id sid tid token lemma pos biht-414 1 1 1 1 X biht-414 1 2 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 1 3 page page NOUN biht-414 1 4 number number NOUN biht-414 1 5 not not PART biht-414 1 6 for for ADP biht-414 1 7 citation citation NOUN biht-414 1 8 purpose purpose NOUN biht-414 1 9 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 1 10 opinions opinion NOUN biht-414 1 11 / / SYM biht-414 1 12 perspectives perspective NOUN biht-414 1 13 / / SYM biht-414 1 14 point point NOUN biht-414 1 15 of of ADP biht-414 1 16 view view NOUN biht-414 1 17 the the DET biht-414 1 18 self self NOUN biht-414 1 19 - - PUNCT biht-414 1 20 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 1 21 patient patient NOUN biht-414 1 22 as as ADP biht-414 1 23 a a DET biht-414 1 24 cornerstone cornerstone NOUN biht-414 1 25 of of ADP biht-414 1 26 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 1 27     SPACE biht-414 1 28 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 1 29 tomer tomer NOUN biht-414 1 30 jordi jordi PROPN biht-414 1 31 chaffer chaffer NOUN biht-414 1 32 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 33 msc1 msc1 PROPN biht-414 1 34     SPACE biht-414 1 35 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 36 joe joe PROPN biht-414 1 37 littlejohn littlejohn PROPN biht-414 1 38 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 39 md2 md2 PROPN biht-414 1 40     SPACE biht-414 1 41 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 42 arun arun PROPN biht-414 1 43 nadarasa nadarasa NOUN biht-414 1 44 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 45 mrpharms3 mrpharms3 NOUN biht-414 1 46     SPACE biht-414 1 47 and and CCONJ biht-414 1 48 claudia claudia PROPN biht-414 1 49 lamschtein lamschtein PROPN biht-414 1 50 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 51 md4 md4 PROPN biht-414 1 52     SPACE biht-414 1 53 1faculty 1faculty NUM biht-414 1 54 of of ADP biht-414 1 55 law law NOUN biht-414 1 56 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 57 mcgill mcgill PROPN biht-414 1 58 university university PROPN biht-414 1 59 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 60 quebec quebec PROPN biht-414 1 61 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 62 canada canada PROPN biht-414 1 63 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 1 64 2zucker 2zucker NUM biht-414 1 65 school school NOUN biht-414 1 66 of of ADP biht-414 1 67 medicine medicine NOUN biht-414 1 68 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 69 new new PROPN biht-414 1 70 york york PROPN biht-414 1 71 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 72 new new PROPN biht-414 1 73 york york PROPN biht-414 1 74 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 75 usa usa PROPN biht-414 1 76 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 1 77 3international 3international NUM biht-414 1 78 social social ADJ biht-414 1 79 prescribing prescribing NOUN biht-414 1 80 pharmacy pharmacy NOUN biht-414 1 81 association association NOUN biht-414 1 82 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 1 83 isppa isppa PROPN biht-414 1 84 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 1 85 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 86 london london PROPN biht-414 1 87 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 88 united united ADJ biht-414 1 89 kingdom kingdom PROPN biht-414 1 90 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 1 91 4department 4department NUM biht-414 1 92 of of ADP biht-414 1 93 psychiatry psychiatry NOUN biht-414 1 94 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 95 faculty faculty NOUN biht-414 1 96 of of ADP biht-414 1 97 medicine medicine NOUN biht-414 1 98 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 99 university university PROPN biht-414 1 100 of of ADP biht-414 1 101 manitoba manitoba PROPN biht-414 1 102 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 103 manitoba manitoba PROPN biht-414 1 104 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 105 canada canada PROPN biht-414 1 106 corresponding corresponding PROPN biht-414 1 107 author author NOUN biht-414 1 108 : : PUNCT biht-414 1 109 tomer tomer PROPN biht-414 1 110 jordi jordi PROPN biht-414 1 111 chaffer chaffer PROPN biht-414 1 112 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 113 email email NOUN biht-414 1 114 : : PUNCT biht-414 1 115 tomer.chaffer@mail.mcgill.ca tomer.chaffer@mail.mcgill.ca NOUN biht-414 1 116 doi doi ADJ biht-414 1 117 : : PUNCT biht-414 1 118 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 NOUN biht-414 1 119 keywords keyword NOUN biht-414 1 120 : : PUNCT biht-414 1 121 blockchain blockchain NOUN biht-414 1 122 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 123 decentralized decentralize VERB biht-414 1 124 ai ai VERB biht-414 1 125 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 126 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 1 127 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 1 128 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 129 self self NOUN biht-414 1 130 - - PUNCT biht-414 1 131 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 1 132 identity identity NOUN biht-414 1 133 abstract abstract NOUN biht-414 1 134 in in ADP biht-414 1 135 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 1 136 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 1 137 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 138 we we PRON biht-414 1 139 are be AUX biht-414 1 140 witnessing witness VERB biht-414 1 141 a a DET biht-414 1 142 fundamental fundamental ADJ biht-414 1 143 shift shift NOUN biht-414 1 144 from from ADP biht-414 1 145 provider provider NOUN biht-414 1 146 - - PUNCT biht-414 1 147 centric centric ADJ biht-414 1 148 systems system NOUN biht-414 1 149 to to ADP biht-414 1 150 patient patient ADJ biht-414 1 151 - - PUNCT biht-414 1 152 centric centric ADJ biht-414 1 153 models model NOUN biht-414 1 154 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 155 where where SCONJ biht-414 1 156 individuals individual NOUN biht-414 1 157 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 158 empowered empower VERB biht-414 1 159 by by ADP biht-414 1 160 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 1 161 such such ADJ biht-414 1 162 as as ADP biht-414 1 163 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 1 164 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 165 the the DET biht-414 1 166 internet internet NOUN biht-414 1 167 of of ADP biht-414 1 168 medical medical ADJ biht-414 1 169 things thing NOUN biht-414 1 170 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 171 and and CCONJ biht-414 1 172 artificial artificial ADJ biht-414 1 173 intelligence intelligence NOUN biht-414 1 174 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 1 175 ai ai NOUN biht-414 1 176 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 1 177 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 178 assume assume VERB biht-414 1 179 the the DET biht-414 1 180 role role NOUN biht-414 1 181 of of ADP biht-414 1 182 the the DET biht-414 1 183 self self NOUN biht-414 1 184 - - PUNCT biht-414 1 185 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 1 186 patient patient NOUN biht-414 1 187 , , PUNCT biht-414 1 188 exercising exercise VERB biht-414 1 189 control control NOUN biht-414 1 190 over over ADP biht-414 1 191 their their PRON biht-414 1 192 health health NOUN biht-414 1 193 data datum NOUN biht-414 1 194 and and CCONJ biht-414 1 195 care care VERB biht-414 1 196 journey journey NOUN biht-414 1 197 . . PUNCT biht-414 2 1 these these DET biht-414 2 2 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 2 3 enable enable VERB biht-414 2 4 new new ADJ biht-414 2 5 forms form NOUN biht-414 2 6 of of ADP biht-414 2 7 data datum NOUN biht-414 2 8 ownership ownership NOUN biht-414 2 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 2 10 interoperability interoperability NOUN biht-414 2 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 2 12 and and CCONJ biht-414 2 13 personalized personalized ADJ biht-414 2 14 care care NOUN biht-414 2 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 2 16 building build VERB biht-414 2 17 on on ADP biht-414 2 18 the the DET biht-414 2 19 structured structured ADJ biht-414 2 20 reliability reliability NOUN biht-414 2 21 of of ADP biht-414 2 22 legacy legacy NOUN biht-414 2 23 systems system NOUN biht-414 2 24 . . PUNCT biht-414 3 1 however however ADV biht-414 3 2 , , PUNCT biht-414 3 3 significant significant ADJ biht-414 3 4 challenges challenge NOUN biht-414 3 5 remain remain VERB biht-414 3 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 4 1 tensions tension NOUN biht-414 4 2 between between ADP biht-414 4 3 blockchain blockchain NOUN biht-414 4 4 immutability immutability NOUN biht-414 4 5 and and CCONJ biht-414 4 6 regulatory regulatory ADJ biht-414 4 7 rights right NOUN biht-414 4 8 such such ADJ biht-414 4 9 as as ADP biht-414 4 10 data datum NOUN biht-414 4 11 erasure erasure NOUN biht-414 4 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 4 13 the the DET biht-414 4 14 unresolved unresolved ADJ biht-414 4 15 question question NOUN biht-414 4 16 of of ADP biht-414 4 17 digital digital ADJ biht-414 4 18 inheritance inheritance NOUN biht-414 4 19 , , PUNCT biht-414 4 20 and and CCONJ biht-414 4 21 ethical ethical ADJ biht-414 4 22 concerns concern NOUN biht-414 4 23 surrounding surround VERB biht-414 4 24 consent consent NOUN biht-414 4 25 , , PUNCT biht-414 4 26 monetization monetization NOUN biht-414 4 27 , , PUNCT biht-414 4 28 and and CCONJ biht-414 4 29 health health NOUN biht-414 4 30 equity equity NOUN biht-414 4 31 must must AUX biht-414 4 32 all all ADV biht-414 4 33 be be AUX biht-414 4 34 addressed address VERB biht-414 4 35 . . PUNCT biht-414 5 1 in in ADP biht-414 5 2 addition addition NOUN biht-414 5 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 5 4 institutional institutional ADJ biht-414 5 5 barriers barrier NOUN biht-414 5 6 such such ADJ biht-414 5 7 as as ADP biht-414 5 8 clinical clinical ADJ biht-414 5 9 integration integration NOUN biht-414 5 10 , , PUNCT biht-414 5 11 data data NOUN biht-414 5 12 governance governance NOUN biht-414 5 13 , , PUNCT biht-414 5 14 and and CCONJ biht-414 5 15 uneven uneven ADJ biht-414 5 16 access access NOUN biht-414 5 17 to to ADP biht-414 5 18 digital digital ADJ biht-414 5 19 infrastructure infrastructure NOUN biht-414 5 20 pose pose VERB biht-414 5 21 risks risk NOUN biht-414 5 22 of of ADP biht-414 5 23 deepening deepen VERB biht-414 5 24 existing exist VERB biht-414 5 25 disparities disparity NOUN biht-414 5 26 . . PUNCT biht-414 6 1 ai ai VERB biht-414 6 2 agents agent NOUN biht-414 6 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 6 4 when when SCONJ biht-414 6 5 responsibly responsibly ADV biht-414 6 6 deployed deploy VERB biht-414 6 7 , , PUNCT biht-414 6 8 offer offer VERB biht-414 6 9 promising promise VERB biht-414 6 10 pathways pathway NOUN biht-414 6 11 to to PART biht-414 6 12 augment augment VERB biht-414 6 13 care care NOUN biht-414 6 14 delivery delivery NOUN biht-414 6 15 and and CCONJ biht-414 6 16 alleviate alleviate VERB biht-414 6 17 workforce workforce NOUN biht-414 6 18 burdens burden NOUN biht-414 6 19 . . PUNCT biht-414 7 1 realizing realize VERB biht-414 7 2 this this DET biht-414 7 3 vision vision NOUN biht-414 7 4 requires require VERB biht-414 7 5 coordinated coordinate VERB biht-414 7 6 action action NOUN biht-414 7 7 across across ADP biht-414 7 8 clinical clinical ADJ biht-414 7 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 7 10 technical technical ADJ biht-414 7 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 7 12 legal legal ADJ biht-414 7 13 , , PUNCT biht-414 7 14 and and CCONJ biht-414 7 15 ethical ethical ADJ biht-414 7 16 domains domain NOUN biht-414 7 17 to to PART biht-414 7 18 design design VERB biht-414 7 19 trustworthy trustworthy ADJ biht-414 7 20 , , PUNCT biht-414 7 21 privacy privacy NOUN biht-414 7 22 - - PUNCT biht-414 7 23 preserving preserve VERB biht-414 7 24 systems system NOUN biht-414 7 25 that that PRON biht-414 7 26 enhance enhance VERB biht-414 7 27 transparency transparency NOUN biht-414 7 28 and and CCONJ biht-414 7 29 accountability accountability NOUN biht-414 7 30 . . PUNCT biht-414 8 1 plain plain ADJ biht-414 8 2 language language NOUN biht-414 8 3 summary summary NOUN biht-414 8 4 this this DET biht-414 8 5 article article NOUN biht-414 8 6 explores explore VERB biht-414 8 7 how how SCONJ biht-414 8 8 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 8 9 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 8 10 , , PUNCT biht-414 8 11 driven drive VERB biht-414 8 12 by by ADP biht-414 8 13 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 8 14 such such ADJ biht-414 8 15 as as ADP biht-414 8 16 blockchain blockchain NOUN biht-414 8 17 , , PUNCT biht-414 8 18 artificial artificial ADJ biht-414 8 19 intelligence intelligence NOUN biht-414 8 20 , , PUNCT biht-414 8 21 and and CCONJ biht-414 8 22 internet internet NOUN biht-414 8 23 of of ADP biht-414 8 24 medical medical ADJ biht-414 8 25 things thing NOUN biht-414 8 26 , , PUNCT biht-414 8 27 is be AUX biht-414 8 28 shifting shift VERB biht-414 8 29 control control NOUN biht-414 8 30 of of ADP biht-414 8 31 health health NOUN biht-414 8 32 data datum NOUN biht-414 8 33 from from ADP biht-414 8 34 institutions institution NOUN biht-414 8 35 to to ADP biht-414 8 36 patients patient NOUN biht-414 8 37 . . PUNCT biht-414 9 1 it it PRON biht-414 9 2 explores explore VERB biht-414 9 3 the the DET biht-414 9 4 concept concept NOUN biht-414 9 5 of of ADP biht-414 9 6 the the DET biht-414 9 7 self self NOUN biht-414 9 8 - - PUNCT biht-414 9 9 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 9 10 patient patient NOUN biht-414 9 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 9 12 who who PRON biht-414 9 13 actively actively ADV biht-414 9 14 manages manage VERB biht-414 9 15 and and CCONJ biht-414 9 16 shares share VERB biht-414 9 17 their their PRON biht-414 9 18 own own ADJ biht-414 9 19 health health NOUN biht-414 9 20 information information NOUN biht-414 9 21 . . PUNCT biht-414 10 1 by by ADP biht-414 10 2 using use VERB biht-414 10 3 secure secure ADJ biht-414 10 4 , , PUNCT biht-414 10 5 decentralized decentralized ADJ biht-414 10 6 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 10 7 , , PUNCT biht-414 10 8 patients patient NOUN biht-414 10 9 can can AUX biht-414 10 10 give give VERB biht-414 10 11 consent consent NOUN biht-414 10 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 10 13 protect protect VERB biht-414 10 14 their their PRON biht-414 10 15 privacy privacy NOUN biht-414 10 16 , , PUNCT biht-414 10 17 and and CCONJ biht-414 10 18 participate participate VERB biht-414 10 19 in in ADP biht-414 10 20 new new ADJ biht-414 10 21 health health NOUN biht-414 10 22 data datum NOUN biht-414 10 23 ecosystems ecosystem NOUN biht-414 10 24 . . PUNCT biht-414 11 1 the the DET biht-414 11 2 article article NOUN biht-414 11 3 highlights highlight VERB biht-414 11 4 real real ADJ biht-414 11 5 - - PUNCT biht-414 11 6 world world NOUN biht-414 11 7 examples example NOUN biht-414 11 8 and and CCONJ biht-414 11 9 ethical ethical ADJ biht-414 11 10 considerations consideration NOUN biht-414 11 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 11 12 showing show VERB biht-414 11 13 how how SCONJ biht-414 11 14 these these DET biht-414 11 15 tools tool NOUN biht-414 11 16 can can AUX biht-414 11 17 support support VERB biht-414 11 18 better well ADJ biht-414 11 19 care care NOUN biht-414 11 20 , , PUNCT biht-414 11 21 reduce reduce VERB biht-414 11 22 administrative administrative ADJ biht-414 11 23 burden burden NOUN biht-414 11 24 , , PUNCT biht-414 11 25 and and CCONJ biht-414 11 26 increase increase VERB biht-414 11 27 trust trust NOUN biht-414 11 28 . . PUNCT biht-414 12 1 it it PRON biht-414 12 2 also also ADV biht-414 12 3 warns warn VERB biht-414 12 4 that that SCONJ biht-414 12 5 digital digital ADJ biht-414 12 6 access access NOUN biht-414 12 7 and and CCONJ biht-414 12 8 literacy literacy NOUN biht-414 12 9 are be AUX biht-414 12 10 essential essential ADJ biht-414 12 11 to to PART biht-414 12 12 ensure ensure VERB biht-414 12 13 these these DET biht-414 12 14 benefits benefit NOUN biht-414 12 15 are be AUX biht-414 12 16 shared share VERB biht-414 12 17 fairly fairly ADV biht-414 12 18 . . PUNCT biht-414 13 1 submitted submit VERB biht-414 13 2 : : PUNCT biht-414 13 3 june june PROPN biht-414 13 4 16 16 NUM biht-414 13 5 , , PUNCT biht-414 13 6 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 13 7 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 13 8 accepted accept VERB biht-414 13 9 : : PUNCT biht-414 13 10 august august PROPN biht-414 13 11 4 4 NUM biht-414 13 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 13 13 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 13 14 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 13 15 published publish VERB biht-414 13 16 : : PUNCT biht-414 13 17 august august PROPN biht-414 13 18 18 18 NUM biht-414 13 19 , , PUNCT biht-414 13 20 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 13 21 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 13 22 is be AUX biht-414 13 23 being be AUX biht-414 13 24 transformed transform VERB biht-414 13 25 , , PUNCT biht-414 13 26 not not PART biht-414 13 27 only only ADV biht-414 13 28 by by ADP biht-414 13 29 new new ADJ biht-414 13 30 machines machine NOUN biht-414 13 31 but but CCONJ biht-414 13 32 also also ADV biht-414 13 33 by by ADP biht-414 13 34 a a DET biht-414 13 35 shift shift NOUN biht-414 13 36 in in ADP biht-414 13 37 who who PRON biht-414 13 38 controls control VERB biht-414 13 39 the the DET biht-414 13 40 flow flow NOUN biht-414 13 41 of of ADP biht-414 13 42 data datum NOUN biht-414 13 43 , , PUNCT biht-414 13 44 decisions decision NOUN biht-414 13 45 , , PUNCT biht-414 13 46 and and CCONJ biht-414 13 47 trust trust NOUN biht-414 13 48 . . PUNCT biht-414 14 1 patients patient NOUN biht-414 14 2 are be AUX biht-414 14 3 no no ADV biht-414 14 4 longer long ADV biht-414 14 5 passive passive ADJ biht-414 14 6 recipients recipient NOUN biht-414 14 7 of of ADP biht-414 14 8 care care NOUN biht-414 14 9 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 14 10 they they PRON biht-414 14 11 are be AUX biht-414 14 12 becoming become VERB biht-414 14 13 architects architect NOUN biht-414 14 14 of of ADP