BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience
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2023, Volume 14, Issue 2, pages: 1-13 | https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/14.2/440
Submitted: February 6th, 2023 | Accepted for publication: June 27th, 2023

Results of the
Implementation of a
Comprehensive Socio-
Psychological Program to
Foster Professional
Empathy Among
Professionals in the
Helping Professions

Viacheslav BLIKHAR 1,
Zoriana KOVALCHUK 2,
Olena VAVRYNIV 3,
Roman YAREMKO 4,
Viktorja BODNARCHUK 5,
Andrii TSIUPRYK 6

1 Doctor of Philosophical Science,
Professor, Lviv State University of Internal
Affairs, Lviv, Ukraine,blikharv@ukr.net
2 Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Lviv
State University of Internal Affairs, Lviv,
Ukraine, zoriana01051974@i.ua
3 Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Lviv
State University of Internal Affairs, Lviv,
Ukraine, vavrynivolena@gmail.com
4 Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Lviv
State University of Life Safety, Lviv,
Ukraine, yaremic4@gmail.com
5 Assistant Professor of the Practical
Psychology and Pedagogy Department,
Lviv State University of Life Safety,
bodnarchuk.vktorja@gmail.com
6 Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, associate
professor, Lviv State University of Life
Safety, Lviv, Ukraine, tsarob@ukr.net

Abstract: The article presents the results of research on the empathy of
policemen, rescuers, doctors and psychologists, as the best representatives
among helpers. It also describes the qualitative and quantitative changes
in the levels of empathy among these specialists after the implementation
of a comprehensive socio-psychological program.
The goal is the approval of a complex socio-psychological program for
the formation of professional empathy among specialists in helping
professions, in particular, police officers, rescuers, doctors and
psychologists. To conduct the research, the following methods were
used: psychodiagnostic technique “Diagnostics of the empathic abilities
level” by V. Boiko, content analysis, and Wilcoxon t-criteria to
determine statistically significant shifts.
The results. On the basis of the conducted research, it was
established that empathy undergoes positive changes under the influence
of the proposed comprehensive social-psychological program. As we can
see the t-Wilcoxon results showed statistically significant shifts at the
p<0.01 and p<0.001 levels. Positive changes occurred among
representatives of all studied professions, however, the highest rates of
change were found among psychologists and police officers.
Conclusions. Theoretical analysis shows that empathy is mostly
considered as an emotional component of the personality, which often
appears in a negative way for specialists of some professions. However,
the empathy of rescuers, police officers, doctors and psychologists
manifests itself through a behavioral component and contributes to the
emergence of empathic actions. Therefore, the positive results of the
implementation of a complex socio-psychological program allow us to
insist on the effectiveness and feasibility of its application for other
specialists in the field of helping professions.

Keywords: empathy, rescuers, police officers, doctors, psychologists,
specialists of helping professions.

How to cite: Blikhar, V., Kovalchuk, Z., Vavryniv, O.,
Yaremko, R., Bodnarchuk, V., & Tsiupryk, A. (2023). Results
of the Implementation of a Comprehensive Socio-
Psychological Program to Foster Professional Empathy
Among Professionals in the Helping Professions. BRAIN.
Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 14(2), 1-
13. https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/14.2/440

https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/14.2/440
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/14.2/440

Broad Research in
Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience

June 2023
Volume 14, Issue 2

Introduction

The humanization of relations in the society requires the ability to
understand another person, to enter his situation, as well as the ability to
empathize and sympathize, which, in turn, encourages helping. We often talk
about empathy in different age periods, generally about empathy in our
society as opposed to aggression and lack of compassion for other people.

It is a person's ability to empathize with others - this is one of the
main motivation factors for choosing the help professions. As well, the
empathy is considered an important factor of individual and professional
development of the person, in particular, in professions of the socionomic
type.

The issue of developing empathy is mostly considered in two main
contexts - personal (universal) and professional. The role of the issue in
personal and professional development is a subject of scientific research for
a long time. This is due to the fact that empathy, as a socio-psychological
phenomenon, significantly affects the personality as a whole, increases
motivation, productivity and effectiveness of its activities.

The ability to empathize consists in the ability to lead an emotional
response to feelings, thoughts and feelings of the empathy object. Some
scientists believe that empathy - is the emotional ability to respond to signals
that convey the emotional experience of another. Others define empathy as
a behavioral ability that manifests itself in helping, facilitating, and altruistic
behavior in response to the experiences or problems of another person. M.-
L. Hoffman considers empathy as a biologically determined tendency to
altruistic behavior. In his works, he emphasizes that sincere compassion
(empathy) generates altruistic motivation for helping behavior (Hoffman,
2020).

