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2020, Volume 11, Issue 1, pages: 189-203| https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.1/23
Assessing the
Effectiveness of
Tactical Skills Level
when Using a Laser
Tag Type Two-Way
Skirmish Simulator
Artem BRATKO1, Viktor
HASHCHUK2, Taras SUSLOV3,
Roman MISHENIUK4, Vitalii
ZHURAVEL5, Vitalii HAVRYLIUK6
1 Ph. D. in Military Sciences, Associate
Professor of the General Military Disciplines
Department, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National
Academy of the State Border Guard Service of
Ukraine, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine.
bratkoav84@gmail.com
2 Ph. D. in Pedagogics, Associate Professor of
the General Military Disciplines Department,
Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of
the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine,
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine. gas9669@ukr.net
3 Ph. D. in Pedagogics, Lecturer of the General
Military Disciplines Department, Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State
Border Guard Service of Ukraine,
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine. zvdozdk@i.ua
4 Ph. D. in Pedagogics, Associate Professor of
the General Military Disciplines Department,
Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of
the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine,
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine.
rmishenyuk@gmail.com
5 Ph. D. in Military Sciences, Professor of the
General Military Disciplines Department,
Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of
the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine,
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine. vg_zhuravel@i.ua
6 Ph. D. in Pedagogics, Lecturer of the General
Military Disciplines Department, Bohdan
Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State
Border Guard Service of Ukraine,
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine.
gavrilyuk.vitaliy85@gmail.com
Abstract: The result of military personnel practical training lies in
skilful and confident actions using available weapons and military
equipment in all types of the combined arms operation. There is a need to
use training and simulation equipment in order to increase the force
proficiency, to save resources in weapons and military equipment use.
Analysis of the ground forces personnel military training system in the
militarily developed leading countries of the world indicates the tendency of
further reduction of the weapons and military equipment use for the
personnel professional training, the introduction of new forms and
methods into training with the use of simulators, training and simulation
equipment and training and simulation complexes. The armies of
NATO countries have a tendency to use full-scale simulators designed to
provide cadets with specific skills that allow the personnel training as part
of crews (teams), platoons, company and other units, as well as to carry
out the full range of their functional responsibilities. The authors of the
article have developed a method for assessing the effectiveness of the
military personnel competitive activity when solving tactical tasks using
laser tag type two-way skirmish simulators, which allows to determine the
level of separate components training (the skills level of separate tactical
techniques accomplishment, tactical, physical, psychological readiness) and
to carry out the personnel training level assessment as a whole. The
assessment included the most important training level criteria which
characterize a degree of a serviceman tactical training and have an
influence upon the real end result when solving the tactical tasks by the
unit as a whole.
Keywords: competitive activities; degree of tactical training; tactical
task; tactical technique; effectiveness factor; two-way skirmish simulator.
How to cite: Bratko, A., Hashchuk, V., Suslov, T., Misheniuk,
R., Zhuravel, V., & Havryliuk, V. (2020). Assessing the
Effectiveness of Tactical Skills Level when Using a Laser Tag
Type Two-Way Skirmish Simulator. BRAIN. Broad Research in
Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 11(1), 189-203.
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.1/23
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.1/23
mailto:bratkoav84@gmail.com
mailto:gas9669@ukr.net
mailto:zvdozdk@i.ua
mailto:rmishenyuk@gmail.com
mailto:vg_zhuravel@i.ua
mailto:gavrilyuk.vitaliy85@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.1/23
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Artem BRATKO et al.
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1. Introduction
At the present stage, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine
actively uses training and simulation equipment and training and simulation
complexes for educational and training purposes, as evidenced by the
number of command-and-staff training exercises and practical field exercises
involving these technical means.
The use of simulators in the educational process in terms of the
personnel training allows within the shortest possible training time to work
out a solution of several training-combat tasks, choosing the most rational
option, to expand the list of emergency situations (to increase the list of
situations to occur), to learn new techniques and methods of conducting the
combat.
MILES-2000 system is actively used by the Armed Forces of
Ukraine. The experience of its use shows that such simulation of real
combat can significantly improve the effectiveness of the military personnel
individual combat training and therefore the overall level of the unit
effectiveness.
The Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES) is a
training system that provides a realistic battlefield environment for soldiers
engaged in training exercises. MILES provides tactical engagement
simulation for direct fire-on-force training using eye-safe laser “bullets”.
Each individual and vehicle in the training exercise has a detection system to
sense hits and perform casualty assessment. Laser transmitters are attached
to each individual and vehicle weapon system and accurately replicate actual
ranges and lethality of the specific weapon systems. MILES training has
been proven to dramatically increase combat readiness and combat
effectiveness of military forces.
Soldiers use MILES devices primarily during force-on-force
exercises, from squad through brigade level, to simulate the firing and effects
of actual weapons systems. These weapons systems include the M1 Abrams
Tank, Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle, M113 Armoured Personnel Carrier,
wheeled vehicles and other non-shooting targets. Additionally, Basic MILES
simulations address anti-armour weapons, machine guns, rifles, and other
ancillary items, such as a controller gun, within the program (Federation of
American Scientists, 1999).
The National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of
Ukraine (NASBGSU) uses a similar system, called the laser tag type two-way
skirmish simulator.
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In the process of using this simulator in training exercises on general
tactics, military personnel perform competitive activities during which they
receive a combat mission to solve a tactical task, and the instructors of the
training exercise comprehensively evaluate each serviceman.
This system gives the opportunity during the execution of tactical
techniques and tasks to record: the movement of soldiers across the
battlefield, the total number of shots made by a serviceman, the number of
hits, injuries and the effectiveness of fire activity.
In the process of the training exercises conduct involving the use of
this system, we experienced a problem of qualitative assessment of the level
of skills of performing certain tactical techniques and the degree of tactical
training of the military personnel and units as a whole related to the use of
weapons during combat operations.
2. Literature review
The significance of information and communication technologies
usage by future border guard officers who study on specialty «State border
security and protection» according to the first (bachelor) level of higher
education for state examinations was revealed in the study of Bloshchynskyi
(Bloshchynskyi, 2017a). The analysis of the scientific literature showed that
the problems of modernization and creation of military simulation and
modelling complexes were addressed by such scientists as Rusnak &
Shevchenko (Rusnak & Shevchenko, 2002); methodical approach to
substantiation of characteristics of simulation facilities and systems is
described in the work of Matvievskyi (Matvievskyi, 2005); simulation
support of ground forces as a mechanism for increasing the level of combat
training of mechanized and tank troops is covered in the work of
Rudkovskyi (Rudkovskyi, 2012); issues concerning training and simulation
equipment state and prospects for its further development with respect to
mechanized and tank units were addressed by Rusilo (Rusilo, 2010).
Since 2014, considering the complex situation in Ukraine and
experience of the protection and defense of the southeastern border areas of
the state, new models of cadets training based on practical execution of law
enforcement and military objectives were developed; basic qualifications for
graduates were corrected. In view of this, 2/3 of the teaching hours are
allocated to the study of professionally oriented subjects, 70% of which are
practical classes. Also, target reorientation on military specificity within the
law-enforcement function of the border guard agency was performed. It was
based on the experience of combat employment of border units in a rapid
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change of the situation and localization of conflict, non-standard situations
at the state border, combating sabotage-reconnaissance groups and illegal
military formations. Cadets’ military training at the NASBGSU now is
performed in order to enrich and improve knowledge acquired during
lectures, and to improve practical skills in performing duties in BG units
under real conditions (Bloshchynskyi, 2017b).
The aforementioned works focus on the fact that military personnel
training with the use of simulators becomes one of the main attributes in the
professional development of almost all categories of servicemen. Also, the
problem of assessing a serviceman training level and a unit as a whole
specifically when using the simulators is not sufficiently covered. Therefore,
the authors of the article have developed and tested a model to assess the
military personnel competitive activity effectiveness when solving tactical
tasks as exemplified by the use of laser tag type two-way skirmish simulator,
which allows to determine the level of separate components training (the
skills level of separate tactical techniques accomplishment and degree of
tactical training) and to carry out the personnel training level assessment in
general.