biht-414 14 15 their their PRON biht-414 14 16 own own ADJ biht-414 14 17 health health NOUN biht-414 14 18 data datum NOUN biht-414 14 19 ecosystems ecosystem NOUN biht-414 14 20 . . PUNCT biht-414 15 1 the the DET biht-414 15 2 transition transition NOUN biht-414 15 3 to to ADP biht-414 15 4 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 15 5 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 15 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 7 inspired inspire VERB biht-414 15 8 by by ADP biht-414 15 9 industry industry NOUN biht-414 15 10 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 15 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 12 redefines redefine VERB biht-414 15 13 the the DET biht-414 15 14 patient patient NOUN biht-414 15 15 ’s ’s PART biht-414 15 16 role role NOUN biht-414 15 17 by by ADP biht-414 15 18 integrating integrate VERB biht-414 15 19 advanced advanced ADJ biht-414 15 20 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 15 21 such such ADJ biht-414 15 22 as as ADP biht-414 15 23 blockchain blockchain NOUN biht-414 15 24 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 25 artificial artificial ADJ biht-414 15 26 intelligence intelligence NOUN biht-414 15 27 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 15 28 ai ai NOUN biht-414 15 29 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 15 30 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 31 the the DET biht-414 15 32 internet internet NOUN biht-414 15 33 of of ADP biht-414 15 34 medical medical ADJ biht-414 15 35 things thing NOUN biht-414 15 36 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 15 37 iomt iomt NOUN biht-414 15 38 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 15 39 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 40 and and CCONJ biht-414 15 41 wearables wearable NOUN biht-414 15 42 to to PART biht-414 15 43 enhance enhance VERB biht-414 15 44 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 15 45 delivery delivery NOUN biht-414 15 46 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 47 management management NOUN biht-414 15 48 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 49 and and CCONJ biht-414 15 50 outcomes.1 outcomes.1 ADP biht-414 15 51 traditionally traditionally ADV biht-414 15 52 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 53 medical medical ADJ biht-414 15 54 records record NOUN biht-414 15 55 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 56 rooted root VERB biht-414 15 57 in in ADP biht-414 15 58 physician physician ADJ biht-414 15 59 - - PUNCT biht-414 15 60 centric centric ADJ biht-414 15 61 paper paper NOUN biht-414 15 62 charts chart NOUN biht-414 15 63 and and CCONJ biht-414 15 64 later later ADJ biht-414 15 65 electronic electronic ADJ biht-414 15 66 medical medical ADJ biht-414 15 67 records record NOUN biht-414 15 68 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 15 69 emrs emrs NOUN biht-414 15 70 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 15 71 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 72 have have AUX biht-414 15 73 evolved evolve VERB biht-414 15 74 into into ADP biht-414 15 75 electronic electronic ADJ biht-414 15 76 health health NOUN biht-414 15 77 records record NOUN biht-414 15 78 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 15 79 ehrs ehrs PROPN biht-414 15 80 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 15 81 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 82 improving improve VERB biht-414 15 83 legibility legibility NOUN biht-414 15 84 and and CCONJ biht-414 15 85 transferability transferability NOUN biht-414 15 86 but but CCONJ biht-414 15 87 maintaining maintain VERB biht-414 15 88 centralized centralize VERB biht-414 15 89 , , PUNCT biht-414 15 90 siloed siloed ADJ biht-414 15 91 systems system NOUN biht-414 15 92 due due ADP biht-414 15 93 to to ADP biht-414 15 94 inconsistent inconsistent ADJ biht-414 15 95 data datum NOUN biht-414 15 96 standards.2 standards.2 ADP biht-414 15 97 personal personal ADJ biht-414 15 98 health health NOUN biht-414 15 99 records record NOUN biht-414 15 100 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 15 101 phrs phrs ADJ biht-414 15 102 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 15 103 aim aim VERB biht-414 15 104 to to PART biht-414 15 105 blockchain blockchain VERB biht-414 15 106 in in ADP biht-414 15 107 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 15 108 today today NOUN biht-414 15 109 issn issn PROPN biht-414 15 110 2573 2573 NUM biht-414 15 111 - - SYM biht-414 15 112 8240 8240 NUM biht-414 15 113 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1388-7339 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1388-7339 NOUN biht-414 15 114 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-1777 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-1777 NOUN biht-414 15 115 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3755-7926 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3755-7926 PROPN biht-414 15 116 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2286-8046 https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2286-8046 PROPN biht-414 15 117 mailto:tomer.chaffer@mail.mcgill.ca mailto:tomer.chaffer@mail.mcgill.ca NOUN biht-414 15 118 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 NOUN biht-414 15 119 citation citation NOUN biht-414 15 120 : : PUNCT biht-414 16 1 blockchain blockchain NOUN biht-414 16 2 in in ADP biht-414 16 3 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 16 4 today today NOUN biht-414 16 5 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 16 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 16 7 8 8 NUM biht-414 16 8 : : SYM biht-414 16 9 414 414 NUM biht-414 16 10 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.4142 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.4142 NOUN biht-414 16 11 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 16 12 page page NOUN biht-414 16 13 number number NOUN biht-414 16 14 not not PART biht-414 16 15 for for ADP biht-414 16 16 citation citation NOUN biht-414 16 17 purpose purpose NOUN biht-414 16 18 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 16 19 tomer tomer PROPN biht-414 16 20 jordi jordi PROPN biht-414 16 21 chaffer chaffer VERB biht-414 17 1 et et PROPN biht-414 17 2 al al PROPN biht-414 17 3 . . PROPN biht-414 17 4 empower empower NOUN biht-414 17 5 patients patient NOUN biht-414 17 6 by by ADP biht-414 17 7 granting grant VERB biht-414 17 8 data datum NOUN biht-414 17 9 control control NOUN biht-414 17 10 and and CCONJ biht-414 17 11 requiring require VERB biht-414 17 12 consent consent NOUN biht-414 17 13 for for ADP biht-414 17 14 access access NOUN biht-414 17 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 17 16 yet yet CCONJ biht-414 17 17 their their PRON biht-414 17 18 adoption adoption NOUN biht-414 17 19 remains remain VERB biht-414 17 20 limited limited ADJ biht-414 17 21 , , PUNCT biht-414 17 22 with with ADP biht-414 17 23 patient patient ADJ biht-414 17 24 engagement engagement NOUN biht-414 17 25 a a DET biht-414 17 26 key key NOUN biht-414 17 27 challenge.3 challenge.3 PROPN biht-414 17 28 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 17 29 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 17 30 not not PART biht-414 17 31 only only ADV biht-414 17 32 introduces introduce VERB biht-414 17 33 a a DET biht-414 17 34 new new ADJ biht-414 17 35 technological technological ADJ biht-414 17 36 toolkit toolkit NOUN biht-414 17 37 but but CCONJ biht-414 17 38 also also ADV biht-414 17 39 signals signal VERB biht-414 17 40 a a DET biht-414 17 41 shift shift NOUN biht-414 17 42 toward toward ADP biht-414 17 43 decentralized decentralize VERB biht-414 17 44 , , PUNCT biht-414 17 45 patient patient NOUN biht-414 17 46 - - PUNCT biht-414 17 47 driven drive VERB biht-414 17 48 ecosystems ecosystem NOUN biht-414 17 49 that that PRON biht-414 17 50 challenge challenge VERB biht-414 17 51 traditional traditional ADJ biht-414 17 52 provider provider NOUN biht-414 17 53 - - PUNCT biht-414 17 54 centric centric ADJ biht-414 17 55 models model NOUN biht-414 17 56 of of ADP biht-414 17 57 care care NOUN biht-414 17 58 . . PUNCT biht-414 18 1 at at ADP biht-414 18 2 the the DET biht-414 18 3 heart heart NOUN biht-414 18 4 of of ADP biht-414 18 5 this this DET biht-414 18 6 shift shift NOUN biht-414 18 7 is be AUX biht-414 18 8 the the DET biht-414 18 9 self self NOUN biht-414 18 10 - - PUNCT biht-414 18 11 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 18 12 patient patient NOUN biht-414 18 13 , , PUNCT biht-414 18 14 an an DET biht-414 18 15 emerging emerge VERB biht-414 18 16 paradigm paradigm NOUN biht-414 18 17 that that PRON biht-414 18 18 positions position VERB biht-414 18 19 patients patient NOUN biht-414 18 20 as as ADP biht-414 18 21 empowered empower VERB biht-414 18 22 custodians custodian NOUN biht-414 18 23 of of ADP biht-414 18 24 their their PRON biht-414 18 25 health health NOUN biht-414 18 26 information information NOUN biht-414 18 27 , , PUNCT biht-414 18 28 and and CCONJ biht-414 18 29 ultimately ultimately ADV biht-414 18 30 as as ADP biht-414 18 31 active active ADJ biht-414 18 32 stakeholders stakeholder NOUN biht-414 18 33 of of ADP biht-414 18 34 their their PRON biht-414 18 35 health health NOUN biht-414 18 36 journeys journey NOUN biht-414 18 37 . . PUNCT biht-414 19 1 here here ADV biht-414 19 2 , , PUNCT biht-414 19 3 the the DET biht-414 19 4 self self NOUN biht-414 19 5 - - PUNCT biht-414 19 6 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 19 7 patient patient NOUN biht-414 19 8 is be AUX biht-414 19 9 one one NUM biht-414 19 10 who who PRON biht-414 19 11 manages manage VERB biht-414 19 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 19 13 shares share NOUN biht-414 19 14 , , PUNCT biht-414 19 15 and and CCONJ biht-414 19 16 benefits benefit NOUN biht-414 19 17 from from ADP biht-414 19 18 their their PRON biht-414 19 19 own own ADJ biht-414 19 20 health health NOUN biht-414 19 21 data datum NOUN biht-414 19 22 , , PUNCT biht-414 19 23 acting act VERB biht-414 19 24 as as ADP biht-414 19 25 a a DET biht-414 19 26 digital digital ADJ biht-414 19 27 custodian custodian NOUN biht-414 19 28 within within ADP biht-414 19 29 a a DET biht-414 19 30 decentralized decentralize VERB biht-414 19 31 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 19 32 network network NOUN biht-414 19 33 . . PUNCT biht-414 20 1 to to PART biht-414 20 2 realize realize VERB biht-414 20 3 this this DET biht-414 20 4 vision vision NOUN biht-414 20 5 , , PUNCT biht-414 20 6 it it PRON biht-414 20 7 is be AUX biht-414 20 8 essential essential ADJ biht-414 20 9 to to PART biht-414 20 10 view view VERB biht-414 20 11 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 20 12 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 20 13 as as ADP biht-414 20 14 a a DET biht-414 20 15 layered layered ADJ biht-414 20 16 architecture architecture NOUN biht-414 20 17 : : PUNCT biht-414 20 18 one one NUM biht-414 20 19 grounded ground VERB biht-414 20 20 in in ADP biht-414 20 21 legacy legacy NOUN biht-414 20 22 systems system NOUN biht-414 20 23 that that PRON biht-414 20 24 manage manage VERB biht-414 20 25 structured structured ADJ biht-414 20 26 clinical clinical ADJ biht-414 20 27 data datum NOUN biht-414 20 28 , , PUNCT biht-414 20 29 and and CCONJ biht-414 20 30 another another PRON biht-414 20 31 powered power VERB biht-414 20 32 by by ADP biht-414 20 33 decentralized decentralized ADJ biht-414 20 34 , , PUNCT biht-414 20 35 intelligent intelligent ADJ biht-414 20 36 tools tool NOUN biht-414 20 37 that that PRON biht-414 20 38 enable enable VERB biht-414 20 39 automation automation NOUN biht-414 20 40 , , PUNCT biht-414 20 41 personalization personalization NOUN biht-414 20 42 , , PUNCT biht-414 20 43 and and CCONJ biht-414 20 44 patient patient ADJ biht-414 20 45 sovereignty sovereignty NOUN biht-414 20 46 . . PUNCT biht-414 21 1 indeed indeed ADV biht-414 21 2 , , PUNCT biht-414 21 3 legacy legacy NOUN biht-414 21 4 platforms platform NOUN biht-414 21 5 , , PUNCT biht-414 21 6 including include VERB biht-414 21 7 emrs emrs NOUN biht-414 21 8 and and CCONJ biht-414 21 9 clinical clinical ADJ biht-414 21 10 data datum NOUN biht-414 21 11 warehouses,4 warehouses,4 NOUN biht-414 21 12 continue continue VERB biht-414 21 13 to to PART biht-414 21 14 be be AUX biht-414 21 15 the the DET biht-414 21 16 most most ADV biht-414 21 17 reliable reliable ADJ biht-414 21 18 source source NOUN biht-414 21 19 of of ADP biht-414 21 20 structured structured ADJ biht-414 21 21 , , PUNCT biht-414 21 22 longitudinal longitudinal ADJ biht-414 21 23 data datum NOUN biht-414 21 24 . . PUNCT biht-414 22 1 despite despite SCONJ biht-414 22 2 current current ADJ biht-414 22 3 limitations limitation NOUN biht-414 22 4 such such ADJ biht-414 22 5 as as ADP biht-414 22 6 interoperability interoperability NOUN biht-414 22 7 challenges challenge NOUN biht-414 22 8 , , PUNCT biht-414 22 9 inconsistent inconsistent ADJ biht-414 22 10 data datum NOUN biht-414 22 11 formats format NOUN biht-414 22 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 22 13 and and CCONJ biht-414 22 14 limited limited ADJ biht-414 22 15 patient patient NOUN biht-414 22 16 access access NOUN biht-414 22 17 , , PUNCT biht-414 22 18 they they PRON biht-414 22 19 serve serve VERB biht-414 22 20 as as ADP biht-414 22 21 the the DET biht-414 22 22 backbone backbone NOUN biht-414 22 23 upon upon SCONJ biht-414 22 24 which which PRON biht-414 22 25 newer new ADJ biht-414 22 26 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 22 27 will will AUX biht-414 22 28 be be AUX biht-414 22 29 developed develop VERB biht-414 22 30 and and CCONJ biht-414 22 31 deployed deploy VERB biht-414 22 32 . . PUNCT biht-414 23 1 to to PART biht-414 23 2 align align VERB biht-414 23 3 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 23 4 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 23 5 ’s ’s PART biht-414 23 6 promise promise NOUN biht-414 23 7 with with ADP biht-414 23 8 the the DET biht-414 23 9 pace pace NOUN biht-414 23 10 of of ADP biht-414 23 11 technological technological ADJ biht-414 23 12 innovation innovation NOUN biht-414 23 13 , , PUNCT biht-414 23 14 it it PRON biht-414 23 15 is be AUX biht-414 23 16 crucial crucial ADJ biht-414 23 17 to to PART biht-414 23 18 understand understand VERB biht-414 23 19 the the DET biht-414 23 20 transformative transformative ADJ biht-414 23 21 role role NOUN biht-414 23 22 of of ADP biht-414 23 23 technology technology NOUN biht-414 23 24 in in ADP biht-414 23 25 shaping shape VERB biht-414 23 26 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 23 27 delivery delivery NOUN biht-414 23 28 and and CCONJ biht-414 23 29 to to PART biht-414 23 30 anticipate anticipate VERB biht-414 23 31 emerging emerge VERB biht-414 23 32 models model NOUN biht-414 23 33 of of ADP biht-414 23 34 care care NOUN biht-414 23 35 . . PUNCT biht-414 24 1 preparing prepare VERB biht-414 24 2 clinicians clinician NOUN biht-414 24 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 24 4 administrators administrator NOUN biht-414 24 5 , , PUNCT biht-414 24 6 bioethicists bioethicist NOUN biht-414 24 7 , , PUNCT biht-414 24 8 and and CCONJ biht-414 24 9 policymakers policymaker NOUN biht-414 24 10 for for ADP biht-414 24 11 these these DET biht-414 24 12 technological technological ADJ biht-414 24 13 shifts shift NOUN biht-414 24 14 is be AUX biht-414 24 15 critical critical ADJ biht-414 24 16 to to ADP biht-414 24 17 realizing realize VERB biht-414 24 18 this this DET biht-414 24 19 transformation transformation NOUN biht-414 24 20 . . PUNCT biht-414 25 1 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 25 2 technology technology PROPN biht-414 25 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 25 4 when when SCONJ biht-414 25 5 applied apply VERB biht-414 25 6 to to ADP biht-414 25 7 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 25 8 , , PUNCT biht-414 25 9 offers offer VERB biht-414 25 10 a a DET biht-414 25 11 distributed distribute VERB biht-414 25 12 and and CCONJ biht-414 25 13 tamper tamper ADV biht-414 25 14 - - PUNCT biht-414 25 15 resistant resistant ADJ biht-414 25 16 ledger ledger NOUN biht-414 25 17 that that PRON biht-414 25 18 ensures ensure VERB biht-414 25 19 data datum NOUN biht-414 25 20 provenance provenance NOUN biht-414 25 21 and and CCONJ biht-414 25 22 immutability.5 immutability.5 PROPN biht-414 25 23 a a DET biht-414 25 24 prominent prominent ADJ biht-414 25 25 use use NOUN biht-414 25 26 case case NOUN biht-414 25 27 of of ADP biht-414 25 28 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 25 29 in in ADP biht-414 25 30 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 25 31 includes include VERB biht-414 25 32 estonia estonia PROPN biht-414 25 33 ’s ’s PART biht-414 25 34 partnership partnership NOUN biht-414 25 35 with with ADP biht-414 25 36 guardtime guardtime NOUN biht-414 25 37 , , PUNCT biht-414 25 38 which which PRON biht-414 25 39 provided provide VERB biht-414 25 40 a a DET biht-414 25 41 blockchainbased blockchainbase VERB biht-414 25 42 solution solution NOUN biht-414 25 43 to to ADP biht-414 25 44 health health NOUN biht-414 25 45 records record NOUN biht-414 25 46 of of ADP biht-414 25 47 over over ADP biht-414 25 48 1 1 NUM biht-414 25 49 million million NUM biht-414 25 50 citizens.6 citizens.6 NOUN biht-414 26 1 another another DET biht-414 26 2 notable notable ADJ biht-414 26 3 use use NOUN biht-414 26 4 case case NOUN biht-414 26 5 is be AUX biht-414 26 6 the the DET biht-414 26 7 mit mit PROPN biht-414 26 8 media medium NOUN biht-414 26 9 lab lab NOUN biht-414 26 10 ’s ’s PART biht-414 26 11 medrec medrec NOUN biht-414 26 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 26 13 a a DET biht-414 26 14 decentralized decentralize VERB biht-414 26 15 record record NOUN biht-414 26 16 management management NOUN biht-414 26 17 system system NOUN biht-414 26 18 tested test VERB biht-414 26 19 within within ADP biht-414 26 20 the the DET biht-414 26 21 harvard harvard PROPN biht-414 26 22 medical medical PROPN biht-414 26 23 school school PROPN biht-414 26 24 teaching teaching NOUN biht-414 26 25 hospital hospital NOUN biht-414 26 26 ’s ’s PART biht-414 26 27 backend backend ADJ biht-414 26 28 systems.7 systems.7 NOUN biht-414 26 29 patients patient NOUN biht-414 26 30 , , PUNCT biht-414 26 31 as as ADP biht-414 26 32 central central ADJ biht-414 26 