The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 31 No. 3, 2024: 380 - 390 DOI: 10.11598/btb.2024.31.3.2281 ISSN: 0215-6334 | e-ISSN: 1907-770X 380 TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY AND MANAGEMENT IN AGROFORESTRY POHPOHAN (Pilea melastomoides): THE CASE IN THE TRADITIONAL ZONE OF GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA Adisti Permatasari Putri Hartoyo1,2,*, Sheikha Ananda Mosa1, Bayu Winata1, Lufthi Rusniarsyah1, Peniwidiyanti3, Izzbilhaq1 1Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 2Environmental Research Centre, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 3Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor 16911, Indonesia ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS • Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) is the main commodity cultivated by using traditional agroforestry in the traditional zone of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park as a fresh vegetable. • There is a limited database of plant species diversity in the traditional zones, which is dynamic and needs further research. • This study found 54 tree species from 37 families with the dominant family being Rubiaceae. • Most farmers cultivated Pohpohan by conducting plant spacing, maintenance, and harvesting. Their income is USD 154 – 256/month. Article Information Received 17 June 2024 Revised 1 October 2024 Accepted 11 October 2024 Reviewers Khin Maung Sint, Arifah Rahayu Rusdi Evizal *Corresponding author, e-mail: adistipermatasari@apps.ipb.ac.id Research Article ABSTRACT Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) is Java Island’s largest tropical mountain rainforest. GHSNP is still facilitating community grounds around GHSNP with the existence of a traditional zone. Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) is the primary commodity in the traditional zone cultivated by the local people around GHSNP. Pohpohan is planted using traditional agroforestry planting patterns. The traditional zone has a limited diversity of plant species and a limited management database, so further study is necessary. This study was carried out in the agroforestry system in Tamansari Village, Bogor Regency, which is in the traditional zone of GHSNP. Data collection for tree diversity was conducted by establishing 25 plots. This study also interviewed 30 local farmers belonging to the Mandiri farmer group. There were 54 tree species from 37 families found in this study. Rubiaceae, Malvaceae, Fabaceae, and Phyllanthaceae families were the most common families existed in the study site. Pinus merkusii, Agathis dammara, and Maesopsis eminii had the highest important value index (IVI). The understory and seedlings were categorized as low in H’ due to the dominant presence of Pohpohan planting. Most respondents were farmers aged 35-55 (70%) with a farming area of 1,000 m2. They cultivated Pohpohan by conducting plant spacing, plant maintenance (e.g., soil cultivation, weeding, fertilization), and harvesting. Fertilization for Pohpohan was conducted 9 times a year. The farmers produced 30,000-50,000 bunches per harvest time. Their monthly income was about USD 154-256 per month. Keywords: farmer group, IVI, Pohpohan, traditional agroforestry, vegetation diversity INTRODUCTION Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) is an area of natural conservation. It is the largest tropical mountain rainforest on Java Island. Administratively, GHSNP is located in three regencies, namely Bogor Regency, Lebak Regency, and Sukabumi Regency. The designation of the GHSNP area as a conservation area began with the Decree of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number 282/Kpts-II/1992 issued on 28 February 1992 declaring an area of 40,000 ha as the Gunung Halimun National Park (GHNP). Subsequently, the Minister of Forestry of the Republic Indonesia issued a Decree Number 175/Kpts-II/2003 dated 10 June 2003 to expand the GHSNP area to 113,357 ha as a response to the growing occurrences of forest disturbances. This expansion included the forests of Mount Salak, Mount Endut, and the surrounding areas, which had previously been classified as limited- production forests and protected forests managed by State-Owned Forest Enterprise (Perum https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2024.31.2.2281 Tree Species Diversity and Management in Agroforestry Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) - Hartoyo et al. 381 Perhutani). Since then, the GHNP area has been transformed into a unified GHSNP conservation area (Ekayani et al. 2014). Gunung Halimun Salak National Park is classified into several zones to facilitate spatial arrangement within the national park. These zones are generally classified based on the community’s ecological, social, economic, and cultural conditions. According to the 2007-2026 GHSNP Management Plan, the GHSNP area is divided into eight zones: traditional zone, cultural zone, special zone, rehabilitation zone, utilization zone, jungle zone, core