BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience
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2021, Volume 12, Issue 1, pages: 183-201 | https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.1/178
Stress-Coping
Behavior of the
Individual as a
Psychological
Problem in the
Context of the
Application of
Sanogenic Health
Thinking
Nina YAROSH¹,
Vladyslava ARTIUKHOVA2,
Viktoriia PANCHENKO3,
Svitlana FERA4,
Dmytro PRYKHODKO5
1 V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National
University, Ukraine,
ninayarosh88@gmail.com
2 Kharkiv national University of Air
Force, Ukraine,
vlada.artyukhova@gmail.com
3 T.H.Shevchenko National University
«Chernihiv Colehium», Ukraine,
viktoriia.panch@gmail.com
4 T.H.Shevchenko National University
«Chernihiv Colehium», Ukraine,
svetlanafera@gmail.com
5 Kharkiv National University of Air
Force, Ukraine,
d.petrovich7971@gmail.com
Abstract: Psychologists face an urgent task - to teach a person to
effectively deal with stressors, which he encounters every day. The aim
is to investigate the features of sanogenic thinking as a factor of stress-
coping behavior of the individual. The test-persons were of cadets in
the amount of 345 people, of whom women - 167 people and men -
178 people. As a result of a formative experiment to teach the skills
of sanogenic thinking, the article investigated the presence of changes
in the degree of stress using the methods of "Psychological Stress Scale
PSM-25" and the questionnaire "Fatigue-Monotony-Satiety-
Stress". It is determined that the formation of sanogenic thinking
skills as a result of the formative experiment, helps to reduce the level
of fatigue, monotony, satiety and stress in the individual.
Relationships between the level of development of sanogenic thinking
and coping strategies used by the individual are revealed. Regression
analysis showed that the study of personality theory and practice of
sanogenic thinking allows you to expand awareness of emotional
mental operations and acquire skills and abilities to introspect their
own emotions, experiences in overcoming stress. That is, sanogenic
thinking can be a factor in stressful behavior of the individual.
Keywords: coping with stress; level of fatigue; monotony and stress;
coping strategies; introspection of own emotions; experience in stress-
coping.
How to cite: Yarosh, N., Artiukhova, V., Panchenko, V.,
Fera, S., & Prykhodko, D. (2021). Stress-Coping Behavior
of the Individual as a Psychological Problem in the
Context of the Application of Sanogenic Health Thinking.
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and
Neuroscience, 12(1), 183-201.
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.1/178
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.1/178
mailto:ninayarosh88@gmail.com
mailto:vlada.artyukhova@gmail.com
mailto:viktoriia.panch@gmail.com
mailto:svetlanafera@gmail.com
mailto:d.petrovich7971@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.1/178
BRAIN. Broad Research in March, 2021
Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Volume 12, Issue 1
184
Introduction
Society is currently experiencing socio-psychological difficulties,
primarily related to the military conflict in the east of the country, the
unstable financial and economic situation and socio-political unrest that
affected every Ukrainian family. All this creates a significant number of
stressors for the population. The constant stay of a person in a state of stress
causes difficulties in maintaining the psychological comfort of members of
our society.
Psychologists face an urgent task - to teach a person to effectively
deal with stressors, which he encounters every day. After all, given the
nature of stress and coping behavior, there is no better way to overcome a
problematic, emotionally stressful situation than purposeful and systematic
build-up for the moment of its occurrence.
The problem of stress-coping behavior has long been the subject of
study in both domestic and foreign psychological science. Analysis of the
literature shows that this issue remains relevant in light of the emergence of
various psychological threats to the individual. Coping behavior is a person's
response to stressors, but is not always able to maintain his psychological
health and comfort. As practice shows, a person in the vortex of stress is not
able to control their own thinking. This is due to the fact that a person
cannot comprehend the situation, apply reflection, as a result of which a
negative experience of feelings is fixed. This type of thinking is pathogenic,
which leads to psychological problems. In contrast to pathogenic thinking,
there is sanogenic, which helps to cope negative emotions and psychological
recovery. In addition, thinking is an inexhaustible important resource that a
person can use to cope stress, and understanding problematic, stressful
situations is done by understanding them. In the process of sanogenic
thinking, the subject separates himself from his own experiences and seems
to observe them. Health-improving thinking is ensured through the use of
sanogenic reflection by the individual, Palamarchuk (2020); Nerubasska
(2020a); Nerubasska (2020b); Sheremet (2019); Maksymchuk (2020a);
Maksymchuk (2020b); Bezliudnyi (2019).