33 administrators administrator NOUN biht-414 26 34 of of ADP biht-414 26 35 their their PRON biht-414 26 36 selfsovereign selfsovereign ADJ biht-414 26 37 identities identity NOUN biht-414 26 38 , , PUNCT biht-414 26 39 can can AUX biht-414 26 40 manage manage VERB biht-414 26 41 granular granular ADJ biht-414 26 42 permissions permission NOUN biht-414 26 43 over over ADP biht-414 26 44 who who PRON biht-414 26 45 accesses access VERB biht-414 26 46 their their PRON biht-414 26 47 data datum NOUN biht-414 26 48 , , PUNCT biht-414 26 49 when when SCONJ biht-414 26 50 , , PUNCT biht-414 26 51 and and CCONJ biht-414 26 52 for for ADP biht-414 26 53 what what PRON biht-414 26 54 purpose.8 purpose.8 NOUN biht-414 26 55 this this DET biht-414 26 56 model model NOUN biht-414 26 57 of of ADP biht-414 26 58 transparent transparent ADJ biht-414 26 59 , , PUNCT biht-414 26 60 patient patient NOUN biht-414 26 61 - - PUNCT biht-414 26 62 controlled control VERB biht-414 26 63 access access NOUN biht-414 26 64 stands stand VERB biht-414 26 65 in in ADP biht-414 26 66 stark stark ADJ biht-414 26 67 contrast contrast NOUN biht-414 26 68 to to ADP biht-414 26 69 recent recent ADJ biht-414 26 70 controversies controversy NOUN biht-414 26 71 such such ADJ biht-414 26 72 as as ADP biht-414 26 73 national national ADJ biht-414 26 74 health health NOUN biht-414 26 75 service service NOUN biht-414 26 76 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 26 77 nhs nhs PROPN biht-414 26 78 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 26 79 england england PROPN biht-414 26 80 ’s ’s PART biht-414 26 81 foresight foresight NOUN biht-414 26 82 project project NOUN biht-414 26 83 . . PUNCT biht-414 27 1 in in ADP biht-414 27 2 this this DET biht-414 27 3 case case NOUN biht-414 27 4 , , PUNCT biht-414 27 5 patient patient ADJ biht-414 27 6 data datum NOUN biht-414 27 7 from from ADP biht-414 27 8 57 57 NUM biht-414 27 9 million million NUM biht-414 27 10 general general ADJ biht-414 27 11 practitioner practitioner NOUN biht-414 27 12 records record NOUN biht-414 27 13 , , PUNCT biht-414 27 14 originally originally ADV biht-414 27 15 collected collect VERB biht-414 27 16 for for ADP biht-414 27 17 covid-19 covid-19 PROPN biht-414 27 18 research research NOUN biht-414 27 19 , , PUNCT biht-414 27 20 was be AUX biht-414 27 21 used use VERB biht-414 27 22 without without ADP biht-414 27 23 additional additional ADJ biht-414 27 24 consent consent NOUN biht-414 27 25 to to PART biht-414 27 26 train train VERB biht-414 27 27 an an DET biht-414 27 28 ai ai NOUN biht-414 27 29 model model NOUN biht-414 27 30 , , PUNCT biht-414 27 31 sparking spark VERB biht-414 27 32 backlash backlash NOUN biht-414 27 33 from from ADP biht-414 27 34 the the DET biht-414 27 35 british british PROPN biht-414 27 36 medical medical PROPN biht-414 27 37 association association PROPN biht-414 27 38 and and CCONJ biht-414 27 39 the the DET biht-414 27 40 royal royal PROPN biht-414 27 41 college college PROPN biht-414 27 42 of of ADP biht-414 27 43 general general PROPN biht-414 27 44 practitioners.9 practitioners.9 PROPN biht-414 27 45 the the DET biht-414 27 46 lack lack NOUN biht-414 27 47 of of ADP biht-414 27 48 transparency transparency NOUN biht-414 27 49 and and CCONJ biht-414 27 50 breach breach NOUN biht-414 27 51 of of ADP biht-414 27 52 scope scope NOUN biht-414 27 53 highlights highlight NOUN biht-414 27 54 why why SCONJ biht-414 27 55 trustpreserving trustpreserving NOUN biht-414 27 56 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 27 57 such such ADJ biht-414 27 58 as as ADP biht-414 27 59 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 27 60 are be AUX biht-414 27 61 essential essential ADJ biht-414 27 62 : : PUNCT biht-414 27 63 they they PRON biht-414 27 64 offer offer VERB biht-414 27 65 verifiable verifiable ADJ biht-414 27 66 access access NOUN biht-414 27 67 logs log NOUN biht-414 27 68 and and CCONJ biht-414 27 69 enforceable enforceable ADJ biht-414 27 70 consent consent NOUN biht-414 27 71 frameworks framework NOUN biht-414 27 72 that that PRON biht-414 27 73 could could AUX biht-414 27 74 prevent prevent VERB biht-414 27 75 such such ADJ biht-414 27 76 overreach overreach NOUN biht-414 27 77 and and CCONJ biht-414 27 78 restore restore VERB biht-414 27 79 public public ADJ biht-414 27 80 confidence confidence NOUN biht-414 27 81 in in ADP biht-414 27 82 digital digital ADJ biht-414 27 83 health health NOUN biht-414 27 84 initiatives initiative NOUN biht-414 27 85 . . PUNCT biht-414 28 1 restoring restore VERB biht-414 28 2 public public ADJ biht-414 28 3 confidence confidence NOUN biht-414 28 4 in in ADP biht-414 28 5 digital digital ADJ biht-414 28 6 health health NOUN biht-414 28 7 demands demand NOUN biht-414 28 8 scalable scalable ADJ biht-414 28 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 28 10 verifiable verifiable ADJ biht-414 28 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 28 12 and and CCONJ biht-414 28 13 privacy privacy NOUN biht-414 28 14 - - PUNCT biht-414 28 15 preserving preserve VERB biht-414 28 16 infrastructure infrastructure NOUN biht-414 28 17 that that PRON biht-414 28 18 patients patient NOUN biht-414 28 19 and and CCONJ biht-414 28 20 professionals professional NOUN biht-414 28 21 alike alike ADV biht-414 28 22 can can AUX biht-414 28 23 trust trust VERB biht-414 28 24 . . PUNCT biht-414 29 1 for for ADP biht-414 29 2 instance instance NOUN biht-414 29 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 29 4 guardtime guardtime PROPN biht-414 29 5 ’s ’s PART biht-414 29 6 advanced advanced PROPN biht-414 29 7 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 29 8 - - PUNCT biht-414 29 9 backed back VERB biht-414 29 10 authentication authentication NOUN biht-414 29 11 methods method NOUN biht-414 29 12 such such ADJ biht-414 29 13 as as ADP biht-414 29 14 keyless keyless ADJ biht-414 29 15 signature signature NOUN biht-414 29 16 infrastructure infrastructure NOUN biht-414 29 17 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 29 18 ksi ksi NOUN biht-414 29 19 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 29 20 leverages leverage VERB biht-414 29 21 hash hash NOUN biht-414 29 22 - - PUNCT biht-414 29 23 function function NOUN biht-414 29 24 cryptography cryptography NOUN biht-414 29 25 to to PART biht-414 29 26 produce produce VERB biht-414 29 27 signatures signature NOUN biht-414 29 28 that that PRON biht-414 29 29 are be AUX biht-414 29 30 cryptographically cryptographically ADV biht-414 29 31 verifiable verifiable ADJ biht-414 29 32 , , PUNCT biht-414 29 33 timestamped timestamped ADJ biht-414 29 34 , , PUNCT biht-414 29 35 and and CCONJ biht-414 29 36 immune immune ADJ biht-414 29 37 to to ADP biht-414 29 38 quantum quantum ADJ biht-414 29 39 threats threat NOUN biht-414 29 40 . . PUNCT biht-414 30 1 because because SCONJ biht-414 30 2 ksi ksi PROPN biht-414 30 3 does do AUX biht-414 30 4 not not PART biht-414 30 5 require require VERB biht-414 30 6 the the DET biht-414 30 7 transmission transmission NOUN biht-414 30 8 or or CCONJ biht-414 30 9 storage storage NOUN biht-414 30 10 of of ADP biht-414 30 11 raw raw ADJ biht-414 30 12 data datum NOUN biht-414 30 13 but but CCONJ biht-414 30 14 only only ADV biht-414 30 15 cryptographic cryptographic ADJ biht-414 30 16 hashes hash NOUN biht-414 30 17 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 18 it it PRON biht-414 30 19 guarantees guarantee VERB biht-414 30 20 data datum NOUN biht-414 30 21 privacy privacy NOUN biht-414 30 22 while while SCONJ biht-414 30 23 enabling enable VERB biht-414 30 24 scalable scalable ADJ biht-414 30 25 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 26 independently independently ADV biht-414 30 27 verifiable verifiable ADJ biht-414 30 28 authentication authentication NOUN biht-414 30 29 across across ADP biht-414 30 30 institutional institutional ADJ biht-414 30 31 and and CCONJ biht-414 30 32 geographic geographic ADJ biht-414 30 33 boundaries.10 boundaries.10 ADV biht-414 30 34 building build VERB biht-414 30 35 on on ADP biht-414 30 36 a a DET biht-414 30 37 foundation foundation NOUN biht-414 30 38 of of ADP biht-414 30 39 trust trust NOUN biht-414 30 40 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 41 consent consent NOUN biht-414 30 42 mechanisms mechanism NOUN biht-414 30 43 can can AUX biht-414 30 44 be be AUX biht-414 30 45 layered layer VERB biht-414 30 46 with with ADP biht-414 30 47 decentralized decentralized ADJ biht-414 30 48 identifiers identifier NOUN biht-414 30 49 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 30 50 dids),11 dids),11 NOUN biht-414 30 51 verifiable verifiable ADJ biht-414 30 52 credentials credential NOUN biht-414 30 53 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 30 54 vcs),12 vcs),12 ADJ biht-414 30 55 or or CCONJ biht-414 30 56 even even ADV biht-414 30 57 more more ADV biht-414 30 58 recently recently ADV biht-414 30 59 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 60 soulbound soulbound PROPN biht-414 30 61 tokens token NOUN biht-414 30 62 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 30 63 sbts),13,14 sbts),13,14 ADV biht-414 30 64 which which PRON biht-414 30 65 makes make VERB biht-414 30 66 it it PRON biht-414 30 67 possible possible ADJ biht-414 30 68 for for SCONJ biht-414 30 69 patients patient NOUN biht-414 30 70 to to PART biht-414 30 71 own own VERB biht-414 30 72 their their PRON biht-414 30 73 data datum NOUN biht-414 30 74 and and CCONJ biht-414 30 75 share share VERB biht-414 30 76 only only ADV biht-414 30 77 what what PRON biht-414 30 78 is be AUX biht-414 30 79 necessary necessary ADJ biht-414 30 80 with with ADP biht-414 30 81 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 30 82 professionals professional NOUN biht-414 30 83 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 84 insurers insurer NOUN biht-414 30 85 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 86 researchers researcher NOUN biht-414 30 87 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 88 or or CCONJ biht-414 30 89 even even ADV biht-414 30 90 ai ai PROPN biht-414 30 91 agents agent NOUN biht-414 30 92 acting act VERB biht-414 30 93 on on ADP biht-414 30 94 the the DET biht-414 30 95 behalf behalf NOUN biht-414 30 96 of of ADP biht-414 30 97 clinicians clinician NOUN biht-414 30 98 in in ADP biht-414 30 99 the the DET biht-414 30 100 future.15 future.15 NOUN biht-414 30 101 indeed indeed ADV biht-414 30 102 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 103 within within ADP biht-414 30 104 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 30 105 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 30 106 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 107 ai ai AUX biht-414 30 108 agents agent NOUN biht-414 30 109 can can AUX biht-414 30 110 act act VERB biht-414 30 111 as as ADV biht-414 30 112 autonomous autonomous ADJ biht-414 30 113 or or CCONJ biht-414 30 114 semi semi ADJ biht-414 30 115 - - ADJ biht-414 30 116 autonomous autonomous ADJ biht-414 30 117 intermediaries intermediary NOUN biht-414 30 118 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 119 analyzing analyze VERB biht-414 30 120 real real ADJ biht-414 30 121 - - PUNCT biht-414 30 122 time time NOUN biht-414 30 123 health health NOUN biht-414 30 124 streams stream NOUN biht-414 30 125 and and CCONJ biht-414 30 126 legacy legacy NOUN biht-414 30 127 record record NOUN biht-414 30 128 data datum NOUN biht-414 30 129 to to PART biht-414 30 130 support support VERB biht-414 30 131 clinical clinical ADJ biht-414 30 132 decisions decision NOUN biht-414 30 133 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 134 triage triage NOUN biht-414 30 135 tasks task NOUN biht-414 30 136 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 137 or or CCONJ biht-414 30 138 even even ADV biht-414 30 139 automate automate ADJ biht-414 30 140 elements element NOUN biht-414 30 141 of of ADP biht-414 30 142 documentation documentation NOUN biht-414 30 143 and and CCONJ biht-414 30 144 diagnostics.16 diagnostics.16 NOUN biht-414 30 145 as as SCONJ biht-414 30 146 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 30 147 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 30 148 infrastructure infrastructure NOUN biht-414 30 149 continues continue VERB biht-414 30 150 to to PART biht-414 30 151 be be AUX biht-414 30 152 developed develop VERB biht-414 30 153 and and CCONJ biht-414 30 154 integrated integrate VERB biht-414 30 155 with with ADP biht-414 30 156 legacy legacy NOUN biht-414 30 157 systems system NOUN biht-414 30 158 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 159 ai ai AUX biht-414 30 160 agents agent NOUN biht-414 30 161 could could AUX biht-414 30 162 benefit benefit VERB biht-414 30 163 from from ADP biht-414 30 164 decentralized decentralize VERB biht-414 30 165 ai ai VERB biht-414 30 166 architectures architecture NOUN biht-414 30 167 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 168 such such ADJ biht-414 30 169 as as ADP biht-414 30 170 via via ADP biht-414 30 171 secure secure ADJ biht-414 30 172 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 173 distributed distribute VERB biht-414 30 174 evaluation evaluation NOUN biht-414 30 175 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 30 176 i.e. i.e. X biht-414 30 177 , , PUNCT biht-414 30 178 assessing assess VERB biht-414 30 179 models model NOUN biht-414 30 180 without without ADP biht-414 30 181 exposing expose VERB biht-414 30 182 patient patient ADJ biht-414 30 183 data datum NOUN biht-414 30 184 or or CCONJ biht-414 30 185 proprietary proprietary ADJ biht-414 30 186 algorithms algorithm NOUN biht-414 30 187 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 30 188 . . PUNCT biht-414 31 1 in in ADP biht-414 31 2 addition addition NOUN biht-414 31 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 31 4 decentralized decentralize VERB biht-414 31 5 ai ai VERB biht-414 31 6 can can AUX biht-414 31 7 help help VERB biht-414 31 8 reduce reduce VERB biht-414 31 9 bias bias NOUN biht-414 31 10 by by ADP biht-414 31 11 drawing draw VERB biht-414 31 12 on on ADP biht-414 31 13 diverse diverse ADJ biht-414 31 14 , , PUNCT biht-414 31 15 heterogeneous heterogeneous ADJ biht-414 31 16 datasets dataset NOUN biht-414 31 17 , , PUNCT biht-414 31 18 which which PRON biht-414 31 19 could could AUX biht-414 31 20 benefit benefit VERB biht-414 31 21 , , PUNCT biht-414 31 22 for for ADP biht-414 31 23 instance instance NOUN biht-414 31 24 , , PUNCT biht-414 31 25 patients patient NOUN biht-414 31 26 with with ADP biht-414 31 27 rare rare ADJ biht-414 31 28 diseases.17 diseases.17 NOUN biht-414 31 29 together together ADV biht-414 31 30 , , PUNCT biht-414 31 31 these these DET biht-414 31 32 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 31 33 form form VERB biht-414 31 34 the the DET biht-414 31 35 foundation foundation NOUN biht-414 31 36 of of ADP biht-414 31 37 a a DET biht-414 31 38 secure secure ADJ biht-414 31 39 , , PUNCT biht-414 31 40 patient patient NOUN biht-414 31 41 - - PUNCT biht-414 31 42 directed direct VERB biht-414 31 43 data data NOUN biht-414 31 44 ecosystem ecosystem NOUN biht-414 31 45 where where SCONJ biht-414 31 46 ai ai AUX biht-414 31 47 agents agent NOUN biht-414 31 48 operate operate VERB biht-414 31 49 not not PART biht-414 31 50 as as ADP biht-414 31 51 black black ADJ biht-414 31 52 boxes box NOUN biht-414 31 53 but but CCONJ biht-414 31 54 as as ADP biht-414 31 55 accountable accountable ADJ biht-414 31 56 extensions extension NOUN biht-414 31 57 of of ADP biht-414 31 58 clinical clinical ADJ biht-414 31 59 care care NOUN biht-414 31 60 , , PUNCT biht-414 31 61 amplifying amplify VERB biht-414 31 62 human human ADJ biht-414 31 63 decision decision NOUN biht-414 31 64 - - PUNCT biht-414 31 65 making making NOUN biht-414 31 66 while while SCONJ biht-414 31 67 preserving preserve VERB biht-414 31 68 patient patient ADJ biht-414 31 69 autonomy autonomy NOUN biht-414 31 70 and and CCONJ biht-414 31 71 trust trust NOUN biht-414 31 72 . . PUNCT biht-414 32 1 the the DET biht-414 32 2 iomt iomt NOUN biht-414 32 3 and and CCONJ biht-414 32 4 wearables wearable NOUN biht-414 32 5 can can AUX biht-414 32 6 continuously continuously ADV biht-414 32 7 generate generate VERB biht-414 32 8 real real ADJ biht-414 32 9 - - PUNCT biht-414 32 10 time time NOUN biht-414 32 11 health health NOUN biht-414 32 12 data datum NOUN biht-414 32 13 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 14 such such ADJ biht-414 32 15 as as ADP biht-414 32 16 for for ADP biht-414 32 17 heart heart NOUN biht-414 32 18 rate rate NOUN biht-414 32 19 variability variability NOUN biht-414 32 20 to to PART biht-414 32 21 sleep sleep VERB biht-414 32 22 cycles cycle NOUN biht-414 32 23 and and CCONJ biht-414 32 24 medication medication NOUN biht-414 32 25 adherence.18 adherence.18 NOUN biht-414 32 26 when when SCONJ biht-414 32 27 integrated integrate VERB biht-414 32 28 into into ADP biht-414 32 29 a a DET biht-414 32 30 blockchain blockchain NOUN biht-414 32 31 - - PUNCT biht-414 32 32 based base VERB biht-414 32 33 personal personal ADJ biht-414 32 34 health health NOUN biht-414 32 35 wallet wallet NOUN biht-414 32 36 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 37 such such ADJ biht-414 32 38 as as ADP biht-414 32 39 the the DET biht-414 32 40 medilinker,19 medilinker,19 NOUN biht-414 32 41 these these DET biht-414 32 42 data datum NOUN biht-414 32 43 points point NOUN biht-414 32 44 can can AUX biht-414 32 45 inform inform VERB biht-414 32 46 care care NOUN biht-414 32 47 plans plan NOUN biht-414 32 48 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 49 trigger trigger NOUN biht-414 32 50 smart smart ADJ biht-414 32 51 contracts contract NOUN biht-414 32 52 for for ADP biht-414 32 53 automated automate VERB biht-414 32 54 insurance insurance NOUN biht-414 32 55 reimbursement,20 reimbursement,20 NOUN biht-414 32 56 or or CCONJ biht-414 32 57 alert alert VERB biht-414 32 58 providers provider NOUN biht-414 32 59 to to ADP biht-414 32 60 early early ADJ biht-414 32 61 warning warning NOUN biht-414 32 62 signs sign NOUN biht-414 32 63 of of ADP biht-414 32 64 chronic chronic ADJ biht-414 32 65 disease disease NOUN biht-414 32 66 exacerbation.21 exacerbation.21 VERB biht-414 32 67 this this DET biht-414 32 68 approach approach NOUN biht-414 32 69 exemplifies exemplify VERB biht-414 32 70 the the DET biht-414 32 71 internet internet NOUN biht-414 32 72 of of ADP biht-414 32 73 medical medical