BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 
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2021, Volume 12, Issue 3, pages: 25-43 | https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.3/218  

 
 

Psychological 
Conditions for 
Correction and 
Optimization of 
Personal 
Development of 
Adolescents with 
Depressive Disorders 
Nelia BIHUN¹,  
Olena MALYNA2,  
Maksym DOICHYK3,  
Ihor HOIAN4,  
Nina HARKAVENKO5,  
Svitlana SYMONENKO6 
 

1 National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, 
Ukraine, nelabigun@gmail.com   
2 Zaporizhzhia National University, Ukraine, 
lenamalina1975@gmail.com    
3 Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National 
University, Ukraine, maksimdoichyk@ukr.net    
4 Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National 
University, Ukraine, ivigoian@gmail.com    
5 Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National 
University, Ukraine, 
n.harkavenko@chnu.edu.ua     
6 South Ukrainian National Pedagogical 
University named after K.D.Ushynsky, Ukraine, 
si38mon@ukr.net   

Abstract: The article presents a theoretical generalization and a new 
solution to a scientific problem, expressed in the application of an 
innovative personal approach to solving the problem of adolescent 
depressive disorders, the basis of which is the scientific and 
methodological interpretation of personal development as a defining 
construct of the system of psychological conditions for the onset of 
depressive disorders, models of their diagnosis and psychological 
conditions for overcoming , which ensures the formation of adolescents' 
ability to effective personal self-regulation and an arbitrary choice of 
constructive ways of self-realization. The methodological foundations 
of the study of the personal properties of adolescents with depressive 
disorders are disclosed, a program for the diagnosis of personal 
symptoms of depressive disorders of various forms of severity in 
adolescent schoolchildren is presented; carried out a quantitative and 
qualitative analysis of the results of the ascertaining experiment on 
the psychological conditions of the onset of depressive disorders in 
adolescent schoolchildren and the personality traits of adolescents with 
depressive disorders; the description of personal phenomenology and 
symptomatology of depressive disorders in adolescents has been carried 
out. Theoretical substantiation of the formative experiment is given, 
the program of correction and optimization of personal development of 
teenagers as a means of overcoming their depressive disorders is 
presented, the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results of its 
approbation is carried out. A profound restructuring of the structure 
and qualitative characteristics of the psychological conditions of the 
personal development of adolescents, their system of personal self-
regulation, optimizes the functioning of the mechanism of personal 
sensitivity - "Ego" -tolerance to destructive influences, is, as the 
results of the application of the experimental correctional and 
developmental program, an effective way to overcome depression in 
adolescents’ disorders. 
 
Keywords: personality development interpretation, personal self-
regulation, constructive self-realisation ways, diagnostics of personal 
symptoms, adolescent secondary school students, correction program. 
 
How to cite: Bihun, N., Malyna, O., Doichyk, M., Hoian, 
I., Harkavenko, N., & Symonenko, S. (2021). 
Psychological Conditions for Correction and Optimization 
of Personal Development of Adolescents with Depressive 
Disorders. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and 
Neuroscience, 12(3), 25-43. 
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.3/218  

https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.3/218
mailto:nelabigun@gmail.com
mailto:lenamalina1975@gmail.com
mailto:maksimdoichyk@ukr.net
mailto:ivigoian@gmail.com
mailto:n.harkavenko@chnu.edu.ua
mailto:si38mon@ukr.net
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.3/218


Psychological Conditions for Correction and Optimization of Personal … 
Nelia BIHUN, et al. 

 

26 

Introduction 

The modern trends to the education reform are centralised in the 
idea to develop and implement the latest psychological and pedagogical 
techniques that are primarily oriented to the development of the school 
student`s personality. Ensuring the conditions for an independent, 
harmonious, active personality to grow, to be able to creatively program his 
or her life and to individually realise his or her full potential, the Ukrainian 
scientists determine the tasks of the contemporary general education school 
as prioritised (Behas et al., 2019; Bekh, 1998; Bezliudnyi et al., 2019; Bulakh, 
2003; Nerubasska & Maksymchuk 2020; Nerubasska et al., 2020; 
Palamarchuk et al., 2020; Sitovskyi et al., 2019). In the system of these 
conditions, the psychological conditions have a special place, as they directly 
serve as general mechanisms of the human being`s personality development 
and mechanisms of his/her development in some specific crisis states, 
particularly in the situations of appearing and progressing depressive 
disorders. Prevention of neuropsychiatric disorders, providing conditions for 
maintaining the mental health of children and young students occupies a 
special place in the system of current issues of modern domestic school. 
According to statistics, the number of schoolchildren with mental and 
behavioral disorders has increased by 16.7% over the last decade.  The 
danger of depressive disorders both in adults and adolescents is first and 
foremost associated with a higher suicidal risk: depression takes the second 
place (17,3%) among the reasons of suicidal deaths. Smulevych (2015) 
indicates that suicidal thoughts and attempts are registered in 61.9% young 
people and teenagers with depressive disorders.  