Therefore, empathy as a motivational factor of help is divided into
certain forms of helping behavior: real actions aimed at providing help;
prosocial behavior, altruistic behavior.

Ch. Batson formulated his hypothesis of “empathy – altruism”. Its
essence is that the true altruistic behavior of a person aimed at helping
another does not involve any benefit or social encouragement in return,
rising esteem or self-esteem because of giving help that is motivated by
empathy itself (Batson, 1997).

Empathy as a factor of motivation for moral behavior and altruism
has certain definitions in this context:

- an affective response that is more appropriate to the other person’s
situation than your own;

Results of the Implementation of a Comprehensive Socio-Psychological…
Viacheslav BLIKHAR, et al.

- feelings are focused on another person, corresponding to the
psychoemotional state;

- affective reaction to the emotional state of another person and
sometimes a similar feeling or experience that is observed in that person;

- ability to respond emotionally to others experiences.
It is believed that the empathy of representatives of helping

professions can be studied in two directions such as empathy as a factor of
successful professional activity and empathy as a motivational factor of
choosing a profession. Therefore, most often empathy, as a professionally
important quality, is studied by representatives of such helping professions
as: psychotherapists, doctors, teachers and teachers of higher education
institutions, practical psychologists, social workers, their professional
training and self-determination, etc.

Empathy in medical practice is extremely necessary and significantly
affects the success of treatment and further favorable conditions for the
course of the disease. Empathy in doctors’ practice allows you to make more
accurate and early diagnoses and avoid unnecessary research, which allows
you to achieve stable results in the treatment process.

Empathy for therapists is an essential quality of professional
competence that helps to convey to the patient and help him. In addition,
empathy as a quality of the doctor’s personality will help to establish an
emotional connection and promote an open, trusting atmosphere in
communication between the doctor and his patient. The researchers also
investigated the relationship between empathy, compassion satisfaction, and
fatigue. The study shows that a quarter of doctors who participated in the
experiment are at risk of stress due to excessive empathy (Hunt, 2019).
Researchers have studied the empathy in the structure of personal volunteers,
as representatives of helping kinds of activity (Koval & Spitsyna, 2021).

The presence of empathy in the psychologist’s personality structure
will help in the process of interaction with the client to demonstrate his
sincere desire to help in a difficult life situation. “Empathetic listening” is
perhaps the most important skill in the practice of a psychologist. Because
the psychologist’s ability to listen empathetically contributes to the creation
of a positive microclimate in working with the client and establishing rapport
(Vavryniv, 2020).

Empathy has a positive effect on the development of interpersonal
relationships. It allows to provide support to a person not only under usual
conditions, but also in difficult extreme situations, when he especially needs
it. Most often, in this context, these qualities correlate with the requirements

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of professional and personal competence of specialists in risky professions,
in particular, rescuers and police officers.

In modern literature, a study of empathy in the personality structure
of a rescuer is presented, its role in their professional activity and self-
realization is determined (Vavryniv, 2020; Yaremko et al., 2022).

Research on the personality of the rescuer, his personal and
professional qualities, in particular, neuropsychological stability, motivation,
peculiarities of response to stress, interpersonal interaction, etc., is also
widely presented in scientific works. (Wagner et al., 2021). Scientists have
also made attempts to establish the causes of alcoholism and committed
suicides among rescuers, drawing parallels with the peculiarities of
professional activity (Healy & Vujanovic, 2021; Zegel et al., 2022). Scientists
are searching for effective methods of therapy for the negative impact of
professional activity on rescuers (Becker et al., 2022).

Empathy is considered an important social quality of law
enforcement officers. There are works that emphasize the need to diagnose
the level of empathy in police officers at the stage of professional selection.
That is why it is believed that empathic compassion will be important when
interacting with victims (Bloksgaard & Prieur, 2021).

The professional and personal qualities of police officers and their
influence on professional activity and self-realization are widely investigated
(Fedorenko et al., 2020; Ponomarenko et al., 2022; Olalde-Mathieu et al., 2022).

There are studies on the relationship between empathy and
motivation, as well as the possibility of forming sustainable empathy through
understanding the motives for showing compassion (Weisz et al., 2021).
That is why, empathy will emerge itself in a more active form, when the
empathizing person understands the motive of his own sympathy.