ADJ biht-414 32 74 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 32 75 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 32 76 iomt iomt PROPN biht-414 32 77 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 32 78 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 79 where where SCONJ biht-414 32 80 decentralized decentralized ADJ biht-414 32 81 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 32 82 infrastructure infrastructure NOUN biht-414 32 83 mitigates mitigate VERB biht-414 32 84 single single ADJ biht-414 32 85 points point NOUN biht-414 32 86 of of ADP biht-414 32 87 failure failure NOUN biht-414 32 88 by by ADP biht-414 32 89 securely securely ADV biht-414 32 90 storing store VERB biht-414 32 91 sensorderived sensorderived ADJ biht-414 32 92 vitals vital NOUN biht-414 32 93 on on ADP biht-414 32 94 an an DET biht-414 32 95 immutable immutable ADJ biht-414 32 96 ledger ledger NOUN biht-414 32 97 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 98 thereby thereby ADV biht-414 32 99 enhancing enhance VERB biht-414 32 100 reliability reliability NOUN biht-414 32 101 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 102 traceability traceability NOUN biht-414 32 103 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 104 and and CCONJ biht-414 32 105 system system NOUN biht-414 32 106 resilience.22 resilience.22 NOUN biht-414 32 107 as as SCONJ biht-414 32 108 these these DET biht-414 32 109 systems system NOUN biht-414 32 110 evolve evolve VERB biht-414 32 111 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 112 the the DET biht-414 32 113 aggregation aggregation NOUN biht-414 32 114 of of ADP biht-414 32 115 iomtand iomtand PROPN biht-414 32 116 wearablederived wearablederive VERB biht-414 32 117 data datum NOUN biht-414 32 118 within within ADP biht-414 32 119 secure secure ADJ biht-414 32 120 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 121 patient patient NOUN biht-414 32 122 - - PUNCT biht-414 32 123 controlled control VERB biht-414 32 124 platforms platform NOUN biht-414 32 125 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 NOUN biht-414 32 126 citation citation NOUN biht-414 32 127 : : PUNCT biht-414 32 128 blockchain blockchain NOUN biht-414 32 129 in in ADP biht-414 32 130 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 32 131 today today NOUN biht-414 32 132 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 32 133 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 134 8 8 NUM biht-414 32 135 : : SYM biht-414 32 136 414 414 NUM biht-414 32 137 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 NOUN biht-414 32 138 3 3 NUM biht-414 32 139 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 32 140 page page NOUN biht-414 32 141 number number NOUN biht-414 32 142 not not PART biht-414 32 143 for for ADP biht-414 32 144 citation citation NOUN biht-414 32 145 purpose purpose NOUN biht-414 32 146 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 32 147 the the DET biht-414 32 148 self self NOUN biht-414 32 149 - - PUNCT biht-414 32 150 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 32 151 patient patient NOUN biht-414 32 152 also also ADV biht-414 32 153 lays lay VERB biht-414 32 154 the the DET biht-414 32 155 groundwork groundwork NOUN biht-414 32 156 for for ADP biht-414 32 157 broader broad ADJ biht-414 32 158 innovation innovation NOUN biht-414 32 159 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 32 160 namely namely ADV biht-414 32 161 , , PUNCT biht-414 32 162 the the DET biht-414 32 163 development development NOUN biht-414 32 164 of of ADP biht-414 32 165 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 32 166 - - PUNCT biht-414 32 167 based base VERB biht-414 32 168 health health NOUN biht-414 32 169 data datum NOUN biht-414 32 170 marketplaces marketplace NOUN biht-414 32 171 . . PUNCT biht-414 33 1 in in ADP biht-414 33 2 such such ADJ biht-414 33 3 models model NOUN biht-414 33 4 , , PUNCT biht-414 33 5 real real ADJ biht-414 33 6 - - PUNCT biht-414 33 7 time time NOUN biht-414 33 8 , , PUNCT biht-414 33 9 high high ADJ biht-414 33 10 - - PUNCT biht-414 33 11 resolution resolution NOUN biht-414 33 12 data datum NOUN biht-414 33 13 streams stream NOUN biht-414 33 14 become become VERB biht-414 33 15 valuable valuable ADJ biht-414 33 16 digital digital ADJ biht-414 33 17 assets asset NOUN biht-414 33 18 , , PUNCT biht-414 33 19 owned own VERB biht-414 33 20 by by ADP biht-414 33 21 patients patient NOUN biht-414 33 22 and and CCONJ biht-414 33 23 made make VERB biht-414 33 24 available available ADJ biht-414 33 25 for for ADP biht-414 33 26 research research NOUN biht-414 33 27 , , PUNCT biht-414 33 28 insurance insurance NOUN biht-414 33 29 modeling modeling NOUN biht-414 33 30 , , PUNCT biht-414 33 31 or or CCONJ biht-414 33 32 ai ai AUX biht-414 33 33 training training NOUN biht-414 33 34 under under ADP biht-414 33 35 strict strict ADJ biht-414 33 36 consent consent NOUN biht-414 33 37 conditions.23 conditions.23 PROPN biht-414 33 38 if if SCONJ biht-414 33 39 designed design VERB biht-414 33 40 with with ADP biht-414 33 41 guardrails guardrail NOUN biht-414 33 42 against against ADP biht-414 33 43 the the DET biht-414 33 44 commodification commodification NOUN biht-414 33 45 of of ADP biht-414 33 46 health health NOUN biht-414 33 47 data datum NOUN biht-414 33 48 and and CCONJ biht-414 33 49 protections protection NOUN biht-414 33 50 against against ADP biht-414 33 51 coercive coercive ADJ biht-414 33 52 monetization monetization NOUN biht-414 33 53 among among ADP biht-414 33 54 vulnerable vulnerable ADJ biht-414 33 55 groups,24 groups,24 NOUN biht-414 33 56 this this DET biht-414 33 57 paradigm paradigm NOUN biht-414 33 58 could could AUX biht-414 33 59 contribute contribute VERB biht-414 33 60 to to ADP biht-414 33 61 a a DET biht-414 33 62 secure secure ADJ biht-414 33 63 and and CCONJ biht-414 33 64 decentralized decentralized ADJ biht-414 33 65 data data NOUN biht-414 33 66 - - PUNCT biht-414 33 67 sharing share VERB biht-414 33 68 economy economy NOUN biht-414 33 69 that that PRON biht-414 33 70 respects respect VERB biht-414 33 71 consent consent VERB biht-414 33 72 and and CCONJ biht-414 33 73 incentivizes incentivize VERB biht-414 33 74 participation17 participation17 NOUN biht-414 33 75 in in ADP biht-414 33 76 this this DET biht-414 33 77 way way NOUN biht-414 33 78 , , PUNCT biht-414 33 79 iomt iomt NOUN biht-414 33 80 - - PUNCT biht-414 33 81 integrated integrate VERB biht-414 33 82 health health NOUN biht-414 33 83 wallets wallet NOUN biht-414 33 84 could could AUX biht-414 33 85 not not PART biht-414 33 86 only only ADV biht-414 33 87 enhance enhance VERB biht-414 33 88 individual individual ADJ biht-414 33 89 care care NOUN biht-414 33 90 but but CCONJ biht-414 33 91 also also ADV biht-414 33 92 serve serve VERB biht-414 33 93 as as ADP biht-414 33 94 entry entry NOUN biht-414 33 95 points point NOUN biht-414 33 96 into into ADP biht-414 33 97 a a DET biht-414 33 98 broader broad ADJ biht-414 33 99 participatory participatory ADJ biht-414 33 100 data datum NOUN biht-414 33 101 economy economy NOUN biht-414 33 102 , , PUNCT biht-414 33 103 one one NUM biht-414 33 104 that that PRON biht-414 33 105 demands demand VERB biht-414 33 106 robust robust ADJ biht-414 33 107 governance governance NOUN biht-414 33 108 , , PUNCT biht-414 33 109 ethical ethical ADJ biht-414 33 110 safeguards safeguard NOUN biht-414 33 111 , , PUNCT biht-414 33 112 and and CCONJ biht-414 33 113 institutional institutional ADJ biht-414 33 114 readiness readiness NOUN biht-414 33 115 to to PART biht-414 33 116 fully fully ADV biht-414 33 117 realize realize VERB biht-414 33 118 its its PRON biht-414 33 119 transformative transformative ADJ biht-414 33 120 potential potential NOUN biht-414 33 121 . . PUNCT biht-414 34 1 recent recent ADJ biht-414 34 2 health health NOUN biht-414 34 3 insurance insurance NOUN biht-414 34 4 portability portability NOUN biht-414 34 5 and and CCONJ biht-414 34 6 accountability accountability NOUN biht-414 34 7 act act NOUN biht-414 34 8 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 34 9 hipaa hipaa NOUN biht-414 34 10 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 34 11 directives directive NOUN biht-414 34 12 advocate advocate VERB biht-414 34 13 for for ADP biht-414 34 14 secure secure ADJ biht-414 34 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 16 patientcentric patientcentric ADJ biht-414 34 17 solutions solution NOUN biht-414 34 18 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 19 emphasizing emphasize VERB biht-414 34 20 access access NOUN biht-414 34 21 to to ADP biht-414 34 22 health health NOUN biht-414 34 23 records record NOUN biht-414 34 24 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 25 robust robust ADJ biht-414 34 26 cybersecurity cybersecurity NOUN biht-414 34 27 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 28 telehealth telehealth ADJ biht-414 34 29 expansion expansion NOUN biht-414 34 30 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 31 and and CCONJ biht-414 34 32 exploring explore VERB biht-414 34 33 interoperability interoperability NOUN biht-414 34 34 solutions solution NOUN biht-414 34 35 to to PART biht-414 34 36 address address VERB biht-414 34 37 inefficiencies inefficiency NOUN biht-414 34 38 that that PRON biht-414 34 39 hinder hinder VERB biht-414 34 40 timely timely ADJ biht-414 34 41 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 42 high high ADJ biht-414 34 43 - - PUNCT biht-414 34 44 quality quality NOUN biht-414 34 45 care.25 care.25 NOUN biht-414 34 46 like like ADP biht-414 34 47 the the DET biht-414 34 48 principle principle NOUN biht-414 34 49 of of ADP biht-414 34 50 least least ADJ biht-414 34 51 - - PUNCT biht-414 34 52 privileged privileged ADJ biht-414 34 53 access access NOUN biht-414 34 54 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 55 hipaa hipaa NOUN biht-414 34 56 ’s ’s PART biht-414 34 57 minimum minimum ADJ biht-414 34 58 necessary necessary ADJ biht-414 34 59 standard standard NOUN biht-414 34 60 aims aim VERB biht-414 34 61 to to PART biht-414 34 62 ensure ensure VERB biht-414 34 63 that that SCONJ biht-414 34 64 access access NOUN biht-414 34 65 to to ADP biht-414 34 66 protected protect VERB biht-414 34 67 health health NOUN biht-414 34 68 information information NOUN biht-414 34 69 is be AUX biht-414 34 70 restricted restrict VERB biht-414 34 71 to to ADP biht-414 34 72 only only ADV biht-414 34 73 what what PRON biht-414 34 74 is be AUX biht-414 34 75 required require VERB biht-414 34 76 for for ADP biht-414 34 77 a a DET biht-414 34 78 given give VERB biht-414 34 79 task.24 task.24 PROPN biht-414 34 80 as as SCONJ biht-414 34 81 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 34 82 technology technology PROPN biht-414 34 83 continues continue VERB biht-414 34 84 to to PART biht-414 34 85 expand expand VERB biht-414 34 86 its its PRON biht-414 34 87 use use NOUN biht-414 34 88 cases case NOUN biht-414 34 89 within within ADP biht-414 34 90 the the DET biht-414 34 91 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 34 92 space space NOUN biht-414 34 93 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 94 its its PRON biht-414 34 95 application application NOUN biht-414 34 96 must must AUX biht-414 34 97 be be AUX biht-414 34 98 carefully carefully ADV biht-414 34 99 aligned align VERB biht-414 34 100 with with ADP biht-414 34 101 hipaa hipaa NOUN biht-414 34 102 ’s ’s PART biht-414 34 103 core core NOUN biht-414 34 104 principles principle NOUN biht-414 34 105 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 106 particularly particularly ADV biht-414 34 107 around around ADP biht-414 34 108 access access NOUN biht-414 34 109 control control NOUN biht-414 34 110 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 111 data datum NOUN biht-414 34 112 mutability mutability NOUN biht-414 34 113 , , PUNCT biht-414 34 114 and and CCONJ biht-414 34 115 encryption encryption NOUN biht-414 34 116 . . PUNCT biht-414 35 1 furthermore furthermore ADV biht-414 35 2 , , PUNCT biht-414 35 3 the the DET biht-414 35 4 immutable immutable ADJ biht-414 35 5 nature nature NOUN biht-414 35 6 of of ADP biht-414 35 7 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 35 8 also also ADV biht-414 35 9 introduces introduce VERB biht-414 35 10 unresolved unresolved ADJ biht-414 35 11 legal legal ADJ biht-414 35 12 and and CCONJ biht-414 35 13 ethical ethical ADJ biht-414 35 14 challenges.26 challenges.26 ADJ biht-414 35 15 data datum NOUN biht-414 35 16 stored store VERB biht-414 35 17 on on ADP biht-414 35 18 - - PUNCT biht-414 35 19 chain chain NOUN biht-414 35 20 may may AUX biht-414 35 21 be be AUX biht-414 35 22 considered consider VERB biht-414 35 23 permanent permanent ADJ biht-414 35 24 , , PUNCT biht-414 35 25 raising raise VERB biht-414 35 26 tensions tension NOUN biht-414 35 27 with with ADP biht-414 35 28 regulatory regulatory ADJ biht-414 35 29 principles principle NOUN biht-414 35 30 such such ADJ biht-414 35 31 as as ADP biht-414 35 32 the the DET biht-414 35 33 right right NOUN biht-414 35 34 to to PART biht-414 35 35 erasure erasure VERB biht-414 35 36 or or CCONJ biht-414 35 37 the the DET biht-414 35 38 “ " PUNCT biht-414 35 39 right right NOUN biht-414 35 40 to to PART biht-414 35 41 be be AUX biht-414 35 42 forgotten forget VERB biht-414 35 43 , , PUNCT biht-414 35 44 ” " PUNCT biht-414 35 45 as as SCONJ biht-414 35 46 established establish VERB biht-414 35 47 in in ADP biht-414 35 48 frameworks framework NOUN biht-414 35 49 like like ADP biht-414 35 50 the the DET biht-414 35 51 general general ADJ biht-414 35 52 data data PROPN biht-414 35 53 protection protection NOUN biht-414 35 54 regulation regulation NOUN biht-414 35 55 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 35 56 gdpr).27 gdpr).27 PROPN biht-414 35 57 in in ADP biht-414 35 58 addition addition NOUN biht-414 35 59 , , PUNCT biht-414 35 60 the the DET biht-414 35 61 question question NOUN biht-414 35 62 of of ADP biht-414 35 63 digital digital ADJ biht-414 35 64 inheritance inheritance NOUN biht-414 35 65 emerges emerge VERB biht-414 35 66 : : PUNCT biht-414 35 67 what what PRON biht-414 35 68 happens happen VERB biht-414 35 69 to to ADP biht-414 35 70 a a DET biht-414 35 71 patient patient NOUN biht-414 35 72 ’s ’s PART biht-414 35 73 health health NOUN biht-414 35 74 data datum NOUN biht-414 35 75 after after ADP biht-414 35 76 death death NOUN biht-414 35 77 ? ? PUNCT biht-414 36 1 as as SCONJ biht-414 36 2 health health NOUN biht-414 36 3 data data NOUN biht-414 36 4 gains gain VERB biht-414 36 5 economic economic ADJ biht-414 36 6 significance significance NOUN biht-414 36 7 , , PUNCT biht-414 36 8 mechanisms mechanism NOUN biht-414 36 9 must must AUX biht-414 36 10 be be AUX biht-414 36 11 developed develop VERB biht-414 36 12 to to PART biht-414 36 13 allow allow VERB biht-414 36 14 patients patient NOUN biht-414 36 15 to to PART biht-414 36 16 designate designate VERB biht-414 36 17 trusted trusted ADJ biht-414 36 18 heirs heir NOUN biht-414 36 19 , , PUNCT biht-414 36 20 executors executor NOUN biht-414 36 21 , , PUNCT biht-414 36 22 or or CCONJ biht-414 36 23 governance governance NOUN biht-414 36 24 frameworks framework NOUN biht-414 36 25 for for ADP biht-414 36 26 posthumous posthumous ADJ biht-414 36 27 data datum NOUN biht-414 36 28 control control NOUN biht-414 36 29 and and CCONJ biht-414 36 30 access access NOUN biht-414 36 31 . . PUNCT biht-414 37 1 solutions solution NOUN biht-414 37 2 may may AUX biht-414 37 3 include include VERB biht-414 37 4 social social ADJ biht-414 37 5 recovery recovery NOUN biht-414 37 6 pallets pallet NOUN biht-414 37 7 or or CCONJ biht-414 37 8 legally legally ADV biht-414 37 9 binding bind VERB biht-414 37 10 digital digital ADJ biht-414 37 11 wills will NOUN biht-414 37 12 that that PRON biht-414 37 13 manage manage VERB biht-414 37 14 post post ADJ biht-414 37 15 - - ADJ biht-414 37 16 mortem mortem ADJ biht-414 37 17 data datum NOUN biht-414 37 18 rights.28 rights.28 NOUN biht-414 37 19 as as SCONJ biht-414 37 20 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 37 21 becomes become VERB biht-414 37 22 more more ADV biht-414 37 23 integrated integrate VERB biht-414 37 24 into into ADP biht-414 37 25 health health NOUN biht-414 37 26 ecosystems ecosystem NOUN biht-414 37 27 , , PUNCT biht-414 37 28 privacy privacy NOUN biht-414 37 29 - - PUNCT biht-414 37 30 preserving preserve VERB biht-414 37 31 solutions solution NOUN biht-414 37 32 such such ADJ biht-414 37 33 as as ADP biht-414 37 34 zero zero NUM biht-414 37 35 - - PUNCT biht-414 37 36 knowledge knowledge NOUN biht-414 37 37 proofs proof NOUN biht-414 37 38 or or CCONJ biht-414 37 39 revocable revocable ADJ biht-414 37 40 sbts sbts NOUN biht-414 37 41 will will AUX biht-414 37 42 be be AUX biht-414 37 43 essential essential ADJ biht-414 37 44 to to PART biht-414 37 45 reconcile reconcile VERB biht-414 37 46 permanence permanence NOUN biht-414 37 47 with with ADP biht-414 37 48 consent consent NOUN biht-414 37 49 , , PUNCT biht-414 37 50 revocation revocation NOUN biht-414 37 51 , , PUNCT biht-414 37 52 and and CCONJ biht-414 37 53 inheritance.29,30 inheritance.29,30 PROPN biht-414 37 54 regulatory regulatory ADJ biht-414 37 55 frameworks framework NOUN biht-414 37 56 must must AUX biht-414 37 57 evolve evolve VERB biht-414 37 58 in in ADP biht-414 37 59 tandem tandem NOUN biht-414 37 60 with with ADP biht-414 37 61 technical technical ADJ biht-414 37 62 innovation innovation NOUN biht-414 37 63 , , PUNCT biht-414 37 64 emphasizing emphasize VERB biht-414 37 65 ethics ethic NOUN biht-414 37 66 by by ADP biht-414 37 67 design,31 design,31 NOUN biht-414 37 68 explainable explainable ADJ biht-414 37 69 and and CCONJ biht-414 37 70 auditable auditable ADJ biht-414 37 71 systems system NOUN biht-414 37 72 , , PUNCT biht-414 37 73 as as ADV biht-414 37 74 well well ADV biht-414 37 75 as as ADP biht-414 37 76 privacy privacy NOUN biht-414 37 77 - - PUNCT biht-414 37 78 first first ADJ biht-414 37 79 solutions solution NOUN biht-414 37 80 . . PUNCT biht-414 38 1 yet yet ADV biht-414 38 2 , , PUNCT biht-414 38 3 these these DET biht-414 38 4 solutions solution NOUN biht-414 38 5 presuppose presuppose VERB biht-414 38 6 equal equal ADJ biht-414 38 7 technological technological ADJ biht-414 38 8 access access NOUN biht-414 38 9 and and CCONJ biht-414 38 10 capability capability NOUN biht-414 38 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 