrant points, which limited the collection area of species composition data. Soil of C-Organic Content The largest percentage of soil carbon content was found in the bottom soil of Avicennia lanata (1.43% C) when compared to nine other species (Table 1). Meanwhile, the lowest percentage soil carbon content was found under Excoecaria agallochast ands at 0.21% C. The soil carbon content percentage found in Lembar Bay waslower than that of the soil carbon in the Gili Meno at the range of 4.85-20.00 %C (Rahman & Hadi 2021; Hilyana & Rahman 2022). The high and low soil carbon content found under the Lembar Bay mangrove stands could generally be caused by the soil fraction size. This is in line with the research results of Lee et al. 2014, Ati et al.(2015); Sidik et al.(2016); and Lestariningsih et al.(2018). Another supporting factor is the large amount of organic matter sourced from litter weathering mixed with the soil (Rahman et al. 2023). In addition, it could be influenced by species density, species age, soil fraction, and each mangrove’s growing zoning position (Schwarzer et al. 2016; Hilmi 2018; Bomer et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Jannah et al. 2021). This is confirmed by the results reported by (Susilowati et al. 2020) that species density can affect litter production, which is one of the main sources of organic material for soil mangrove ecosystems. Another factor is the water’s condition, one of which is its pH, which can cause low weathering activity for organic matter by organisms (Abdelhakeem et al. 2016; Barreto et al. 2016; Hilmi et al. 2017; Hilmi et al. 2019). The physical factors that affect the waters of Lembar Bay are wind speed, temperature, and humidity. This is related to the amount of litter production in each mangrove species in Lembar Bay. Another factor is mangrove vegetation zoning, which is always flooded. This causes litter, fruit, and flowers, as the main sources of organic matter, to be affected by currents and carried to the open sea. This contributes to the organic sinking process in Lembar Bay. Greater attention should be directed towards the activities at the Lembar portas they have the potential to exacerbate environmental pollution through the changes in the water conditions. This is in line with several other studies on factors that affect carbon conservation in mangrove ecosystems, such as Matsui et al. (2015), Jones et al. (2016), Weiss et al. (2016), Martuti et al. (2017), Suhendra et al. (2018), Asadi et al. (2018), Pérez et al. (2018), Gao et al. (2019), and Kida & Fujitake (2020). Table 1 Soil carbon content under mangrove stands in Lembar Bay No. Mangroves Soil Carbon Content Under Mangrove Stands Gross Weight Dry Weight Moisture Level Correction Factor Absorbance Ppm curve % C 1 Avicennia lanata 8.00 6.91 15.77 1.16 0.10 61.63 1.43 2 Avicennia marina 22.30 21.08 5.78 1.06 0.05 26.91 0.57 3 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 20.00 19.35 3.36 1.03 0.04 20.71 0.43 4 Ceriops decandra 17.74 17.09 3.84 1.04 0.02 10.17 0.21 5 Excoecaria agallocha 15.57 15.21 2.30 1.02 0.01 5.83 0.12 6 Lumnitzera racemosa 17.31 16.53 4.51 1.05 0.03 16.06 0.34 7 Rhizophora stylosa 26.14 24.74 5.67 1.06 0.04 23.81 0.50 8 Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 11.34 10.38 9.30 1.09 0.08 47.37 1.04 9 Thespesia populnea 16.70 16.15 3.43 1.03 0.02 9.55 0.20 10 Xylocarpus maluccensis 14.03 13.15 6.67 1.07 0.04 20.71 0.44 Average 16.91 16.06 6.06 1.06 0.04 24.28 0.53 Standard Deviation 5.220 5.141 3.959 0.041 0.028 17.591 0.409 BIOTROPIA Vol. 30 No. 3, 2023 350 The soil carbon content percentage (%C) can affect the total accumulation of potential carbon sinks in the research area. This study’s results indicate that the soil carbon content stored 0.002- 0.066 gC/m2 with an average of 0.020±0.020 gC/m2 (Table 2). The soil carbon content in each area is determined by its bulk density and percentage value. The soil carbon content under the Avicennia lanata mangrove stands had the largest amount of storage compared to the other nine species. However, it was lower than the results from another study which observed five mangrove stands (Avecennia marina, Bruguera cylindrica, Rhizophora apiculata, Lumnitzera racemosa, and Excoecaria agallocha) in Gili Meno, North Lombok. That study found an average of 0.57- 3.08 gC/m2 with an average of 1.55±1.000 gC/m2 (Hilyana & Rahman 2022). Several factors can determine the level of total accumulated soil carbon storage. These factors can be influenced by the percentage of soil carbon content, soil specific gravity, sampling depth, bulk density, litter, and topography of the area (Mahasani et al. 2015; Stringer et al. 2016; Rahman et al. 2019; Gao et al. 2019; Susilowati et al. 2020; Dencer-Brown et al. 2020). In addition, it has been reinforced by Leopold et al. (2013) and Pham et al.