zone, and enclave. However, zoning in the GHSNP forest area was slightly altered based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number 327/Menlhk/Setjen/PLA.2/4/2016 dated 26 April 2016, which changed the function of 17,373 ha in the GHSNP forest area and returning another use area (enclave) covering 7,847 ha. As a result, the GHSNP is divided only into seven zones, covering an area of 87,699 ha (BTNGHS 2021). The expansion of the GHNP into the GHSNP area, which includes land used for community economic activities, has created a conflict between ecological (conservation) and economic interests. This issue is addressed by allowing a small portion of the GHSNP area for community use, which permits local farmers to continue their economic activities. The Gunung Halimun Salak National Park Office (GHSNPO) still facilitates several community grounds around GHSNP, designating these areas as the traditional zone. Local communities use the traditional zone to supply their daily necessities by using non-timber forest resources, such as tapping pine sap, tapping copal sap, and farming Pohpohan leaves. Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) is the main commodity cultivated by using traditional agroforestry planting patterns in the traditional zone as fresh vegetable, mainly by the Sundanese people in Indonesia. Pohpohan cultivation is particularly significant in Tamansari Village, Bogor Regency. Agroforestry is a form of multi-story land use that includes a mixture of trees and annual plants. Agroforestry land must have at least woody plant species (Olivi et al. 2015). In the traditional zone of GHSNP, Pohpohan is shaded by pine (Pinus merkusii), agathis (Agathis dammara), and African wood (Maesopsis eminii), which are planted by Perum Perhutani. Local communities have been practising the Pohpohan agroforestry system in this area for decades, considering ecological, social, and economic factors. Therefore, to accomplish sustainable management, studying agroforestry systems is crucial. Additionally, there is a limited database of plant species diversity in the traditional zones, particularly in the Pohpohan agroforestry system, which is dynamic and needs further research. The purpose of this study is to analyze the diversity of tree species and management in the Pohpohan agroforestry of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, built upon Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area This study was carried out in the traditional zone of Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP), West Java Province, Indonesia. The specific study site is the Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) agroforestry system in Tamansari Village, Bogor Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia (Fig.1). GHSNP is administratively divided into three districts: Bogor Regency, Lebak Regency, and Sukabumi Regency. Geographically, the national park is located between 106°21’ - 106°38’ E and 6°37’ - 6°51’ S. GHSNP is vital in maintaining biodiversity, regulating water management, supporting education and research, and functions as germplasm sources, cultivation development, and tourism. Salak Mountain has a height ranging from 400 to 2,210 masl. The climate type of GHSNP is classified as type B according to Schmidt and Ferguson, characterized by wet conditions with rainfall of 4,000-6,000 mm/year and a dry season that lasts less than three months, typically from May to September. The average monthly temperature in GHSNP ranges from 19.7 °C to 31.8 °C and the average air humidity is 88% (Adalina et al. 2014). BIOTROPIA Vol. 31 No. 3, 2024 382 Procedures Plot Establishment Data on tree diversity was collected by establishing 25 plots within GHSNP. The plot selection was carried out using the purposive sampling method, with criteria including representing an agroforestry system containing at least one species of woody plant, managed by the local community for generations, and having at least one main commodity species contributing to the income of the local community. Each of the 25 Figure 1 Study area in the traditional zone of GHSNP plots measured 20 m × 20 m. The square plots were divided into several square subplots. For detailed observation, 20 m × 20 m plots for tree level, 10 m × 10 m for pole level, 5 m × 5 m for sapling level, and 2 m x 2 m for understory and seedling level (Fig. 2). Tree Species Diversity Measurement This study collected data on understory vegetation and all tree growth levels, including seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. For understory vegetation and seedlings (lower-tier shrubs and Figure 2 Design of observation plots Tree Species Diversity and Management in Agroforestry Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) - Hartoyo et al. 383 Density (D) = Total number of individuals of a species found Total area examined (1) Relative Density (RD) = Number of individuals of the species Total number of individuals of all species x 100% (2) Frequency (F) = Number of