The justification of the relevance of studying the problem of 
depressive disorders in adolescents requires that its age-related aspect should 
be taken into consideration, in particular, the analysis of adverse effects of 
the origin and progression of depression namely at the age of adolescence 
when dramatic changes happen in the structure of the personality of a young 
human being. Immaturity of the adolescents` personality causes their 
vulnerability to the destructive influence of depression by provoking the 
hazard of a depressive deformation of the mindfulness development 
processes, formation of personality new traits, social adaptation and 
integration. Futhermore, the risk of formation of premorbid traits of the 
personality as one of the psychological conditions for dysthymic disorders 
and chronic depressions to occur at a juvenile and mature age increases in 
the midst of adolescent depressive disorders.  



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Thus, in the context of the analysis of the problem of adolescent 
depression, it becomes necessary to study the psychological conditions of 
the personal development of adolescents with depressive disorders, in 
particular, the identification of depressogenic internally personal and 
externally personal conditions for the development of depression, as well as 
modeling the psychological conditions for the correction and optimization 
of the personal development of adolescents as a means of preventing and 
overcoming it. 

However, it should be pointed out that the research of adolescent’s 
depressions is mostly performed in terms of the psychomedical and 
psychotherapeutic approaches. The underdevelopment of the problem in the 
realm of psychological science and practice causes that insufficient 
consideration of the specifics of teen depressions, i.a. in their genesis of such 
fundamental psychological conditions as domination in the structure of the 
teenager`s personality development, crisis of an individual`s personality 
development at a teen age; personal symptoms and signs are underused in 
revealing depressive disorders; a limited arsenal of special programs and 
methods of assistance for adolescents with depressive disorders which are 
available for psychologists at educational institutions. The social significance 
of the problem and its incomplete study made us choose such a subject of 
our research.  

Objective: to theoretically prove the psychological conditions of the 
personality development of adolescents with depressive disorders, to assess 
their personal traits empirically, to elaborate and to test correction methods 
for treating depression in secondary school students at a teen age. 

Review of Literature 

Depression has been known to mankind since ancient times. The 
first traces to study the nature of depression are found in the works of the 
Ancient Greek philosophers (Hippocrates, 1936; Aristotle, 2000), who called 
this disorder as melancholy. The term “depression” was recognised in the 
medical science in the second half of XIX century when the science began 
studying this affective disorder.  

Over a long period of study of depressive disorders, scientists have 
proposed a large number of hypotheses and theories designed to explain the 
causes of depression. Generally, they present two approaches to the study of 
depressive disorders: psychiatric-biological and psychological-sociological. 
The representatives of the first school (Asberg et al., 1976; Davis, 1970) 
accentuate the role of biological factors of appearing depressive disorders; 



Psychological Conditions for Correction and Optimization of Personal … 
Nelia BIHUN, et al. 

 

28 

the advocates of the second school (Ellis, 1999;  Freud, 1968; Horney, 1997) 
substantiate the ideas of their advanced psychological and sociocultural 
nature.  

The recognised conceptual position is such one, according to which 
biological, psychological and social factors interact and have a complex 
impact on a human being (biopsychosocial approach by Engel, 1962; 
integrative approach by Hell, 1999). It is believed that the initial factors are 
biological (original disposition to depression, physiological and hormonal 
changes in the organism, lasting and severe somatic diseases etc.). 
Psychological factors form on their basis (fear of loss, psychological 
dependence on parents, self-distrust, narcissist vulnerability, mental fatigue 
and burnout etc.). Social factors (deformations of the educational influence, 
family discords, death of close people, conflict peer relationships, political 
and socio-economic instability in the country) serve as stimuli that actualise 
the effect of biological and psychological reasons of depression.  