38 12 which which PRON biht-414 38 13 is be AUX biht-414 38 14 an an DET biht-414 38 15 assumption assumption NOUN biht-414 38 16 that that PRON biht-414 38 17 does do AUX biht-414 38 18 not not PART biht-414 38 19 hold hold VERB biht-414 38 20 when when SCONJ biht-414 38 21 considering consider VERB biht-414 38 22 the the DET biht-414 38 23 digital digital ADJ biht-414 38 24 divide divide NOUN biht-414 38 25 . . PUNCT biht-414 39 1 indeed indeed ADV biht-414 39 2 , , PUNCT biht-414 39 3 realizing realize VERB biht-414 39 4 this this DET biht-414 39 5 vision vision NOUN biht-414 39 6 must must AUX biht-414 39 7 begin begin VERB biht-414 39 8 with with ADP biht-414 39 9 acknowledging acknowledge VERB biht-414 39 10 the the DET biht-414 39 11 digital digital ADJ biht-414 39 12 divide divide NOUN biht-414 39 13 as as ADP biht-414 39 14 a a DET biht-414 39 15 foundational foundational ADJ biht-414 39 16 barrier32 barrier32 NOUN biht-414 39 17 it it PRON biht-414 39 18 would would AUX biht-414 39 19 not not PART biht-414 39 20 be be AUX biht-414 39 21 prudent prudent ADJ biht-414 39 22 to to PART biht-414 39 23 assume assume VERB biht-414 39 24 universal universal ADJ biht-414 39 25 access access NOUN biht-414 39 26 to to ADP biht-414 39 27 smartphones smartphone NOUN biht-414 39 28 , , PUNCT biht-414 39 29 broadband broadband NOUN biht-414 39 30 internet internet NOUN biht-414 39 31 , , PUNCT biht-414 39 32 and and CCONJ biht-414 39 33 iomt iomt ADJ biht-414 39 34 - - PUNCT biht-414 39 35 enabled enable VERB biht-414 39 36 devices device NOUN biht-414 39 37 as as ADP biht-414 39 38 such such ADJ biht-414 39 39 infrastructure infrastructure NOUN biht-414 39 40 and and CCONJ biht-414 39 41 affordability affordability NOUN biht-414 39 42 remain remain VERB biht-414 39 43 unevenly unevenly ADV biht-414 39 44 distributed distribute VERB biht-414 39 45 across across ADP biht-414 39 46 geography geography NOUN biht-414 39 47 , , PUNCT biht-414 39 48 income income NOUN biht-414 39 49 levels level NOUN biht-414 39 50 , , PUNCT biht-414 39 51 age age NOUN biht-414 39 52 , , PUNCT biht-414 39 53 and and CCONJ biht-414 39 54 ability ability NOUN biht-414 39 55 . . PUNCT biht-414 40 1 without without ADP biht-414 40 2 targeted target VERB biht-414 40 3 interventions intervention NOUN biht-414 40 4 , , PUNCT biht-414 40 5 this this DET biht-414 40 6 disparity disparity NOUN biht-414 40 7 risks risk NOUN biht-414 40 8 creating create VERB biht-414 40 9 a a DET biht-414 40 10 two two NUM biht-414 40 11 - - PUNCT biht-414 40 12 tiered tiere VERB biht-414 40 13 system system NOUN biht-414 40 14 in in ADP biht-414 40 15 which which PRON biht-414 40 16 only only ADV biht-414 40 17 the the DET biht-414 40 18 digitally digitally ADV biht-414 40 19 resourced resource VERB biht-414 40 20 can can AUX biht-414 40 21 exercise exercise VERB biht-414 40 22 data datum NOUN biht-414 40 23 sovereignty sovereignty NOUN biht-414 40 24 . . PUNCT biht-414 41 1 if if SCONJ biht-414 41 2 left leave VERB biht-414 41 3 unaddressed unaddresse VERB biht-414 41 4 , , PUNCT biht-414 41 5 this this PRON biht-414 41 6 could could AUX biht-414 41 7 undermine undermine VERB biht-414 41 8 autonomy autonomy NOUN biht-414 41 9 and and CCONJ biht-414 41 10 expose expose VERB biht-414 41 11 vulnerable vulnerable ADJ biht-414 41 12 populations population NOUN biht-414 41 13 to to ADP biht-414 41 14 exploitation exploitation NOUN biht-414 41 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 41 16 misinformation misinformation NOUN biht-414 41 17 , , PUNCT biht-414 41 18 or or CCONJ biht-414 41 19 coercion coercion NOUN biht-414 41 20 . . PUNCT biht-414 42 1 enhancing enhance VERB biht-414 42 2 digital digital ADJ biht-414 42 3 literacy literacy NOUN biht-414 42 4 via via ADP biht-414 42 5 patient patient ADJ biht-414 42 6 education education NOUN biht-414 42 7 is be AUX biht-414 42 8 essential essential ADJ biht-414 42 9 as as SCONJ biht-414 42 10 sovereignty sovereignty NOUN biht-414 42 11 requires require VERB biht-414 42 12 more more ADJ biht-414 42 13 than than ADP biht-414 42 14 technical technical ADJ biht-414 42 15 control control NOUN biht-414 42 16 but but CCONJ biht-414 42 17 also also ADV biht-414 42 18 demands demand VERB biht-414 42 19 the the DET biht-414 42 20 knowledge knowledge NOUN biht-414 42 21 , , PUNCT biht-414 42 22 resources resource NOUN biht-414 42 23 , , PUNCT biht-414 42 24 and and CCONJ biht-414 42 25 institutional institutional ADJ biht-414 42 26 support support NOUN biht-414 42 27 that that PRON biht-414 42 28 allow allow VERB biht-414 42 29 patients patient NOUN biht-414 42 30 to to PART biht-414 42 31 exercise exercise VERB biht-414 42 32 that that DET biht-414 42 33 control control NOUN biht-414 42 34 meaningfully meaningfully ADV biht-414 42 35 . . PUNCT biht-414 43 1 even even ADV biht-414 43 2 amid amid ADP biht-414 43 3 equity equity NOUN biht-414 43 4 challenges challenge NOUN biht-414 43 5 , , PUNCT biht-414 43 6 the the DET biht-414 43 7 potential potential ADJ biht-414 43 8 benefits benefit NOUN biht-414 43 9 of of ADP biht-414 43 10 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 43 11 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 43 12 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 43 13 remain remain VERB biht-414 43 14 significant significant ADJ biht-414 43 15 . . PUNCT biht-414 44 1 as as SCONJ biht-414 44 2 these these DET biht-414 44 3 technologies technology NOUN biht-414 44 4 mature mature VERB biht-414 44 5 , , PUNCT biht-414 44 6 utility utility NOUN biht-414 44 7 applications application NOUN biht-414 44 8 and and CCONJ biht-414 44 9 intelligent intelligent ADJ biht-414 44 10 software software NOUN biht-414 44 11 interfaces interface NOUN biht-414 44 12 — — PUNCT biht-414 44 13 such such ADJ biht-414 44 14 as as ADP biht-414 44 15 mobile mobile ADJ biht-414 44 16 dashboards dashboard NOUN biht-414 44 17 , , PUNCT biht-414 44 18 scheduling scheduling NOUN biht-414 44 19 assistants assistant NOUN biht-414 44 20 , , PUNCT biht-414 44 21 and and CCONJ biht-414 44 22 patient patient ADJ biht-414 44 23 engagement engagement NOUN biht-414 44 24 platforms platform NOUN biht-414 44 25 — — PUNCT biht-414 44 26 can can AUX biht-414 44 27 streamline streamline VERB biht-414 44 28 clinical clinical ADJ biht-414 44 29 workflows workflow NOUN biht-414 44 30 and and CCONJ biht-414 44 31 reduce reduce VERB biht-414 44 32 administrative administrative ADJ biht-414 44 33 burdens burden NOUN biht-414 44 34 . . PUNCT biht-414 45 1 in in ADP biht-414 45 2 a a DET biht-414 45 3 time time NOUN biht-414 45 4 of of ADP biht-414 45 5 global global ADJ biht-414 45 6 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 45 7 staffing staff VERB biht-414 45 8 crises,33 crises,33 NOUN biht-414 45 9 such such ADJ biht-414 45 10 tools tool NOUN biht-414 45 11 could could AUX biht-414 45 12 act act VERB biht-414 45 13 as as ADP biht-414 45 14 force force NOUN biht-414 45 15 multipliers multiplier NOUN biht-414 45 16 , , PUNCT biht-414 45 17 allowing allow VERB biht-414 45 18 providers provider NOUN biht-414 45 19 to to PART biht-414 45 20 focus focus VERB biht-414 45 21 on on ADP biht-414 45 22 high high ADJ biht-414 45 23 - - PUNCT biht-414 45 24 value value NOUN biht-414 45 25 care care NOUN biht-414 45 26 activities activity NOUN biht-414 45 27 while while SCONJ biht-414 45 28 ai ai VERB biht-414 45 29 agents agent NOUN biht-414 45 30 and and CCONJ biht-414 45 31 automated automate VERB biht-414 45 32 tools tool NOUN biht-414 45 33 manage manage VERB biht-414 45 34 documentation documentation NOUN biht-414 45 35 and and CCONJ biht-414 45 36 coordination coordination NOUN biht-414 45 37 tasks task NOUN biht-414 45 38 . . PUNCT biht-414 46 1 implementation implementation NOUN biht-414 46 2 must must AUX biht-414 46 3 contend contend VERB biht-414 46 4 with with ADP biht-414 46 5 challenges challenge NOUN biht-414 46 6 such such ADJ biht-414 46 7 as as ADP biht-414 46 8 legacy legacy NOUN biht-414 46 9 system system NOUN biht-414 46 10 compatibility compatibility NOUN biht-414 46 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 46 12 secure secure ADJ biht-414 46 13 data datum NOUN biht-414 46 14 migration migration NOUN biht-414 46 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 46 16 and and CCONJ biht-414 46 17 staff staff NOUN biht-414 46 18 retraining retrain VERB biht-414 46 19 . . PUNCT biht-414 47 1 organizational organizational ADJ biht-414 47 2 change change NOUN biht-414 47 3 management management NOUN biht-414 47 4 will will AUX biht-414 47 5 be be AUX biht-414 47 6 just just ADV biht-414 47 7 as as ADV biht-414 47 8 vital vital ADJ biht-414 47 9 as as ADP biht-414 47 10 technical technical ADJ biht-414 47 11 integration integration NOUN biht-414 47 12 . . PUNCT biht-414 48 1 workflow workflow NOUN biht-414 48 2 redesigns redesign NOUN biht-414 48 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 48 4 cost cost NOUN biht-414 48 5 - - PUNCT biht-414 48 6 benefit benefit NOUN biht-414 48 7 analyses analysis NOUN biht-414 48 8 , , PUNCT biht-414 48 9 and and CCONJ biht-414 48 10 trust trust NOUN biht-414 48 11 - - PUNCT biht-414 48 12 building building NOUN biht-414 48 13 will will AUX biht-414 48 14 determine determine VERB biht-414 48 15 whether whether SCONJ biht-414 48 16 these these DET biht-414 48 17 tools tool NOUN biht-414 48 18 succeed succeed VERB biht-414 48 19 in in ADP biht-414 48 20 amplifying amplifying ADJ biht-414 48 21 care care NOUN biht-414 48 22 delivery delivery NOUN biht-414 48 23 . . PUNCT biht-414 49 1 ultimately ultimately ADV biht-414 49 2 , , PUNCT biht-414 49 3 the the DET biht-414 49 4 self self NOUN biht-414 49 5 - - PUNCT biht-414 49 6 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 49 7 patient patient NOUN biht-414 49 8 model model NOUN biht-414 49 9 is be AUX biht-414 49 10 a a DET biht-414 49 11 sociotechnical sociotechnical ADJ biht-414 49 12 construct construct NOUN biht-414 49 13 that that PRON biht-414 49 14 demands demand VERB biht-414 49 15 institutional institutional ADJ biht-414 49 16 change change NOUN biht-414 49 17 . . PUNCT biht-414 50 1 clinicians clinician NOUN biht-414 50 2 must must AUX biht-414 50 3 adapt adapt VERB biht-414 50 4 to to ADP biht-414 50 5 patient patient NOUN biht-414 50 6 - - PUNCT biht-414 50 7 generated generate VERB biht-414 50 8 health health NOUN biht-414 50 9 data datum NOUN biht-414 50 10 as as ADP biht-414 50 11 part part NOUN biht-414 50 12 of of ADP biht-414 50 13 the the DET biht-414 50 14 clinical clinical ADJ biht-414 50 15 narrative narrative NOUN biht-414 50 16 . . PUNCT biht-414 51 1 administrators administrator NOUN biht-414 51 2 must must AUX biht-414 51 3 rethink rethink VERB biht-414 51 4 data datum NOUN biht-414 51 5 governance governance NOUN biht-414 51 6 models model NOUN biht-414 51 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 52 1 bioethicists bioethicist NOUN biht-414 52 2 must must AUX biht-414 52 3 contend contend VERB biht-414 52 4 with with ADP biht-414 52 5 new new ADJ biht-414 52 6 questions question NOUN biht-414 52 7 around around ADP biht-414 52 8 autonomy autonomy NOUN biht-414 52 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 52 10 consent consent NOUN biht-414 52 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 52 12 and and CCONJ biht-414 52 13 equity equity NOUN biht-414 52 14 . . PUNCT biht-414 53 1 policymakers policymaker NOUN biht-414 53 2 must must AUX biht-414 53 3 anticipate anticipate VERB biht-414 53 4 and and CCONJ biht-414 53 5 shape shape VERB biht-414 53 6 emerging emerge VERB biht-414 53 7 standards standard NOUN biht-414 53 8 that that PRON biht-414 53 9 foster foster ADJ biht-414 53 10 trust trust NOUN biht-414 53 11 , , PUNCT biht-414 53 12 transparency transparency NOUN biht-414 53 13 , , PUNCT biht-414 53 14 and and CCONJ biht-414 53 15 accountability accountability NOUN biht-414 53 16 across across ADP biht-414 53 17 digital digital ADJ biht-414 53 18 health health NOUN biht-414 53 19 ecosystems ecosystem NOUN biht-414 53 20 . . PUNCT biht-414 54 1 the the DET biht-414 54 2 self self NOUN biht-414 54 3 - - PUNCT biht-414 54 4 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 54 5 patient patient NOUN biht-414 54 6 model model NOUN biht-414 54 7 must must AUX biht-414 54 8 function function VERB biht-414 54 9 not not PART biht-414 54 10 only only ADV biht-414 54 11 at at ADP biht-414 54 12 the the DET biht-414 54 13 technical technical ADJ biht-414 54 14 layer layer NOUN biht-414 54 15 but but CCONJ biht-414 54 16 also also ADV biht-414 54 17 as as ADP biht-414 54 18 a a DET biht-414 54 19 trust trust NOUN biht-414 54 20 architecture architecture NOUN biht-414 54 21 , , PUNCT biht-414 54 22 thereby thereby ADV biht-414 54 23 enabling enable VERB biht-414 54 24 policy policy NOUN biht-414 54 25 - - PUNCT biht-414 54 26 aligned align VERB biht-414 54 27 data datum NOUN biht-414 54 28 exchange exchange NOUN biht-414 54 29 along along ADP biht-414 54 30 the the DET biht-414 54 31 stakeholder stakeholder NOUN biht-414 54 32 value value NOUN biht-414 54 33 chain chain NOUN biht-414 54 34 in in ADP biht-414 54 35 ways way NOUN biht-414 54 36 that that PRON biht-414 54 37 reinforce reinforce VERB biht-414 54 38 transparency transparency NOUN biht-414 54 39 and and CCONJ biht-414 54 40 verifiability verifiability NOUN biht-414 54 41 . . PUNCT biht-414 55 1 cross cross ADJ biht-414 55 2 - - ADJ biht-414 55 3 disciplinary disciplinary ADJ biht-414 55 4 education education NOUN biht-414 55 5 and and CCONJ biht-414 55 6 scalable scalable ADJ biht-414 55 7 systems system NOUN biht-414 55 8 are be AUX biht-414 55 9 vital vital ADJ biht-414 55 10 to to PART biht-414 55 11 support support VERB biht-414 55 12 this this DET biht-414 55 13 transformation transformation NOUN biht-414 55 14 . . PUNCT biht-414 56 1 and and CCONJ biht-414 56 2 most most ADV biht-414 56 3 importantly importantly ADV biht-414 56 4 , , PUNCT biht-414 56 5 we we PRON biht-414 56 6 must must AUX biht-414 56 7 center center VERB biht-414 56 8 the the DET biht-414 56 9 lived live VERB biht-414 56 10 experiences experience NOUN biht-414 56 11 of of ADP biht-414 56 12 patients patient NOUN biht-414 56 13 in in ADP biht-414 56 14 the the DET biht-414 56 15 design design NOUN biht-414 56 16 of of ADP biht-414 56 17 digital digital ADJ biht-414 56 18 health health NOUN biht-414 56 19 systems system NOUN biht-414 56 20 . . PUNCT biht-414 57 1 in in ADP biht-414 57 2 the the DET biht-414 57 3 end end NOUN biht-414 57 4 , , PUNCT biht-414 57 5 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 57 6 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 57 7 is be AUX biht-414 57 8 not not PART biht-414 57 9 simply simply ADV biht-414 57 10 about about ADP biht-414 57 11 machines machine NOUN biht-414 57 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 57 13 data datum NOUN biht-414 57 14 , , PUNCT biht-414 57 15 or or CCONJ biht-414 57 16 automation automation NOUN biht-414 57 17 . . PUNCT biht-414 58 1 it it PRON biht-414 58 2 is be AUX biht-414 58 3 about about ADP biht-414 58 4 rehumanizing rehumanize VERB biht-414 58 5 care care NOUN biht-414 58 6 by by ADP biht-414 58 7 restoring restore VERB biht-414 58 8 agency agency NOUN biht-414 58 9 to to ADP biht-414 58 10 the the DET biht-414 58 11 individual individual NOUN biht-414 58 12 . . PUNCT biht-414 59 1 funding fund VERB biht-414 59 2 no no DET biht-414 59 3 funding funding NOUN biht-414 59 4 was be AUX biht-414 59 5 received receive VERB biht-414 59 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 60 1 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 NOUN biht-414 60 2 citation citation NOUN biht-414 60 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 60 4 blockchain blockchain NOUN biht-414 60 5 in in ADP biht-414 60 6 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 60 7 today today NOUN biht-414 60 8 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 60 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 60 10 8 8 NUM biht-414 60 11 : : SYM biht-414 60 12 414 414 NUM biht-414 60 13 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.4144 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.4144 ADJ biht-414 60 14 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 60 15 page page NOUN biht-414 60 16 number number NOUN biht-414 60 17 not not PART biht-414 60 18 for for ADP biht-414 60 19 citation citation NOUN biht-414 60 20 purpose purpose NOUN biht-414 60 21 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 60 22 tomer tomer PROPN biht-414 60 23 jordi jordi PROPN biht-414 60 24 chaffer chaffer VERB biht-414 60 25 et et PROPN biht-414 60 26 al al PROPN biht-414 60 27 . . PUNCT biht-414 61 1 conflicts conflict NOUN biht-414 61 2 of of ADP biht-414 61 3 interest interest NOUN biht-414 61 4 the the DET biht-414 61 5 authors author NOUN biht-414 61 6 have have VERB biht-414 61 7 no no DET biht-414 61 8 conflicts conflict NOUN biht-414 61 9 of of ADP biht-414 61 10 interest interest NOUN biht-414 61 11 to to PART biht-414 61 12 report report VERB biht-414 61 13 . . PUNCT biht-414 62 1 financial financial ADJ biht-414 62 2 and and CCONJ biht-414 62 3 non non ADJ biht-414 62 4 - - ADJ biht-414 62 5 financial financial ADJ biht-414 62 6 relationship relationship NOUN biht-414 62 7 and and CCONJ biht-414 62 8 activities activity NOUN biht-414 62 9 none none NOUN biht-414 62 10 . . PUNCT biht-414 63 1 authors author NOUN biht-414 63 2 ’ ' PUNCT biht-414 63 3 contributions contribution NOUN biht-414 63 4 all all DET biht-414 63 5 authors author NOUN biht-414 63 6 contributed contribute VERB biht-414 63 7 to to ADP biht-414 63 8 the the DET biht-414 63 9 conceptualization conceptualization NOUN biht-414 63 10 of of ADP biht-414 63 11 the the DET biht-414 63 12 manuscript manuscript NOUN biht-414 63 13 at at ADP biht-414 63 14 various various ADJ biht-414 63 15 stages stage NOUN biht-414 63 16 of of ADP biht-414 63 17 its its PRON biht-414 63 18 development development NOUN biht-414 63 19 . . PUNCT biht-414 64 1 tomer tomer PROPN biht-414 64 2 jordi jordi PROPN biht-414 64 3 chaffer chaffer NOUN biht-414 64 4 drafted draft VERB biht-414 64 5 the the DET biht-414 64 6 initial initial ADJ biht-414 64 7 manuscript manuscript NOUN biht-414 64 8 and and CCONJ biht-414 64 9 integrated integrated ADJ biht-414 64 10 feedback feedback NOUN biht-414 64 11 from from ADP biht-414 64 12 co co NOUN biht-414 64 13 - - NOUN biht-414 64 14 authors author NOUN biht-414 64 15 . . PUNCT biht-414 65 1 dr dr PROPN biht-414 