




































CHAPTER  16: 
STYLE AND TECHNIQUES IN THE USE OF 

ELONGATED CARICATURE FEATURES IN 

FIGURE PAINTING 
 

Contributed by 

Lawani Sunday and Chika Chudi-Duru 
 

Introduction             
The history of figure painting dates back to the pre-

historical period when the ancient dwellers were using animal 

blood with organic and inorganic materials to paint on rock and 

stone surfaces. Their figures were caricature-like as they lack good 

knowledge of human anatomy (Janson, 1966). For instance the 

rock engraving in the cave of Addaura produced by Monte 

Prellerino C 15,000 -10,000 BC titled “Ritual Dance” is highly 

represented in a hilarious manner. The human figure titled “Spirit 

Man” with a spear in his right hand throwing it at running 

kangaroos in an aboriginal painting from Western Arnhem Land, 

North Australia C 1900 on a tree back are represented in a stylistic 

manner. 

Likewise, the early African art which has been 

characterized by subjective proportion of human forms and shapes, 

the arts constitute one of the most diverse legacies on earth 

(Adepegba, 1995). He mentioned that from c. 6000 B.C., rock 

drawings in Africa have included representations of animals and 

hunters which are figure paintings. He is of the view that from the 

beginning of tribal differentiation, tribal art has become a way of 

isolating one tribe from another, and tribal art can take the form of 

scarification, body painting, or sculptural masks used in religious 



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ceremonies. (Adepegba, 1995) also is of the opinion that diversity 

also appears in separate geographical regions, where natural 

resources controlled the materials used, while tribal power, wealth, 

or sophistication was responsible for the type of objects produced. 

Often, African art production has been related to ritual or 

tribal ceremonies, as well as serving more secular decorative 

functions. However, it is not always easy to determine the function 

of a particular work. Each African society has varied artworks 

including figure paintings, carving of human figures and other 

objects, ceramics wares, indigenous textiles and designs, terracotta 

figures, bronze works, ivory carving and many others. 

For instance, the traditional Zulu beer pots which are made 

by women employing the coiling technique, the Kuba of the 

Democratic Republic of Kongo embroiderer pieces known as “kasa 

velvet” produced by women with raphia squares woven, the 

Zimbabwe stone figure which are carved from soapstone, soft but 

very dense materials that can be carved with great precision and 

often used for smaller detailed works, the “zigwa” human figure of 

Tanzania, which has a traditional stretched bust tightens to free up 

space for slender arms extended large fingered hand with 

abdominal projection in beaks, overhangs a marked size, is carved 

in an elongated style. The wooden figure sculpture produced by the 

Dongo people which is now called Mali, represents an 

androgynous male figure raising an object above his head, which 

is also represented in an elongated style technique and many others 

(Santace and Santace, 2009). 

In West Africa, Nigeria to be precise there are various 

traditional art which include: Nok art, Ife art, Esie stone figure, 

Benin bronzes, Igbo Ukwu bronze, indigenous fabrics, pottery 

wares  and others. It is only the Nok culture that engages in figure 

terracotta with elongated features.The Nok art currently in modern 

day which is located at the middle belt region in Jaba Local 

Government Area of Kaduna State of Nigeria dates back to 500 

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Natural_resources
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Natural_resources
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Wealth


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BC,  possessed unique elongated art style in some of its terracotta 

figures.   

 

 
 

Plate 1: Nok sculpture Louvre 70-1998 

Source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ 

File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1 

 

The most distinguishing Nok artifacts are clay figurines of 

animals and stylized human beings, usually heads, perforated eyes 

of an elliptical or triangular shape are typical of the style. Other 

artifacts of the Nok culture include iron tools, stone axes and other 

stone tools, and stone ornaments. Ife figures and Benin bronze 

heads are highly naturalistic in style (World History Encyclopedia, 

2019). Some contemporary artists like Grillo, Enwonwu, 

Onobrakpeya and a few others who have been influenced greatly 

by indigenous African art produced some works with elongated 

styles, but the caricature features were lacking. 