a plot where species found Total size plots (3) Relative Frequency (RF) = Frequency of species Sum of frequency values for all species x 100% (4) Dominance (Do) = Total basal area of the species Total size plots (5) Relative Dominance (RDo) = Total basal area of the species Total basal area of the species x 100% (6) Important Value Index (IVI) = RD + RF (for seedlings and saplings) (7) Importance Value Index (IVI) = RD + RF + RDo (for poles and trees) (8) small trees with a height of < 1.5 m), the data collected included the names of species and the number of individuals for each species. For saplings (trees with a height of at least 1.5 m and a diameter of under 10 cm), poles (trees with a diameter of 10-20 cm), and mature trees (trees with a diameter of ≥ 20 cm), the measured parameters included the individual’s DBH (diameter at breast height), total height, and branch-free height. Interviewing the Local Farmers Related to the Management of Agroforestry Based on Traditional Ecological Knowledge Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) data were gathered through in-depth interviews using an interview guide with all members of the Mandiri Farmers Group (Kelompok Tani Mandiri) in Tamansari Village. This community has a conservation partnership cooperation agreement with Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. TEK reflects the close relationship between society and the environment, particularly in planting. TEK encompasses ideological superstructures (religion/beliefs and religious values), material infrastructure (ideas, concepts, and equipment used), and social structures that shape culture and evolve (UNESCO 2009). TEK documentation was conducted through participatory observation (Kawulich 2005) of community activities to verify interview results. Thirty respondents of local Pohpohan farmers from Kelompok Tani Mandiri were interviewed using questionnaires. These questionnaires included questions about the farmers’ identities, conditions of agroforestry sites, challenges faced by the local farmers, and their needs in managing agroforestry sites. The community interviews focused on activities related to managing the conservation partnership area, from cultivation and harvesting to post-harvest handling. Data Analysis Importance Value Index The collected vegetation data were subjected to a quantitative analysis, with each species’ Importance Value Index (IVI) calculated. The IVI was used to describe and compare the species in the plots (Cottam & Curtis 1956). The plot’s most “important” species were those with the highest IVI. This index aids in assessing each species’ relative relevance within the community structure. The relationship between the total relative density (RD), relative frequency (RF), and relative dominance (RDo) represents the IVI for each species, which has values ranging from 0 to 300 (Ismail 2017). The calculation of IVI for seedlings, understory, and saplings differs from that for poles and trees. The total of RD, RF, and RDo is the IVI for poles and trees. In contrast, the IVI for the understory vegetation, seedlings, and saplings is the total of the RD and RF, resulting in IVI values ranging from 0 to 200. According to Sari et al. (2022), the following formula can be used to calculate the density (D), frequency (F), and dominance (Do) of the IVI. BIOTROPIA Vol. 31 No. 3, 2024 384 Index of Species Diversity (H’) An ecosystem’s species diversity, stability, and maturity can be measured by the tree species diversity index which is also known as the Shannon- Wiener Index. According to Putri and Indriyanto (2021), a high H’ value indicates that a community is stable against disturbance, comprising many species with similar abundances. Margalef (1972) stated that the Shannon-Wiener index ranges from 1.5 to 3.5, with ecosystems having an H’ value below 1.5 considered low diversity. This species diversity index can be determined using the formula below (Margalef 1972): where: H’= species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener index) ni = the significance value of the i-th species N = the importance of all species Index of Species Dominance (C) The Simpson species dominance index (C) estimates the dominance levels of certain species within a community. A high level of diversity in a community corresponds to a low dominance value. The Simpson dominance index ranges from 0 to 1. A dominance value close to 1 indicates that one or a few species dominate the community, while a value close to 0 suggests that multiple species share dominance. According to Simpson (1949), species dominance can be determined using the formula below: where: C = species dominance index ni = the i-th species density N = the total of density Index of Species Richness (R) The Margalef Species Richness Index indicates the species richness in a study area. Jorgensen et al. (2005) set the lower limit value for the species richness index at 2.05. A species richness index of more than 2.05 indicates a high species richness in an ecosystem. The