3. Materials and Methods
When conducting tactical exercises, there is a problem of qualitative
assessment of the skills level concerning performance of separate tactical
techniques and tactical training associated with the use of weapons and
equipment in the conduct of combat operations by military personnel and
units as a whole. Due to the fact that the laser tag type two-way skirmish
simulator gives the opportunity during the execution of tactical techniques
and tasks to record: the movement of soldiers across the battlefield, the total
number of shots made by a serviceman, the number of hits, injuries and the
effectiveness of fire activity, a demand arose in order to systematize the
given data and include them in assessing the skills level concerning
performance of separate tactical techniques and degree of tactical training of
the military personnel using the laser tag type two-way skirmish simulator.
In the process of using the laser tag type two-way skirmish simulator
in training exercises on general tactics, the military personnel perform
competitive activities during which they receive a combat mission to solve a
tactical task, and the instructors of the training exercise comprehensively
evaluate each serviceman.
The competitive activities of the military personnel in solving tactical
tasks with the help of the laser tag type two-way skirmish simulator should
be understood as the military personnel splitting into 2 teams that will
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perform tactical missions in real-time mode with the help of the laser tag
type two-way skirmish simulators, whereupon one team carries out the
tactical task in defence and the second team in the offense, taking into
account the need for the advantages of the advancement unit as 1/3.
The complexity of assessing the effectiveness of the military
personnel competitive activities in solving tactical tasks is due to the
specificity and variety of tactical techniques used by the military personnel,
the structure of which consists of a large number of diverse technical and
tactical actions, which are accompanied by the manifestation of various
mental, physical and individual-psychological characteristics of a serviceman
and require the presence of stable skills in performing tactical techniques
and tasks. When performing tactical tasks, the instructors taking into
account the whole variety of criteria concerning the level of a servicemen
training, as a rule, assess separate actions of the serviceman, which include
specific mobile qualities and skills that reflect the physical, technical and
degree of the serviceman tactical training in respect of tactical tasks
performance, availability of stable skills in performing tactical techniques and
tasks, as well as the manifestation of the servicemen individual-psychological
characteristics such as endurance, resistance to stress, ability to assess the
situation and make the right decision, etc.
At present, the problem of objective assessment of the military
personnel competitive activities effectiveness in solving tactical tasks is not
fully solved, by virtue whereof a method for assessing the effectiveness of
the military personnel competitive activities in solving tactical tasks with the
help of the laser tag type two-way skirmish simulator has been developed
and tested. This method gives an opportunity to determine the level of
separate components training (the skills level of separate tactical techniques
accomplishment and degree of tactical training) and to carry out the unit
training level assessment as a whole. It should be noted that the assessment
included the most important criteria of the levels of training, which
characterize the degree of the serviceman tactical training and have influence
upon the real end result in solving the tactical tasks by the servicemen.
The proposed method has been tested in assessing the military
personnel competitive activities when solving tactical tasks using laser tag
type two-way skirmish simulators during practical classes at the General
Military Disciplines Department of the State Border Protection and Security
Faculty of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border
Guard Service of Ukraine during August-November of 2019 in the course of
53 training exercises on general tactics with different categories of the State
Border Guard Service of Ukraine servicemen.
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4. Results of Research
Assessment of the skills level of separate tactical techniques
accomplishment.
Assessment of the level of skills in regard of performing separate
tactical techniques is due to the assessment of the effectiveness of practical
skills implementation concerning the performance of separate tactical
techniques carried out in the course of tactical tasks solving. To do this, each
serviceman must take part in the solution of at least three tactical tasks, two
of which should be versatile (offense and defence).
The effectiveness factor of practical skills implementation (EFPSI) in
the course of separate tactical techniques performance with the help of laser
tag type two-way skirmish simulators was based on the following indicators:
the total number of shots, the number of hits, the received injuries, the
effectiveness of fire activity. The effectiveness of combat operations of an
individual serviceman is calculated on the basis of these indicators by
calculating the effectiveness factor of attacking actions (EFAA) and the
effectiveness factor of defensive actions (EFDA).
The effectiveness factor of attacking actions (EFAA) determines the
percentage of successful shots (SS) that were made by a serviceman to the
number of all fired shots (FS) by a serviceman while performing competitive
activities in the course of solving tactical tasks with the help of laser tag type
two-way skirmish simulator in the group of the servicemen performing the
tactical task in offensive operation. It is calculated for each tactical task
separately, depending on the number of performed tactical tasks.