Therefore, this research is anchored on the principle of 

changing the rhythms by adding caricature features to elongated 

pictorial figures, altering the style and techniques of draftsmanship 

in pictorial composition of visual elements, also the themes and 

media of expression; sort of a parading shift. 



Lawani Sunday and Chika Chudi-Duru 

264 

 

Purpose of the study 

This novelty in elongated figure painting with caricature 

features, its visual analysis, and experimentation would further 

showcase the impact of elongated style with caricature features in 

modern art style. Moreover, the results of this study will be 

beneficial to the following: 

 Educationally: Students will be aware of the importance 

of creating caricature figure paintings that will speak on 

Nigeria's political activities and other issues in the 

country. 

 Socially: it will create awareness that caricature painting 

could be used to create comic relief in society.   

 Politically: It will serve as an information tool to convey 

the ugly political happenings and activities in Nigeria. 

 Art Historians: It will be used as a springboard for the 

advancement of painting in the history of modern Nigerian 

art historiography. 

 Artist: These novelties in elongated figure painting with 

caricature features will further showcase a new style and 

technique, to the artist, art lovers, gallery owners, and art 

collectors.  

 Future Researchers. The findings of the study will serve 

as reference material and a guide for future researchers who 

wish to conduct the same exploration study or any study 

related to elongation and caricature figures.  

 Knowledge: it will also add to the body of knowledge. 

 

What is Art Style? 

Art style describes the way the artwork looks. Style is 

the manner in which the artist portrays his or her subject matter 

and how the artist expresses his or her vision. Style is 

determined by the characteristics that describe the artwork, such 

as the way the artist employs form, colour, and composition, to 

name just a few. Another important factor in determining the 



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style of an artwork is to examine the way the artist handles the 

medium, taking into account the method or technique that the 

artist uses. An additional aspect of art styles is the philosophy 

or driving force behind the artwork. All of these stylistic 

elements are defined by the choices artists make as they 

compose their artwork. (ArtisFun, 2023) 

 

Type of Style and Technique 

There are different type f style and technique which are: 

Naturalism, Surrealism, Impressionism, Cubism, Abstractionism, 

Expressionism, Optical and Pop. 

 

Naturalism 

         According to (Sasa, 2023). Naturalism in art represents the 

orientation of artists towards the most natural forms in their work. 

This tendency can be recognized either in individual elements of 

the work of art or in its entirety. As such, this term is used for the 

purposes of analyzing this artistic trend regardless of the time 

period in which the work was created. (Sasa, 2023)also defined 

Naturalism was an artistic movement that developed in informal 

forms during the first half of the 19th century to reach it speak of 

popularity in the second half of the 19th century.  

A great spectrum of current Nigerian artists has continued 

to explore naturalism as a model of creative expression. In 

naturalism, it is valid to state that the innovative efforts of Onabolu 

(1882-1963) to modern art in Nigeria (Oloidi, 1986). 

 

 Impressionism 

According to (Rewald, 1973) Impressionism is an art 

movement in the 19th century that began as a loose association of 

Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to 

prominence in the 1870s and 1880s. The name of the movement is 

derived from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, Sunrise 



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(Impression, soleil levant), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy 

to coin the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. 

Characteristics of Impressionist paintings include relatively small, 

thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, and emphasis on 

the accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities. 

(Folaranmi, 2014) define Impressionism as a stylistic convention 

that uses the effect of light to depict strong shadow quality in their 

painting. It also employs pure, prismatic colour fresh from the tube 

unmixed in the pallet and laid directly on the canvas.  

 

Cubism 
Cubism demands concentration on both the objects and the 

space surrounding them. Each object in the drawing is developed 

into a cube, after which attention is directed to cubing the space. 

After the student has completed the drawing, colour is applied to 

the cubed sections. Since the cube has three visible sides, each side 

will be a shade of a single colour. A tree, for example would be 

painted light brown, dark brown, and brown to define the three 

sections of the cube. This procedure is used for all the areas 

painted. (Robert, 1978). 