65 2 . . PROPN biht-414 65 3 joe joe PROPN biht-414 65 4 littlejohn littlejohn PROPN biht-414 65 5 contributed contribute VERB biht-414 65 6 clinical clinical ADJ biht-414 65 7 insights insight NOUN biht-414 65 8 and and CCONJ biht-414 65 9 contextualized contextualize VERB biht-414 65 10 the the DET biht-414 65 11 narrative narrative NOUN biht-414 65 12 within within ADP biht-414 65 13 the the DET biht-414 65 14 broader broad ADJ biht-414 65 15 history history NOUN biht-414 65 16 of of ADP biht-414 65 17 technological technological ADJ biht-414 65 18 transformation transformation NOUN biht-414 65 19 in in ADP biht-414 65 20 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 65 21 , , PUNCT biht-414 65 22 including include VERB biht-414 65 23 the the DET biht-414 65 24 role role NOUN biht-414 65 25 of of ADP biht-414 65 26 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 65 27 in in ADP biht-414 65 28 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 65 29 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 65 30 . . PUNCT biht-414 66 1 arun arun PROPN biht-414 66 2 nadarasa nadarasa PROPN biht-414 66 3 provided provide VERB biht-414 66 4 analysis analysis NOUN biht-414 66 5 of of ADP biht-414 66 6 emerging emerge VERB biht-414 66 7 use use NOUN biht-414 66 8 cases case NOUN biht-414 66 9 in in ADP biht-414 66 10 the the DET biht-414 66 11 participatory participatory ADJ biht-414 66 12 data data PROPN biht-414 66 13 economy economy NOUN biht-414 66 14 and and CCONJ biht-414 66 15 industry industry NOUN biht-414 66 16 applications application NOUN biht-414 66 17 of of ADP biht-414 66 18 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 66 19 - - PUNCT biht-414 66 20 based base VERB biht-414 66 21 solutions solution NOUN biht-414 66 22 . . PUNCT biht-414 67 1 dr dr PROPN biht-414 67 2 . . PROPN biht-414 67 3 claudia claudia PROPN biht-414 67 4 lamschtein lamschtein PROPN biht-414 67 5 contributed contribute VERB biht-414 67 6 ethical ethical ADJ biht-414 67 7 analysis analysis NOUN biht-414 67 8 , , PUNCT biht-414 67 9 particularly particularly ADV biht-414 67 10 regarding regard VERB biht-414 67 11 the the DET biht-414 67 12 evolving evolve VERB biht-414 67 13 role role NOUN biht-414 67 14 of of ADP biht-414 67 15 the the DET biht-414 67 16 patient patient NOUN biht-414 67 17 in in ADP biht-414 67 18 this this DET biht-414 67 19 new new ADJ biht-414 67 20 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 67 21 paradigm paradigm NOUN biht-414 67 22 . . PUNCT biht-414 68 1 all all DET biht-414 68 2 authors author NOUN biht-414 68 3 reviewed review VERB biht-414 68 4 , , PUNCT biht-414 68 5 revised revise VERB biht-414 68 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 68 7 and and CCONJ biht-414 68 8 approved approve VERB biht-414 68 9 the the DET biht-414 68 10 final final ADJ biht-414 68 11 version version NOUN biht-414 68 12 of of ADP biht-414 68 13 the the DET biht-414 68 14 manuscript manuscript NOUN biht-414 68 15 for for ADP biht-414 68 16 publication publication NOUN biht-414 68 17 . . PUNCT biht-414 69 1 data datum NOUN biht-414 69 2 availability availability NOUN biht-414 69 3 statement statement NOUN biht-414 69 4 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 69 5 das das PROPN biht-414 69 6 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 69 7 , , PUNCT biht-414 69 8 data datum NOUN biht-414 69 9 sharing sharing NOUN biht-414 69 10 , , PUNCT biht-414 69 11 reproducibility reproducibility NOUN biht-414 69 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 69 13 and and CCONJ biht-414 69 14 data datum NOUN biht-414 69 15 repositories repository NOUN biht-414 69 16 this this DET biht-414 69 17 editorial editorial NOUN biht-414 69 18 does do AUX biht-414 69 19 not not PART biht-414 69 20 contain contain VERB biht-414 69 21 any any DET biht-414 69 22 primary primary ADJ biht-414 69 23 data datum NOUN biht-414 69 24 analysis analysis NOUN biht-414 69 25 or or CCONJ biht-414 69 26 new new ADJ biht-414 69 27 datasets dataset NOUN biht-414 69 28 . . PUNCT biht-414 70 1 application application NOUN biht-414 70 2 of of ADP biht-414 70 3 ai ai ADJ biht-414 70 4 - - PUNCT biht-414 70 5 generated generate VERB biht-414 70 6 text text NOUN biht-414 70 7 or or CCONJ biht-414 70 8 related relate VERB biht-414 70 9 technology technology NOUN biht-414 70 10 we we PRON biht-414 70 11 acknowledge acknowledge VERB biht-414 70 12 the the DET biht-414 70 13 use use NOUN biht-414 70 14 of of ADP biht-414 70 15 chatgpt chatgpt NOUN biht-414 70 16 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 70 17 gpt-4o gpt-4o PROPN biht-414 70 18 model model NOUN biht-414 70 19 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 70 20 to to PART biht-414 70 21 assist assist VERB biht-414 70 22 with with ADP biht-414 70 23 grammar grammar NOUN biht-414 70 24 correction correction NOUN biht-414 70 25 , , PUNCT biht-414 70 26 spelling spelling NOUN biht-414 70 27 , , PUNCT biht-414 70 28 and and CCONJ biht-414 70 29 editorial editorial NOUN biht-414 70 30 refinement refinement NOUN biht-414 70 31 throughout throughout ADP biht-414 70 32 the the DET biht-414 70 33 preparation preparation NOUN biht-414 70 34 of of ADP biht-414 70 35 this this DET biht-414 70 36 manuscript manuscript NOUN biht-414 70 37 . . PUNCT biht-414 71 1 we we PRON biht-414 71 2 also also ADV biht-414 71 3 used use VERB biht-414 71 4 claude claude PROPN biht-414 71 5 to to PART biht-414 71 6 support support VERB biht-414 71 7 adherence adherence NOUN biht-414 71 8 to to ADP biht-414 71 9 the the DET biht-414 71 10 vancouver vancouver NOUN biht-414 71 11 citation citation NOUN biht-414 71 12 style style NOUN biht-414 71 13 . . PUNCT biht-414 72 1 acknowledgments acknowledgment NOUN biht-414 72 2 tomer tomer PROPN biht-414 72 3 jordi jordi PROPN biht-414 72 4 chaffer chaffer NOUN biht-414 72 5 is be AUX biht-414 72 6 a a DET biht-414 72 7 member member NOUN biht-414 72 8 of of ADP biht-414 72 9 the the DET biht-414 72 10 editorial editorial ADJ biht-414 72 11 board board NOUN biht-414 72 12 for for ADP biht-414 72 13 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 72 14 in in ADP biht-414 72 15 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 72 16 today today NOUN biht-414 72 17 . . PUNCT biht-414 73 1 we we PRON biht-414 73 2 would would AUX biht-414 73 3 like like VERB biht-414 73 4 to to PART biht-414 73 5 thank thank VERB biht-414 73 6 muthu muthu PROPN biht-414 73 7 ramachandran ramachandran PROPN biht-414 73 8 for for ADP biht-414 73 9 his his PRON biht-414 73 10 helpful helpful ADJ biht-414 73 11 suggestions suggestion NOUN biht-414 73 12 during during ADP biht-414 73 13 the the DET biht-414 73 14 preparation preparation NOUN biht-414 73 15 of of ADP biht-414 73 16 this this DET biht-414 73 17 manuscript manuscript NOUN biht-414 73 18 . . PUNCT biht-414 74 1 references reference NOUN biht-414 74 2 1 1 NUM biht-414 74 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 75 1 chanchaichujit chanchaichujit PROPN biht-414 75 2 j j PROPN biht-414 75 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 75 4 tan tan PROPN biht-414 75 5 a a NOUN biht-414 75 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 75 7 meng meng PROPN biht-414 75 8 f f PROPN biht-414 75 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 75 10 eaimkhong eaimkhong PROPN biht-414 75 11 s. s. PROPN biht-414 75 12 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 75 13 4.0 4.0 NUM biht-414 75 14 . . PUNCT biht-414 76 1 singapore singapore PROPN biht-414 76 2 : : PUNCT biht-414 76 3 springer springer NOUN biht-414 76 4 nature nature NOUN biht-414 76 5 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 76 6 2019 2019 NUM biht-414 76 7 . . X biht-414 77 1 2 2 X biht-414 77 2 . . X biht-414 77 3 evans evans PROPN biht-414 77 4 rs rs PROPN biht-414 77 5 . . PUNCT biht-414 78 1 electronic electronic ADJ biht-414 78 2 health health NOUN biht-414 78 3 records record NOUN biht-414 78 4 : : PUNCT biht-414 78 5 then then ADV biht-414 78 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 78 7 now now ADV biht-414 78 8 , , PUNCT biht-414 78 9 and and CCONJ biht-414 78 10 in in ADP biht-414 78 11 the the DET biht-414 78 12 future future NOUN biht-414 78 13 . . PUNCT biht-414 79 1 yearb yearb PROPN biht-414 79 2 med med ADJ biht-414 79 3 inform inform NOUN biht-414 79 4 . . PUNCT biht-414 80 1 2016;25(s01):s48–61 2016;25(s01):s48–61 X biht-414 80 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 81 1 https://doi https://doi X biht-414 81 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 81 3 org/10.15265 org/10.15265 NOUN biht-414 81 4 / / SYM biht-414 81 5 iys-2016 iys-2016 NOUN biht-414 81 6 - - PUNCT biht-414 81 7 s006 s006 ADJ biht-414 81 8 3 3 NUM biht-414 81 9 . . PUNCT biht-414 81 10 harahap harahap PROPN biht-414 81 11 nc nc PROPN biht-414 81 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 81 13 handayani handayani PROPN biht-414 81 14 pw pw PROPN biht-414 81 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 81 16 hidayanto hidayanto VERB biht-414 81 17 an an PRON biht-414 81 18 . . PUNCT biht-414 81 19 functionalities functionality NOUN biht-414 81 20 and and CCONJ biht-414 81 21 issues issue NOUN biht-414 81 22 in in ADP biht-414 81 23 the the DET biht-414 81 24 implementation implementation NOUN biht-414 81 25 of of ADP biht-414 81 26 personal personal ADJ biht-414 81 27 health health NOUN biht-414 81 28 records record NOUN biht-414 81 29 : : PUNCT biht-414 81 30 systematic systematic ADJ biht-414 81 31 review review NOUN biht-414 81 32 . . PUNCT biht-414 82 1 j j PROPN biht-414 82 2 med med PROPN biht-414 82 3 internet internet NOUN biht-414 82 4 res re NOUN biht-414 82 5 . . PUNCT biht-414 83 1 2021;23(7):e26236 2021;23(7):e26236 X biht-414 83 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 84 1 https:// https:// PROPN biht-414 84 2 doi.org/10.2196/26236 doi.org/10.2196/26236 PROPN biht-414 84 3 4 4 NUM biht-414 84 4 . . PUNCT biht-414 84 5 thantilage thantilage NOUN biht-414 84 6 rd rd PROPN biht-414 84 7 , , PUNCT biht-414 84 8 le le X biht-414 84 9 - - PUNCT biht-414 84 10 khac khac NOUN biht-414 84 11 n n CCONJ biht-414 84 12 - - PUNCT biht-414 84 13 a a NOUN biht-414 84 14 , , PUNCT biht-414 84 15 kechadi kechadi NOUN biht-414 84 16 m m PROPN biht-414 84 17 - - PROPN biht-414 84 18 t. t. ADJ biht-414 84 19 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 84 20 data data PROPN biht-414 84 21 security security NOUN biht-414 84 22 and and CCONJ biht-414 84 23 privacy privacy NOUN biht-414 84 24 in in ADP biht-414 84 25 data datum NOUN biht-414 84 26 warehouse warehouse NOUN biht-414 84 27 architectures architecture NOUN biht-414 84 28 . . PUNCT biht-414 85 1 inform inform VERB biht-414 85 2 med me VERB biht-414 85 3 unlocked unlocked ADJ biht-414 85 4 . . PUNCT biht-414 86 1 2023;39:101270 2023;39:101270 NUM biht-414 86 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 87 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2023 X biht-414 87 2 . . PROPN biht-414 87 3 101270 101270 NUM biht-414 88 1 5 5 NUM biht-414 88 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 88 3 houtan houtan PROPN biht-414 88 4 b b PROPN biht-414 88 5 , , PUNCT biht-414 88 6 hafid hafid ADJ biht-414 88 7 as as ADP biht-414 88 8 , , PUNCT biht-414 88 9 makrakis makrakis PROPN biht-414 88 10 d. d. PROPN biht-414 88 11 a a DET biht-414 88 12 survey survey NOUN biht-414 88 13 on on ADP biht-414 88 14 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 88 15 based base VERB biht-414 88 16 self self NOUN biht-414 88 17 - - PUNCT biht-414 88 18 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 88 19 patient patient ADJ biht-414 88 20 identity identity NOUN biht-414 88 21 in in ADP biht-414 88 22 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 88 23 . . PUNCT biht-414 89 1 ieee ieee NOUN biht-414 89 2 access access NOUN biht-414 89 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 89 4     SPACE biht-414 90 1 2020;8:90478–94 2020;8:90478–94 NUM biht-414 90 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 91 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020 https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020 NOUN biht-414 91 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 92 1 2994090 2994090 NUM biht-414 92 2 6 6 NUM biht-414 92 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 93 1 heston heston PROPN biht-414 93 2 tf tf PROPN biht-414 93 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 94 1 a a DET biht-414 94 2 case case NOUN biht-414 94 3 study study NOUN biht-414 94 4 in in ADP biht-414 94 5 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 94 6 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 94 7 innovation innovation PROPN biht-414 94 8 . . PUNCT biht-414 95 1 int int PROPN biht-414 96 1 j j PROPN biht-414 96 2 curr curr PROPN biht-414 96 3 res res PROPN biht-414 96 4 . . PUNCT biht-414 96 5 2017;9(11 2017;9(11 NUM biht-414 96 6 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 96 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 97 1 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8277804 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8277804 NOUN biht-414 97 2 7 7 NUM biht-414 97 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 97 4 ekblaw ekblaw PROPN biht-414 97 5 a a PROPN biht-414 97 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 97 7 azaria azaria PROPN biht-414 97 8 a a PROPN biht-414 97 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 97 10 halamka halamka PROPN biht-414 97 11 jd jd PROPN biht-414 97 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 97 13 lippman lippman PROPN biht-414 97 14 a. a. PROPN biht-414 97 15 a a DET biht-414 97 16 case case NOUN biht-414 97 17 study study NOUN biht-414 97 18 for for ADP biht-414 97 19 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 97 20 in in ADP biht-414 97 21 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 97 22 : : PUNCT biht-414 97 23 “ " PUNCT biht-414 97 24 medrec medrec ADJ biht-414 97 25 ” " PUNCT biht-414 97 26 prototype prototype NOUN biht-414 97 27 for for ADP biht-414 97 28 electronic electronic ADJ biht-414 97 29 health health NOUN biht-414 97 30 records record NOUN biht-414 97 31 and and CCONJ biht-414 97 32 medical medical ADJ biht-414 97 33 research research NOUN biht-414 97 34 data datum NOUN biht-414 97 35 . . PUNCT biht-414 98 1 proc proc PROPN biht-414 98 2 ieee ieee PROPN biht-414 98 3 open open VERB biht-414 98 4 big big ADJ biht-414 98 5 data datum NOUN biht-414 98 6 conf conf NOUN biht-414 98 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 99 1 2016;13:13 2016;13:13 NUM biht-414 99 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 100 1 8 8 NUM biht-414 100 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 100 3 caine caine PROPN biht-414 100 4 k k PROPN biht-414 100 5 , , PUNCT biht-414 100 6 hanania hanania PROPN biht-414 100 7 r. r. PROPN biht-414 100 8 patients patient NOUN biht-414 100 9 want want VERB biht-414 100 10 granular granular ADJ biht-414 100 11 privacy privacy NOUN biht-414 100 12 control control NOUN biht-414 100 13 over over ADP biht-414 100 14 health health NOUN biht-414 100 15 information information NOUN biht-414 100 16 in in ADP biht-414 100 17 electronic electronic ADJ biht-414 100 18 medical medical ADJ biht-414 100 19 records record NOUN biht-414 100 20 . . PUNCT biht-414 101 1 j j PROPN biht-414 101 2 am be AUX biht-414 101 3 med me VERB biht-414 101 4 inform inform NOUN biht-414 101 5 assoc assoc NOUN biht-414 101 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 102 1 2012;20(1):7–15 2012;20(1):7–15 X biht-414 102 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 103 1 https://doi.org/10.1136/ https://doi.org/10.1136/ PROPN biht-414 103 2 amiajnl-2012 amiajnl-2012 NOUN biht-414 103 3 - - PUNCT biht-414 103 4 001023 001023 NUM biht-414 103 5 9 9 NUM biht-414 103 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 104 1 armstrong armstrong PROPN biht-414 104 2 s. s. PROPN biht-414 104 3 nhs nhs PROPN biht-414 104 4 england england PROPN biht-414 104 5 faces face VERB biht-414 104 6 investigation investigation NOUN biht-414 104 7 over over ADP biht-414 104 8 granting grant VERB biht-414 104 9 foresight foresight NOUN biht-414 104 10 access access NOUN biht-414 104 11 to to ADP biht-414 104 12 gp gp NOUN biht-414 104 13 patient patient NOUN biht-414 104 14 data datum NOUN biht-414 104 15 . . PUNCT biht-414 105 1 bmj bmj PROPN biht-414 105 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 106 1 2025;389 2025;389 NUM biht-414 106 2 : : PUNCT biht-414 106 3 r1192 r1192 NOUN biht-414 106 4 . . NOUN biht-414 107 1 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1192 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1192 SYM biht-414 107 2 10 10 NUM biht-414 107 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 107 4 guardtime guardtime NOUN biht-414 107 5 . . PUNCT biht-414 108 1 ksi ksi PROPN biht-414 108 2 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 108 3 massive massive ADJ biht-414 108 4 - - PUNCT biht-414 108 5 scale scale NOUN biht-414 108 6 system system NOUN biht-414 108 7 integrity integrity NOUN biht-414 108 8 [ [ X biht-414 108 9 internet internet NOUN biht-414 108 10 ] ] X biht-414 108 11 . . PUNCT biht-414 109 1 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 110 1 [ [ X biht-414 110 2 cited cite VERB biht-414 110 3 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 110 4 jun jun PROPN biht-414 110 5 14 14 NUM biht-414 110 6 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 110 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 111 1 available available ADJ biht-414 111 2 from from ADP biht-414 111 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 111 4 https:// https:// PROPN biht-414 111 5 m.guardtime.com/files/ksi_data_sheet_1805.pdf m.guardtime.com/files/ksi_data_sheet_1805.pdf PROPN biht-414 111 6 11 11 NUM biht-414 111 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 112 1 kim kim PROPN biht-414 112 2 tm tm PROPN biht-414 112 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 112 4 ko ko PROPN biht-414 112 5 t t PROPN biht-414 112 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 112 7 hwang hwang PROPN biht-414 112 8 bw bw PROPN biht-414 112 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 112 10 paek paek PROPN biht-414 112 11 hg hg PROPN biht-414 112 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 112 13 lee lee PROPN biht-414 112 14 wy wy PROPN biht-414 112 15 . . PROPN