The model of psychological conditions of progression of depressive 
disorders, which is the first in the global science, is a model of the origin of 
melancholy (Hippocrates-Galenus), the fundamentals of which consist in the 
aggregation of specific personality traits forming on the basis of the 
melancholic temper and uniting in such personality traits as propensity for 
sadness and psychological vulnerability. The mentioned model provided a 
basis for the personal approach particularly evident as initiation of the 
scientific tradition to interpret depression as personal issue and personal 
determined phenomenon.  

The most important psychological conditions among the personal 
determinants of depressive disorders discovered in the studies are: 
personality conflicts (Freud, 1968; Horney, 1997), specific personality traits 
(sensitivity, emotional lability, high anxiety, low self-esteem, self-distrust, 
modesty, sensitivity to opinions and estimating viewpoints of surrounding 
people, socio-psychological dependence, asthenic constitution and so forth), 
depressogenic personal traits of parents (personality weakness, personality 
constriction, personality closeness, personality proneness to conflict); 
psychological conditions of the strict family education with the child`s ego 
suppression.  

The analysis of the results of the research of depressive disorders 
attests that the sphere, which is ineluctably affected notwithstanding the 
specifics of the origin and progression of depressive disorders, is namely the 
personality self-regulation system. The proportion of personal factors in the 
depressogenesis is so high that defining depression as personality disorder 
does not look like exaggeration.  



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From our point of view, depression is depersonalisation (ego 
disorders, issues with the personality self-regulatory functioning) dependent 
on tendencies, loss of life productivity causing the deployment of internal 
and external destructive processes in an individual`s life activities and related 
thereto emotional tolls and involutions.  

The beginning of the studies of depressions in children and 
teenagers started approximately in the first half of XX century (Bowlby, 
1961; Spitz, 1945). The problem of teen depressive disorders remains to be a 
subject of studies of the contemporary researchers (Antropov, 2001). The 
studies are carried out in various aspects: detection of reasons, determination 
of symptoms and signs, description of different forms of depression, 
elaboration of methods and ways of its treatment, amelioration.  

According to the research outcomes, depressive disorders in children 
and teenagers are specific and differ in particular aspects from similar states 
in adults (for instance, propensity for particular forms of depression, age-
related peculiarities of factors of the origin of depressive disorders, 
polymorphism and atypicality of their signs).  

Basing on the theoretical-methodological analysis of the scientific 
studies of the problem of teen depressions, we designed a model of 
psychological conditions of the personality development of teenagers 
suffering depressive disorders. This model represents a structure of macro- 
and micro-levels of psychological conditions that can be interpreted, with 
reference to the depression core, as external personal and internal personal 
conditions.  

The macro-level of depressogenic psychological conditions of the 
individual`s personality development at a teen age comprises: present teen 
dichotomy (dichotomy “childhood-adulthood”), situations of the personal 
choice of an external and internal orientation in the attitude of adequacy; 
natural organic aptitude and readiness for sensitivity and influence, as a 
product of the specifics of the higher nervous system and temper; imbalance 
of the constructive and dominating destructive orientations in the system of 
personality self-regulation; psychological conditions of crisis life situations as 
a result of the effect from the aggregation of destructive influences and their 
continuous presence in the form of potential threats.  

No self-sufficiency or its low level creates a core of the macro-level 
of depressogenic psychological conditions, where the main ones are: 
deformations and imbalance of the personality self-regulatory system – low 
or blocked productivity of the self-attitude function, self-defence, self-
expression, self-control, self-realisation (self-depreciation, non-valid 
tendencies in feelings about yourself; imbalance of the self-defence and self-



Psychological Conditions for Correction and Optimization of Personal … 
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30 

expression functions); deformations of the subsystem of personal relevance 
and personal sensitivity – producing exaggerated patterns of influence and 
their personal value, protective expectations regarding destructive influences; 
transformations of the personal significance of influence into the 
destructive, psychologic production of a virtual depressive environment; low 
“Self”-tolerance to destructive influences as integral form of internal 
personal preconditions and conditions for the progression of depressive 
disorders.  