In the spring of 1907, 25-year-old Pablo Picasso showed a 

few friends a large new painting that would be given the title Les 

Demoiselles d'Avignon. This would become the most important 

painting of the twentieth century, as the forerunner of Cubism, "the 

most complete and radical artistic revolution since the 

Renaissance," which Picasso and his friend Georges Braque went 

on to create in the next few years. (David and Bruce, 2001).  

 

Abstractionism 
(Merriam, 2023) defined abstractionism as the principles or 

practice of creating abstract art.In order for Abstractionism to 

retain its form during the process of drawing, the method of 

interpenetration is used. For example, if the initial drawing depicts 

two trees standing in front of a house, the student extends the lines 



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of the house through or in front of the trees. When an object 

overlaps another object, the object that is farther back in the picture 

plane is partially covered, with the result that if the front object 

were removed this case the trees-the entire house would be visible  

(Kalilu and Abodunrin, 2015).  In painting, the same picture the 

retention of the form requires a close relationship between the 

colors of the overlapped objects. For example, if the colour of the 

house is red, and the tree is painted white, then that part of the tree 

overlapping the house will be expressed in pink. The success of the 

Abstract demands this type of colouradjustment. (Robert, 1978). 

 

Expressionism 

Expressionism is a theory or practice in art that seeks to 

depicts the subjective emotions and responses that object and 

events arouse in the artist (Merriam, 2023). Expressionism is 

perhaps the most difficult to comprehend, partly because of the 

difficulty in communicating the artist idea of emotion. 

Expressionism is an intuitive blast of emotion that takes form on 

paper in a comparatively brief period. Its apparent uncontrollability 

arises from an intense struggle of restraint and drive. It is like a tug-

of-war in which two opposing forces are attempting to win. 

Because the two are of equal force, the tension remains activated 

throughout the struggle. The struggle of the Expressionist painter 

lies in the strong urge to sprawl his emotions onto canvas and 

simultaneously control them. (Robert, 1978) and (Adepegba, 1995) 

 

Surrealism 

Surrealism aims to transform human experience. It balances 

a rational vision of life with one that asserts the power of the 

unconscious and dreams. The movement's artists find magic and 

strange beauty in the unexpected and the uncanny, the disregarded 

and the unconventional. (Tate, 2022). 



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Exploring the art of surrealism, objects in drawing are 

change to objects of unreality.Aesthetically; philosophy of 

Surrealism espoused the traditional view of the imagery of painting 

as but a record or copy of something of prior existence. The 

creativity of the mind, according to the Surrealists, might escape 

the constricting embrace of causal explanation, but the idea that 

painting might constitute a newly invented reality, entirely sui 

generis, was a possibility they did not entertain. (Mundy, 1987). 

Trees may change to pencils or paintbrushes; rocks may 

become minute umbrellas; an automobile can take the form of an 

animal with oversized claws acting as wheels, a tail substituted for 

the exhaust pipe, a neck replacing the hood, and eyes replacing the 

headlights. Even though the substituted objects are real in 

themselves, the combination presents a painting of Surrealism. 

(Robert, 1978). 

Optical Illusion 

(Robert, 1978) referred to Optical Illusion as POP ART. An 

appreciation of the POP, artist is reflected in a repeat pattern of 

colors. The composition may be formal or informal but demands 

patience and a steady hand.  

(Freed and Samuel, 1979) finally explained that POP ART affords 

one to "take off" on his favorite commercial item, such as hot dogs, 

hamburgers. Its purpose is to ridicule its existence, that is, a play 

on the banal or trite which seems to monopolize the world. 

Normally, a single item is enlarged out of proportion or a single 

item is repeated into a monotonous pattern 

 

Caricature  
According to (Main, 2022) a caricature is a drawing of a 

real person which distorts or exaggerates certain features, but still 

retains a likeness: in other words an exaggerated piece of portrait 

art. Caricatures first became a popular genre of fine art in the 16th 

and 17th century and were created by satirists to ridicule public 



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figures and politicians; a caricature with a moral message is 

considered a satire. They continue to remain popular today, and are 

used in magazines and newspapers to poke fun at film stars, 

politicians and celebrities. The only thing that has changed is the 

artist tools. Initially caricaturists used charcoal drawings, pencil or 

pen and ink drawings, but today an artist has access to graphics 

programs like Adobe Illustrator or Corel Painter. 