It should be noted that the concept of "sanogenic reflection" has not
been widely used so far in domestic research, but many scientists have
pointed to this phenomenon and its functions. This concept was introduced
into scientific circulation for experimental research, and was defined, first of
all, as one that denotes a tool for achieving sanogenic thinking, S. Morozyuk
(2006), Y. Orlov (2006). In this article we use the definitions that have been
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Nina YAROSH, et al.
185
introduced into scientific circulation in the theory and practice of sanogenic
thinking, Yu. Orlov (2006) & S. Morozyuk (2006).
To date, many studies have confirmed the positive effects of
sanogenic thinking on the psychological health of the individual,
performance, adaptability and stress resistance. Sanogenic thinking helps to
cope negative emotions and psychological recovery. However, sanogenic
thinking as a factor in stress-coping behavior of the individual was not the
subject of psychological research. In the known studies of L. Adamyan
(2012), L. Kananchuk (2010), Y. Kraynova (2010) only pointed out the
possibilities of sanogenic reflection and its role in coping stress at the
theoretical level. To date, there is also no scientific research that would
reflect the peculiarities of the process of learning sanogenic thinking, which
would allow a person in turn to effectively resist with stress.
The interaction of the individual with the world around him, which
has a negative impact on the psychological and physical health of man, is
characterized by the concept of "stress". A characteristic response of the
individual to the action of stressors is coping behavior. The phenomenon of
"coping" in the work is considered as a dynamic phenomenon, which is
influenced by cognitive, emotional and behavioral spheres of personality.
Coping behavior is the main form of overcoming efforts. The concepts of
"coping with stress" and "coping behavior" are understood as various forms
of human activity, covering all types of interaction of the subject with the
tasks and problems of the external or internal plan. The choice of coping
behavior strategies is primarily due to personal characteristics.
The success of solving a complex situation, finding the optimal way
to solve it largely depends on the analysis and the degree of human
understanding of specific life situations. The individual's understanding of
the situation depends, first of all, on the degree of development of reflexive
abilities. Through reflection, a person gets the opportunity to more fully
assess events and their own resources. Thus, coping a stressful situation is
impossible without cognitive "processing", which becomes available through
reflection. Reflection is a process of conscious critical reflection of a person
what is happening to him. The lack of such an ability in the individual may
indicate the predominance of pathogenic thinking, which leads to disease, as
well as generates negative emotions and creates emotional stress and
adaptation problems, resulting in a person becomes vulnerable to his own
mind.
Sanogenic thinking, in contrast to pathogenic, on the contrary, helps
to overcome negative emotions and psychological recovery. Sanogenic
thinking is characterized by the dynamism of the connection of the
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individual with the world of images, which reflects life situations. The theory
and practice of sanogenic thinking is a special case of the theory of positive
thinking and is focused on the positive reassessment of automatisms related
to the affective sphere of personality. Comparing the concept of positive
thinking with sanogenic, we can note a common focus on solving internal
problems of the individual, reducing the negative emotional charge.
However, positive thinking is based on worldviews, features of Ego-concept
and personal narratives, as well as the development of optimism, while
sanogenic thinking is aimed at adequate reflection and perception of images
of this reality. That is, the most significant difference is in the mechanism of
each type of thinking.