After obtaining the values of the effectiveness factor of the attacking
actions (EFAA1), (EFAA2) for each of the tactical tasks performed, the
average arithmetic value of the factor according to the formula is calculated,
which will reflect the numerical value of the effectiveness factor of the
attacking actions (EFAA).
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The effectiveness factor of defensive actions (EFDA) determines the
percentage of received injuries (RI) to the number of all fired shots (FS) by a
serviceman while performing the serviceman competitive activities in the
course of solving tactical tasks in defensive operation with the help of laser
tag type two-way skirmish simulator. It is calculated for the performance of
each tactical task separately, depending on the number of performed tactical
tasks.
After obtaining the values of the effectiveness factor of the defensive
actions (EFDA1), (EFDA2) for each of the tactical tasks performed in the
defensive operation, the average arithmetic value of the factor according to
the formula is calculated, which will reflect the numerical value of the
effectiveness factor of the defensive actions (EFDA).
The arithmetic mean of the sum of the effectiveness factor of
attacking actions (EFAA) and the effectiveness factor of defensive actions
(EFDA) will be the effectiveness factor of practical skills implementation
(EFPSI) when performing separate tactical techniques carried out in the
course of tactical tasks solving with the help of laser tag type two-way
skirmish simulators in offensive and defensive operations.
The effectiveness factor of practical skills implementation when
performing tactical techniques carried out in the course of tactical tasks
solving for each serviceman is determined on the basis of the assessment of
the aforementioned factors.
The arithmetic mean of the effectiveness factors of practical skills
implementation (EFPSI) for each serviceman in the team has been
determined in order to determine the effectiveness level of practical skills
implementation (EFPSI) when performing tactical techniques carried out in
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the course of tactical tasks solving with the help of laser tag type two-way
skirmish simulators. An example for a team of six servicemen.
The “reference” model of the effectiveness of practical skills
implementation when performing separate tactical techniques carried out in
the course of tactical tasks solving has been calculated in order to determine
the effectiveness level of practical skills implementation (EFPSI) when
performing separate tactical techniques carried out in the course of tactical
tasks solving with the help of laser tag type two-way skirmish simulators.
The “reference” model has been calculated with the condition that the
effectiveness factor of attacking actions (EFAA) and the effectiveness factor
of defensive actions (EFDA) makes 100% respectively, and the effectiveness
factors of practical skills implementation (EFPSI) also equals to 100%.
Figure 1. Effectiveness models of practical skills implementation when performing
separate tactical techniques carried out in the course of tactical tasks solving
As a result of the analysis of the assessment of the effectiveness of
practical skills implementation (EFPSI) when performing separate tactical
techniques carried out in the course of tactical tasks solving with the help of
Model 1 Model 2
38
62 42
58 40
60
100 100
Effectiveness models of practical skills
implementation
EFAA EFDA EFPSI Reference model
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laser tag type two-way skirmish simulators of the defeated and winning
teams in the course of the military personnel competitive activities in tactical
tasks solving and comparison of their models of the effectiveness of
practical skills implementation when performing separate tactical techniques
carried out in the course of tactical tasks solving makes it possible to
determine quantitative characteristics of practical skills implementation when
performing separate tactical techniques carried out in the course of tactical
tasks solving which are shown in figure 1.
The first model shows the quantitative characteristics of practical
skills implementation when performing separate tactical techniques carried
out in the course of tactical tasks solving with the help of laser tag type two-
way skirmish simulators peculiar to the military personnel from the defeated
team in respect to the “reference” model; as it can be seen the effectiveness
factor of practical skills implementation (EFPSI) is below 50%, and makes
only 40% concerning the team which was unable to accomplish the combat
mission during the military personnel competitive activities in the course of
tactical tasks solving.
The second model shows the quantitative characteristics of practical
skills implementation when performing separate tactical techniques carried
out in the course of tactical tasks solving with the help of laser tag type two-
way skirmish simulators peculiar to the military personnel from the winning
team (accomplished the “combat” mission) in respect to the “reference”
model; as it can be seen the effectiveness of practical skills implementation
(EFPSI) is above 50%, and makes 60% concerning the team which was able
to accomplish the combat mission and won during the military personnel
competitive activities in the course of tactical tasks solving.