In general, the development of professional empathy in the process
of developing the personality of a specialist holds a significant place and is
expressed in the mastery of the ability to effectively interact with other
people at the professional and personal levels.

The goal is the approval of a complex socio-psychological program
for the formation of professional empathy among helping professions
specialists, in particular, police officers, rescuers, doctors and psychologists.

Research methods and samples. To diagnose the level of
empathy, we conducted “Diagnosis of the level of empathic abilities”, the
method used by V. Boyko. A content analysis was carried out and the level
of statistically significant changes was established using the SPSS 20
mathematical statistics program and the Wilcoxon t-test. The total research
sample of 557 specialists in helping professions, in particular, police officers,

Results of the Implementation of a Comprehensive Socio-Psychological…
Viacheslav BLIKHAR, et al.

rescuers, doctors, and psychologists. 202 people were selected to conduct
the formative part of the experiment, including: 50 rescuers, 40 medics, 52
policemen and 60 psychologists.

Justification of the complex socio-psychological program of formation
of professional empathy among specialists of helping professions

The purpose of the formative experiment was to develop and
implement a comprehensive socio-psychological program for the formation
of professional empathy among specialists in helping professions. In
accordance with the purpose of the formative experiment, the following
tasks are distinguished:

1) to determine the methods, psychological conditions and factors of
the formation of professional empathy among future rescuers;

2) to develop the content, structure and criteria for evaluating the
effectiveness of a comprehensive socio-psychological program for the
formation of professional empathy among specialists in helping professions;

3) to test a comprehensive socio-psychological program for the
formation of professional empathy of specialists in helping professions.

While preparing a comprehensive socio-psychological program for the
formation of professional empathy among specialists in helping professions, we
analyzed and took into account the research of modern scientists.

So, modern research suggests that doctors and psychologists with
sufficient and high levels of empathy are more likely to suffer from
professional burnout, and rescuers and police officers should do their work
without excessive emotionality and compassion. That is why the emphasis in
the programme focused on the development of empathic (helping) behavior
skills, the ability to analyze and assess the situation, the formation of self-
regulation and self-control skills in the professional stressful situations.

The program consisted of 14 training sessions, that include exercises
and techniques to promote interpersonal communication, group discussions,
mini-lectures to deepen knowledge about the problem of empathy and its
importance in personal and professional growth, game methods (situational
role-playing games, etc.), psychodrawing, psychogymnastics, relaxation,
meditation and visualization, methods of autogenic training. The experiment
included a video demonstrating the features of professional activities of
police officers, rescuers, doctors and psychologists, followed by debriefing:
professional and psychological analysis of the situation, emotions and
experiences of its participants. There was also a discussion about the
specialists feelings who participated in the program. Classes are designed for

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1.5-2 hours of group work. The goal of the program is to develop
professional empathy among specialists in helping professions.

In accordance with the goal of the comprehensive socio-
psychological program, we have identified the following tasks:

1) formation of internal motivation for helping behavior;
2) increasing the level of empathy in general;
3) development of skills of empathic behavior and active empathic

determination;
4) development of the most optimal (effective, adequate) types of

empathic interaction;
4) identification and development of the most appropriate (effective,

adequate) types of empathic interaction;
5) formation of humanistic and altruistic orientation towards another

person, which is the basis of empathy;
6) to actualize an empathetic attitude and develop the ability to

analyze and assess the situation;
7) developing self-regulation and self-control skills to cope with

stressful situations;
8) activation of the processes of self-knowledge and self-analysis, as

well as development of reflection skills;
9) to form a positive orientation of unconditional acceptance of

oneself and others.
The exercises and techniques of the program take into account the

actual problems of the service and professional activities of the participants
in the experiment. The program includes exercises that, while contributing
to the formation of professional empathy, also develop and consolidate the
professional skills of police officers, rescuers, doctors and psychologists. In
general, the content and structure of the developed comprehensive socio-
psychological program fully reflects the goal of developing professional
empathy in helping professionals.

In the introduction of the training, the main tasks were to familiarize
the participants with each other and the rules of group work, to identify the
level of awareness of participants about the problem of empathy, to help
defining the concept of “empathy”, to understand its importance in the life
and development of specialists in helping professions, to interest participants
in active interaction, to create an atmosphere of trust towards each other, to
help breaking down destructive barriers in communication, to get to know
themselves and other group members better.