In contrast to the traditional interpretation of thinking as a set of
mental actions that solve a problem (basically - external goals), the term
"sanogenic thinking" reflects the solution of internal problems (eg, problems
of alleviating suffering from resentment, failure, etc.). Sanogenic thinking is
one of the effective means of solving psycho-traumatic problems, which is
based on their conscious formulation and consideration, conscious reflexive
analysis of one's own emotions and emotional (stressful) factors. This type
of thinking reduces internal conflict and psychological stress, prevents
disease and improves health.
The term "sanogenic reflection" was introduced for research in the
field of sanogenic thinking. Sanogenic reflection is the ability to be aware of
oneself, one's thoughts, to identify one's emotions and problems, which
allows a person to choose the right behavior programs in different
situations. It is a means of achieving sanogenic thinking.
Thus, combining theoretical ideas about stress and coping behavior,
as well as sanogenic thinking, it is possible to assume that a person who has
mastered sanogenic thinking through the development of sanogenic
reflection skills and has, as a result, sanogenic behavior, uses "sanogenic
coping". It is determined that "sanogenic coping" is a general concept for
those coping strategies of the individual, which are aimed at maintaining
mental health, resolving stressful situations, establishing social contacts and
positive reassessment of the situation, as well as self-confidence and control
of emotional state. Sanogenic coping includes, first of all, all the properties
and characteristics of the actual sanogenic behavior, namely - high activity,
positive emotional experiences, motivation to succeed and solve problems,
personal development, constructive ideas about one's own health, high
quality of life , the presence of psychological support from society. In
contrast to sanogenic coping, it is advisable to distinguish "pathogenic
coping", which is not able to provide the individual with psychological well-
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Nina YAROSH, et al.
187
being and causes such coping strategies that are aimed at avoidance,
emotional response, confrontation, etc.
As a result of the analysis of theoretical and experimental researches
of a problem of stress and stress-coping behavior the model of features of
influence of a stressful situation on the person in the context of the theory
of sanogenic thinking is offered.. According to this model (see Fig. 1), the
stressor that affects a person is characterized by certain parameters of
influence and has a psychological, social, material and physical origin. The
course of stress is also influenced by personal factors that are in interaction
with the peculiarities of external circumstances. Being in a stressful situation,
the individual performs a cognitive assessment of the situation. At the stage
of cognitive assessment, the decisive factor is the type of personality
thinking (sanogenic or pathogenic) and the presence of sanogenic reflection
skills. In the process of cognitive assessment, the nature of stress-coping
behavior is determined, i.e. the type of coping that will be used to overcome
the stressful situation. If a person has developed sanogenic thinking and he
actively uses sanogenic reflection, it will be a guarantee of productive coping
and psychological health. If, on the contrary, the pathogenic type of thinking
prevails in the person, then as a result unproductive coping is involved that
leads both to psychological, and to physical troubles.
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Figure 1. Theoretical model of the impact of a stressful situation on the
individual in the context of the theory of sanogenic thinking (developed by the
authors)
External factors of
stress
Internal factors of
stress
Stressors
psychologi
cal;
social;
physical;
material
INTERACTION
Personality
• physiological
characteristics;
• psychological
characteristics
Sanogenic
(health) reflection
Cognitive
assessment of the
situation
()
Sanogenic type
of thinking
Productive
(sanogenic
coping)
Psychologically
healthy personality
Pathogenic
type of
thinking Choice
of
coping
() Unproductive
(pathogenic
coping)
Psychologically
unhappy
personality
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189
Given that at present the works devoted to the study of the
peculiarities of the influence of sanogenic thinking on the effectiveness of
the individual in stressful conditions are relevant, both at the theoretical and
practical levels is a study that will promote the theory and practice of
sanogenic thinking and introduction of its modernized forms in
psychological care. At the same time, it will allow to actualize the issue of
finding modern ways to prevent and cope stress that will meet the basic
requirements of today.
The aim is to investigate the features of sanogenic thinking as a
factor of stress-coping behavior of the individual.