The model of psychological conditions of the progression of 
depression in teenagers elaborated on grounds of the theoretical 
generalisation justifies the conclusion that the approach adequate to the 
problem of treatment of teen depressive disorders is a personal approach, 
the fundamentals of which consist in the research and methodological 
interpretation of the personality development as determinative construct of 
the system of psychological conditions of the origin of depressive disorders, 
their diagnostic models and treatment, which provide an opportunity for 
developing the ability of teenagers to the productive personal self-regulation 
and optional choice of constructive ways of self-realisation.  

Materials & Methods 

For determining the peculiarities of the origin and progression of 
depression at an adolescent age and personality traits of teenagers with 
depressive disorders, the following diagnostic methods are used: Beck`s 
depression scale (1974, cited in Davis, 1980), Zhmurov`s technique of 
differential diagnostics of depressive states (2002) adapted by us for 
adolescence; self-esteem scale; technique for studying the level of aspiration, 
as modified by Kurek (1997), anxiety scale (Gelikon, 1995), inventory of 
Eysenck (1999), pathocharacterological diagnostic questionnaire of Lichko 
(1999), Kettel`s personal 16-PF-questionnaire (Akhmedzhanov, 1996).  

The experimental sample made 392 secondary school students aged 
11 to 16.  

One of the main tasks of the research was to experimentally assess 
the influence of psychological conditions of the personality development of 
teenagers on the origin and progression of their depressive disorders. For 
the experimental proof of the determinant bounds and bondages detected by 
the method of theoretical modelling, one selected the indices of the 
personality development of teenagers, which could be detected with the help 
of the reliable standardised techniques, and which could concurrently 
represent depressogenic psychological conditions. These indices included the 
phenomena of self-esteem, levels of aspiration, anxiety, temper, 



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accentuations of personality traits, personality properties, and productivity in 
different spheres of life.  

The worked-out program of correctional-developmental work with 
teenagers suffering depressive disorders is oriented at renewing and 
developing their personal self-regulatory system, mainly such its functions as 
self-treatment, self-protection, self-expression, self-control and self-
realisation. The optimisation of the said basic functions of the personal self-
regulatory system produces a wholistic effect of the rise and evolution of 
some constructive tendencies including the following for removing 
depressive disorders:  

 tendency for curing teen dichotomy (enhanced inner 
orientation of the adequacy feeling, increasing level of independence, self-
sufficiency, self-regulation, lower social dependence and conformity);  

 lower level of the personal sensitivity (lower propensity for 
exaggeration of the personal significance of destructive influences, lower 
level of anxiety, uncontrollableness of fears, tension, vulnerability, emotional 
instability, bashfulness, self-distrust);  

 tendency to enhance the positive self-attitude (higher self-
esteem, lower inferiority complex, coping with despair from an own ego);  

 tendency to increase “Self”-tolerance to destructive 
influences (increased level of self-control, independence, self-consistency, 
emotional balance, emotional resilience, confidence, overcoming constraint, 
increased level of self-protection and self-expression, overcoming the 
supressed ego); 

 tendency to renew the vital productivity (returning the 
feeling of perspective of an own existence, feeling of success and satisfaction 
in the main life spheres of a teenager); 

 tendency of lowering and disappearing of personal and 
external symptoms of depressive disorders.  

Thus, the treatment of teen depressive disorders was carried out 
through the deep restructuring and reform of the qualitative properties of 
psychological conditions of the personality development of teenagers by 
optimising their self-regulatory systematic functions.  

In order to approbate our designed program for prevention and 
treatment of depressive disorders in adolescents, an experimental and 
control group was formed. The experimental group included 16 secondary 
school students with a light form of depression, 16 with a moderate one; the 
control group included 17 subjects in a state of light depression, 15 – 
moderate depression.  



Psychological Conditions for Correction and Optimization of Personal … 
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32 

Results & Discussion 

The analysis of the research results shows that almost a half of the 
teenagers examined (42.09%) suffers different forms of depressive disorders. 
We note that 28.06% subjects have light depression, 12.50% teenagers are in 
a state of moderate depression, and 2.04% secondary school students are 
diagnosed with severe depression.  

The numerical relation of boys and girls suffering depressive 
disorders is 1:2.  

The research results make it possible to state that the period of the 
highest risk of appearing depression is 13-14 years of age: most of 
adolescents (69.09%) suffering depression are secondary school students 
who go through the so called “crisis of 13 years”. Deep qualitative changes 
of the mental growth process go right at this age phase and cause a 
teenager`s high responsiveness, vulnerability and sensitivity, his 
defencelessness to slings and arrows of life.    