formula for calculating the R-value is as follows: H' = - ∑ � ni N � ln ni N �� i=I n � � (9) C =∑ � ni N � k=0 n 2 (10) R = (S-1) In(N) (11) where: R = species evenness index S = number of species found N = total number of individuals found Index of Species Evenness (E) The Species Evenness Index shows the relationship between species abundance and species diversity in a community (Wahyuningsih et al. 2019). The species evenness index value ranges from 0 to 1. A value close to 0 indicates low species evenness, while a value close to 1 indicates high species evenness. The formula for the species evenness index is as follows: E = H’ In(S) (12) where: E = species evenness index H’ = species diversity index S = number of species found RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Species Composition In the 25 plots of 20 m x 20 m, there were 54 species from 37 families recorded. The most frequent families found were Rubiaceae (4 species) and Malvaceae, Fabaceae, and Phyllanthaceae (each with 3 species) (Table 1). Table 1 The number of species found in the traditional zone of GHSNP Categories Number of species Understory and seedling 34 Sapling 9 Pole 5 Tree 13 The sum of all categories 31 Understory and seedlings are two different things. Understory refers to vegetation found beneath forest stands, excluding tree saplings. Seedlings are part of tree regeneration, which is included in the tree growth level. The existence of understory plants on the forest floor can improve soil and water conservation. Their extensive root systems form dense clumps that prevent erosion, protect the soil from rainwater and surface runoff, Tree Species Diversity and Management in Agroforestry Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) - Hartoyo et al. 385 and increase organic matter (Indriyani et al. 2017). Additionally, understory vegetation plays a crucial role in forest ecosystems by influencing the microclimate. However, understory plants can also compete with and inhibit the growth of tree regeneration (Hilwan et al. 2013). In this study, data of understory and seedlings were combined because they were found in the same plots. The understory and seedlings had the most species compared to other categories (Table 1). Importance Value Index (IVI) analysis was used to identify the species dominating the observation plot. According to Smith (1977), the dominant species can utilize their environment more efficiently than other species in the same place. The IVI in the traditional zone of GHSNP is presented in Table 2. Importance Value Index (IVI) is an indicator to determine the role of species in a community. Higher IVI indicates a more significant role of the species within the community, and vice versa (Rawana et al. 2022). The dominant species in forest vegetation are those with the highest IVI values (Ismail 2017). A species is considered significant if the IVI value is ≥ 10% for seedlings and saplings, and ≥ 15% for poles and trees. This study showed that Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) had the highest IVI in the understory and seedling categories (Table 2). Based on this definition, Pohpohan was the dominant species in the observation plot, which was influenced by a combination of anthropogenic and ecological factors. Local farmers cultivated Pohpohan due to its use as a vegetable or medicinal plant. This intervention significantly increased Pohpohan presence and dominance then raised its IVI. Additionally, Pohpohan often grows well in partially shaded areas, such as forest understories. It competes effectively when light intensity is moderate. Forest management with the community (PHBM) mechanism, which was based on the Decree of the Perum Perhutani Supervisory Board No. 136/KPTS/DIR/2001 issued on 29 March 2001 regarding Forest Resource Management in collaboration with the local community, promoted the sharing principle to ensure that common interests in sustaining the functions and benefits of forest resources are achieved in an optimal and proportionate approach. In GHSNP, PHBM is used by implementing a social forestry model, specifically agroforestry, with pine (Pinus merkusii) as the primary tree species and Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) as the primary agricultural crop for the Tamansari Village community. Despite changes in land management, the residents of Tamansari Village still can sustainably cultivate and utilize trees. According to the terms of Cooperation Agreements (PKS) 255.T.14/TU/KUM.3/2/2021 and PKS.1/KTMandiri/2/2021 with GHSNP, the community formed a Conservation Partnership in 2021, which granted the community access to a 79.29 ha area for cultivating Pohpohan within the pine stands (Adhiningsih et al. 2022). Plants that shaded the Pohpohan area were dominated by the species on the tree growth level in Table 2. Based on that, pine, agathis, and African wood had the highest IVI values and thus, the three species were considered dominating the land. Pine resin and copal were used as Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) by local communities that depended on their livelihoods as sap tappers. The Gunung Halimun Salak National Park Office (BTNGHS) still facilitates several community groups around TNGHS, such as pine sap tappers, copal sap tappers, and Pohpohan leaf (Pilea melastomoides) farmers. Apart from that, African wood (Maesopsis eminii) and agathis (Agathis dammara) were often found in the GHSNP area, which Perum Perhutani previously planted with the aim of reforestation. These three species are suitable as shade plants for Pohpohan. This follows the previous study by Hartoyo et al. (2022) that shade trees had an important role in Pohpohan growth. Pohpohan can live at no more than 60% shading because overshading trees will affect the growth of Pohpohan. Pine, agathis, and African wood have medium canopy coverage, so these three species are suitable for Pohpohan growth, and these three species can continue to be maintained. BIOTROPIA Vol. 31 No. 3, 2024 386 Table 2 Five Highest IVI Categories Scientific name IVI (%) Understory and seedling Pilea melastomoides 90.13 Pallinia ciliate 14.14 Pandanus amaryllifolius 9.45 Kakasoan 8.98 Stenochlaena palustris 7.33 Sapling Baccaurea racemosa 46.75 Swietenia macrophylla 32.47 Solanum torvum 23.38 Agathis dammara 16.23 Spathodea campanulate 16.23 Pole Baccaurea motleyana 80.65 Maesopsis eminii 73.47 Artocarpus heterophyllus 54.77 Baccaurea racemose 52.08 Tree Pinus merkusii 83.96 Agathis dammara 62.92 Maesopsis eminii 48.45 Altingia excelsa 36.92 Schima wallichii 28.42 Tree Species Diversity Biodiversity is an indicator and a mechanism for changes in ecological systems and species dynamics. Rahayu et al. (2017) stated that biodiversity encompasses species richness and complex ecosystems, influencing community structure, stability, and ecosystem development. Therefore, it is important to understand the relation between tree species diversity and general biodiversity. In this study, information about biodiversity is needed to assess the compatibility and interactions between plants in the study area, particularly in agroforestry land. Species diversity can be evaluated using the vegetation index values, which consist of species diversity index (H’), species dominance index (C), species richness index (R), and species evenness index (E). The vegetation index values for the GHSNP traditional zone are presented in Table 3. Table 3 Vegetation index Categories H’ E R C Understory and seedling 1.44 (l) 0.41 4.64 (h) 0.49 Sapling 2.04 (m) 0.93 3.03 (h) 0.15 Pole 1.55 (m) 0.96 2.05 (h) 0.22 Tree 1.89 (m) 0.74 2.58 (h) 0.20 Notes: (l) = low; (m) = moderate; (h) = high. Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H’) measures the complexity of species interactions within a community. Soerianegara (1996) explained that there is no absolute standard for determining high or low species diversity index values, as these categories vary by location and ecosystem. However, Shannon-Wiener index values rarely exceed 4. It typically ranges from 1.5 to 3.5. In Indonesia, diversity index values below 1.5 are considered low for various forest types. H’ value calculated in this study for saplings, poles, and trees fell into the medium category, while understory plants were categorized as having low diversity (Table 2). This lower diversity is attributed to the predominance of a single commodity cultivated, namely Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides). Species evenness index (E) ranges from 0 to 1. An E value close to 0 indicates low species evenness, while a value near 1 suggests relatively even species abundance (Magurran 2004). The highest E values were observed in the sapling and pole categories (Table 2). Hilwan and Irfani (2018) explained that the conditions of the research plot support the proliferation and domination of multiple species, as shown by a high E value. This indicates that the distribution of individuals and species at the sapling and pole level is nearly even, and the species present have the stability to maintain their populations (Ibadurrohmah 2016). Jorgensen et al. (2005) set a species richness index lower limit of 2.05, considering an ecosystem’s species richness to be high if it exceeds this value. In this study, all categories of trees were Tree Species Diversity and Management in Agroforestry Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) - Hartoyo et al. 387 in the high species richness category (Table 2). The R value corresponded to the relatively small number of species found at the tree growth level. This finding aligns with Karim (2017), who stated that a high species richness index (R) is influenced by the number of species and individuals in the study area. The Simpson Species Dominance Index (C) ranges from 0 to 1. A dominance value close to 0 indicates that multiple species dominate equally and that no single species dominates. The understory and seedling category showed the highest C value (Table 3). This high dominance is related to