Caricaturists have wielded significant power with their pen, 

far more so than a writer ever could. In the early days of the genre 

they transmitted messages without the need for the written word, 

important at a time in history when the majority of the population 

could not read. One of the most famous examples of this sort of 

graphic art is the satirical etchings of Napoleon Bonaparte by the 

British artist James Gillray (1756-1815). He depicted the French 

Emperor as very short and slightly ridiculous, in an oversized hat. 

Today, as a result, we still think of him as being shorter than he 

really was. Caricatures may be one of the most populist forms of 

art, but as figurative drawings they are typically just as skilful and 

more influential than most portrait and figure paintings. (Main, 

2022)  

 

Types of Caricatures 

According to (Divya, 2021) caricature are classified into three 

types which are: Portrait or definition caricature, Satire caricature 

and Grotesque caricature 

Portrait or definition – This type of caricature relies on 

knowledge of sophistication of making a portrait and combining it 

with the knowledge of creating comical effect through inflation and 

deflation of features. 

 

Satire – This form is most commonly used in political cartoons. It 

makes use of not just physical or personality traits but also draws 

attention to statements by such politicians. The purpose of such 



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caricatures is more often than not to bring attention to political 

issues of the time. 

Grotesque – As the name suggests, in this style, the face of a 

person is unnaturally distorted to make it look ugly. Grotesque art 

was the earliest form of distorted drawings which evolved later into 

caricatures. 

 

Concept of Elongated Style in Figure Painting 

This is the distortion or semi abstraction of human figure in 

an elongated deformed stylistic manner in painting. Figure 

distortion in painting is as old as the painting in a realistic rendition 

by the old masters such as Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), El Greco, 

(1541-1614), Donatello (1386-1466) and others. It is also 

applicable to sculpting of human form rendered in geometric and 

distorted manner. The first thing one may be wondering about 

elongated figures in art is the style involves creating stretched, 

exaggerated and much more extended pieces than reality. 

In Nigeria, Grillo (1934-2021), his paintings and 

Enwonwon (1917-1994) sculptures and paintings are elongated in 

a stylistic rendition which perhaps is a borrowed western concept 

and artistic ideology of the western masters. 

 

Elongated Style in Figure Painting  

Elongation art” refers to paintings that feature figures that are 

painted with their forms elongated much more than they are in 

reality. Elongation is a form of abstract art that often depicts the 

stretched forms of people or objects in nature. 

Elongated figures in the art world come in many different shapes 

and sizes. The various elongated figures presented in art come in a 

multitude of mediums and can be seen throughout the ages in the 

work of famous like artists like El Greco, Amedeo Modigliani, Palo 

Picasso and others who is renowned for his use of elongation in 

portraits, as well as more abstract paintings in the 20th century. 



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One will be pleasantly surprised at the large variety of items that 

can be elongated in the minds of creative individuals. This art style 

is dated back to the 15th century and captured people’s 

imaginations from all walks of life. (Dorit, 2018) 

Review of Related Painting of Elongated Styles 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
                                                                                    

Plate 2 
                                                                        Artist: Pablo Picasso 

Title: Acqueline with Flower, Medium: Oil on canvas,  Size: 116 x 88.5 

cm, Year: 1954, Source: https://www.pablo-ruiz-picasso.net/work-

223.php 
 

Jacqueline with Flowers” (1954) is one of the first paintings 

signifying the beginning of a new period in the maitre’s creative 

work. The artist’s biographer Antonina Valentin calls her a 

“modern sphinx”. There is definitely something mythic in this 

figure with a long neck and geometric shapes, catlike face and a 

rapier glance of her almond eyes. Jacqueline liked sitting in this 

position which reappears in her later portraits including those of 

https://www.pablo-ruiz-picasso.net/work-223.php
https://www.pablo-ruiz-picasso.net/work-223.php


Lawani Sunday and Chika Chudi-Duru 

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the “Odalisques” series. It was Picasso’s last muse that inspired the 

renowned series 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plate 3: Artist: Amedeo Modigliani,  Title: Lady with a collar 