Materials & methods
The test-persons were cadets of the Kharkiv National University of
the Air Force named after Ivan Kozhedub in the amount of 345 people,
including women - 167 people and men - 178 people. The age of the persons
is in the range from 20 to 27 years. The number of people experiencing
stress was 116 cadets (women - 63 people, men - 53 people). The research
was carried out during 2017-2020 in several stages. The study scheme is
presented below in table 1.
Table 1. Scheme of experimental study of the impact of learning the skills of sanogenic
thinking on stress and stress-coping behavior of the individual (developed by the authors)
Theoretical analysis
- definition of approaches to understanding stress and stress-
coping behavior of the individual;
- identification of factors and personal factors that affect the
nature of coping, which is used by the individual in stressful situations;
- analysis of experimental studies of the impact of the
development of sanogenic thinking in the individual;
- selection of diagnostic tools
The statement stage of empirical research
- diagnosis of the sample for the presence of stress in
order to form a control and experimental group;
- research of coping strategies, level of development of
sanogenic thinking of control and experimental group
The formative stage of empirical research
- development of a program for training sanogenic
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thinking skills;
- conducting classes with an experimental group
according to the curriculum
The statement stage of empirical research
- re-diagnosis of the sample for the presence of stress in
order to identify the results of the formative experiment;
- research of coping strategies, level of development of
sanogenic thinking in sampling groups
Mathematical analysis and logical-semantic interpretation
- study of the differences between the control and
experimental groups before and after the training of sanogenic thinking;
- study of the correlations between the indicators of the
study of stress, stress-coping behavior and sanogenic thinking;
- research of features of connection of sanogenic
thinking and level of stress, coping which chooses the person;
- testing the hypothesis of sanogenic thinking as a factor
in stress-coping behavior of the individual
Results and Discussion
Analysis of the sample (at the stage of the observational experiment)
according to the methods of studying stress and coping behavior shows that
the representatives of this group of test-persons are characterized by high
rates of stress and non-adaptive nature of coping. The coping strategies used
are not able to fully reduce the effects of stress. Avoiding a stressful
situation, not controlling emotions and reconciling with the problem is not a
way out of stress, but, on the contrary, extend its effect on the human body
and psyche. The individual becomes dependent on the circumstances and his
own way of perception, he can not consciously control their own reactions,
and also feels unable to break this circle. The characteristics described above
are manifestations and symptoms of a pathogenic type of thinking. The
study of the sample using the method of "Cognitive-emotional test"
confirms the low development of sanogenic thinking and the high frequency
of psychological protection, Yu. Orlov (2006).
As a result of a formative experiment to teach the skills of sanogenic
thinking, the study investigated the presence of changes in the degree of
stress using the methods "Psychological Stress Scale PSM-25" and the
questionnaire "Fatigue-Monotony-Satiety-Stress", A. Leonov (1988). It is
determined that the formation of skills of sanogenic thinking as a result of a
Stress-Coping Behavior of the Individual as a Psychological Problem in the …
Nina YAROSH, et al.
191
formative experiment, helps to reduce the level of fatigue, monotony, satiety
and stress in the individual.
The analysis of correlations of indicators of methods of studying of
stress with methods of studying of stress-coping behavior of the person in
experimental group (bilateral Pearson's correlation coefficient) shows that
increase in an indicator of sanogenic thinking leads to decrease in indicators
of stress (r=-0,872, p≤0,01). An equally important result is that in this
group, all indicators of stress are inversely correlated with the scale
"Avoidance of the situation." This indicates that this group does not use this
coping strategy in stress, but, on the contrary, turns to strategies that are
aimed at solving the problem. This vector of change, from the point of view
of psychological health, is useful, because in the case of avoiding negative
events and emotions associated with them, negative energy does not come
out and thus destroys the personality. Improving indicators on the "Fatigue"
scales (r=0,302, p≤0,05), "Monotony" (r=0,335, p≤0,05), "Satiety" (r=0,366,
p≤0,05) leads to an increase in the amount of protective reflection when
experiencing shame. That is, an increase in mental stress in humans causes a
sense of shame, which is to reduce self-esteem and loss of activity.