The results of studying the indices of the personality development of 
teenagers with depressive disorders are provided in Table 1.  

 
Table 1. Indices of the Relation of Personality Traits of Teenagers and Depressive Disorders  

n = 165 
 

 
Parameters Studied 

Forms of Depression 

Light Medium High 

% rxy % rxy % Rxy 

Self-Esteem 

Inadequate, inflated - - - - - - 

Adequate with an uprising 
trend 

1.82 0.42 - - - - 

Adequate 64.54 0.81* 36.17 - 0.52 12.50 - 

Adequate with a downward 
trend 

21.82 0.52 34.04 0.94* 25.00 0.95* 

Inadequate, low 11.82 0.50 29.79 0.89* 62.50 0.99* 

Level of Aspiration 

High 18.19 0.42 – - – - 

Medium 44.54 0.88* 38.30 0.38 25.00 - 0.44 

Low 37.27 0.53 61.70 0.97* 75.00 0.99* 

Anxiety 

High 48.18 - 0.37 53.19 0.96* 62.50 0.98* 

Medium 51.82 0.69* 46.81 0.45 37.50 0.38 

Low - - - - - - 

Temper 

Melancholic 33.64 - 0.39 57.44 0.98* 62.50 0.99* 



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Choleric 36.36 0.49 27.66 0.50 25.00 0.50 

Sanguineous 28.19 0.97* 14.90 - 0.86* 12.50 - 

Phlegmatic (lymphatic) 1.81 0.99* – - – - 

Notes: 1. rxy – value of Pirson`s correlation ratio 
2. Strong correlation if rxy > 0.6 
 
Relying on the experimental data, the psychological traits of 

adolescents suffering depressive disorders were determined. Most of them 
are secondary school students with low self-esteem, high anxiety, 
melancholic or choleric temper, accentuated traits according to the 
psychastenic, sensitive, asthenoneurotic or cycloid type (14.90% secondary 
school students in a state of moderate depression had an asthenoneurotic 
type of the accentuated temper; 17.02% - a sensitive type; 19.15% - a 
psychastenic type; 23.40% - a cycloid type; the group of test subjects 
comprised 25.00% with a psychastenic type of the accentuated temper, 
25.00% with a mixed type of the accentuated temper, 12.50% with a cycloid 
type of the accentuated temper, 12.50% with an asthenoneurotic type of the 
accentuated temper). There is a two-sided concatenation of depression and 
the level of aspiration, self-esteem and anxiety of teenagers. Low self-esteem, 
marked anxiety and an outstanding level of aspiration cause depressive 
disorders. Concurrently, depression cause lower self-esteem, aspiration level 
and higher anxiety.  

Absent personal traits detected in teenagers with depressive 
disorders in the structure of the personality of adolescents justify a 
generalisation being fundamental for the research: depression – a 
phenomenon of the personality sphere, problem of the teenager`s 
personality development in general, personality self-regulatory mechanisms 
in particular.  

The processing of the results received by the procedure of control 
testing gave a comprehensive sense of those changes happened in the 
personality and psychoemotional spheres of the both groups studied during 
the experiment, an opportunity to assess the efficiency and strength of the 
designed program for treatment of depressive disorders of teenagers (Table 2).  

 
Table 2. Results of the Examination of Test Persons in the Experimental (EG) and Control 

(CG) Groups According to the Method of Diagnostics of Depressive States n = 64 
 

 
Forms of 
Depression 

Number of Test Persons in % 

Examination 1 Examination 2 Examination 3 Examination 4 Examination 5  



Psychological Conditions for Correction and Optimization of Personal … 
Nelia BIHUN, et al. 

 

34 

EG CG EG CG EG CG EG CG EG CG 

Absent – – 18.75 3.13 31.25 – 75.00 – 87.50 – 

Light 50.00 53.13 43.75 50.00 56.25 50.00 25.00 50.00 12.50 46.875 

Medium 50.00 46.87 37.50 46.87 12.50 50.00 – 46.87 – 46.875 

High –  – – – – – 3.13 – 6.25 

 
The figures provided in Table 2 show the positive dynamics of the 

psychoemotional state of the test persons in the experimental group. In 
particular, 18.75% teenagers had no depressive disorders in two months 
after the beginning of the psychocorrectional process. According to the 
results of the last control diagnostic examination, the portion of teenagers 
without depression made 87.50%.  