the low Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H’) due to the predominance of Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) in the observation plot. Management in Agroforestry Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) based on Traditional Ecological Knowledge Local communities are key stakeholders with significant potential in the collaborative management of the Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. According to a village survey (A) (B) (C) (D) Figure 3 General information on interview results Notes: (a) Age of respondent; (b) Educational background; (c) Large farm area; (d) Main job. conducted by the GHSNPO and Japan International Cooperation Agency (2007), there were 348 villages in and around the GHSNP area, with a population of approximately 99,000. Many of these communities rely on forest resources for their daily necessities, such as firewood, animal feed, water, medicinal plants, bamboo, and agricultural land. Darusman (2000) argued that people who benefit from a forest are more likely to take action to preserve it. Several studies showed that communities around GHSNP can manage forests effectively (Rahmawati et al. 2008; Hendarti 2008; Adalina 2014). The more critical a party’s influence, the greater the need for their involvement in natural resource management (Reed et al. 2009). General Information General information from these respondents is necessary to understand the age distribution within the community and identify the predominant types of work performed by the community. The interview results providing this general information are illustrated in Figure 3. BIOTROPIA Vol. 31 No. 3, 2024 388 The interview results showed that of the 30 members of Pohpohan local farmers involved in Kelompok Tani Mandiri in Tamansari Village, the majority (35%) were between the ages of 35-45 years old and 46-55 years old. Interestingly, 18% of the group members, who were over 65 years old, were still actively engaged in Pohpohan farming activities. Most members had only completed elementary school. Only 13% of them graduated from high school. The interviews revealed that 32% of the members had a Pohpohan farming area of 1,000 m2, while 27% had 2,000 m2. Only 9% owned larger land of 10.000 m2. The remaining farmers owned land ranging from 600 m2 to 5,000 m2. The primary occupation for 53% of the respondents was farming. According to the 2019 village potential data, most Tamansari Village residents worked as laborers, followed by farmers. The village also had significant potential for plantations and livestock, likely contributing to the high number of people (A) (B) (C) (D) working as farmers. Additionally, there was a tradition in the Tamansari Village community of passing down occupations from generation to generation, ensuring the continuity of certain types of jobs across generations. Agroforestry Land Management Interview results with 30 respondents in Tamansari Village indicated that each member employed a  different management method. A summary of these interview findings is illustrated in Figure 4. Most respondents planted Pohpohan at a spacing of 15 cm × 15 cm (Fig. 4). Only 4% used a spacing of 15 cm × 20 cm. Most respondents arrived at these planting distances through years of trials and errors, allowing them to determine the optimal spacing for their crops. Additionally, most respondents used synthetic fertilizer for their crops about 9 times a year, with others fertilizing between 8 and 11 times annually. Figure 4 Agroforestry land management Notes: (a) Plant spacing; (b) Plant maintenance; (c) Fertilization frequency per-year; (d) Production (bunch/harvest). Tree Species Diversity and Management in Agroforestry Pohpohan (Pilea melastomoides) - Hartoyo et al. 389 Regarding harvesting, the production output varied among the community members, reflecting differences in plant spacing, management practices, and total land areas. Most respondents (45%) produced between 30,000 and 50,000 bunches/harvest. As many as 32% of respondents produced 20,000 bunches/harvest. The remaining respondents produced between 400 and 15,000 bunches in one harvest. Each bunch of Pohpohan weighed between 15-20 g and was valued at approximately USD 0.00054 or Rp10, which meant that the income received by the community from Pohpohan farming ranged from about USD 154 to USD 256 per month or Rp2,400,000 – Rp4,000,000 per month. The farmers sold Pohpohan through some methods, such as direct sales to consumers, directly to traditional markets, and through middlemen (tengkulak). CONCLUSION There were 54 species from 37 families found in the rehabilitation zone of TNGHS. Rubiaceae, Malvaceae, Fabaceae, and Phyllanthaceae families were the most common families found in this study. Pinus merkusii, Agathis dammara, and Maesopsis eminii had the highest important value index (IVI). The understory and seedlings were categorized as low in H’ due to the dominant presence of Pohpohan planting. 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