The main part of the training was aimed at realizing the importance
of the profession and empathy within it, understanding one’s strengths and

Results of the Implementation of a Comprehensive Socio-Psychological…
Viacheslav BLIKHAR, et al.

weaknesses in it, developing the ability to assess one’s personal professional
qualities and friend’s qualities, self-motivation for professional development,
understanding one’s own feelings and experiences, developing a sense of
self-worth and the ability to reflect, and improving empathic abilities,
formation of professional empathy in combination with increasing
professional skills, formation of ability to understand feelings and feelings of
other people, formation of motivation of help behavior (ability to empathy
actions), development of sympathy to others, ability to care about the needs,
understanding of reasons of crime on the subject of the empathy for its
further purpose of blocking, increasing confidence and self-esteem, to work
out the ability to “keep the blow”, to harmonize the emotional state, to
define and fix the basic ways of managing their emotions in special and
extreme conditions for successful formation of stressful behavior, to acquire
skills of muscular control, to realize own body sensations.

The final part was aimed at understanding the limits of their own
emptiness and peculiarities of its manifestation, understanding of positive
changes that took place after the training and fixing the result, understanding
the value of professional activity of rescuers, raising motivation to improve
professional qualification, carrying out emotional discharge of participants,
and successful finishing.

Results

At the stage of the formulation experiment, control and experimental
groups were selected and formed from the entire selection of participants. The
control and experimental rescue groups included 25 respondents (total number
of 50 persons); the control and experimental groups of doctors included 20
respondents (total number of 40 persons); the control and experimental groups
of police included 26 respondents (total number of 52 persons); the control and
experimental group of rescuers included 30 respondents (total number of 60
persons). In order to assess the effectiveness of the socio- psychological training
in the formation of the professional empathy of future rescuers, we conducted a
repeated psycho-diagnostic research.

Table 1 presents the results of a comparative analysis of changes in
the empathy levels of the specialists under study. As we can see, positive
changes have affected all specialists in helping professions. The most
significant changes are observed in high and very low indicators. As we can
see in the table, after the implementation of a comprehensive social-
psychological program, psychologists have a very low level of empathy. This
indicates a positive influence and qualitative changes in the empathy level as
a professionally important quality of specialists in helping professions.

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Table 1. Results of comparative analysis

Indicators
Rescuers Doctors Police Psychologists

before after before after before after before after

Very high empathy level 18% 25% 20% 29% 18% 24% 20% 27%

High empathy level 20% 28% 22% 30% 19% 25% 24% 33%

Normal empathy level 20% 27% 23% 30% 21% 31% 27% 35%

Low empathy level 20% 9% 18% 8% 20% 11% 18% 5%

Very low empathy level 21% 11% 17% 3% 22% 9% 11% 0%

Source: Author's own conception

After the comparative analysis, there is a need for statistical
confirmation of the obtained results. In accordance with this need, we used
the Wilcoxon t-test to determine statistically significant changes.

Table 2 shows the results of applying the Wilcoxon t-test.
So, the most statistical changes in the empathy of the rescuers can be

noted low (p<0.001) and very low levels of empathy (p<0.001). At the
significance level of p<0.01, changes in very high, high and normal levels of
empathy were statistically confirmed. Changes in very high, low and very low
levels of empathy were found among doctors at the p<0.001 significance
level. Also, significant changes occurred in high (p<0.01) and low (p<0.01)
levels of empathy. Among police, the most statistical changes occurred in
normal (p<0.001), low (p<0.001) and very low (p<0.001) levels of empathy.
Statistically significant changes in the group of psychologists at the
significance level p<0.001 were found at high, low and very low levels.
Significant changes also occurred in high (p<0.01) and low (p<0.01) levels of
empathy. Significant changes also occurred in very high (p<0.01) and normal
(p<0.01) levels of empathy.

Indicators
Rescuers Medics Police officers Psychologists

t р t р t р t р

Very high level of
empathy

-3,101a ,002 -4,101a ,000 -2,911a ,004 -3,142a ,003

High level of empathy -3,248
a ,002 -3,257a ,002 -2,869a ,004 -4,248a ,000

Normal level of
empathy

-3,111a ,002 -3,051a ,003 -4,822a ,000 -3,132a ,003

Low level of empathy -5,121
b ,000 -4,821b ,000 -5,262b ,000 -5,021b ,000

Very low level of
empathy

-4,813b ,000 -5,563b ,000 -5,458b ,000 -5,823b ,000

Note: a ‒ positive ranks are used (increased); b-negative ranks are used (decreased).
Source: Author's own conception

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Viacheslav BLIKHAR, et al.