Summing up the results of the diagnostics of depressive states of the 
experimental group, we noticed a shift in the quantitative ratio of teenagers 
with different forms of depression at each experiment stage (see Fig.1).  

 

 
 

Fig.1. Dynamics of the ratio of test persons (experimental group) with different 
forms of depression in the forming experiment 

 
The analysis of the dynamics of the psychoemotional state of test 

persons in the control group shows a negative trend as reducing number of 
teenagers with light depression (from 53.13% to 46.87%) and moderate 
depression turning into the severe one that was noted in 6.25% of the 
teenagers. It should be pointed out that a worse psychoemotional state of 
secondary school students in the control group was registered mainly in the 
period of completion of the school term or year. It provides insight that the 
intensiveness of depressogenic factors as higher school load, higher 
requirements and summative assessment increases towards the end of the 



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study year. Hence, the number of stressful situations stimulating depressive 
reactions in emotionally sensitive teenagers increases too.  

The statistical analysis of the experimental material according to 
Student`s t-test showed the veracity of differences of the indices of 
depressive disorders between the first and second diagnostic check-ups: t = 
2.96 and statistically significant when ρ ≤ 0.01 in the experimental group and 
statistically insignificant in the control group, where t = -1.57 when ρ ≤ 0.05.  

To verify the hypothesis provided and to determine whether it is true 
that positive changes in the psychological state of the teenagers with 
depression are a consequence of an increased level of development of their 
personality functions, we studied the dynamics of personal changes in test 
persons in the control and experimental groups during the forming 
experiment. For this purpose, we used Kettel`s personal 16-PF-
questionnaire (Akhmedzhanov, 1996) (Table 3).  

 
Table 3. Results of the Examination of Test Persons in the Experimental (EG) and Control 
(CG) Groups According to Kettel`s Personal 16-PF-Questionnaire (Akhmedzhanov, 1996)  

n = 64 

 
 
Factor 

Number of Test Persons in %  

Examination 1 Examination 2 

EG CG EG CG EG CG EG CG EG CG EG CG 

C - - 37.50 34.375 62.50 65.625 15.625 - 62.50 34.375 21.875 65.625 

E - - 43.75 46.875 56.25 53.125 3.13 - 62.50 46.875 34.37 53.125 

G 40.625 34.375 37.50 40.625 21.875 25.00 46.875 34.375 37.50 40.625 15.625 25.00 

H - - 50.00 43.75 50.00 56.25 18.75 - 68.75 43.75 12.50 56.25 

O 75.00 78.125 25.00 21.875 - - 15.625 75.00 65.625 25.00 18.75 - 

Q3 15.625 21.875 37.50 43.75 46.875 34.375 28.125 21.875 46.875 43.75 25.00 34.375 

Q4 46.875 50,00 53.125 50,00 - - 18.75 50.00 81.25 50.00 - - 

MD 6.25 6.25 31.25 28.125 62.50 65.625 25.00 6.25 53.125 28.125 21.875 65.625 

Factors 
Assessme 

ent 

High Average Low High Average Low 

The results of the analysis of the experimental data obtained in the 
summative and control assessments show the positive dynamics in the 
personality sphere of test persons from the experimental group. Some 
significant changes in the indices of expressiveness of the factors C – 
“emotional instability – emotional stability”, H – “bashfulness – boldness”, O 
– “assertiveness – bashfulness”, Q4 – “slackness – tension”, MD – “self-
esteem adequacy” and others (see Table 3). There is no positive dynamics of 
the personality development detected while exanimating test persons of the 
control group.  



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36 

The comparative analysis of the diagnostic data obtained according 
to Kettel`s personal 16-PF-questionnaire (Akhmedzhanov, 1996) shows that 
the carried out the psychocorrective work stimulated the positive personality 
changes in test persons of the experimental group manifesting in a 
strengthened emotional stability and development of self-regulation of 
emotions of teenagers; a lower level of anxiety, exaltation, weakening 
depressiveness and inner tension; developing skills of self-control of 
behaviour; an increased feeling of self-confidence and refocusing from the 
search of support and reliance in the group to self-reliance; weakening 
bashfulness, constraint and adequate increase of self-esteem.  

Thus, the results of the forming experiment confirm the efficiency of 
a designed model of psychological conditions of correction and optimisation 
of the personality development of teenagers with depressive disorders (the 
model is schematically presented in Fig.2).  