The study of the control group using methods to study the level of
stress showed that the values of indicators decreased (on average by 8%) is
not significant compared with changes in indicators in the experimental
group (on average by 35%).
Figure 2 shows the changes in the indicators of the "Cognitive-
emotional test", Yu. Orlov (2006), which clearly demonstrates the
effectiveness of the acquired skills of sanogenic thinking in the experimental
group before and after learning the theory and practice of sanogenic
thinking in the formative experiment. The obtained result is expressed in
reduction of frequency of use of protective reflection and psychological
protection at experience of negative emotions by the person.
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Figure 2. Comparative analysis of indicators of the "Cognitive-emotional test" in
the experimental group before and after the formative experiment, Yu. Orlov (2006)
The control group was also studied twice, but this group was not
trained in the course of sanogenic thinking. The analysis of the control
group showed that no significant changes occurred. Indicators of protective
reflection exceed the norm. The rate of sanogenic thinking and reflection is
too low - 17%.
In the experimental group, after learning the skills of sanogenic
thinking and reflection, they began to use a more coping strategy focused on
solving problems (72%), which is a more effective and productive way to
cope stress and crisis situations. There was a decrease in the average
indicators of coping strategy "emotional response" (19%) and "avoidance"
(9%). Thus, learning leads to the fact that the individual begins to use not
emotionally-oriented coping and avoidance to remove negative feelings, but
involves problem-oriented strategies to change the real situation. This
characterizes a person as psychologically mature and able to successfully
adapt to a stressful situation. A repeated study of coping behavior in the
control group showed that its representatives most often use coping
strategy, focused on avoidance - 43%, focused on emotions - 37% and
problem-solving - only 20% (method of S. Norman (2017) (adapted version
of T. Kryukova).
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Analyzing the results of re-study of the experimental group according
to the method for psychological diagnosis of coping mechanisms by E.
Heim (1986), we note an increase in the use of adaptive cognitive coping
strategies (57%), such as "Problem analysis", "Self-control", "Self-
importance" » and relatively adaptive strategies (35%). The percentage of use
of adaptive emotional coping strategies increased to 43% ("Protest" and
"Optimism") and relatively adaptive behavioral coping strategies to 26%.
Increase in the use of adaptive behavioral coping strategies (47%), such as
"Altruism", "Cooperation", "Appeal" and increase in the rate of adaptive
coping strategies - 42%.
The results of the re-study do not reflect significant changes in the
nature of stress-coping behavior of the control group - their coping
strategies remained unadaptive and ineffective. This group still has a low
adaptability of cognitive coping strategies: non-adaptive cognitive strategies -
75%, non-adaptive emotional coping strategies - 71% and non-adaptive
behavioral strategies - 50%.
A study of the differences between the indicators of the method of E.
Heim (1986) between the control and experimental groups after the
experiment using x2 - McNemar test. The results of statistical analysis make
it possible to argue that the practice of the ability to think sanogenically leads
to a change in coping strategies of the individual from non-adaptive to
adaptive.
For a deeper understanding of the features and characteristics of
stress-coping behavior of the experimental group of subjects, an additional
study was conducted using the questionnaire "Ways of Coping Behavior", S.
Folkman (1986), adapted by L. Wasserman (2010). According to the authors
of the questionnaire, the effectiveness of a strategy depends on the
characteristics of the current situation, as well as on the personal resources
that a person has. The predominant strategy in the experimental group of
subjects is "Positive revaluation". This strategy involves trying to overcome
the negative feelings about the problem by positively rethinking it, looking at
the problem and the stressful situation as an incentive for personal
development. Also characteristic is the focus on philosophical
understanding of the situation, its inclusion in the broader context of the
individual's work on self-development. In addition, the coping strategy
"Acceptance of responsibility" is expressed, which is to recognize the
subject of his role in the problem facing the individual, and responsibility for
its solution.