A mathematical method, due to which the effectiveness factor of
practical skills implementation (EFPSI) has been determined, was used to
determine the level of practical skills implementation when performing
separate tactical techniques by a serviceman in general; the results of the
analysis indicated that if the effectiveness factor of practical skills
implementation (EFPSI) when performing separate tactical techniques used
in the course of tactical tasks solving is below 50% then the serviceman and
the team cannot perform the combat mission, and accordingly, if the
effectiveness factor of practical skills implementation (EFPSI) when
performing separate tactical techniques used in the course of tactical tasks
solving is above 50% then the combat mission is accomplished by the
serviceman and the team.
Thus, it can be concluded that the servicemen and the military teams
who won and accomplished the combat mission in the competitive activities
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during practical exercises on general tactics using laser tag type two-way
skirmish simulators showed the effectiveness level of practical skills
implementation (EFPSI) above 50%.
Assessment and analysis of the level of tactical training
The level of tactical training is determined by the assessment of the
following tactical actions: actions that ensure the implementation of the
defined tactics of warfare; actions that provide a reorganisation of warfare
tactics during combat; situational and preparatory actions to combat.
The actions that ensure the implementation of the defined tactics of
warfare represent a particular variant of combat operations by a serviceman
which is determined by a senior commander, but each serviceman still acts
differently.
The actions that provide a reorganisation of warfare tactics during
combat determine the readiness of a serviceman to suddenly change warfare
tactics (counter a surprise attack, counterattack, etc.); the timeliness of
decisions making to reorganise and to take appropriate actions should be
evaluated in the course of this factor assessing.
The situational tactical action is an activity of a serviceman that aims
at the advantageous use of individual elements during combat (relief,
defensive structures, inattention of the enemy, etc.). During the competitive
activities of the military personnel accomplishing tactical tasks, the
reproduced situations can be divided into situations that will have positive
consequences and the ones which are not favourable for the serviceman.
The favourable situations include those situations in which the enemy is in a
difficult position, the unfavourable situations include those where the
serviceman finds himself in a difficult position. The favourable situations
include: loss of alertness by the enemy, neglect of tactical standards by the
enemy, withdrawal of one or more servicemen of the team from the
competitive process, etc. The favourable situations include the opposite ones
to the aforementioned.
The preparatory actions to combat within the military personnel
competitive activities include: arrangements on cooperation and control
within the team, false manoeuvres, throwing out advanced guard or
servicemen, and other actions aimed at misleading the enemy, gaining an
advantage in the tactical task solving. The aforementioned tactical actions
were assessed in quantitative indicators, on the basis of expert assessments
and were recorded in the protocol of assessment of the military personnel
degree of tactical training in the course of competitive activities (Table 1).
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Table 1. Protocol of assessment of the military personnel degree of tactical training
in the course of competitive activities
Components of tactical training
degree
Tactical tasks
Total points
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3
Ability to apply the chosen
tactics of warfare
Ability to reorganise warfare
tactics as appropriate
Use of situational actions during
combat
Use of preparatory actions
during combat
Assessment of tactical actions is as follows: if a tactical action was
used during the military personnel competitive activities, then it was
evaluated as 1 credit point, if it was not used, then it counted 0 points. The
points in the protocol of assessment of the military personnel degree of
tactical training during the military personnel competitive activities are
allotted for each of the tactical tasks, and as we have already mentioned
herein above, there can be at least three what is more of bidirectional
character. After that, the total points for each element of degree of tactical
training is determined by adding all received points. The quantitative
characteristics obtained during this assessment make it possible to evaluate
the degree of an individual servicemen tactical training in the course of
competitive activities using the following factors:
EFSTA stands for an effectiveness factor of the selected tactical
actions, purposefulness and perseverance of the serviceman in
accomplishing the tactical techniques inherent in the tactics of actions that
are defined to the team;
EFRTA stands for an effectiveness factor of reorganising of tactical
actions i. e. actions that provide reorganisation of tactics of conducting
competitive activities in the course of the solution of a tactical task, to
ensure a positive end result, or to mislead the enemy.
EFSTA stands for an effectiveness factor of situational tactical
actions indicating how confident a serviceman is using an immediate
situation at this or that moment of time when performing competitive
activities in the course of a tactical task accomplishment (using terrain,
protective structures, friendly casualties, changing the order of movement,
etc.).