In designing the model described above, we were motivated by the 
methodological insight about the productivity of the model construction 
method consisting in finding key solutions of research challenges. By 
applying to the problem of adolescent depressive disorders, it manifested in 
discovering means of a proposed model of ways to research psychological 
factors and mechanisms of development of depressive disorders of 
teenagers, discovery of their symptoms and signs and ways of treatment.  

Scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the results obtained consist in the 
following: firstly, the scientific-theoretical justification of the systematic nature 
of determination, through psychological conditions, of the processes of origin, 
progression and treatment of depressive disorders in teenagers. The structure 
of psychological conditions of the personality development serving as 
mechanisms of origin of depressive disorders (psychological conditions of 
teen dichotomy, natural-organic influence-dependence, external orientation of 
the conformity attitude, deformation of the personal self-regulatory functions, 
high personal sensitivity, low “Self”-tolerance to destructive influences, 
supressed “ego”) as well as the structure of psychological conditions of 
correction and optimisation of readiness to the personality self-regulation, 
creation and development of the trend of treatment of teen dichotomy, 
lowering of the personal sensitivity level and influence-dependence, 
progression of the positive self-attitude, increase of “Self”-tolerance to 
destructive influences, life productivity optimisation were determined. The 
author enhanced and extended the phenomenology and symptomatology of 
depressive disorders of various manifestation forms by describing personal 
features of their manifestation at an adolescent age, designed a model of 



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correction and optimisation of the personality development of teenagers as 
psychological basis for treating their depressive disorders. 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Fig.2. Psychological conditions of correction and optimisation of the 

personality development of teenagers with depressive disorders 

Correction of the emotional state 

Correction and development of the personal 
competence 

Optimization of 
readiness for personal 

development 

Stimulation of 
constractive 

changes of personal 
development 

Awareness of the need and 
possibility of transition to 

profound change in 
personal development 

Correction, reconstruction and development of the system of personal self-
regulation 

Correction 
and 

developmen
t of self-
esteem 

Correction and 
development of 
the function of 
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Psychological Conditions for Correction and Optimization of Personal … 
Nelia BIHUN, et al. 

 

38 

The scientific representation of the phenomenon of depressive 
disorders, role of the personality development factors in their genesis, 
progression and amelioration, information of psychological means to handle 
depressive disorders at an adolescent age are further elaborated.  

The practical importance of the obtained results consists in the designed and 
approbated program for detection of personal symptoms and signs of 
different depressive disorders in secondary school students-teenagers, 
psychocorrection program for treatment of depressive disorders in 
teenagers. On grounds of the research results, the author elaborated the 
practical recommendations, which can be used by school psychologists, 
counsellors, rehabilitation therapists, teachers, parents for developing the 
personality of depressed teenagers, preventing and treating their personality-
depressive disorders. The obtained data about psychological conditions of 
origin and treatment of depressive disorders in school students-teenagers 
can be used for improving the content and management of comprehensive 
school institutions, for extending (specifying, enriching) the content of 
educational-professional training programs for psychologists at higher 
educational institutions, academic levels “Bachelor”, “Specialist”, “Master”, 
particularly in teaching such subjects as “Clinical Psychology”, 
“Psychopathology”, “Psychocorrection”, “Psychological Counselling”.   

Conclusions 

This article provides the theoretical generalisation and new solution 
of the scientific problem manifested in applying an innovative personal 
approach to the resolution of the problem of adolescent depressive 
disorders, the fundamentals of which consist in the research and 
methodological approach as determinative construct of the system of 
psychological conditions of origin of depressive disorders, their diagnostic 
models and psychological conditions of their amelioration providing for a 
forming propensity of teenagers for efficient personal self-regulation and 
optional choice of constructive ways of self-realisation.  

The approaches formed in studying adult depressions prevail in the 
studies of adolescent depressions. It results in such consequences: the 
specifics of teen depressions is deficiently considered; there is a rote transfer 
of the methods of diagnostics and treatment of teen depressions that results 
in disregarding such fundamental psychological conditions of the process of 
development of teenagers as the personality development dominating in its 
structure, teen age sensitivity to the individual`s personality development, 
depressogenic nature of the teenager crisis; personal symptoms of depressive 
disorders are incompletely used; the arsenal of programs and methods of 



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psychological aid to teenagers extends slowly; there is no special approach 
created for solving the problem of adolescent depressive disorders.  