biht-414 112 16 self self PROPN biht-414 112 17 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 112 18 management management NOUN biht-414 112 19 scheme scheme NOUN biht-414 112 20 of of ADP biht-414 112 21 personal personal ADJ biht-414 112 22 health health NOUN biht-414 112 23 record record NOUN biht-414 112 24 with with ADP biht-414 112 25 personal personal ADJ biht-414 112 26 data datum NOUN biht-414 112 27 store store NOUN biht-414 112 28 and and CCONJ biht-414 112 29 decentralized decentralized ADJ biht-414 112 30 identifier identifier NOUN biht-414 112 31 . . PUNCT biht-414 113 1 comput comput NOUN biht-414 113 2 struct struct VERB biht-414 113 3 biotechnol biotechnol NOUN biht-414 113 4 j. j. PROPN biht-414 113 5 2025;28:16–28 2025;28:16–28 PROPN biht-414 113 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 114 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j https://doi.org/10.1016/j NOUN biht-414 114 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 115 1 csbj.2024.11.036 csbj.2024.11.036 NOUN biht-414 116 1 12 12 NUM biht-414 116 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 117 1 mazzocca mazzocca PROPN biht-414 117 2 c c PROPN biht-414 117 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 117 4 acar acar VERB biht-414 117 5 a a PRON biht-414 117 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 117 7 uluagac uluagac PROPN biht-414 117 8 s s PROPN biht-414 117 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 117 10 montanari montanari PROPN biht-414 117 11 r r PROPN biht-414 117 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 117 13 bellavista bellavista PROPN biht-414 117 14 p p PROPN biht-414 117 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 117 16 conti conti PROPN biht-414 117 17 m. m. PROPN biht-414 117 18 a a DET biht-414 117 19 survey survey NOUN biht-414 117 20 on on ADP biht-414 117 21 decentralized decentralize VERB biht-414 117 22 identifiers identifier NOUN biht-414 117 23 and and CCONJ biht-414 117 24 verifiable verifiable ADJ biht-414 117 25 credentials credential NOUN biht-414 117 26 . . PUNCT biht-414 118 1 ieee ieee PROPN biht-414 118 2 commun commun PROPN biht-414 118 3 surv surv PROPN biht-414 118 4 tutor tutor NOUN biht-414 118 5 . . PUNCT biht-414 119 1 2025;1–1 2025;1–1 X biht-414 119 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 120 1 https://doi https://doi PROPN biht-414 120 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 120 3 org/10.1109 org/10.1109 PROPN biht-414 120 4 / / SYM biht-414 120 5 comst.2025.3543197 comst.2025.3543197 PROPN biht-414 120 6 13 13 NUM biht-414 120 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 120 8 pinna pinna PROPN biht-414 120 9 a a PRON biht-414 120 10 , , PUNCT biht-414 120 11 lunesu lunesu PROPN biht-414 120 12 mi mi PROPN biht-414 120 13 , , PUNCT biht-414 120 14 tonelli tonelli PROPN biht-414 120 15 r r PROPN biht-414 120 16 , , PUNCT biht-414 120 17 sansoni sansoni PROPN biht-414 120 18 s. s. PROPN biht-414 120 19 soulbound soulbound PROPN biht-414 120 20 token token PROPN biht-414 120 21 applications application NOUN biht-414 120 22 : : PUNCT biht-414 120 23 a a DET biht-414 120 24 case case NOUN biht-414 120 25 study study NOUN biht-414 120 26 in in ADP biht-414 120 27 the the DET biht-414 120 28 health health NOUN biht-414 120 29 sector sector NOUN biht-414 120 30 . . PUNCT biht-414 121 1 distrib distrib NOUN biht-414 121 2 ledger ledger NOUN biht-414 121 3 technol technol NOUN biht-414 121 4 res re NOUN biht-414 121 5 pract pract NOUN biht-414 121 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 122 1 2024;4(3):1–15 2024;4(3):1–15 NUM biht-414 122 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 123 1 https://doi.org/10.1145/3674155 https://doi.org/10.1145/3674155 PROPN biht-414 123 2 14 14 NUM biht-414 123 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 124 1 ohlhaver ohlhaver PROPN biht-414 124 2 p p NOUN biht-414 124 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 124 4 weyl weyl PROPN biht-414 124 5 eg eg NOUN biht-414 124 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 124 7 buterin buterin ADJ biht-414 124 8 v. v. ADP biht-414 124 9 decentralized decentralized ADJ biht-414 124 10 society society NOUN biht-414 124 11 : : PUNCT biht-414 124 12 finding find VERB biht-414 124 13 web3 web3 PROPN biht-414 124 14 ’s ’s PART biht-414 124 15 soul soul NOUN biht-414 124 16 . . PUNCT biht-414 125 1 2022 2022 NUM biht-414 126 1 [ [ X biht-414 126 2 cited cite VERB biht-414 126 3 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 126 4 jun jun PROPN biht-414 126 5 14 14 NUM biht-414 126 6 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 126 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 127 1 available available ADJ biht-414 127 2 from from ADP biht-414 127 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 127 4 https:// https:// PROPN biht-414 127 5 ssrn.com/abstract=4105763 ssrn.com/abstract=4105763 PROPN biht-414 127 6 15 15 NUM biht-414 127 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 128 1 mukherjee mukherjee PROPN biht-414 128 2 s s PROPN biht-414 128 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 128 4 gamble gamble VERB biht-414 128 5 p p NOUN biht-414 128 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 128 7 sanz sanz PROPN biht-414 128 8 am am PROPN biht-414 128 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 128 10 kant kant PROPN biht-414 128 11 n n CCONJ biht-414 128 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 128 13 aggarwal aggarwal PROPN biht-414 128 14 k k PROPN biht-414 128 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 128 16 manjunath manjunath PROPN biht-414 128 17 n n CCONJ biht-414 128 18 , , PUNCT biht-414 129 1 et et PROPN biht-414 129 2 al al PROPN biht-414 129 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 129 4 polaris polaris PROPN biht-414 129 5 : : PUNCT biht-414 129 6 a a DET biht-414 129 7 safety safety NOUN biht-414 129 8 - - PUNCT biht-414 129 9 focused focus VERB biht-414 129 10 llm llm PROPN biht-414 129 11 constellation constellation NOUN biht-414 129 12 crchitecture crchitecture NOUN biht-414 129 13 for for ADP biht-414 129 14 healthcare[internet healthcare[internet PROPN biht-414 129 15 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 129 16 . . PUNCT biht-414 130 1 arxiv.org arxiv.org NOUN biht-414 130 2 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 130 3 2024 2024 NUM biht-414 130 4 [ [ PUNCT biht-414 130 5 cited cite VERB biht-414 130 6 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 130 7 jun jun PROPN biht-414 130 8 14 14 NUM biht-414 130 9 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 130 10 . . PUNCT biht-414 131 1 available available ADJ biht-414 131 2 from from ADP biht-414 131 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 131 4 https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13313 https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13313 PROPN biht-414 131 5 16 16 NUM biht-414 131 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 132 1 yuan yuan PROPN biht-414 132 2 m m PROPN biht-414 132 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 132 4 bao bao PROPN biht-414 132 5 p p X biht-414 132 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 132 7 yuan yuan PROPN biht-414 132 8 j j PROPN biht-414 132 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 132 10 shen shen PROPN biht-414 132 11 y y PROPN biht-414 132 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 132 13 chen chen PROPN biht-414 132 14 z z PROPN biht-414 132 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 132 16 xie xie PROPN biht-414 132 17 y y PROPN biht-414 132 18 , , PUNCT biht-414 132 19 et et PROPN biht-414 132 20 al al PROPN biht-414 132 21 . . PUNCT biht-414 133 1 large large ADJ biht-414 133 2 language language NOUN biht-414 133 3 models model NOUN biht-414 133 4 illuminate illuminate VERB biht-414 133 5 a a DET biht-414 133 6 progressive progressive ADJ biht-414 133 7 pathway pathway NOUN biht-414 133 8 to to ADP biht-414 133 9 artificial artificial ADJ biht-414 133 10 intelligent intelligent ADJ biht-414 133 11 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 133 12 assistant assistant NOUN biht-414 133 13 . . PUNCT biht-414 134 1 med med PROPN biht-414 134 2 plus plus CCONJ biht-414 134 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 135 1 2024;1(2):100030 2024;1(2):100030 NUM biht-414 135 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 136 1 https:// https:// PROPN biht-414 136 2 doi.org/10.1016/j.medp.2024.100030 doi.org/10.1016/j.medp.2024.100030 PROPN biht-414 136 3 17 17 NUM biht-414 136 4 . . PUNCT biht-414 137 1 singh singh PROPN biht-414 137 2 a a PRON biht-414 137 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 137 4 lu lu NOUN biht-414 137 5 c c NOUN biht-414 137 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 137 7 gupta gupta PROPN biht-414 137 8 g g PROPN biht-414 137 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 137 10 behari behari ADJ biht-414 137 11 n n CCONJ biht-414 137 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 137 13 chopra chopra PROPN biht-414 137 14 a a PRON biht-414 137 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 137 16 blanc blanc PROPN biht-414 137 17 j j PROPN biht-414 137 18 , , PUNCT biht-414 137 19 et et PROPN biht-414 137 20 al al PROPN biht-414 137 21 . . PUNCT biht-414 138 1 a a DET biht-414 138 2 perspective perspective NOUN biht-414 138 3 on on ADP biht-414 138 4 decentralizing decentralize VERB biht-414 138 5 ai ai VERB biht-414 138 6 [ [ X biht-414 138 7 internet internet NOUN biht-414 138 8 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 138 9 . . PUNCT biht-414 139 1 mit mit PROPN biht-414 139 2 media medium NOUN biht-414 139 3 lab lab NOUN biht-414 139 4 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 139 5 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 139 6 [ [ PUNCT biht-414 139 7 cited cite VERB biht-414 139 8 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 139 9 jun jun PROPN biht-414 139 10 11 11 NUM biht-414 139 11 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 139 12 . . PUNCT biht-414 140 1 available available ADJ biht-414 140 2 from from ADP biht-414 140 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 140 4 https://nanda.media https://nanda.media PROPN biht-414 140 5 . . PUNCT biht-414 141 1 mit.edu/decentralized_ai_perspective.pdf mit.edu/decentralized_ai_perspective.pdf PROPN biht-414 141 2 18 18 NUM biht-414 141 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 141 4 abdulmalek abdulmalek PROPN biht-414 141 5 s s PROPN biht-414 141 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 141 7 nasir nasir PROPN biht-414 141 8 a a PROPN biht-414 141 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 141 10 jabbar jabbar PROPN biht-414 141 11 wa wa PROPN biht-414 141 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 141 13 almuhaya almuhaya PROPN biht-414 141 14 ma ma PROPN biht-414 141 15 , , PUNCT biht-414 141 16 bairagi bairagi PROPN biht-414 141 17 ak ak PROPN biht-414 141 18 , , PUNCT biht-414 141 19 khan khan PROPN biht-414 141 20 mam mam PROPN biht-414 141 21 , , PUNCT biht-414 141 22 et et PROPN biht-414 142 1 al al PROPN biht-414 142 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 142 3 iomt iomt PROPN biht-414 142 4 - - PUNCT biht-414 142 5 based base VERB biht-414 142 6 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 142 7 - - PUNCT biht-414 142 8 monitoring monitor VERB biht-414 142 9 system system NOUN biht-414 142 10 towards towards ADP biht-414 142 11 improving improve VERB biht-414 142 12 quality quality NOUN biht-414 142 13 of of ADP biht-414 142 14 life life NOUN biht-414 142 15 : : PUNCT biht-414 142 16 a a DET biht-414 142 17 review review NOUN biht-414 142 18 . . PUNCT biht-414 143 1 healthcare healthcare PROPN biht-414 143 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 144 1 2022;10(10):1993 2022;10(10):1993 X biht-414 144 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 145 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101993 https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101993 PROPN biht-414 145 2 19 19 NUM biht-414 145 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 146 1 harrell harrell PROPN biht-414 146 2 dt dt PROPN biht-414 146 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 146 4 usman usman PROPN biht-414 146 5 m m PROPN biht-414 146 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 146 7 hanson hanson PROPN biht-414 146 8 l l PROPN biht-414 146 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 146 10 abdul abdul PROPN biht-414 146 11 - - PUNCT biht-414 146 12 moheeth moheeth PROPN biht-414 146 13 m m PROPN biht-414 146 14 , , PUNCT biht-414 146 15 desai desai PROPN biht-414 146 16 i i PRON biht-414 146 17 , , PUNCT biht-414 146 18 shriram shriram PROPN biht-414 146 19 j j PROPN biht-414 146 20 , , PUNCT biht-414 146 21 et et PROPN biht-414 146 22 al al PROPN biht-414 146 23 . . PUNCT biht-414 146 24 technical technical ADJ biht-414 146 25 design design NOUN biht-414 146 26 and and CCONJ biht-414 146 27 development development NOUN biht-414 146 28 of of ADP biht-414 146 29 a a DET biht-414 146 30 self self NOUN biht-414 146 31 - - PUNCT biht-414 146 32 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 146 33 identity identity NOUN biht-414 146 34 management management NOUN biht-414 146 35 platform platform NOUN biht-414 146 36 for for ADP biht-414 146 37 patient patient ADJ biht-414 146 38 - - PUNCT biht-414 146 39 centric centric ADJ biht-414 146 40 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 146 41 using use VERB biht-414 146 42 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 146 43 technology technology PROPN biht-414 146 44 . . PUNCT biht-414 147 1 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 147 2 healthc healthc PROPN biht-414 147 3 today today NOUN biht-414 147 4 . . PUNCT biht-414 148 1 2022;5(s1):196 2022;5(s1):196 X biht-414 148 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 149 1 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v5.196 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v5.196 ADJ biht-414 149 2 20 20 NUM biht-414 149 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 150 1 mishra mishra PROPN biht-414 150 2 as as ADP biht-414 150 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 151 1 study study NOUN biht-414 151 2 on on ADP biht-414 151 3 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 151 4 - - PUNCT biht-414 151 5 based base VERB biht-414 151 6 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 151 7 insurance insurance NOUN biht-414 151 8 claim claim NOUN biht-414 151 9 system system NOUN biht-414 151 10 . . PUNCT biht-414 152 1 2021 2021 NUM biht-414 152 2 asian asian ADJ biht-414 152 3 conf conf NOUN biht-414 152 4 innov innov PROPN biht-414 152 5 technol technol PROPN biht-414 152 6 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 152 7 asiancon asiancon NOUN biht-414 152 8 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 152 9 . . PUNCT biht-414 153 1 2021;1–4 2021;1–4 NUM biht-414 153 2 . . 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PUNCT biht-414 158 1 2024;40(10):1959–64 2024;40(10):1959–64 NUM biht-414 158 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 159 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2024.07.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2024.07.010 PROPN biht-414 159 2 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 NOUN biht-414 159 3 https://doi.org/10.15265/iys-2016-s006 https://doi.org/10.15265/iys-2016-s006 ADJ biht-414 159 4 https://doi.org/10.15265/iys-2016-s006 https://doi.org/10.15265/iys-2016-s006 ADJ biht-414 159 5 https://doi.org/10.2196/26236 https://doi.org/10.2196/26236 X biht-414 159 6 https://doi.org/10.2196/26236 https://doi.org/10.2196/26236 ADP biht-414 159 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2023.101270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2023.101270 PROPN biht-414 159 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2023.101270 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2023.101270 PROPN biht-414 160 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994090 https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994090 PROPN biht-414 160 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994090 https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2994090 PROPN biht-414 160 3 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8277804 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8277804 NOUN biht-414 160 4 https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001023 https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001023 X biht-414 160 5 https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001023 https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001023 PROPN biht-414 160 6 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1192 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1192 PRON biht-414 160 7 https://m.guardtime.com/files/ksi_data_sheet_1805.pdf https://m.guardtime.com/files/ksi_data_sheet_1805.pdf PROPN biht-414 160 8 https://m.guardtime.com/files/ksi_data_sheet_1805.pdf https://m.guardtime.com/files/ksi_data_sheet_1805.pdf PROPN biht-414 160 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2024.11.036 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2024.11.036 NOUN biht-414 160 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2024.11.036 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2024.11.036 NOUN biht-414 160 11 https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3543197 https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3543197 PROPN biht-414 160 12 https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3543197 https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3543197 PROPN biht-414 160 13 https://doi.org/10.1145/3674155 https://doi.org/10.1145/3674155 PROPN biht-414 160 14 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4105763 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4105763 PROPN biht-414 160 15 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4105763 https://ssrn.com/abstract=4105763 PROPN biht-414 160 16 https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13313 https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13313 PROPN biht-414 160 17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medp.2024.100030 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medp.2024.100030 PROPN biht-414 160 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medp.2024.100030 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medp.2024.100030 PROPN biht-414 160 19 https://nanda.media.mit.edu/decentralized_ai_perspective.pdf https://nanda.media.mit.edu/decentralized_ai_perspective.pdf NOUN biht-414 160 20 https://nanda.media.mit.edu/decentralized_ai_perspective.pdf https://nanda.media.mit.edu/decentralized_ai_perspective.pdf PROPN biht-414 160 21 https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101993 https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101993 NOUN biht-414 160 22 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v5.196 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v5.196 ADJ biht-414 160 23 https://doi.org/10.1109/asiancon51346.2021.9544892 https://doi.org/10.1109/asiancon51346.2021.9544892 ADJ biht-414 160 24 https://doi.org/10.1109/asiancon51346.2021.9544892 https://doi.org/10.1109/asiancon51346.2021.9544892 NOUN biht-414 160 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2024.07.