The stress-coping behavior of the experimental group is characterized
by the strategy "Planning problem solving", which involves attempts to
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overcome the problem through targeted analysis of the situation and
possible behaviors, building a strategy for solving the problem, planning
their own actions based on objective conditions, past experience and
available resources. Strategies such as "Confrontational coping" and
"Escape-avoidance" are rarely used by the subjects of the experimental
group.
Correlations with the “Sanogenic Thinking” scale were analyzed in
accordance with the identified objectives of the study. The conducted
correlation analysis indicates the feedback of the scale "Sanogenic thinking"
with the scales "Confrontational coping" (r=-0,938, p≤0,01), "Distancing"
(r=-0,794, p≤0,01), "Escape-avoidance" (r=-0,794, p≤0,01), indicating that
the development of sanogenic thinking reduces the frequency of use of the
above coping strategies of the individual and, conversely, increases the
frequency of application of strategies "Self-control" (r=0,933, p≤0,01),
"Task planning" (r=0,922, p≤0,01), "Positive revaluation" (r=0,853,
p≤0,01). It can be concluded that the individual's choice of these strategies is
a factor in the successful psychological adaptation of man.
The stress-coping behavior of the control group is characterized by
such types of coping strategies as "Confrontational coping", "Distancing"
and "Escape-avoidance". These strategies do not involve resolving a
stressful situation, but push the problem "into the background" and provide
a temporary reduction in the tension of the emotional sphere of the
individual. As practice shows, these strategies are not purposeful and rational
enough.
Interpreting the data obtained in the experimental group (SACS
method, S. Hobfall (1996), whose subjects have the skills of sanogenic
thinking, we can talk about a large number of effective models for coping
complex (stressful) situations. This result is expressed in higher rates of
assertive behavior, entering into social contact, seeking social support and
lower rates of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Behavioral patterns of the
experimental group are characterized by activity, prosociality and flexibility.
It is worth noting that patterns of behavior may contribute to or hinder the
success of coping with stress, depending on the constructiveness of the
strategy. The index of constructiveness of strategies of stress-coping
behavior in the experimental group was 1.6 points, which indicates a high
constructiveness of coping behavior. Comparing the control group with the
experimental group of the sample, we see that the results are at opposite
poles: activity / passivity, prosociality / asociality. It is also worth noting that
the index of constructiveness of stress-coping behavior strategy is different
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for both groups. Thus, we can conclude that the sanogenic type of thinking
affects the constructiveness of stress-coping behavior of the individual.
There is a close two-way relationship between the scales "Assertive
Action" and "Sanogenic Thinking" (r=0,679 at р≤0,05) and feedback - with
“Fatigue” scales (r=-0,439 at р≤0,01), "Monotony" (r=-0,428 at р≤0,05),
"Satiety" (r=-0,45 at р≤0,01), "Stress" (r=-0,265 at р≤0,01). This means that
the presence of sanogenic thinking in the individual causes the use of
assertive, confident behavior, which also reduces stress. The low level of
development of sanogenic thinking of the person correlates with high
frequency of use of strategies "Escape" (r=- 0,712 at р≤0,05) and
"Impulsive actions" (r=-0,627 at р≤0,05). That is, a person who is
dominated by a pathogenic type of thinking, in the case of a stressful
situation, resorts or to avoid, or to impulsive, illconsidered actions. The use
of the "Escape" coping strategy also affects the increase in the stress index
according to the PSM-25 method (r=0,384 at р≤0,05), and to increase the
use of psychological protection against guilt (r=0,597 at р≤0,05) and shame
(r=0,263 at р≤0,01).
Thus, summarizing the results of the formative experiment, it is
possible to argue that there is a pattern of influence of sanogenic thinking on
stress-coping behavior of the individual and the level of stress in general. To
confirm this experimental hypothesis, the method of linear regression
equations was used. Analysis of the equations suggests that sanogenic
thinking can be a factor in constructive, adaptive and effective stress-coping
behavior. High levels of stress and a state of psychological fatigue, which
may indicate maladaptation and mental discomfort, can be reduced and
significantly reduced by the individual by changing the style of thinking from
pathogenic to sanogenic. The reduction of stress is due to the fact that the
individual begins to use proactive coping strategies: "Positive reassessment",
"Self-control", "Planning to solve the problem", "Assertive action",
"Problem solving" - as well as adaptive cognitive, emotional and behavioral
strategy. In addition, stress reduction is also due to a reduction in the use of
ineffective coping strategies ("Confrontation", "Distancing", "Escape",
"Impulsive actions"). Below is a description of the coping behavior of a
person who is dominated by sanogenic type of thinking.