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EFPTA stands for an effectiveness factor of preparatory tactical
actions which is a quantitative indicator of the availability or absence of
preparatory tactical actions when performing competitive activities in the
course of a tactical task accomplishment.
The ideal model of tactical skills training has been calculated for the
purpose of comparative analysis of the level of the military personnel degree
of tactical training. It is a model in which the factor of tactical skills training
of the servicemen is equal to the number of tasks completed by the
serviceman, i. e. when performing three tasks, the factor makes 3, which will
correspond to 100% of the qualitative tactical training of the serviceman.
Thus, having analysed the tasks execution by the teams defeated in
the military personnel competitive activities in the course of accomplishing
of the tactical tasks, it can be seen that the servicemen do not qualitatively
implement the selected tactics of action at the level of no more than 33%
and have a quantitative factor of 1, prematurely or without interaction with
the group, reorganise the warfare tactics depending of the circumstances at
the level of 33%, insufficiently use situational actions in the course of the
combat at the level of 66% and do not always use preparatory actions in the
course of the combat at the level of 33%.
The effectiveness factor of tactical training degree (EFTTD) equals
the arithmetic mean of the factors of selected tactical actions, reorganising of
tactical actions, situational and preparatory tactical actions.
Thus, the effectiveness factor of tactical training degree for each
serviceman is taken into consideration. The arithmetic mean of the
effectiveness factors of tactical training degree of all military personnel
participating in the team is calculated in order to find out the quantitative
value of the effectiveness factor of tactical training degree for a military
team.
Analysis of the tasks execution by the winning teams in the military
personnel competitive activities in the course of accomplishing of the
tactical tasks indicated that the servicemen skilfully implement the selected
tactics of action at the level of more than 66%, timely and in interaction with
other servicemen of the group reorganise the warfare tactics depending of
the circumstances at the level of 100%, sufficiently use situational actions in
the course of the combat at the level of 100% and in the majority of cases
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use preparatory actions in the course of the combat at the level of 33%.
(Figure 2).
Figure 2. Analysis of the tactical tasks implementation by teams in the course of
the military personnel competitive activities
A mathematical method due to which the effectiveness factor of
tactical training degree (EFTTD) has been determined was used to define
the level of tactical training in the course of competitive activities as a whole.
Carrying out comparative analysis of the values of the effectiveness factors
of tactical training degree (EFTTD) shown by the winning and defeated
teams, we can conclude that, with relatively similar indicators, when using
preparatory and situational actions, the teams that accomplished the task
showed higher results in the ability to reorganise warfare tactics depending
on the situation and applied the chosen tactics of action more skilfully.
5. Discussion
The use of modern simulators makes it possible to increase the level
of trainees without significant cost when using weapons and military
equipment in the course of practical exercises. The main unresolved issue is
the procedure for assessing trainees when using simulators. The authors of
the article have developed a method for assessing the effectiveness of the
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Ability to apply the chosen tactics of
warfare
Ability to reorganise warfare tactics as
appropriate
Use of situational actions during combat
Use of preparatory actions during
combat
Analysis of the tactical tasks implementation by
teams in the course of the military personnel
competitive activities
Reference variant Winning team Defeated team
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military personnel competitive activity in the course of solving tactical tasks
using laser tag type two-way skirmish simulators, which allows to determine
the level of separate components training (the skills level of separate tactical
techniques accomplishment and degree of tactical training) and to carry out
the personnel training level assessment as a whole. The assessment included
the most important training level criteria which characterize a degree of a
serviceman tactical training and have an influence upon the real end result in
the course of the tactical tasks solving by the unit as a whole.
6. Conclusions
Thus, the use of the laser tag type two-way skirmish simulator during
practical exercises on general tactics gives a unique opportunity to assess the
level of skills of separate tactical techniques accomplishment and degree of
tactical training related to the use of weapons in the process of combat
operations conduct by a serviceman. Taking into account the possibility of
recording events that occurred in the course of competitive activities while
carrying out tactical tasks during practical exercises, there is an opportunity
to carefully analyse the actions of teams with appropriate further analysis of
their activities and assessment of the team leader concerning the
organization of competitive activities, and work in the course of its
implementation, which may constitute a material for further research.
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