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2024.07.010 PROPN biht-414 160 26 citation citation NOUN biht-414 160 27 : : PUNCT biht-414 161 1 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 161 2 in in ADP biht-414 161 3 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 161 4 today today NOUN biht-414 161 5 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 161 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 161 7 8 8 NUM biht-414 161 8 : : SYM biht-414 161 9 414 414 NUM biht-414 161 10 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v8.414 NOUN biht-414 161 11 5 5 NUM biht-414 161 12 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 161 13 page page NOUN biht-414 161 14 number number NOUN biht-414 161 15 not not PART biht-414 161 16 for for ADP biht-414 161 17 citation citation NOUN biht-414 161 18 purpose purpose NOUN biht-414 161 19 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 161 20 the the DET biht-414 161 21 self self NOUN biht-414 161 22 - - PUNCT biht-414 161 23 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 161 24 patient patient NOUN biht-414 161 25 22 22 NUM biht-414 161 26 . . PUNCT biht-414 162 1 ghadi ghadi PROPN biht-414 162 2 yy yy PROPN biht-414 162 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 162 4 mazhar mazhar PROPN biht-414 162 5 t t PROPN biht-414 162 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 162 7 shahzad shahzad PROPN biht-414 162 8 t t PROPN biht-414 162 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 162 10 khan khan PROPN biht-414 162 11 ma ma PROPN biht-414 162 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 162 13 abd abd PROPN biht-414 162 14 - - PROPN biht-414 162 15 alrazaq alrazaq PROPN biht-414 162 16 a a PROPN biht-414 162 17 , , PUNCT biht-414 162 18 ahmed ahme VERB biht-414 162 19 a a PROPN biht-414 162 20 , , PUNCT biht-414 162 21 et et PROPN biht-414 162 22 al al PROPN biht-414 162 23 . . PUNCT biht-414 163 1 the the DET biht-414 163 2 role role NOUN biht-414 163 3 of of ADP biht-414 163 4 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 163 5 to to PART biht-414 163 6 secure secure VERB biht-414 163 7 internet internet NOUN biht-414 163 8 of of ADP biht-414 163 9 medical medical ADJ biht-414 163 10 things thing NOUN biht-414 163 11 . . PUNCT biht-414 164 1 sci sci PROPN biht-414 164 2 rep rep PROPN biht-414 164 3 . . PROPN biht-414 164 4 2024;14(1):18422 2024;14(1):18422 NUM biht-414 164 5 . . PUNCT biht-414 165 1 https://doi https://doi NOUN biht-414 165 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 166 1 org/10.1038 org/10.1038 PROPN biht-414 166 2 / / SYM biht-414 166 3 s41598 s41598 PROPN biht-414 166 4 - - PUNCT biht-414 166 5 024 024 NUM biht-414 166 6 - - PUNCT biht-414 166 7 68529 68529 NUM biht-414 166 8 - - PUNCT biht-414 166 9 x x SYM biht-414 166 10 23 23 NUM biht-414 166 11 . . PUNCT biht-414 167 1 chiruvella chiruvella PROPN biht-414 167 2 v v PROPN biht-414 167 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 167 4 guddati guddati PROPN biht-414 167 5 ak ak PROPN biht-414 167 6 . . PROPN biht-414 167 7 ethical ethical ADJ biht-414 167 8 issues issue NOUN biht-414 167 9 in in ADP biht-414 167 10 patient patient ADJ biht-414 167 11 data datum NOUN biht-414 167 12 ownership ownership NOUN biht-414 167 13 . . PUNCT biht-414 168 1 interact interact PROPN biht-414 168 2 j j PROPN biht-414 168 3 med med PROPN biht-414 168 4 res re NOUN biht-414 168 5 . . PUNCT biht-414 169 1 2021;10(2):e22269 2021;10(2):e22269 X biht-414 169 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 170 1 https://doi https://doi PROPN biht-414 170 2 . . PROPN biht-414 170 3 org/10.2196/22269 org/10.2196/22269 NOUN biht-414 170 4 24 24 NUM biht-414 170 5 . . PUNCT biht-414 171 1 alder alder PROPN biht-414 171 2 s. s. PROPN biht-414 171 3 hipaa hipaa PROPN biht-414 171 4 updates update NOUN biht-414 171 5 and and CCONJ biht-414 171 6 hipaa hipaa NOUN biht-414 171 7 changes change NOUN biht-414 171 8 in in ADP biht-414 171 9 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 171 10 [ [ X biht-414 171 11 internet internet NOUN biht-414 171 12 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 171 13 . . PUNCT biht-414 172 1 hipaa hipaa PROPN biht-414 172 2 j. j. PROPN biht-414 172 3 2025 2025 PROPN biht-414 172 4 [ [ X biht-414 172 5 cited cite VERB biht-414 172 6 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 172 7 jun jun PROPN biht-414 172 8 16 16 NUM biht-414 172 9 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 172 10 . . PUNCT biht-414 173 1 available available ADJ biht-414 173 2 from from ADP biht-414 173 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 174 1 https://www https://www PROPN biht-414 174 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 174 3 hipaajournal.com/hipaa-updates-hipaa-changes/ hipaajournal.com/hipaa-updates-hipaa-changes/ PROPN biht-414 174 4 25 25 NUM biht-414 174 5 . . PUNCT biht-414 175 1 hoffman hoffman PROPN biht-414 175 2 s s PROPN biht-414 175 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 175 4 podgurski podgurski PROPN biht-414 175 5 a. a. NOUN biht-414 176 1 securing secure VERB biht-414 176 2 the the DET biht-414 176 3 hipaa hipaa NOUN biht-414 176 4 security security NOUN biht-414 176 5 rule rule NOUN biht-414 176 6 [ [ X biht-414 176 7 internet internet NOUN biht-414 176 8 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 176 9 . . PUNCT biht-414 177 1 ssrn ssrn NOUN biht-414 177 2 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 177 3 2024 2024 NUM biht-414 177 4 [ [ PUNCT biht-414 177 5 cited cite VERB biht-414 177 6 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 177 7 jun jun PROPN biht-414 177 8 16 16 NUM biht-414 177 9 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 177 10 . . PUNCT biht-414 178 1 available available ADJ biht-414 178 2 from from ADP biht-414 178 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 178 4 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=953670 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=953670 PROPN biht-414 178 5 26 26 NUM biht-414 178 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 179 1 chaffer chaffer VERB biht-414 179 2 tj tj PROPN biht-414 179 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 179 4 goldston goldston PROPN biht-414 179 5 j. j. PROPN biht-414 179 6 on on ADP biht-414 179 7 the the DET biht-414 179 8 existential existential ADJ biht-414 179 9 basis basis NOUN biht-414 179 10 of of ADP biht-414 179 11 self self NOUN biht-414 179 12 - - PUNCT biht-414 179 13 sovereign sovereign ADJ biht-414 179 14 identity identity NOUN biht-414 179 15 and and CCONJ biht-414 179 16 soulbound soulbound PROPN biht-414 179 17 tokens token NOUN biht-414 179 18 : : PUNCT biht-414 179 19 an an DET biht-414 179 20 examination examination NOUN biht-414 179 21 of of ADP biht-414 179 22 the the DET biht-414 179 23 “ " PUNCT biht-414 179 24 self self NOUN biht-414 179 25 ” " PUNCT biht-414 179 26 in in ADP biht-414 179 27 the the DET biht-414 179 28 age age NOUN biht-414 179 29 of of ADP biht-414 179 30 web3 web3 PROPN biht-414 179 31 . . PUNCT biht-414 180 1 j j PROPN biht-414 180 2 strateg strateg PROPN biht-414 180 3 innov innov PROPN biht-414 180 4 sustain sustain VERB biht-414 180 5 [ [ X biht-414 180 6 internet internet NOUN biht-414 180 7 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 180 8 . . PUNCT biht-414 181 1 2022 2022 NUM biht-414 182 1 [ [ X biht-414 182 2 cited cite VERB biht-414 182 3 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 182 4 jun jun PROPN biht-414 182 5 14];17(3 14];17(3 NUM biht-414 182 6 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 182 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 183 1 available available ADJ biht-414 183 2 from from ADP biht-414 183 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 183 4 https://articlegateway.com/ https://articlegateway.com/ NOUN biht-414 183 5 index.php/jsis/article/view/5637/5349 index.php/jsis/article/view/5637/5349 ADJ biht-414 183 6 27 27 NUM biht-414 183 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 184 1 bayle bayle PROPN biht-414 184 2 a a PROPN biht-414 184 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 184 4 koscina koscina PROPN biht-414 184 5 m m PROPN biht-414 184 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 184 7 manset manset NOUN biht-414 184 8 d d NOUN biht-414 184 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 184 10 perez perez PROPN biht-414 184 11 - - PUNCT biht-414 184 12 kempner kempner PROPN biht-414 184 13 o. o. PROPN biht-414 184 14 when when SCONJ biht-414 184 15 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 184 16 meets meet VERB biht-414 184 17 the the DET biht-414 184 18 right right NOUN biht-414 184 19 to to PART biht-414 184 20 be be AUX biht-414 184 21 forgotten forget VERB biht-414 184 22 : : PUNCT biht-414 184 23 technology technology NOUN biht-414 184 24 versus versus ADP biht-414 184 25 law law NOUN biht-414 184 26 in in ADP biht-414 184 27 the the DET biht-414 184 28 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 184 29 industry industry NOUN biht-414 184 30 . . PUNCT biht-414 185 1 in in ADP biht-414 185 2 2018 2018 NUM biht-414 185 3 ieee ieee NOUN biht-414 185 4 / / SYM biht-414 185 5 wic wic NOUN biht-414 185 6 / / SYM biht-414 185 7 acm acm PROPN biht-414 185 8 international international ADJ biht-414 185 9 conference conference NOUN biht-414 185 10 on on ADP biht-414 185 11 web web NOUN biht-414 185 12 intelligence intelligence NOUN biht-414 185 13 ( ( PUNCT biht-414 185 14 wi wi PROPN biht-414 185 15 ) ) PUNCT biht-414 185 16 , , PUNCT biht-414 185 17 santiago santiago PROPN biht-414 185 18 , , PUNCT biht-414 185 19 chile chile PROPN biht-414 185 20 . . PUNCT biht-414 186 1 2018 2018 NUM biht-414 186 2 , , PUNCT biht-414 186 3 p. p. NOUN biht-414 186 4     SPACE biht-414 186 5 788–92 788–92 NOUN biht-414 186 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 187 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/wi.2018.00133 https://doi.org/10.1109/wi.2018.00133 PROPN biht-414 187 2 28 28 NUM biht-414 187 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 188 1 goldston goldston PROPN biht-414 188 2 j j PROPN biht-414 188 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 188 4 chaffer chaffer VERB biht-414 188 5 tj tj NOUN biht-414 188 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 188 7 osowska osowska PROPN biht-414 188 8 j j PROPN biht-414 188 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 188 10 charles charles PROPN biht-414 188 11 g. g. PROPN biht-414 188 12 digital digital PROPN biht-414 188 13 inheritance inheritance NOUN biht-414 188 14 in in ADP biht-414 188 15 web3 web3 PROPN biht-414 188 16 : : PUNCT biht-414 188 17 a a DET biht-414 188 18 case case NOUN biht-414 188 19 study study NOUN biht-414 188 20 of of ADP biht-414 188 21 soulbound soulbound PROPN biht-414 188 22 tokens token NOUN biht-414 188 23 and and CCONJ biht-414 188 24 the the DET biht-414 188 25 social social ADJ biht-414 188 26 recovery recovery NOUN biht-414 188 27 pallet pallet NOUN biht-414 188 28 within within ADP biht-414 188 29 the the DET biht-414 188 30 polkadot polkadot NOUN biht-414 188 31 and and CCONJ biht-414 188 32 kusama kusama PROPN biht-414 188 33 ecosystems ecosystem VERB biht-414 188 34 [ [ X biht-414 188 35 internet internet NOUN biht-414 188 36 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 188 37 . . PUNCT biht-414 189 1 arxiv arxiv PROPN biht-414 190 1 [ [ X biht-414 190 2 preprint preprint NOUN biht-414 190 3 ] ] X biht-414 190 4 . . PUNCT biht-414 190 5 2023 2023 NUM biht-414 191 1 [ [ X biht-414 191 2 cited cite VERB biht-414 191 3 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 191 4 jun jun PROPN biht-414 191 5 14 14 NUM biht-414 191 6 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 191 7 . . PUNCT biht-414 192 1 available available ADJ biht-414 192 2 from from ADP biht-414 192 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 192 4 https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.11074 https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.11074 PROPN biht-414 192 5 29 29 NUM biht-414 192 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 193 1 bai bai PROPN biht-414 193 2 t t PROPN biht-414 193 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 193 4 hu hu PROPN biht-414 193 5 y y PROPN biht-414 193 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 193 7 he he PRON biht-414 193 8 j j PROPN biht-414 193 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 193 10 fan fan PROPN biht-414 193 11 h h PROPN biht-414 193 12 , , PUNCT biht-414 193 13 an an DET biht-414 193 14 z. z. PROPN biht-414 193 15 health health NOUN biht-414 193 16 - - PUNCT biht-414 193 17 zkidm zkidm NOUN biht-414 193 18 : : PUNCT biht-414 193 19 a a DET biht-414 193 20 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 193 21 identity identity NOUN biht-414 193 22 system system NOUN biht-414 193 23 based base VERB biht-414 193 24 on on ADP biht-414 193 25 fabric fabric NOUN biht-414 193 26 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 193 27 and and CCONJ biht-414 193 28 zero zero NUM biht-414 193 29 - - PUNCT biht-414 193 30 knowledge knowledge NOUN biht-414 193 31 proof proof NOUN biht-414 193 32 . . PUNCT biht-414 194 1 sensors sensor NOUN biht-414 194 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 195 1 2022;22(20):7716 2022;22(20):7716 X biht-414 195 2 . . X biht-414 195 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/ https://doi.org/10.3390/ PROPN biht-414 195 4 s22207716 s22207716 NOUN biht-414 195 5 30 30 NUM biht-414 195 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 196 1 boi boi PROPN biht-414 196 2 b b PROPN biht-414 196 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 196 4 cirillo cirillo PROPN biht-414 196 5 f f PROPN biht-414 196 6 , , PUNCT biht-414 196 7 santis santis PROPN biht-414 196 8 md md PROPN biht-414 196 9 , , PUNCT biht-414 196 10 esposito esposito PROPN biht-414 196 11 c. c. PROPN biht-414 196 12 soulbound soulbound PROPN biht-414 196 13 tokens tokens PROPN biht-414 196 14 : : PUNCT biht-414 196 15 enabler enabler NOUN biht-414 196 16 for for ADP biht-414 196 17 privacy privacy NOUN biht-414 196 18 - - PUNCT biht-414 196 19 aware aware ADJ biht-414 196 20 and and CCONJ biht-414 196 21 decentralized decentralized ADJ biht-414 196 22 authentication authentication NOUN biht-414 196 23 mechanism mechanism NOUN biht-414 196 24 in in ADP biht-414 196 25 medical medical ADJ biht-414 196 26 data datum NOUN biht-414 196 27 storage storage NOUN biht-414 196 28 . . PUNCT biht-414 197 1 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 197 2 healthc healthc PROPN biht-414 197 3 today today NOUN biht-414 197 4 . . PUNCT biht-414 198 1 2024;7(2):334 2024;7(2):334 X biht-414 198 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 199 1 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v7.334 https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v7.334 NOUN biht-414 199 2 31 31 NUM biht-414 199 3 . . PUNCT biht-414 200 1 ramachandran ramachandran PROPN biht-414 200 2 m. m. PROPN biht-414 200 3 blockchain blockchain PROPN biht-414 200 4 engineering engineering PROPN biht-414 200 5 : : PUNCT biht-414 200 6 secure secure ADJ biht-414 200 7 , , PUNCT biht-414 200 8 sustainable sustainable ADJ biht-414 200 9 frameworks framework NOUN biht-414 200 10 for for ADP biht-414 200 11 healthcare healthcare NOUN biht-414 200 12 applications application NOUN biht-414 200 13 [ [ X biht-414 200 14 internet internet NOUN biht-414 200 15 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 200 16 . . PUNCT biht-414 201 1 singapore singapore PROPN biht-414 201 2 : : PUNCT biht-414 201 3 springer springer NOUN biht-414 201 4 nature nature NOUN biht-414 201 5 ; ; PUNCT biht-414 201 6 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 201 7 [ [ PUNCT biht-414 201 8 cited cite VERB biht-414 201 9 2025 2025 NUM biht-414 201 10 jun jun PROPN biht-414 201 11 14 14 NUM biht-414 201 12 ] ] PUNCT biht-414 201 13 . . PUNCT biht-414 202 1 available available ADJ biht-414 202 2 from from ADP biht-414 202 3 : : PUNCT biht-414 202 4 https://link.springer.com/book/9789819643592 https://link.springer.com/book/9789819643592 PROPN biht-414 202 5 32 32 NUM biht-414 202 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 203 1 saeed saeed PROPN biht-414 203 2 sa sa PROPN biht-414 203 3 , , PUNCT biht-414 203 4 masters masters PROPN biht-414 203 5 rm rm PROPN biht-414 203 6 . . PROPN biht-414 203 7 disparities disparity NOUN biht-414 203 8 in in ADP biht-414 203 9 health health NOUN biht-414 203 10 care care NOUN biht-414 203 11 and and CCONJ biht-414 203 12 the the DET biht-414 203 13 digital digital ADJ biht-414 203 14 divide divide NOUN biht-414 203 15 . . PUNCT biht-414 204 1 curr curr PROPN biht-414 204 2 psychiatry psychiatry PROPN biht-414 204 3 rep rep PROPN biht-414 204 4 . . PROPN biht-414 204 5 2021;23(9):61 2021;23(9):61 NOUN biht-414 204 6 . . PUNCT biht-414 205 1 https://doi https://doi NOUN biht-414 205 2 . . PUNCT biht-414 205 3 org/10.1007 org/10.1007 PROPN biht-414 205 4 / / SYM biht-414 205 5 s11920 s11920 NOUN biht-414 205 6 - - PUNCT biht-414 205 7 021 021 NUM biht-414 205 8 - - PUNCT biht-414 205 9 01274 01274 NUM biht-414 205 10 - - SYM biht-414 205 11 4 4 NUM biht-414 205 12 33 33 NUM biht-414 205 13 . . 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