The individual is able to control their own negative experiences that
arise in connection with the problem, minimizing the impact of negative
emotions on the assessment of the situation and the choice of behavioral
strategy. The analysis of a stressful situation has a purposeful character,
focused on development of strategies of the decision of problems and
planning of own actions taking into account objective conditions, past
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experience and available resources. The individual is able to constructively
solve difficulties through a comprehensive analysis of their own emotional
state and positive rethinking. Negative events are seen as an incentive for
personal growth. There is also the independence of the individual from
external evaluations, independence in regulating their own behavior and
responsibility for it. A person who thinks sanogenically is able to better
assess their own resources in coping difficult situations, accompanied by an
optimistic attitude to the future. There is also the ability to assess their own
expectations, which a person attributes to a partner, events, circumstances
and which, in case of disagreement, cause resentment, make it impossible to
realize the unconscious. The individual perceives both himself and others as
"real", refuses to compare himself, thereby reducing the stress of
experiencing negative emotions, which, in turn, reduces the level of effort
from stress.
The analysis showed that the study of personality theory and practice
of sanogenic thinking allows you to expand awareness of emotional mental
operations and acquire skills and abilities to introspect their own emotions
when experiencing stress. That is, sanogenic thinking can be a factor in
stress-coping behavior of the individual.
Strategies that a person begins to use in stress, using in the process of
coping sanogenic reflection and thinking, can be combined into one group -
sanogenic type of coping. This type of coping includes coping strategies,
which are primarily aimed at solving problems and controlling emotions, as
well as confident actions and a positive reassessment of the situation.
Sanogenic coping helps to reduce the level of stress experienced by the
individual.
Thus, it should be noted that sanogenic thinking in this model of
stress-coping behavior of the individual acts as a factor influencing the
component of cognitive assessment of the situation. Sanogenic reflection
skills allow a person to think about a crisis situation and give it a new
meaning, thus coping stress. In the framework of this work, under the
"reflection" of the situation is meant a cognitive processing of information
that allows individuals to successfully allocate their own resources to
maintain health and use effective and adaptive coping strategies.
The scientific novelty of the obtained results is that in the work
for the first time:
the place of sanogenic thinking in the process of overcoming
stress by a person is substantiated;
developed a theoretical model of the influence of sanogenic
thinking on the choice of coping strategy of the individual;
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the influence of sanogenic thinking on stress-overcoming
behavior of the person is proved;
expanded and deepened:
provisions on sanogenic thinking, determines the style of
psychological response of the individual to the action of external factors and
is based on the mechanism of sanogenic reflection;
the concept of "sanogenic reflection", which is defined as a
special type of systemic reflection, which consists in the possibility of
identifying and "thinking" affective programs of personality behavior;
ideas about the types of existing coping strategies: sanogenic
and pathogenic type of coping;
specified:
the concept of sanogenic reflection in the context of stress-
coping behavior of the individual.
The results of the study can be recommended for use in the
educational work of school teachers, high education institutions teachers,
psychologists, social workers, deputy company commanders for moral and
psychological support in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The main provisions
and conclusions allow to enrich the curriculum in general psychology, social
psychology, psychology of crisis situations, psychology of social work,
psychology of emergency actions, psychotherapy, psychological counseling,
psychodiagnostics on aspects of stress-coping behavior and its
characteristics that affect efficiency and psychological health of the
individual. The obtained data can be the basis for the development of
trainings on the formation of effective coping behavior in stressful
situations. Practical psychologists receive a new tool in dealing with
psychological stress and prevention of its further occurrence. Thanks to the
research, the practice of teaching sanogenic thinking in the mobile
application "Sanogenic Thinking" by Yu. Orlov (2006) was scientifically
substantiated, modernized and modified.