There is an opinion that the empathy of police officers and rescuers
should be at a low level. Since it is believed that these specialists should carry
out their professional activities quite coolly. We partially agree with this
opinion. However, we consider it necessary to note that most often police
and rescuers work with the category of the population that has suffered
from certain troubles. These people primarily seek compassion and
understanding, and need some help. It is the high levels of empathy in the
personality structure of rescuers and police officers that will encourage them
to provide the necessary both professional assistance and moral support.
After all, we consider empathy not only as an emotional component of the
individual, but also behavioral - which forms the motivation for providing
assistance and focuses the specialist’s activities on saving victims. Also, the
fact that a significant part of the participants were endowed with at least a
minimal level of empathy contributed to obtaining high results in
implementing a comprehensive program. It also suggests that a significant
proportion of the rescuers and police officers studied chose their future
profession under the influence of an internal need for assistance.

This assumption can also be expressed in relation to the studied
doctors and psychologists. The doctors under study are general practitioners
who have to cooperate directly with patients: listen to their complaints (not
just about their health), support them at the stage of treatment, make
treatment based on the patient's personality, and so on. The empathy of
doctors will contribute to establishing contact with patients and a positive
attitude toward treatment. Not in vain, empathy is considered a crucial
quality of a psychologist, as it contributes to the establishment of rapport
and further work with the client. If the client understands the sincerity of the
psychologist’s intentions to help in the situation, he will work more actively.
Also, empathy serves as a kind of key in customer discovery.

Discussion

The obtained results of the study allow us to assume that empathy
acts as a factor in choosing a profession of helping type, in particular,
policemen, rescuers, doctors, and psychologists. This is confirmed by initial
rates of empathy levels and their positive dynamics as a consequence of the
implementation of a comprehensive social and psychological program. So,
our research resonates the works of other scientists who study the influence
of empathy on personality and its professional formation, consider empathy
an important quality of representatives of helping professions, as well as
other types of helping activities, in particular volunteering (Koval &
Spitsyna, 2021; Veloski & Hojat, 2006). There is a similar tendency in studies

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Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience

June 2023
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that demonstrate the remarkable influence of empathy on the training
process, implementation in the profession, in particular, among medical
students (Delgado Bolton et al., 2022; Hojat et al., 2020).

Despite the presence of scientific works that are tangential to our
research and complement it, there is no or almost no intelligence that would
refer to the empathy of police officers and rescuers, as the brightest
representatives of the field of helping professions. Because of this, empathy
is mostly considered an important professional quality of doctors,
psychologists, psychotherapists, social workers, teachers, volunteers, and
other representatives of helping professions. The conducted study
complements our previous research and confirms that empathy is subjected
to formative influence in such specialists of helping professions as
policemen, rescuers, doctors, and psychologists. That is why, the highest
indicator was found in the empathy level increase due to the implementation
of the formulation actions. Let us assume that our achievements will allow
to expand the limits of research among specialists of assisting professions,
and also to establish empathy role and place in professional activity of
experts of this field.

Conclusions.

Summing up the results of our scientific research, we can say that the
empathy is mainly seen as an emotional component of personality and
professional important quality, which often acts in a negative way. So
excessive emotional sensitivity can lead to fatal errors in the work, in
particular, specialists such as rescuers, police officers, doctors and
psychologists. However, if analyzed on the basis of a theoretical and
experimental research, the issue of experts data is primarily manifested
through behavioral component and promotes occurrence of empathy
actions. Finding ways to help the consumer will not allow excessive
emotional sensitivity to appear.

The program offered by us is used not only to raise the level of
empathy, but also to relieve emotional stress, relaxation, meditation, etc.,
that will allow participants to apply them as necessary and quickly restore
stability and to begin to fulfill professional duties. Thus, we can state that the
complex social and psychological program of formation of professional
empathy of specialists of helping professions offered by us is effective and
can be used not only for police, rescuers, medicals and psychological, but
also for other specialists of the sphere of helping professions.

Our research does not cover all questions about the issue and its role
in the work of specialists of the helping professions. We consider studying

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Viacheslav BLIKHAR, et al.

of the issue of specialists of helping professions in gender and age context,
and also depending on the experience, position and duties, peculiarities of
professional activity, etc. to be perspective.

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