Medium: Oil on canvas, Size: 18 x 15 inches, Year: 1916 Source: 

https://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/why-the-long-face/ 

 

“Lady with a collar” the canvas was completed in 1917, just 

three years before the artist’s tragic death, aged 35, in Paris. The 

work has echoes of 14th century Sienese painting, with its 

elongated face and neck, a sculptural style which Modigliani made 

all his own."Anna" With the exception of her fanned-out high 

white collar and amber brooch at the base of her swan neck, there 

is little decoration to distract from Hanka’s detached gaze.In the 

top right corner, “Anna” is written in loose black capital letters, 

barely visible against the brown background. The sitter appears 

aloof, sovereign almost, and her stylized beauty radiates through 

her smooth, warm skin, like fresh terracotta basking in the sun. 

https://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/why-the-long-face/


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Plate 4: Yusuf Grillo, African Dance, Water Colour on Paper, 120cm x 

82cm,  1960, Source: https://guardian.ng/life/the-art-of-yusuf-grillo/ 
 

“The Dancing Bride”thematically, Grillo (1934-2021), 

painted the people he encountered in Lagos. He favoured female 

subjects and had a particular interest in the Yoruba heritage which 

he believed to be at the heart of the city in which he was born and 

lived most of his life. In the present work, he captures a moment of 

celebration. A sense of movement is conveyed through the 

energetic brushstrokes used to depict the dynamic stance of the 

female figure: her weight rests on one leg while her hips are cocked 

to the side as if anticipating the next step of the dance. Executed in 

the cool blue and purple tones. The female figure is elongated in a 

process of stylization. Reflecting Grillo's enduring interest in 

mathematics, her body is expressed through flattened planes that 

echo the geometric shapes that comprise the non-representational 

https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Ben-Enwonwu/29CF3B5ED3A87E94


Lawani Sunday and Chika Chudi-Duru 

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background. The drapery of the bride's dress is transformed into 

curved forms which are carefully balanced against the jagged 

triangles that frame the figure (Bonhams, 2023). 

Summary 

The research brought about finding that is safe to conclude 

that: thematic justification of paintings subjectively rest on the 

ability of the painting to display illusory and astonishing effects 

that is attainable through figurative illustrations, manipulations of 

colours and alteration of elements in the painting. The paper 

recommend that young artist especially in the field of painting and 

sculpture should be allow to freely represent figures in a stylized 

form. 

 

Bibliography  

Lawani Sunday comes from the rocky city of Ososo in Edo 

State Nigeria. Its surroundings are made up of beautiful and sought-

after natural scenery, which is also the subject of some of Lawani’s 

works. He is a graduate of the Nigerian Auchi Polytechnic with a 

higher National Diploma (HND) specializing in painting. In 2012, 

he continued his studies at Nmandi Azikiwe University Awka, 

where he received a Postgraduate Diploma in painting (PGD). 

Lawani Sunday deals with important social issues with a strong 

emphasis on the subject of the position of women in society. His 

paintings tell stories that concern each person one way or another. 

Lawani’s art speaks directly to compassion and empathy in the 

depths of our soul. Thus his work becomes part of the spiritual 

world. Lawani Sunday believed strongly in experimenting, 

innovation and exploration of new media in painting and drawings, 

in recent times, his explorations in human forms tends to challenge 

the human anatomy by breaking the forms into geometric shapes 

of different kinds, ranging from rectangular shapes, cone, circle, 

triangular, oval semi-circle, pyramid, as well as the use of rhythmic 

lines, spiral, oblique, vertical lines to create expressive form that is 



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subject to interpretation. His choice of concept and composition is 

derived from his socio-cultural environment and daily happenings 

in his immediate environment, be it religious, political, cultural, 

social or educational. The stylistic approach of his style and 

technique of breaking forms into paintings, reducing human forms 

in an idealistic and stylistic formative manner with the use of pallet 

knife to create a unique and dramatic textural pattern. He as 

participates in national and international exhibitions including art 

auctions and also currently lectures at the Department of Painting, 

School of Art and Industrial Design, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi, Edo 

State Nigeria.  

 

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