Conclusions
Based on the analysis of theoretical and methodological development
of the problem, it is determined that one of the key components in the
process of human response to stress is a cognitive assessment of the
situation, which is determined by the peculiarities of human understanding
of events that occur with it. Coping a stressful situation is impossible
without cognitive "processing", which becomes available through reflection.
The role of the influence of reflection on the choice of coping strategy of
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the individual is that reflective individuals choose more adaptive and
effective strategies. The position on sanogenic reflection and sanogenic
thinking is generalized and expanded. Sanogenic reflection is defined in the
work as a special type of systemic reflection, which consists in the ability to
identify and "reflect" on negative affective behavior programs, which in turn
leads to physical and psychological well-being. Under "reflection" is
understood the possibility of isolating in your own consciousness your own
Ego, emotion, and its reasons. Sanogenic reflection is a means of achieving
sanogenic thinking. Sanogenic thinking is a style of psychological response
of an individual to the action of external factors, which is based on the
mechanism of sanogenic reflection. It is the presence of sanogenic reflection
in the individual and determines the nature of his thinking - sanogenic or
pathogenic.
Taking into account the theoretical and methodological analysis of the
psychological nature of stress and personal conditions of stress-coping
behavior of the individual, a theoretical model of the influence of sanogenic
thinking on the choice of coping strategy is organized. Strategies that a
person begins to use in stress, using in the process of coping sanogenic
reflection and thinking, are combined into one group - sanogenic type of
coping. This type of coping includes coping strategies, which are primarily
aimed at solving the problem and controlling emotions, as well as confident
actions and a positive reassessment of the situation.. Sanogenic coping helps
to reduce the level of stress experienced by the individual. Sanogenic
thinking in this model of stress-coping behavior of the individual acts as a
factor influencing the component of cognitive assessment of the situation.
The diagnostic stage of the study of the control and experimental
group allowed to determine that both groups are characterized by a
manifestation of a high degree of mental stress, are pronounced components
of stress, dominated by strategies "Avoidance" and "Emotional response";
cognitive, emotional and behavioral copings are ineffective and non-
adaptive; stress-coping behavior of the subjects indicates the predominance
of pathogenic type of thinking and protective reflection from shame,
resentment, guilt and failure.
Analysis of the results of the formative experiment showed that the
high level of stress and psychological fatigue is reduced by changing the style
of thinking from pathogenic to sanogenic. The individual is able to control
their own negative experiences that arise in connection with the problem,
minimizing the impact of negative emotions on the assessment of the
situation and the choice of behavioral strategy. The analysis of a stressful
situation has a purposeful character, focused on development of strategies of
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the decision of problems and planning of own actions taking into account
objective conditions, past experience and available resources. The individual
is able to constructively solve difficulties through a comprehensive analysis
of their own emotional state and positive rethinking. Negative events are
seen as an incentive for personal growth. There is also the independence of
the individual from external evaluations, independence in regulating their
own behavior and responsibility for it. A person who thinks sanogenically is
able to better assess their own resources in overcoming difficult situations,
accompanied by an optimistic attitude to the future. There is also the ability
to assess their own expectations, which a person attributes to a partner,
events, circumstances and which, in case of disagreement, cause resentment,
make it impossible to realize the unconscious. The individual perceives both
himself and others as "real", refuses to compare himself, thereby reducing
the stress of experiencing negative emotions, which, in turn, reduces the
level of effort from stress state.
Relationships between the level of development of sanogenic thinking
and coping strategies used by the individual are revealed. Regression analysis
showed that the study of personality theory and practice of sanogenic
thinking allows you to expand awareness of emotional mental operations
and acquire skills and abilities to introspect their own emotions, experiences
in coping stress. That is, sanogenic thinking can be a factor in stress-coping
behavior of the individual.
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