Resolving the problem of teen depressive disorders is an important 
component of the movement for constructivism, implementation of the 
humanistic principle of fighting for life and mature self-realisation of every 
person. The following was ascertained in the research: 

- adolescent depressive disorders are noted for their high destructive 
potential and consequently constitute a menace to an individual`s life at an 
adolescent age and at further stages of existence: depressive issues, which 
were not shed in the period of their appearance, turn into the chronic ones 
and transform into the system of depressogenic personality traits – a so 
called depressive personality that becomes an inner source of life threats. 
The range of such threats is wide: from deformation of personality 
functions, for instance, disorder of the function of positive self-attitude and 
related anguish of mind to the phenomenon of “broken life” and even its 
physical destruction as suicide;  

- the nature of adolescent depressive disorders poses the necessity of 
forming professional-ethical imperative predominantly addressed to the 
psychological science and practice, the content of which uncovers itself in 
such requirements: to adhere to the enhanced concept of the group of risk 
of appearing depressive disorders by using the personal approach 
symptomatology therefor; not to leave the problem of a detected depressive 
disorder unsolved; to provide teenagers with depressive disorders with 
urgent systematic psychological aid.  

Psychological conditions of the personality development and 
depressive disorders have a staged dependence level, the nature of which is 
reflected by the formula “The more destructive influence of psychological 
conditions of the personality development, the more advanced depressive 
disorders: the more advanced depressive disorders, the more destructive 
respective psychological conditions of the personality development.” This 
common pattern, as we can note in the correlation analysis data, is 
manifested in the relations of components of these phenomena: the lower 
self-esteem, the more advanced depressive disorder and the higher anxiety 
level; the lower personality adaptive potential, the more sever depressive 
disorder; the more severe depressive disorder, the lower adaptive potential 
of personality traits. Determining these and other dependences has become 
a key conclusion of the research that makes it possible to detect advanced 
inner symptoms and signs of depression, as opposed to the traditional 
methods of diagnostics of adolescent depressions, its phenomenological 
core providing for an opportunity of not only qualitative diagnostics of 



Psychological Conditions for Correction and Optimization of Personal … 
Nelia BIHUN, et al. 

 

40 

depressive disorders in their formed full-blown state, but anticipation of 
their origin and early detection.  

The psychological condition serving as a central regulator of the 
personal self-regulatory system as a functional core of the personality 
development is personal sensitivity – functional characteristics of the 
personal self-regulatory system defining the level of “Ego”-tolerance, which 
is a mechanism of stabilisation, integrity and self-sufficiency of an 
individual`s personality functioning in the situation of perception and 
influence. 

According to the data obtained in the experimental research, 
interpersonal psychological conditions that determine high personal anxiety; 
unstable self-esteem with a downward trend; a non-uniform level of 
aspiration tending to be inadequately outsized or downgraded; components 
of personal lack of balance in the structure of the melancholic and choleric 
types of temper; accentuation according to the psychastenic, sensitive, 
asthenoneurotic, cycloid, labile types of temper. Sensitivity, “Ego”-tolerance 
and depressive disorder have regular dependence of the two types – 
unilateral dependence: the higher degree of personal sensitivity, the lower 
“Ego”-tolerance to destructive influences, the higher probability of an 
appearing depressive disorder; and bilateral dependence – the higher degree 
of personal sensitivity, the lower “Ego”-tolerance to destructive influences, 
the more severe depressive disorder; the more severe depressive disorder, 
the higher degree of personal sensitivity and the lower “Self-“tolerance to 
destructive influences.  

The in-depth reforming of the structure and qualitative properties of 
psychological conditions of the teenagers` personality development, their 
system of personal self-regulation optimising the personal sensitivity 
mechanism – “Self”-tolerance to destructive influences is, as evidenced by 
the results of the applied experimental correction-development program, a 
productive way to remove depressive disorders of teenagers. The application 
of the valid reliable standardised techniques and advanced observation attest 
the accuracy of the data of the teenagers` personality development in the 
experimental group, positive adaptive changes in the functions of the self-
regulatory system: the more positive adaptive changes of the functions of 
self-attitude, self-defence, self-expression, self-control, self-realisation, the 
lower degree of symptoms of depressive disorders. 



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