(2019) stating that species dominance correlates with an uptake of carbon, oxygen, and nutrients from soil and air, and species relationships develop patterns of grouping and species association. It is estimated that the total soil carbon stock of Lembar Bay found in 10 mangrove stands was 0.20-6.60 tons C/ha with an average of 2.18±2.010 tons C/ha (Table 3). This value is smaller than that in some previous research results. The soil carbon stock of the Tanjung Lesung Banten mangrove was discovered to be 27.92 tons C/ha (Ati et al. 2015); the mangrove soil carbon stock in Dusun Pandan Sari Brebes, Central Java amounted to 326.46 tons C/ha; Table 2 Carbon content under each mangrove stand in Lembar Bay No. Mangroves Soil Carbon Content Under Mangrove Stands Gross Weight (g) Dry Weight (g) Biomass Bulk Density Soil Carbon Content (% C) Soil Carbon (gC/m2) 1 Avicennia lanata 8.00 6.91 1.09 0.002 1.43 0.066 2 Avicennia marina 22.30 21.08 1.22 0.002 0.57 0.029 3 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 20.00 19.35 0.65 0.001 0.43 0.012 4 Ceriops decandra 17.74 17.09 0.65 0.001 0.21 0.006 5 Excoecaria agallocha 15.57 15.21 0.36 0.001 0.12 0.002 6 Lumnitzera racemosa 17.31 16.53 0.78 0.001 0.34 0.011 7 Rhizophora stylosa 26.14 24.74 1.40 0.002 0.50 0.029 8 Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 11.34 10.38 0.96 0.001 1.04 0.042 9 Thespesia populnea 16.70 16.15 0.55 0.001 0.20 0.005 10 Xylocarpus maluccensis 14.03 13.15 0.88 0.001 0.44 0.016 Average 16.91 16.06 0.85 0.001 0.53 0.02 Standard Deviation 5.220 5.141 0.321 0.000 0.409 0.020 Table 3 Soil carbon stock of mangrove ecosystem in Lembar Bay No. Mangroves SoilOrganic Carbon StockUnder Mangrove Stands Soil Carbon (% C) Soil Carbon (g C/m2) Soil Carbon (tons C/ha) 1 Avicennia lanata 1.43 0.066 6.60 2 Avicennia marina 0.57 0.029 2.90 3 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 0.43 0.012 1.20 4 Ceriops decandra 0.21 0.006 0.60 5 Excoecaria agallocha 0.12 0.002 0.20 6 Lumnitzera racemosa 0.34 0.011 1.10 7 Rhizophora stylosa 0.50 0.029 2.90 8 Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 1.04 0.042 4.20 9 Thespesia populnea 0.20 0.005 0.50 10 Xylocarpus maluccensis 0.44 0.016 1.60 Average 0.53 0.02 2.18 Standard Deviation 0.409 0.020 2.010 Potential of Carbon Sink in Mangrove Substrates – Rahman et al. 351 the mangrove soil carbon stock of the Perancak mangrove forest, Jembrana, Bali totaled 119.75 tons C/ha; the mangrove soil carbon stock in Sungai Sembilan, Dumai was calculated to be 1,819.31 tons C/ha (Handoyo et al. 2020); the mangrove soil carbon stock in Tambakbulusan Village, Demak, Central Javawas 57.74 tons C/ha (Susilowati et al. 2020); and the soil carbon stock in the mangrove ecosystem of Gili Meno, North Lombok was found to be 154.62±99.78 tons C/ha (Hilyana & Rahman 2022). Based on the potential value of carbon sinks and storage in mangrove ecosystems calculated in several places in Indonesia, there is a greater potential for mangrove ecosystems to store carbon than tropical forests. This can be seen in the results of studies by Daud et al. (2015), Raynaldo et al. (2022), and Yaqin et al. (2022). A report by Alongi (2020) also supports this finding, stating that, globally, mangrove ecosystems have a total carbon stock of 738 ± 27.9 MgC/ha. It has also been reported that the largest potential carbon sink is in the soil, and it is equivalent to 77% of the total carbon stock although mangrove forests only make up 0.2% of this stock compared to forestson land (Hamilton & Casey 2016). The soil carbon content found under 10 mangrove stands in Lembar Bay was lower than the soil carbon stock under five mangrove stands on Gili Meno. The mangroves include Rizophora apiculata (307.96 tons C/ha), Avicennia marina (197.16 tons C/ha), Excoecaria agallocha (114.31 tons C/ha), Lumnitzera racemosa (59.90 tons C/ha), and Bruguiera cylindrica (57.17 tons C/ha). The average estimated total of soil carbon stock found in 20.49 ha of the mangrove area studied was 44.67 tonsC, which is equivalent to 263.69 tonsC in a 120.96 ha area of mangroves in Lembar Bay (Table 4). If the entire 20.49 ha area wascovered by Avicennia lanata, it could contribute 135.23 tonsC of carbon storage. The lowest soil carbon stock capacity was found from Excoecaria agallocha at 4.10 tonsC in a mangrove area of 20.49 ha. Table 4 Carbon pool in mangrove soil in Lembar Bay No. Mangroves Carbon Pool in Mangrove Soil in Lembar Bay Soil Carbon (tons C/ha) ResearchArea (ha) Carbon Pool (tonsC) 1 Avicennia lanata 6.60 20.49 135.23 2 Avicennia marina 2.90 20.49 59.42 3 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 1.20 20.49 24.59 4 Ceriops decandra 0.60 20.49 12.29 5 Excoecaria agallocha 0.20 20.49 4.10 6 Lumnitzera racemosa 1.10 20.49 22.54 7 Rhizophora stylosa 2.90 20.49 59.42 8 Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 4.20 20.49 86.06 9 Thespesia populnea 0.50 20.49 10.25 10 Xylocarpus maluccensis 1.60 20.49 32.78 Average 0.53 20.49 44.67 Standard Deviation 0.409 0.000 41.182 BIOTROPIA Vol. 30 No. 3, 2023 352 CONCLUSION The highest soil carbon stock in the mangrove ecosystem of the Lembar harbor was found in the subsoil of Avicennia lanata stands, while the lowest was found in the subsoil of Excoecaria agallocha. The total carbon absorption potential of the mangrove ecosystem soil in the study area was 44.67 tonsC. 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